3 ## See POD after __END__
8 use warnings::register;
9 our(@ISA, @EXPORT, $VERSION);
19 ## Tested on 5.002 and 5.003 without class membership tests:
20 my $CHECK_CLASS_MEMBERSHIP = ($] >= 5.003_95);
24 if (@_) { $print = shift }
29 package Class::Struct::Tie_ISA;
33 return bless [], $class;
37 my ($self, $index, $value) = @_;
38 Class::Struct::_subclass_error();
42 my ($self, $index) = @_;
48 return scalar(@$self);
58 $self->export_to_level( 1, $self, @EXPORT );
60 # This is admittedly a little bit silly:
61 # do we ever export anything else than 'struct'...?
62 $self->export_to_level( 1, $self, @_ );
70 # Determine parameter list structure, one of:
71 # struct( class => [ element-list ])
72 # struct( class => { element-list })
73 # struct( element-list )
74 # Latter form assumes current package name as struct name.
77 my $base_type = ref $_[1];
78 if ( $base_type eq 'HASH' ) {
83 elsif ( $base_type eq 'ARRAY' ) {
90 $class = (caller())[0];
94 _usage_error() if @decls % 2 == 1;
96 # Ensure we are not, and will not be, a subclass.
100 \@{$class . '::ISA'};
102 _subclass_error() if @$isa;
103 tie @$isa, 'Class::Struct::Tie_ISA';
105 # Create constructor.
107 croak "function 'new' already defined in package $class"
108 if do { no strict 'refs'; defined &{$class . "::new"} };
118 $out = "{\n package $class;\n use Carp;\n sub new {\n";
119 $out .= " my (\$class, \%init) = \@_;\n";
120 $out .= " \$class = __PACKAGE__ unless \@_;\n";
124 my( $cmt, $name, $type, $elem );
126 if( $base_type eq 'HASH' ){
127 $out .= " my(\$r) = {};\n";
130 elsif( $base_type eq 'ARRAY' ){
131 $out .= " my(\$r) = [];\n";
133 while( $idx < @decls ){
134 $name = $decls[$idx];
135 $type = $decls[$idx+1];
136 push( @methods, $name );
137 if( $base_type eq 'HASH' ){
138 $elem = "{'${class}::$name'}";
140 elsif( $base_type eq 'ARRAY' ){
145 if( $type =~ /^\*(.)/ ){
149 my $init = "defined(\$init{'$name'}) ? \$init{'$name'} :";
151 $out .= " croak 'Initializer for $name must be array reference'\n";
152 $out .= " if defined(\$init{'$name'}) && ref(\$init{'$name'}) ne 'ARRAY';\n";
153 $out .= " \$r->$elem = $init [];$cmt\n";
156 elsif( $type eq '%' ){
157 $out .= " croak 'Initializer for $name must be hash reference'\n";
158 $out .= " if defined(\$init{'$name'}) && ref(\$init{'$name'}) ne 'HASH';\n";
159 $out .= " \$r->$elem = $init {};$cmt\n";
162 elsif ( $type eq '$') {
163 $out .= " \$r->$elem = $init undef;$cmt\n";
165 elsif( $type =~ /^\w+(?:::\w+)*$/ ){
166 $out .= " if (defined(\$init{'$name'})) {\n";
167 $out .= " if (ref \$init{'$name'} eq 'HASH')\n";
168 $out .= " { \$r->$elem = $type->new(\%{\$init{'$name'}}) } $cmt\n";
169 $out .= " elsif (UNIVERSAL::isa(\$init{'$name'}, '$type'))\n";
170 $out .= " { \$r->$elem = \$init{'$name'} } $cmt\n";
171 $out .= " else { croak 'Initializer for $name must be hash or $type reference' }\n";
173 $classes{$name} = $type;
177 croak "'$type' is not a valid struct element type";
181 $out .= " bless \$r, \$class;\n }\n";
183 # Create accessor methods.
