4 use Moose::Meta::Class ();
5 extends 'Catalyst::Component';
6 use Moose::Util qw/find_meta/;
8 use B::Hooks::EndOfScope ();
9 use Catalyst::Exception;
10 use Catalyst::Exception::Detach;
11 use Catalyst::Exception::Go;
13 use Catalyst::Request;
14 use Catalyst::Request::Upload;
15 use Catalyst::Response;
17 use Catalyst::Controller;
18 use Devel::InnerPackage ();
20 use Module::Pluggable::Object ();
21 use Text::SimpleTable ();
22 use Path::Class::Dir ();
23 use Path::Class::File ();
27 use Tree::Simple qw/use_weak_refs/;
28 use Tree::Simple::Visitor::FindByUID;
29 use Class::C3::Adopt::NEXT;
30 use List::MoreUtils qw/uniq/;
33 use Carp qw/croak carp shortmess/;
35 BEGIN { require 5.008004; }
37 has stack => (is => 'ro', default => sub { [] });
38 has stash => (is => 'rw', default => sub { {} });
39 has state => (is => 'rw', default => 0);
40 has stats => (is => 'rw');
41 has action => (is => 'rw');
42 has counter => (is => 'rw', default => sub { {} });
43 has request => (is => 'rw', default => sub { $_[0]->request_class->new({}) }, required => 1, lazy => 1);
44 has response => (is => 'rw', default => sub { $_[0]->response_class->new({}) }, required => 1, lazy => 1);
45 has namespace => (is => 'rw');
47 sub depth { scalar @{ shift->stack || [] }; }
48 sub comp { shift->component(@_) }
51 my $self = shift; return $self->request(@_);
54 my $self = shift; return $self->response(@_);
57 # For backwards compatibility
58 sub finalize_output { shift->finalize_body(@_) };
63 our $RECURSION = 1000;
64 our $DETACH = Catalyst::Exception::Detach->new;
65 our $GO = Catalyst::Exception::Go->new;
67 #I imagine that very few of these really need to be class variables. if any.
68 #maybe we should just make them attributes with a default?
69 __PACKAGE__->mk_classdata($_)
70 for qw/components arguments dispatcher engine log dispatcher_class
71 engine_class context_class request_class response_class stats_class
74 __PACKAGE__->dispatcher_class('Catalyst::Dispatcher');
75 __PACKAGE__->engine_class('Catalyst::Engine::CGI');
76 __PACKAGE__->request_class('Catalyst::Request');
77 __PACKAGE__->response_class('Catalyst::Response');
78 __PACKAGE__->stats_class('Catalyst::Stats');
80 # Remember to update this in Catalyst::Runtime as well!
82 our $VERSION = '5.80011';
85 my $dev_version = $VERSION =~ /_\d{2}$/;
86 *_IS_DEVELOPMENT_VERSION = sub () { $dev_version };
89 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
92 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
94 # We have to limit $class to Catalyst to avoid pushing Catalyst upon every
96 return unless $class eq 'Catalyst';
98 my $caller = caller();
99 return if $caller eq 'main';
101 # Kill Adopt::NEXT warnings if we're a non-RC version
102 unless (_IS_DEVELOPMENT_VERSION()) {
103 Class::C3::Adopt::NEXT->unimport(qr/^Catalyst::/);
106 my $meta = Moose::Meta::Class->initialize($caller);
107 unless ( $caller->isa('Catalyst') ) {
108 my @superclasses = ($meta->superclasses, $class, 'Catalyst::Controller');
109 $meta->superclasses(@superclasses);
111 # Avoid possible C3 issues if 'Moose::Object' is already on RHS of MyApp
112 $meta->superclasses(grep { $_ ne 'Moose::Object' } $meta->superclasses);
114 unless( $meta->has_method('meta') ){
115 $meta->add_method(meta => sub { Moose::Meta::Class->initialize("${caller}") } );
118 $caller->arguments( [@arguments] );
122 sub _application { $_[0] }
126 Catalyst - The Elegant MVC Web Application Framework
130 See the L<Catalyst::Manual> distribution for comprehensive
131 documentation and tutorials.
133 # Install Catalyst::Devel for helpers and other development tools
134 # use the helper to create a new application
137 # add models, views, controllers
138 script/myapp_create.pl model MyDatabase DBIC::Schema create=static dbi:SQLite:/path/to/db
139 script/myapp_create.pl view MyTemplate TT
140 script/myapp_create.pl controller Search
142 # built in testserver -- use -r to restart automatically on changes
143 # --help to see all available options
144 script/myapp_server.pl
146 # command line testing interface
147 script/myapp_test.pl /yada
150 use Catalyst qw/-Debug/; # include plugins here as well
152 ### In lib/MyApp/Controller/Root.pm (autocreated)
153 sub foo : Global { # called for /foo, /foo/1, /foo/1/2, etc.
154 my ( $self, $c, @args ) = @_; # args are qw/1 2/ for /foo/1/2
155 $c->stash->{template} = 'foo.tt'; # set the template
156 # lookup something from db -- stash vars are passed to TT
158 $c->model('Database::Foo')->search( { country => $args[0] } );
159 if ( $c->req->params->{bar} ) { # access GET or POST parameters
160 $c->forward( 'bar' ); # process another action
161 # do something else after forward returns
165 # The foo.tt TT template can use the stash data from the database
166 [% WHILE (item = data.next) %]
170 # called for /bar/of/soap, /bar/of/soap/10, etc.
