6 Cwd - get pathname of current working directory
14 my $abs_path = abs_path($file);
18 This module provides functions for determining the pathname of the
19 current working directory. It is recommended that getcwd (or another
20 *cwd() function) be used in I<all> code to ensure portability.
22 By default, it exports the functions cwd(), getcwd(), fastcwd(), and
23 fastgetcwd() into the caller's namespace.
26 =head2 getcwd and friends
28 Each of these functions are called without arguments and return the
29 absolute path of the current working directory.
37 Returns the current working directory.
39 Re-implements the getcwd(3) (or getwd(3)) functions in Perl.
47 The cwd() is the most natural form for the current architecture. For
48 most systems it is identical to `pwd` (but without the trailing line
57 A more dangerous version of getcwd(), but potentially faster.
59 It might conceivably chdir() you out of a directory that it can't
60 chdir() you back into. If fastcwd encounters a problem it will return
61 undef but will probably leave you in a different directory. For a
62 measure of extra security, if everything appears to have worked, the
63 fastcwd() function will check that it leaves you in the same directory
64 that it started in. If it has changed it will C<die> with the message
65 "Unstable directory path, current directory changed
66 unexpectedly". That should never happen.
70 my $cwd = fastgetcwd();
72 The fastgetcwd() function is provided as a synonym for cwd().
77 =head2 abs_path and friends
79 These functions are exported only on request. They each take a single
80 argument and return the absolute pathname for it.
86 my $abs_path = abs_path($file);
88 Uses the same algorithm as getcwd(). Symbolic links and relative-path
89 components ("." and "..") are resolved to return the canonical
90 pathname, just like realpath(3).
96 my $abs_path = realpath($file);
98 A synonym for abs_path().
104 my $abs_path = fast_abs_path($file);
106 A more dangerous, but potentially faster version of abs_path.
108 This function is B<Not> taint-safe : you can't use it in programs
109 that work under taint mode.
115 If you ask to override your chdir() built-in function,
119 then your PWD environment variable will be kept up to date. Note that
120 it will only be kept up to date if all packages which use chdir import
130 Since the path seperators are different on some operating systems ('/'
131 on Unix, ':' on MacPerl, etc...) we recommend you use the File::Spec
132 modules wherever portability is a concern.
136 Actually, on Mac OS, the C<getcwd()>, C<fastgetcwd()> and C<fastcwd()>
137 functions are all aliases for the C<cwd()> function, which, on Mac OS,
138 calls `pwd`. Likewise, the C<abs_path()> function is an alias for
153 our $VERSION = '2.06';
155 use base qw/ Exporter /;
156 our @EXPORT = qw(cwd getcwd fastcwd fastgetcwd);
157 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(chdir abs_path fast_abs_path realpath fast_realpath);
159 # sys_cwd may keep the builtin command
161 # All the functionality of this module may provided by builtins,
162 # there is no sense to process the rest of the file.
163 # The best choice may be to have this in BEGIN, but how to return from BEGIN?
165 if ($^O eq 'os2' && defined &sys_cwd && defined &sys_abspath) {
171 *abs_path = \&sys_abspath;
172 *fast_abs_path = \&abs_path;
173 *realpath = \&abs_path;
174 *fast_realpath = \&abs_path;
180 undef *Cwd::fastcwd; # avoid redefinition warning
181 XSLoader::load('Cwd');
185 # Find the pwd command in the expected locations. We assume these
186 # are safe. This prevents _backtick_pwd() consulting $ENV{PATH}
187 # so everything works under taint mode.
189 foreach my $try (qw(/bin/pwd /usr/bin/pwd)) {
197 # The 'natural and safe form' for UNIX (pwd may be setuid root)
199 local @ENV{qw(PATH IFS CDPATH ENV BASH_ENV)};
200 my $cwd = `$pwd_cmd`;
201 # Belt-and-suspenders in case someone said "undef $/".
203 # `pwd` may fail e.g. if the disk is full
204 chomp($cwd) if defined $cwd;
208 # Since some ports may predefine cwd internally (e.g., NT)
209 # we take care not to override an existing definition for cwd().
211 unless(defined &cwd) {
212 # The pwd command is not available in some chroot(2)'ed environments
213 if( $^O eq 'MacOS' || (defined $ENV{PATH} &&
214 grep { -x "$_/pwd" } split(':', $ENV{PATH})) )
216 *cwd = \&_backtick_pwd;
223 # set a reasonable (and very safe) default for fastgetcwd, in case it
224 # isn't redefined later (20001212 rspier)
227 # By Brandon S. Allbery
229 # Usage: $cwd = getcwd();
239 # Usage: $cwd = &fastcwd;
241 # This is a faster version of getcwd. It's also more dangerous because
242 # you might chdir out of a directory that you can't chdir back into.