185 my( $pre, $pst, $sel );
187 foreach $name (@methods){
188 if ( do { no strict 'refs'; defined &{$class . "::$name"} } ) {
189 warnings::warnif("function '$name' already defined, overrides struct accessor method");
192 $pre = $pst = $cmt = $sel = '';
193 if( defined $refs{$name} ){
196 $cmt = " # returns ref";
198 $out .= " sub $name {$cmt\n my \$r = shift;\n";
199 if( $base_type eq 'ARRAY' ){
203 elsif( $base_type eq 'HASH' ){
204 $elem = "{'${class}::$name'}";
206 if( defined $arrays{$name} ){
207 $out .= " my \$i;\n";
208 $out .= " \@_ ? (\$i = shift) : return \$r->$elem;\n";
209 $out .= " if (ref(\$i) eq 'ARRAY' && !\@_) { \$r->$elem = \$i; return \$r }\n";
212 elsif( defined $hashes{$name} ){
213 $out .= " my \$i;\n";
214 $out .= " \@_ ? (\$i = shift) : return \$r->$elem;\n";
215 $out .= " if (ref(\$i) eq 'HASH' && !\@_) { \$r->$elem = \$i; return \$r }\n";
218 elsif( defined $classes{$name} ){
219 if ( $CHECK_CLASS_MEMBERSHIP ) {
220 $out .= " croak '$name argument is wrong class' if \@_ && ! UNIVERSAL::isa(\$_[0], '$classes{$name}');\n";
223 $out .= " croak 'Too many args to $name' if \@_ > 1;\n";
224 $out .= " \@_ ? ($pre\$r->$elem$sel = shift$pst) : $pre\$r->$elem$sel$pst;\n";
230 print $out if $print;
231 my $result = eval $out;
236 confess "struct usage error";
239 sub _subclass_error {
240 croak 'struct class cannot be a subclass (@ISA not allowed)';
250 Class::Struct - declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
255 # declare struct, based on array:
256 struct( CLASS_NAME => [ ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... ]);
257 # declare struct, based on hash:
258 struct( CLASS_NAME => { ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... });
262 # declare struct, based on array, implicit class name:
263 struct( ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... );
265 # Declare struct at compile time
266 use Class::Struct CLASS_NAME => [ ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... ];
267 use Class::Struct CLASS_NAME => { ELEMENT_NAME => ELEMENT_TYPE, ... };
271 # declare struct with four types of elements:
272 struct( s => '$', a => '@', h => '%', c => 'My_Other_Class' );
274 $obj = new Myobj; # constructor
276 # scalar type accessor:
277 $element_value = $obj->s; # element value
278 $obj->s('new value'); # assign to element
280 # array type accessor:
281 $ary_ref = $obj->a; # reference to whole array
282 $ary_element_value = $obj->a(2); # array element value
283 $obj->a(2, 'new value'); # assign to array element
285 # hash type accessor:
286 $hash_ref = $obj->h; # reference to whole hash
287 $hash_element_value = $obj->h('x'); # hash element value
288 $obj->h('x', 'new value'); # assign to hash element
290 # class type accessor:
291 $element_value = $obj->c; # object reference
292 $obj->c->method(...); # call method of object
293 $obj->c(new My_Other_Class); # assign a new object
297 C<Class::Struct> exports a single function, C<struct>.
298 Given a list of element names and types, and optionally
299 a class name, C<struct> creates a Perl 5 class that implements
300 a "struct-like" data structure.
302 The new class is given a constructor method, C<new>, for creating
305 Each element in the struct data has an accessor method, which is
306 used to assign to the element and to fetch its value. The
307 default accessor can be overridden by declaring a C<sub> of the
308 same name in the package. (See Example 2.)
310 Each element's type can be scalar, array, hash, or class.
312 =head2 The C<struct()> function
314 The C<struct> function has three forms of parameter-list.
316 struct( CLASS_NAME => [ ELEMENT_LIST ]);
317 struct( CLASS_NAME => { ELEMENT_LIST });
318 struct( ELEMENT_LIST );
320 The first and second forms explicitly identify the name of the
321 class being created. The third form assumes the current package
322 name as the class name.
324 An object of a class created by the first and third forms is
325 based on an array, whereas an object of a class created by the
326 second form is based on a hash. The array-based forms will be
327 somewhat faster and smaller; the hash-based forms are more
330 The class created by C<struct> must not be a subclass of another
331 class other than C<UNIVERSAL>.
333 It can, however, be used as a superclass for other classes. To facilitate
334 this, the generated constructor method uses a two-argument blessing.