171 sub bar : Path('/bar/of/soap') { ... }
173 # called for all actions, from the top-most controller downwards
175 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
176 if ( !$c->user_exists ) { # Catalyst::Plugin::Authentication
177 $c->res->redirect( '/login' ); # require login
178 return 0; # abort request and go immediately to end()
180 return 1; # success; carry on to next action
183 # called after all actions are finished
185 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
186 if ( scalar @{ $c->error } ) { ... } # handle errors
187 return if $c->res->body; # already have a response
188 $c->forward( 'MyApp::View::TT' ); # render template
191 ### in MyApp/Controller/Foo.pm
192 # called for /foo/bar
193 sub bar : Local { ... }
195 # called for /blargle
196 sub blargle : Global { ... }
198 # an index action matches /foo, but not /foo/1, etc.
199 sub index : Private { ... }
201 ### in MyApp/Controller/Foo/Bar.pm
202 # called for /foo/bar/baz
203 sub baz : Local { ... }
205 # first Root auto is called, then Foo auto, then this
206 sub auto : Private { ... }
208 # powerful regular expression paths are also possible
209 sub details : Regex('^product/(\w+)/details$') {
210 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
211 # extract the (\w+) from the URI
212 my $product = $c->req->captures->[0];
215 See L<Catalyst::Manual::Intro> for additional information.
219 Catalyst is a modern framework for making web applications without the
220 pain usually associated with this process. This document is a reference
221 to the main Catalyst application. If you are a new user, we suggest you
222 start with L<Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial> or L<Catalyst::Manual::Intro>.
224 See L<Catalyst::Manual> for more documentation.
226 Catalyst plugins can be loaded by naming them as arguments to the "use
227 Catalyst" statement. Omit the C<Catalyst::Plugin::> prefix from the
228 plugin name, i.e., C<Catalyst::Plugin::My::Module> becomes
231 use Catalyst qw/My::Module/;
233 If your plugin starts with a name other than C<Catalyst::Plugin::>, you can
234 fully qualify the name by using a unary plus:
238 +Fully::Qualified::Plugin::Name
241 Special flags like C<-Debug> and C<-Engine> can also be specified as
242 arguments when Catalyst is loaded:
244 use Catalyst qw/-Debug My::Module/;
246 The position of plugins and flags in the chain is important, because
247 they are loaded in the order in which they appear.
249 The following flags are supported:
253 Enables debug output. You can also force this setting from the system
254 environment with CATALYST_DEBUG or <MYAPP>_DEBUG. The environment
255 settings override the application, with <MYAPP>_DEBUG having the highest
260 Forces Catalyst to use a specific engine. Omit the
261 C<Catalyst::Engine::> prefix of the engine name, i.e.:
263 use Catalyst qw/-Engine=CGI/;
267 Forces Catalyst to use a specific home directory, e.g.:
269 use Catalyst qw[-Home=/usr/mst];
271 This can also be done in the shell environment by setting either the
272 C<CATALYST_HOME> environment variable or C<MYAPP_HOME>; where C<MYAPP>
273 is replaced with the uppercased name of your application, any "::" in
274 the name will be replaced with underscores, e.g. MyApp::Web should use
275 MYAPP_WEB_HOME. If both variables are set, the MYAPP_HOME one will be used.
279 use Catalyst '-Log=warn,fatal,error';
281 Specifies a comma-delimited list of log levels.
285 Enables statistics collection and reporting. You can also force this setting
286 from the system environment with CATALYST_STATS or <MYAPP>_STATS. The
287 environment settings override the application, with <MYAPP>_STATS having the
292 use Catalyst qw/-Stats=1/
296 =head2 INFORMATION ABOUT THE CURRENT REQUEST
300 Returns a L<Catalyst::Action> object for the current action, which
301 stringifies to the action name. See L<Catalyst::Action>.
305 Returns the namespace of the current action, i.e., the URI prefix
306 corresponding to the controller of the current action. For example:
308 # in Controller::Foo::Bar
309 $c->namespace; # returns 'foo/bar';
315 Returns the current L<Catalyst::Request> object, giving access to
316 information about the current client request (including parameters,
317 cookies, HTTP headers, etc.). See L<Catalyst::Request>.
319 =head2 REQUEST FLOW HANDLING
321 =head2 $c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )
323 =head2 $c->forward( $class, $method, [, \@arguments ] )
325 Forwards processing to another action, by its private name. If you give a
326 class name but no method, C<process()> is called. You may also optionally
327 pass arguments in an arrayref. The action will receive the arguments in
328 C<@_> and C<< $c->req->args >>. Upon returning from the function,
329 C<< $c->req->args >> will be restored to the previous values.
331 Any data C<return>ed from the action forwarded to, will be returned by the
334 my $foodata = $c->forward('/foo');
335 $c->forward('index');
336 $c->forward(qw/MyApp::Model::DBIC::Foo do_stuff/);
337 $c->forward('MyApp::View::TT');
339 Note that L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >> implies
340 an C<< eval { } >> around the call (actually
341 L<< execute|/"$c->execute( $class, $coderef )" >> does), thus de-fatalizing
342 all 'dies' within the called action. If you want C<die> to propagate you
343 need to do something like:
346 die $c->error if $c->error;
348 Or make sure to always return true values from your actions and write
351 $c->forward('foo') || return;
355 sub forward { my $c = shift; no warnings 'recursion'; $c->dispatcher->forward( $c, @_ ) }
357 =head2 $c->detach( $action [, \@arguments ] )
359 =head2 $c->detach( $class, $method, [, \@arguments ] )
363 The same as L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >>, but
364 doesn't return to the previous action when processing is finished.