245 my($odev, $oino, $cdev, $cino, $tdev, $tino);
249 my($orig_cdev, $orig_cino) = stat('.');
250 ($cdev, $cino) = ($orig_cdev, $orig_cino);
253 ($odev, $oino) = ($cdev, $cino);
254 CORE::chdir('..') || return undef;
255 ($cdev, $cino) = stat('.');
256 last if $odev == $cdev && $oino == $cino;
257 opendir(DIR, '.') || return undef;
259 $direntry = readdir(DIR);
260 last unless defined $direntry;
261 next if $direntry eq '.';
262 next if $direntry eq '..';
264 ($tdev, $tino) = lstat($direntry);
265 last unless $tdev != $odev || $tino != $oino;
268 return undef unless defined $direntry; # should never happen
269 unshift(@path, $direntry);
271 $path = '/' . join('/', @path);
272 if ($^O eq 'apollo') { $path = "/".$path; }
273 # At this point $path may be tainted (if tainting) and chdir would fail.
274 # Untaint it then check that we landed where we started.
275 $path =~ /^(.*)\z/s # untaint
276 && CORE::chdir($1) or return undef;
277 ($cdev, $cino) = stat('.');
278 die "Unstable directory path, current directory changed unexpectedly"
279 if $cdev != $orig_cdev || $cino != $orig_cino;
284 # Keeps track of current working directory in PWD environment var
292 if ($ENV{'PWD'} and $^O ne 'os2' and $^O ne 'dos' and $^O ne 'MSWin32') {
293 my($dd,$di) = stat('.');
294 my($pd,$pi) = stat($ENV{'PWD'});
295 if (!defined $dd or !defined $pd or $di != $pi or $dd != $pd) {
301 $wd = Win32::GetFullPathName($wd) if $^O eq 'MSWin32';
304 # Strip an automounter prefix (where /tmp_mnt/foo/bar == /foo/bar)
305 if ($^O ne 'MSWin32' and $ENV{'PWD'} =~ m|(/[^/]+(/[^/]+/[^/]+))(.*)|s) {
306 my($pd,$pi) = stat($2);
307 my($dd,$di) = stat($1);
308 if (defined $pd and defined $dd and $di == $pi and $dd == $pd) {
316 my $newdir = @_ ? shift : ''; # allow for no arg (chdir to HOME dir)
317 $newdir =~ s|///*|/|g unless $^O eq 'MSWin32';
318 chdir_init() unless $chdir_init;
320 if ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
321 # get the full path name *before* the chdir()
322 $newpwd = Win32::GetFullPathName($newdir);
325 return 0 unless CORE::chdir $newdir;
328 return $ENV{'PWD'} = $ENV{'DEFAULT'}
330 elsif ($^O eq 'MacOS') {
331 return $ENV{'PWD'} = cwd();
333 elsif ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
334 $ENV{'PWD'} = $newpwd;
338 if ($newdir =~ m#^/#s) {
339 $ENV{'PWD'} = $newdir;
341 my @curdir = split(m#/#,$ENV{'PWD'});
342 @curdir = ('') unless @curdir;
344 foreach $component (split(m#/#, $newdir)) {
345 next if $component eq '.';
346 pop(@curdir),next if $component eq '..';
347 push(@curdir,$component);
349 $ENV{'PWD'} = join('/',@curdir) || '/';
355 # In case the XS version doesn't load.