335 Furthermore, if the class is hash-based, the key of each element is
336 prefixed with the class name (see I<Perl Cookbook>, Recipe 13.12).
338 A function named C<new> must not be explicitly defined in a class
339 created by C<struct>.
341 The I<ELEMENT_LIST> has the form
345 Each name-type pair declares one element of the struct. Each
346 element name will be defined as an accessor method unless a
347 method by that name is explicitly defined; in the latter case, a
348 warning is issued if the warning flag (B<-w>) is set.
350 =head2 Class Creation at Compile Time
352 C<Class::Struct> can create your class at compile time. The main reason
353 for doing this is obvious, so your class acts like every other class in
354 Perl. Creating your class at compile time will make the order of events
355 similar to using any other class ( or Perl module ).
357 There is no significant speed gain between compile time and run time
358 class creation, there is just a new, more standard order of events.
360 =head2 Element Types and Accessor Methods
362 The four element types -- scalar, array, hash, and class -- are
363 represented by strings -- C<'$'>, C<'@'>, C<'%'>, and a class name --
364 optionally preceded by a C<'*'>.
366 The accessor method provided by C<struct> for an element depends
367 on the declared type of the element.
371 =item Scalar (C<'$'> or C<'*$'>)
373 The element is a scalar, and by default is initialized to C<undef>
374 (but see L<Initializing with new>).
376 The accessor's argument, if any, is assigned to the element.
378 If the element type is C<'$'>, the value of the element (after
379 assignment) is returned. If the element type is C<'*$'>, a reference
380 to the element is returned.
382 =item Array (C<'@'> or C<'*@'>)
384 The element is an array, initialized by default to C<()>.
386 With no argument, the accessor returns a reference to the
387 element's whole array (whether or not the element was
388 specified as C<'@'> or C<'*@'>).
390 With one or two arguments, the first argument is an index
391 specifying one element of the array; the second argument, if
392 present, is assigned to the array element. If the element type
393 is C<'@'>, the accessor returns the array element value. If the
394 element type is C<'*@'>, a reference to the array element is
397 As a special case, when the accessor is called with an array reference
398 as the sole argument, this causes an assignment of the whole array element.
399 The object reference is returned.
401 =item Hash (C<'%'> or C<'*%'>)
403 The element is a hash, initialized by default to C<()>.
405 With no argument, the accessor returns a reference to the
406 element's whole hash (whether or not the element was
407 specified as C<'%'> or C<'*%'>).
409 With one or two arguments, the first argument is a key specifying
410 one element of the hash; the second argument, if present, is
411 assigned to the hash element. If the element type is C<'%'>, the
412 accessor returns the hash element value. If the element type is
413 C<'*%'>, a reference to the hash element is returned.
415 As a special case, when the accessor is called with a hash reference
416 as the sole argument, this causes an assignment of the whole hash element.
417 The object reference is returned.
419 =item Class (C<'Class_Name'> or C<'*Class_Name'>)
421 The element's value must be a reference blessed to the named
422 class or to one of its subclasses. The element is not initialized
425 The accessor's argument, if any, is assigned to the element. The
426 accessor will C<croak> if this is not an appropriate object
429 If the element type does not start with a C<'*'>, the accessor
430 returns the element value (after assignment). If the element type
431 starts with a C<'*'>, a reference to the element itself is returned.
435 =head2 Initializing with C<new>
437 C<struct> always creates a constructor called C<new>. That constructor
438 may take a list of initializers for the various elements of the new
441 Each initializer is a pair of values: I<element name>C< =E<gt> >I<value>.
442 The initializer value for a scalar element is just a scalar value. The
443 initializer for an array element is an array reference. The initializer
444 for a hash is a hash reference.
446 The initializer for a class element is an object of the corresponding class,
447 or of one of it's subclasses, or a reference to a hash containing named
448 arguments to be passed to the element's constructor.
450 See Example 3 below for an example of initialization.
458 Giving a struct element a class type that is also a struct is how
459 structs are nested. Here, C<timeval> represents a time (seconds and
460 microseconds), and C<rusage> has two elements, each of which is of
466 ru_utime => timeval, # seconds
467 ru_stime => timeval, # microseconds
478 # $t->ru_utime and $t->ru_stime are objects of type timeval.