366 When called with no arguments it escapes the processing chain entirely.
370 sub detach { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->detach( $c, @_ ) }
372 =head2 $c->visit( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )
374 =head2 $c->visit( $class, $method, [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )
376 Almost the same as L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >>,
377 but does a full dispatch, instead of just calling the new C<$action> /
378 C<< $class->$method >>. This means that C<begin>, C<auto> and the method
379 you go to are called, just like a new request.
381 In addition both C<< $c->action >> and C<< $c->namespace >> are localized.
382 This means, for example, that C<< $c->action >> methods such as
383 L<name|Catalyst::Action/name>, L<class|Catalyst::Action/class> and
384 L<reverse|Catalyst::Action/reverse> return information for the visited action
385 when they are invoked within the visited action. This is different from the
386 behavior of L<< forward|/"$c->forward( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >>, which
387 continues to use the $c->action object from the caller action even when
388 invoked from the callee.
390 C<< $c->stash >> is kept unchanged.
392 In effect, L<< visit|/"$c->visit( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )" >>
393 allows you to "wrap" another action, just as it would have been called by
394 dispatching from a URL, while the analogous
395 L<< go|/"$c->go( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )" >> allows you to
396 transfer control to another action as if it had been reached directly from a URL.
400 sub visit { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->visit( $c, @_ ) }
402 =head2 $c->go( $action [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )
404 =head2 $c->go( $class, $method, [, \@captures, \@arguments ] )
406 Almost the same as L<< detach|/"$c->detach( $action [, \@arguments ] )" >>, but does a full dispatch like L</visit>,
407 instead of just calling the new C<$action> /
408 C<< $class->$method >>. This means that C<begin>, C<auto> and the
409 method you visit are called, just like a new request.
411 C<< $c->stash >> is kept unchanged.
415 sub go { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->go( $c, @_ ) }
421 Returns the current L<Catalyst::Response> object, see there for details.
425 Returns a hashref to the stash, which may be used to store data and pass
426 it between components during a request. You can also set hash keys by
427 passing arguments. The stash is automatically sent to the view. The
428 stash is cleared at the end of a request; it cannot be used for
429 persistent storage (for this you must use a session; see
430 L<Catalyst::Plugin::Session> for a complete system integrated with
433 $c->stash->{foo} = $bar;
434 $c->stash( { moose => 'majestic', qux => 0 } );
435 $c->stash( bar => 1, gorch => 2 ); # equivalent to passing a hashref
437 # stash is automatically passed to the view for use in a template
438 $c->forward( 'MyApp::View::TT' );
442 around stash => sub {
445 my $stash = $orig->($c);
447 my $new_stash = @_ > 1 ? {@_} : $_[0];
448 croak('stash takes a hash or hashref') unless ref $new_stash;
449 foreach my $key ( keys %$new_stash ) {
450 $stash->{$key} = $new_stash->{$key};
460 =head2 $c->error($error, ...)
462 =head2 $c->error($arrayref)
464 Returns an arrayref containing error messages. If Catalyst encounters an
465 error while processing a request, it stores the error in $c->error. This
466 method should only be used to store fatal error messages.
468 my @error = @{ $c->error };
472 $c->error('Something bad happened');
479 my $error = ref $_[0] eq 'ARRAY' ? $_[0] : [@_];
480 croak @$error unless ref $c;
481 push @{ $c->{error} }, @$error;
483 elsif ( defined $_[0] ) { $c->{error} = undef }
484 return $c->{error} || [];
490 Contains the return value of the last executed action.
492 =head2 $c->clear_errors
494 Clear errors. You probably don't want to clear the errors unless you are
495 implementing a custom error screen.
497 This is equivalent to running
508 sub _comp_search_prefixes {
510 return map $c->components->{ $_ }, $c->_comp_names_search_prefixes(@_);
513 # search components given a name and some prefixes
514 sub _comp_names_search_prefixes {
515 my ( $c, $name, @prefixes ) = @_;
516 my $appclass = ref $c || $c;
517 my $filter = "^${appclass}::(" . join( '|', @prefixes ) . ')::';
518 $filter = qr/$filter/; # Compile regex now rather than once per loop
520 # map the original component name to the sub part that we will search against
521 my %eligible = map { my $n = $_; $n =~ s{^$appclass\::[^:]+::}{}; $_ => $n; }
522 grep { /$filter/ } keys %{ $c->components };
524 # undef for a name will return all
525 return keys %eligible if !defined $name;
527 my $query = ref $name ? $name : qr/^$name$/i;
528 my @result = grep { $eligible{$_} =~ m{$query} } keys %eligible;
530 return @result if @result;
532 # if we were given a regexp to search against, we're done.