356 *abs_path = \&_perl_abs_path unless defined &abs_path;
359 my $start = @_ ? shift : '.';
360 my($dotdots, $cwd, @pst, @cst, $dir, @tst);
362 unless (@cst = stat( $start ))
364 carp "stat($start): $!";
373 unless (opendir(PARENT, $dotdots))
375 carp "opendir($dotdots): $!";
378 unless (@cst = stat($dotdots))
380 carp "stat($dotdots): $!";
384 if ($pst[0] == $cst[0] && $pst[1] == $cst[1])
392 unless (defined ($dir = readdir(PARENT)))
394 carp "readdir($dotdots): $!";
398 $tst[0] = $pst[0]+1 unless (@tst = lstat("$dotdots/$dir"))
400 while ($dir eq '.' || $dir eq '..' || $tst[0] != $pst[0] ||
403 $cwd = (defined $dir ? "$dir" : "" ) . "/$cwd" ;
405 } while (defined $dir);
406 chop($cwd) unless $cwd eq '/'; # drop the trailing /
411 # added function alias for those of us more
412 # used to the libc function. --tchrist 27-Jan-00
413 *realpath = \&abs_path;
418 my $path = @_ ? shift : File::Spec->curdir;
419 CORE::chdir($path) || croak "Cannot chdir to $path: $!";
420 my $realpath = getcwd();
421 -d $cwd && CORE::chdir($cwd) ||
422 croak "Cannot chdir back to $cwd: $!";
426 # added function alias to follow principle of least surprise
427 # based on previous aliasing. --tchrist 27-Jan-00
428 *fast_realpath = \&fast_abs_path;
431 # --- PORTING SECTION ---
433 # VMS: $ENV{'DEFAULT'} points to default directory at all times
434 # 06-Mar-1996 Charles Bailey bailey@newman.upenn.edu
435 # Note: Use of Cwd::chdir() causes the logical name PWD to be defined
436 # in the process logical name table as the default device and directory
437 # seen by Perl. This may not be the same as the default device
438 # and directory seen by DCL after Perl exits, since the effects
439 # the CRTL chdir() function persist only until Perl exits.
442 return $ENV{'DEFAULT'};
446 return $ENV{'DEFAULT'} unless @_;
447 my $path = VMS::Filespec::pathify($_[0]);
448 croak("Invalid path name $_[0]") unless defined $path;
449 return VMS::Filespec::rmsexpand($path);
453 $ENV{'PWD'} = `cmd /c cd`;
455 $ENV{'PWD'} =~ s:\\:/:g ;
460 $ENV{'PWD'} = Win32::GetCwd();
461 $ENV{'PWD'} =~ s:\\:/:g ;
465 *_NT_cwd = \&_win32_cwd if (!defined &_NT_cwd &&
466 defined &Win32::GetCwd);
468 *_NT_cwd = \&_os2_cwd unless defined &_NT_cwd;
471 if (!defined &Dos::GetCwd) {
472 $ENV{'PWD'} = `command /c cd`;
474 $ENV{'PWD'} =~ s:\\:/:g ;
476 $ENV{'PWD'} = Dos::GetCwd();
482 local $ENV{PATH} = '';
483 local $ENV{CDPATH} = '';
484 local $ENV{ENV} = '';
485 $ENV{'PWD'} = `/usr/bin/fullpath -t`;
491 local $ENV{PATH} = '';
492 local $ENV{CDPATH} = '';
493 local $ENV{ENV} = '';
494 my $path = @_ ? shift : '.';
495 my $realpath=`/usr/bin/fullpath -t $path`;
501 $ENV{'PWD'} = EPOC::getcwd();
506 no warnings; # assignments trigger 'subroutine redefined' warning
510 *getcwd = \&_vms_cwd;
511 *fastcwd = \&_vms_cwd;
512 *fastgetcwd = \&_vms_cwd;
513 *abs_path = \&_vms_abs_path;
514 *fast_abs_path = \&_vms_abs_path;
516 elsif ($^O eq 'NT' or $^O eq 'MSWin32') {
517 # We assume that &_NT_cwd is defined as an XSUB or in the core.
520 *fastcwd = \&_NT_cwd;
521 *fastgetcwd = \&_NT_cwd;
522 *abs_path = \&fast_abs_path;
523 *realpath = \&fast_abs_path;
525 elsif ($^O eq 'os2') {
526 # sys_cwd may keep the builtin command
527 *cwd = defined &sys_cwd ? \&sys_cwd : \&_os2_cwd;
531 *abs_path = \&fast_abs_path;
533 elsif ($^O eq 'dos') {
535 *getcwd = \&_dos_cwd;
536 *fastgetcwd = \&_dos_cwd;
537 *fastcwd = \&_dos_cwd;
538 *abs_path = \&fast_abs_path;
540 elsif ($^O =~ m/^(?:qnx|nto)$/ ) {
542 *getcwd = \&_qnx_cwd;
543 *fastgetcwd = \&_qnx_cwd;
544 *fastcwd = \&_qnx_cwd;
545 *abs_path = \&_qnx_abs_path;
546 *fast_abs_path = \&_qnx_abs_path;
548 elsif ($^O eq 'cygwin') {
552 *abs_path = \&fast_abs_path;
554 elsif ($^O eq 'epoc') {
556 *getcwd = \&_epoc_cwd;
557 *fastgetcwd = \&_epoc_cwd;
558 *fastcwd = \&_epoc_cwd;
559 *abs_path = \&fast_abs_path;
561 elsif ($^O eq 'MacOS') {
565 *abs_path = \&fast_abs_path;