479 # set $t->ru_utime to 100.0 sec and $t->ru_stime to 5.0 sec.
480 $t->ru_utime->tv_secs(100);
481 $t->ru_utime->tv_usecs(0);
482 $t->ru_stime->tv_secs(5);
483 $t->ru_stime->tv_usecs(0);
487 An accessor function can be redefined in order to provide
488 additional checking of values, etc. Here, we want the C<count>
489 element always to be nonnegative, so we redefine the C<count>
490 accessor accordingly.
496 struct ( 'MyObj', { count => '$', stuff => '%' } );
498 # override the default accessor method for 'count'
502 die 'count must be nonnegative' if $_[0] < 0;
503 $self->{'count'} = shift;
504 warn "Too many args to count" if @_;
506 return $self->{'count'};
511 print "\$x->count(5) = ", $x->count(5), "\n";
512 # prints '$x->count(5) = 5'
514 print "\$x->count = ", $x->count, "\n";
515 # prints '$x->count = 5'
517 print "\$x->count(-5) = ", $x->count(-5), "\n";
518 # dies due to negative argument!
522 The constructor of a generated class can be passed a list
523 of I<element>=>I<value> pairs, with which to initialize the struct.
524 If no initializer is specified for a particular element, its default
525 initialization is performed instead. Initializers for non-existent
526 elements are silently ignored.
528 Note that the initializer for a nested class may be specified as
529 an object of that class, or as a reference to a hash of initializers
530 that are passed on to the nested struct's constructor.
549 my $cat = Cat->new( name => 'Socks',
550 kittens => ['Monica', 'Kenneth'],
551 markings => { socks=>1, blaze=>"white" },
552 breed => Breed->new(name=>'short-hair', cross=>1),
553 or: breed => {name=>'short-hair', cross=>1},
556 print "Once a cat called ", $cat->name, "\n";
557 print "(which was a ", $cat->breed->name, ")\n";
558 print "had two kittens: ", join(' and ', @{$cat->kittens}), "\n";
562 =head1 Author and Modification History
564 Modified by Damian Conway, 2001-09-10, v0.62.
566 Modified implicit construction of nested objects.
567 Now will also take an object ref instead of requiring a hash ref.
568 Also default initializes nested object attributes to undef, rather
569 than calling object constructor without args
570 Original over-helpfulness was fraught with problems:
571 * the class's constructor might not be called 'new'
572 * the class might not have a hash-like-arguments constructor
573 * the class might not have a no-argument constructor
574 * "recursive" data structures didn't work well:
576 struct { mother => 'Person', father => 'Person'};
579 Modified by Casey West, 2000-11-08, v0.59.
581 Added the ability for compile time class creation.
583 Modified by Damian Conway, 1999-03-05, v0.58.
585 Added handling of hash-like arg list to class ctor.
587 Changed to two-argument blessing in ctor to support
588 derivation from created classes.
590 Added classname prefixes to keys in hash-based classes
591 (refer to "Perl Cookbook", Recipe 13.12 for rationale).
593 Corrected behaviour of accessors for '*@' and '*%' struct
594 elements. Package now implements documented behaviour when
595 returning a reference to an entire hash or array element.
596 Previously these were returned as a reference to a reference
599 Renamed to C<Class::Struct> and modified by Jim Miner, 1997-04-02.
601 members() function removed.
602 Documentation corrected and extended.
603 Use of struct() in a subclass prohibited.
604 User definition of accessor allowed.
605 Treatment of '*' in element types corrected.
606 Treatment of classes as element types corrected.
607 Class name to struct() made optional.
608 Diagnostic checks added.
610 Originally C<Class::Template> by Dean Roehrich.
612 # Template.pm --- struct/member template builder
616 # changes/bugs fixed since 28nov94 version:
618 # changes/bugs fixed since 21nov94 version:
620 # changes/bugs fixed since 02sep94 version:
621 # - Moved to Class::Template.
622 # changes/bugs fixed since 20feb94 version:
623 # - Updated to be a more proper module.
624 # - Added "use strict".
625 # - Bug in build_methods, was using @var when @$var needed.
626 # - Now using my() rather than local().
628 # Uses perl5 classes to create nested data types.
629 # This is offered as one implementation of Tom Christiansen's "structs.pl"