537 @result = grep { $eligible{ $_ } =~ m{$query} } keys %eligible;
539 # no results? try against full names
541 @result = grep { m{$query} } keys %eligible;
544 # don't warn if we didn't find any results, it just might not exist
546 # Disgusting hack to work out correct method name
547 my $warn_for = lc $prefixes[0];
548 my $msg = "Used regexp fallback for \$c->${warn_for}('${name}'), which found '" .
549 (join '", "', @result) . "'. Relying on regexp fallback behavior for " .
550 "component resolution is unreliable and unsafe.";
551 my $short = $result[0];
552 $short =~ s/.*?Model:://;
553 my $shortmess = Carp::shortmess('');
554 if ($shortmess =~ m#Catalyst/Plugin#) {
555 $msg .= " You probably need to set '$short' instead of '${name}' in this " .
557 } elsif ($shortmess =~ m#Catalyst/lib/(View|Controller)#) {
558 $msg .= " You probably need to set '$short' instead of '${name}' in this " .
559 "component's config";
561 $msg .= " You probably meant \$c->${warn_for}('$short') instead of \$c->${warn_for}({'${name}'}), " .
562 "but if you really wanted to search, pass in a regexp as the argument " .
563 "like so: \$c->${warn_for}(qr/${name}/)";
565 $c->log->warn( "${msg}$shortmess" );
571 # Find possible names for a prefix
573 my ( $c, @prefixes ) = @_;
574 my $appclass = ref $c || $c;
576 my $filter = "^${appclass}::(" . join( '|', @prefixes ) . ')::';
578 my @names = map { s{$filter}{}; $_; }
579 $c->_comp_names_search_prefixes( undef, @prefixes );
584 # Filter a component before returning by calling ACCEPT_CONTEXT if available
585 sub _filter_component {
586 my ( $c, $comp, @args ) = @_;
588 if ( eval { $comp->can('ACCEPT_CONTEXT'); } ) {
589 return $comp->ACCEPT_CONTEXT( $c, @args );
595 =head2 COMPONENT ACCESSORS
597 =head2 $c->controller($name)
599 Gets a L<Catalyst::Controller> instance by name.
601 $c->controller('Foo')->do_stuff;
603 If the name is omitted, will return the controller for the dispatched
606 If you want to search for controllers, pass in a regexp as the argument.
608 # find all controllers that start with Foo
609 my @foo_controllers = $c->controller(qr{^Foo});
615 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
618 my @result = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/Controller C/ );
619 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
620 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
623 return $c->component( $c->action->class );
626 =head2 $c->model($name)
628 Gets a L<Catalyst::Model> instance by name.
630 $c->model('Foo')->do_stuff;
632 Any extra arguments are directly passed to ACCEPT_CONTEXT.
634 If the name is omitted, it will look for
635 - a model object in $c->stash->{current_model_instance}, then
636 - a model name in $c->stash->{current_model}, then
637 - a config setting 'default_model', or
638 - check if there is only one model, and return it if that's the case.
640 If you want to search for models, pass in a regexp as the argument.
642 # find all models that start with Foo
643 my @foo_models = $c->model(qr{^Foo});
648 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
649 my $appclass = ref($c) || $c;
651 my @result = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/Model M/ );
652 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
653 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
657 return $c->stash->{current_model_instance}
658 if $c->stash->{current_model_instance};
659 return $c->model( $c->stash->{current_model} )
660 if $c->stash->{current_model};
662 return $c->model( $appclass->config->{default_model} )
663 if $appclass->config->{default_model};
665 my( $comp, $rest ) = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( undef, qw/Model M/);
668 $c->log->warn( Carp::shortmess('Calling $c->model() will return a random model unless you specify one of:') );
669 $c->log->warn( '* $c->config(default_model => "the name of the default model to use")' );
670 $c->log->warn( '* $c->stash->{current_model} # the name of the model to use for this request' );
671 $c->log->warn( '* $c->stash->{current_model_instance} # the instance of the model to use for this request' );
672 $c->log->warn( 'NB: in version 5.81, the "random" behavior will not work at all.' );
675 return $c->_filter_component( $comp );
679 =head2 $c->view($name)
681 Gets a L<Catalyst::View> instance by name.
683 $c->view('Foo')->do_stuff;
685 Any extra arguments are directly passed to ACCEPT_CONTEXT.
687 If the name is omitted, it will look for
688 - a view object in $c->stash->{current_view_instance}, then
689 - a view name in $c->stash->{current_view}, then
690 - a config setting 'default_view', or
691 - check if there is only one view, and return it if that's the case.
693 If you want to search for views, pass in a regexp as the argument.
695 # find all views that start with Foo
696 my @foo_views = $c->view(qr{^Foo});
701 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
703 my $appclass = ref($c) || $c;
705 my @result = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/View V/ );
706 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
707 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
711 return $c->stash->{current_view_instance}
712 if $c->stash->{current_view_instance};
713 return $c->view( $c->stash->{current_view} )
714 if $c->stash->{current_view};
716 return $c->view( $appclass->config->{default_view} )
717 if $appclass->config->{default_view};
719 my( $comp, $rest ) = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( undef, qw/View V/);
722 $c->log->warn( 'Calling $c->view() will return a random view unless you specify one of:' );
723 $c->log->warn( '* $c->config(default_view => "the name of the default view to use")' );
724 $c->log->warn( '* $c->stash->{current_view} # the name of the view to use for this request' );
725 $c->log->warn( '* $c->stash->{current_view_instance} # the instance of the view to use for this request' );
726 $c->log->warn( 'NB: in version 5.81, the "random" behavior will not work at all.' );
729 return $c->_filter_component( $comp );
732 =head2 $c->controllers
734 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->controller
740 return $c->_comp_names(qw/Controller C/);
745 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->model
751 return $c->_comp_names(qw/Model M/);
757 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->view
763 return $c->_comp_names(qw/View V/);
766 =head2 $c->comp($name)
768 =head2 $c->component($name)
770 Gets a component object by name. This method is not recommended,
771 unless you want to get a specific component by full
772 class. C<< $c->controller >>, C<< $c->model >>, and C<< $c->view >>
773 should be used instead.
775 If C<$name> is a regexp, a list of components matched against the full
776 component name will be returned.
781 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
784 my $comps = $c->components;
787 # is it the exact name?
788 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{ $name }, @args )
789 if exists $comps->{ $name };
791 # perhaps we just omitted "MyApp"?
792 my $composed = ( ref $c || $c ) . "::${name}";
793 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{ $composed }, @args )
794 if exists $comps->{ $composed };
796 # search all of the models, views and controllers
797 my( $comp ) = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/Model M Controller C View V/ );
798 return $c->_filter_component( $comp, @args ) if $comp;
801 # This is here so $c->comp( '::M::' ) works
802 my $query = ref $name ? $name : qr{$name}i;
804 my @result = grep { m{$query} } keys %{ $c->components };
805 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
808 $c->log->warn( Carp::shortmess(qq(Found results for "${name}" using regexp fallback)) );
809 $c->log->warn( 'Relying on the regexp fallback behavior for component resolution' );
810 $c->log->warn( 'is unreliable and unsafe. You have been warned' );
811 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
814 # I would expect to return an empty list here, but that breaks back-compat
818 return sort keys %{ $c->components };
821 =head2 CLASS DATA AND HELPER CLASSES
825 Returns or takes a hashref containing the application's configuration.
827 __PACKAGE__->config( { db => 'dsn:SQLite:foo.db' } );
829 You can also use a C<YAML>, C<XML> or L<Config::General> config file
830 like C<myapp.conf> in your applications home directory. See
831 L<Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader>.
833 =head3 Cascading configuration
835 The config method is present on all Catalyst components, and configuration
836 will be merged when an application is started. Configuration loaded with
837 L<Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader> takes precedence over other configuration,
838 followed by configuration in your top level C<MyApp> class. These two
839 configurations are merged, and then configuration data whose hash key matches a
840 component name is merged with configuration for that component.
842 The configuration for a component is then passed to the C<new> method when a
843 component is constructed.
847 MyApp->config({ 'Model::Foo' => { bar => 'baz', overrides => 'me' } });
848 MyApp::Model::Foo->config({ quux => 'frob', 'overrides => 'this' });
850 will mean that C<MyApp::Model::Foo> receives the following data when
853 MyApp::Model::Foo->new({
861 around config => sub {
865 croak('Setting config after setup has been run is not allowed.')
866 if ( @_ and $c->setup_finished );
873 Returns the logging object instance. Unless it is already set, Catalyst
874 sets this up with a L<Catalyst::Log> object. To use your own log class,
875 set the logger with the C<< __PACKAGE__->log >> method prior to calling
876 C<< __PACKAGE__->setup >>.
878 __PACKAGE__->log( MyLogger->new );
883 $c->log->info( 'Now logging with my own logger!' );
885 Your log class should implement the methods described in
891 Returns 1 if debug mode is enabled, 0 otherwise.
893 You can enable debug mode in several ways:
897 =item By calling myapp_server.pl with the -d flag
899 =item With the environment variables MYAPP_DEBUG, or CATALYST_DEBUG
901 =item The -Debug option in your MyApp.pm
903 =item By declaring C<sub debug { 1 }> in your MyApp.pm.
907 Calling C<< $c->debug(1) >> has no effect.
913 =head2 $c->dispatcher
915 Returns the dispatcher instance. See L<Catalyst::Dispatcher>.
919 Returns the engine instance. See L<Catalyst::Engine>.
922 =head2 UTILITY METHODS
924 =head2 $c->path_to(@path)
926 Merges C<@path> with C<< $c->config->{home} >> and returns a
927 L<Path::Class::Dir> object. Note you can usually use this object as
928 a filename, but sometimes you will have to explicitly stringify it
929 yourself by calling the C<< ->stringify >> method.
933 $c->path_to( 'db', 'sqlite.db' );
938 my ( $c, @path ) = @_;
939 my $path = Path::Class::Dir->new( $c->config->{home}, @path );
940 if ( -d $path ) { return $path }
941 else { return Path::Class::File->new( $c->config->{home}, @path ) }
944 =head2 $c->plugin( $name, $class, @args )
946 Helper method for plugins. It creates a class data accessor/mutator and
947 loads and instantiates the given class.
949 MyApp->plugin( 'prototype', 'HTML::Prototype' );
951 $c->prototype->define_javascript_functions;
953 B<Note:> This method of adding plugins is deprecated. The ability
954 to add plugins like this B<will be removed> in a Catalyst 5.81.
955 Please do not use this functionality in new code.
960 my ( $class, $name, $plugin, @args ) = @_;
962 # See block comment in t/unit_core_plugin.t
963 $class->log->warn(qq/Adding plugin using the ->plugin method is deprecated, and will be removed in Catalyst 5.81/);
965 $class->_register_plugin( $plugin, 1 );
967 eval { $plugin->import };
968 $class->mk_classdata($name);
970 eval { $obj = $plugin->new(@args) };
973 Catalyst::Exception->throw( message =>
974 qq/Couldn't instantiate instant plugin "$plugin", "$@"/ );
978 $class->log->debug(qq/Initialized instant plugin "$plugin" as "$name"/)
984 Initializes the dispatcher and engine, loads any plugins, and loads the
985 model, view, and controller components. You may also specify an array
986 of plugins to load here, if you choose to not load them in the C<use
990 MyApp->setup( qw/-Debug/ );
995 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
996 croak('Running setup more than once')
997 if ( $class->setup_finished );
999 unless ( $class->isa('Catalyst') ) {
1001 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
1002 message => qq/'$class' does not inherit from Catalyst/ );
1005 if ( $class->arguments ) {
1006 @arguments = ( @arguments, @{ $class->arguments } );
1012 foreach (@arguments) {
1016 ( $flags->{log} ) ? 'debug,' . $flags->{log} : 'debug';
1018 elsif (/^-(\w+)=?(.*)$/) {
1019 $flags->{ lc $1 } = $2;
1022 push @{ $flags->{plugins} }, $_;
1026 $class->setup_home( delete $flags->{home} );
1028 $class->setup_log( delete $flags->{log} );
1029 $class->setup_plugins( delete $flags->{plugins} );
1030 $class->setup_dispatcher( delete $flags->{dispatcher} );
1031 $class->setup_engine( delete $flags->{engine} );
1032 $class->setup_stats( delete $flags->{stats} );
1034 for my $flag ( sort keys %{$flags} ) {
1036 if ( my $code = $class->can( 'setup_' . $flag ) ) {
1037 &$code( $class, delete $flags->{$flag} );
1040 $class->log->warn(qq/Unknown flag "$flag"/);
1044 eval { require Catalyst::Devel; };
1045 if( !$@ && $ENV{CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN} && ( $ENV{CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN} < $Catalyst::Devel::CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN ) ) {
1046 $class->log->warn(<<"EOF");
1047 You are running an old script!
1049 Please update by running (this will overwrite existing files):
1050 catalyst.pl -force -scripts $class
1052 or (this will not overwrite existing files):
1053 catalyst.pl -scripts $class
1058 if ( $class->debug ) {
1059 my @plugins = map { "$_ " . ( $_->VERSION || '' ) } $class->registered_plugins;
1062 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 6;
1063 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new($column_width);
1064 $t->row($_) for @plugins;
1065 $class->log->debug( "Loaded plugins:\n" . $t->draw . "\n" );
1068 my $dispatcher = $class->dispatcher;
1069 my $engine = $class->engine;
1070 my $home = $class->config->{home};
1072 $class->log->debug(sprintf(q/Loaded dispatcher "%s"/, blessed($dispatcher)));
1073 $class->log->debug(sprintf(q/Loaded engine "%s"/, blessed($engine)));
1077 ? $class->log->debug(qq/Found home "$home"/)
1078 : $class->log->debug(qq/Home "$home" doesn't exist/)
1079 : $class->log->debug(q/Couldn't find home/);
1082 # Call plugins setup, this is stupid and evil.
1083 # Also screws C3 badly on 5.10, hack to avoid.
1085 no warnings qw/redefine/;
1086 local *setup = sub { };
1087 $class->setup unless $Catalyst::__AM_RESTARTING;
1090 # Initialize our data structure
1091 $class->components( {} );
1093 $class->setup_components;
1095 if ( $class->debug ) {
1096 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 8 - 9;
1097 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new( [ $column_width, 'Class' ], [ 8, 'Type' ] );
1098 for my $comp ( sort keys %{ $class->components } ) {
1099 my $type = ref $class->components->{$comp} ? 'instance' : 'class';
1100 $t->row( $comp, $type );
1102 $class->log->debug( "Loaded components:\n" . $t->draw . "\n" )
1103 if ( keys %{ $class->components } );
1106 # Add our self to components, since we are also a component
1107 if( $class->isa('Catalyst::Controller') ){
1108 $class->components->{$class} = $class;
1111 $class->setup_actions;
1113 if ( $class->debug ) {
1114 my $name = $class->config->{name} || 'Application';
1115 $class->log->info("$name powered by Catalyst $Catalyst::VERSION");
1117 $class->log->_flush() if $class->log->can('_flush');
1119 # Make sure that the application class becomes immutable at this point,
1120 B::Hooks::EndOfScope::on_scope_end {
1122 my $meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class);
1125 && ! { $meta->immutable_options }->{replace_constructor}
1127 $class->isa('Class::Accessor::Fast')
1128 || $class->isa('Class::Accessor')
1131 warn "You made your application class ($class) immutable, "
1132 . "but did not inline the\nconstructor. "
1133 . "This will break catalyst, as your app \@ISA "
1134 . "Class::Accessor(::Fast)?\nPlease pass "
1135 . "(replace_constructor => 1)\nwhen making your class immutable.\n";
1137 $meta->make_immutable(replace_constructor => 1)
1138 unless $meta->is_immutable;
1141 $class->setup_finalize;
1145 =head2 $app->setup_finalize
1147 A hook to attach modifiers to.
1148 Using C<< after setup => sub{}; >> doesn't work, because of quirky things done for plugin setup.
1149 Also better than C< setup_finished(); >, as that is a getter method.
1151 sub setup_finalize {
1155 ## do stuff, i.e., determine a primary key column for sessions stored in a DB
1157 $app->next::method(@_);
1164 sub setup_finalize {
1166 $class->setup_finished(1);
1169 =head2 $c->uri_for( $path, @args?, \%query_values? )
1171 =head2 $c->uri_for( $action, \@captures?, @args?, \%query_values? )
1173 Constructs an absolute L<URI> object based on the application root, the
1174 provided path, and the additional arguments and query parameters provided.
1175 When used as a string, provides a textual URI.
1177 If the first argument is a string, it is taken as a public URI path relative
1178 to C<< $c->namespace >> (if it doesn't begin with a forward slash) or
1179 relative to the application root (if it does). It is then merged with
1180 C<< $c->request->base >>; any C<@args> are appended as additional path
1181 components; and any C<%query_values> are appended as C<?foo=bar> parameters.
1183 If the first argument is a L<Catalyst::Action> it represents an action which
1184 will have its path resolved using C<< $c->dispatcher->uri_for_action >>. The
1185 optional C<\@captures> argument (an arrayref) allows passing the captured
1186 variables that are needed to fill in the paths of Chained and Regex actions;
1187 once the path is resolved, C<uri_for> continues as though a path was
1188 provided, appending any arguments or parameters and creating an absolute
1191 The captures for the current request can be found in
1192 C<< $c->request->captures >>, and actions can be resolved using
1193 C<< Catalyst::Controller->action_for($name) >>. If you have a private action
1194 path, use C<< $c->uri_for_action >> instead.
1196 # Equivalent to $c->req->uri
1197 $c->uri_for($c->action, $c->req->captures,
1198 @{ $c->req->args }, $c->req->params);
1200 # For the Foo action in the Bar controller
1201 $c->uri_for($c->controller('Bar')->action_for('Foo'));
1203 # Path to a static resource
1204 $c->uri_for('/static/images/logo.png');
1209 my ( $c, $path, @args ) = @_;
1211 if (blessed($path) && $path->isa('Catalyst::Controller')) {
1212 $path = $path->path_prefix;
1217 if ( blessed($path) ) { # action object
1218 my $captures = ( scalar @args && ref $args[0] eq 'ARRAY'
1222 $path = $c->dispatcher->uri_for_action($action, $captures);
1223 if (not defined $path) {
1224 $c->log->debug(qq/Can't find uri_for action '$action' @$captures/)
1228 $path = '/' if $path eq '';
1231 undef($path) if (defined $path && $path eq '');
1234 ( scalar @args && ref $args[$#args] eq 'HASH' ? pop @args : {} );
1236 carp "uri_for called with undef argument" if grep { ! defined $_ } @args;
1237 s/([^$URI::uric])/$URI::Escape::escapes{$1}/go for @args;
1239 unshift(@args, $path);
1241 unless (defined $path && $path =~ s!^/!!) { # in-place strip
1242 my $namespace = $c->namespace;
1243 if (defined $path) { # cheesy hack to handle path '../foo'
1244 $namespace =~ s{(?:^|/)[^/]+$}{} while $args[0] =~ s{^\.\./}{};
1246 unshift(@args, $namespace || '');
1249 # join args with '/', or a blank string
1250 my $args = join('/', grep { defined($_) } @args);
1251 $args =~ s/\?/%3F/g; # STUPID STUPID SPECIAL CASE
1253 my $base = $c->req->base;
1254 my $class = ref($base);
1255 $base =~ s{(?<!/)$}{/};
1259 if (my @keys = keys %$params) {
1260 # somewhat lifted from URI::_query's query_form
1261 $query = '?'.join('&', map {
1262 my $val = $params->{$_};
1263 s/([;\/?:@&=+,\$\[\]%])/$URI::Escape::escapes{$1}/go;
1266 $val = '' unless defined $val;
1269 utf8::encode( $param ) if utf8::is_utf8($param);
1270 # using the URI::Escape pattern here so utf8 chars survive
1271 $param =~ s/([^A-Za-z0-9\-_.!~*'() ])/$URI::Escape::escapes{$1}/go;
1273 "${key}=$param"; } ( ref $val eq 'ARRAY' ? @$val : $val ));
1277 my $res = bless(\"${base}${args}${query}", $class);
1281 =head2 $c->uri_for_action( $path, \@captures?, @args?, \%query_values? )
1283 =head2 $c->uri_for_action( $action, \@captures?, @args?, \%query_values? )
1289 A private path to the Catalyst action you want to create a URI for.
1291 This is a shortcut for calling C<< $c->dispatcher->get_action_by_path($path)
1292 >> and passing the resulting C<$action> and the remaining arguments to C<<
1295 You can also pass in a Catalyst::Action object, in which case it is passed to
1302 sub uri_for_action {
1303 my ( $c, $path, @args ) = @_;
1304 my $action = blessed($path)
1306 : $c->dispatcher->get_action_by_path($path);
1307 unless (defined $action) {
1308 croak "Can't find action for path '$path'";
1310 return $c->uri_for( $action, @args );
1313 =head2 $c->welcome_message
1315 Returns the Catalyst welcome HTML page.
1319 sub welcome_message {
1321 my $name = $c->config->{name};
1322 my $logo = $c->uri_for('/static/images/catalyst_logo.png');
1323 my $prefix = Catalyst::Utils::appprefix( ref $c );
1324 $c->response->content_type('text/html; charset=utf-8');
1326 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
1327 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
1328 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
1330 <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en" />
1331 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
1332 <title>$name on Catalyst $VERSION</title>
1333 <style type="text/css">
1336 background-color: #eee;
1343 margin-bottom: 10px;
1345 background-color: #ccc;
1346 border: 1px solid #aaa;
1351 font-family: verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
1354 font-family: verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
1357 text-decoration: none;
1359 border-bottom: 1px dotted #bbb;
1361 :link:hover, :visited:hover {
1374 background-color: #fff;
1375 border: 1px solid #aaa;
1379 font-weight: normal;
1401 <h1><span id="appname">$name</span> on <a href="http://catalyst.perl.org">Catalyst</a>
1406 <img src="$logo" alt="Catalyst Logo" />
1408 <p>Welcome to the world of Catalyst.
1409 This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC">MVC</a>
1410 framework will make web development something you had
1411 never expected it to be: Fun, rewarding, and quick.</p>
1412 <h2>What to do now?</h2>
1413 <p>That really depends on what <b>you</b> want to do.
1414 We do, however, provide you with a few starting points.</p>
1415 <p>If you want to jump right into web development with Catalyst
1416 you might want to start with a tutorial.</p>
1417 <pre>perldoc <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/dist/Catalyst-Manual/lib/Catalyst/Manual/Tutorial.pod">Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial</a></code>
1419 <p>Afterwards you can go on to check out a more complete look at our features.</p>
1421 <code>perldoc <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/dist/Catalyst-Manual/lib/Catalyst/Manual/Intro.pod">Catalyst::Manual::Intro</a>
1422 <!-- Something else should go here, but the Catalyst::Manual link seems unhelpful -->
1424 <h2>What to do next?</h2>
1425 <p>Next it's time to write an actual application. Use the
1426 helper scripts to generate <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/search?query=Catalyst%3A%3AController%3A%3A&mode=all">controllers</a>,
1427 <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/search?query=Catalyst%3A%3AModel%3A%3A&mode=all">models</a>, and
1428 <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/search?query=Catalyst%3A%3AView%3A%3A&mode=all">views</a>;
1429 they can save you a lot of work.</p>
1430 <pre><code>script/${prefix}_create.pl -help</code></pre>
1431 <p>Also, be sure to check out the vast and growing
1432 collection of <a href="http://search.cpan.org/search?query=Catalyst">plugins for Catalyst on CPAN</a>;
1433 you are likely to find what you need there.
1437 <p>Catalyst has a very active community. Here are the main places to
1438 get in touch with us.</p>
1441 <a href="http://dev.catalyst.perl.org">Wiki</a>
1444 <a href="http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst">Mailing-List</a>
1447 <a href="irc://irc.perl.org/catalyst">IRC channel #catalyst on irc.perl.org</a>
1450 <h2>In conclusion</h2>
1451 <p>The Catalyst team hopes you will enjoy using Catalyst as much
1452 as we enjoyed making it. Please contact us if you have ideas
1453 for improvement or other feedback.</p>
1461 =head1 INTERNAL METHODS
1463 These methods are not meant to be used by end users.
1465 =head2 $c->components
1467 Returns a hash of components.
1469 =head2 $c->context_class
1471 Returns or sets the context class.
1475 Returns a hashref containing coderefs and execution counts (needed for
1476 deep recursion detection).
1480 Returns the number of actions on the current internal execution stack.
1484 Dispatches a request to actions.
1488 sub dispatch { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->dispatch( $c, @_ ) }
1490 =head2 $c->dispatcher_class
1492 Returns or sets the dispatcher class.
1494 =head2 $c->dump_these
1496 Returns a list of 2-element array references (name, structure) pairs
1497 that will be dumped on the error page in debug mode.
1503 [ Request => $c->req ],
1504 [ Response => $c->res ],
1505 [ Stash => $c->stash ],
1506 [ Config => $c->config ];
1509 =head2 $c->engine_class
1511 Returns or sets the engine class.
1513 =head2 $c->execute( $class, $coderef )
1515 Execute a coderef in given class and catch exceptions. Errors are available
1521 my ( $c, $class, $code ) = @_;
1522 $class = $c->component($class) || $class;
1525 if ( $c->depth >= $RECURSION ) {
1526 my $action = $code->reverse();
1527 $action = "/$action" unless $action =~ /->/;
1528 my $error = qq/Deep recursion detected calling "${action}"/;
1529 $c->log->error($error);
1535 my $stats_info = $c->_stats_start_execute( $code ) if $c->use_stats;
1537 push( @{ $c->stack }, $code );
1539 no warnings 'recursion';
1540 eval { $c->state( $code->execute( $class, $c, @{ $c->req->args } ) || 0 ) };
1542 $c->_stats_finish_execute( $stats_info ) if $c->use_stats and $stats_info;
1544 my $last = pop( @{ $c->stack } );
1546 if ( my $error = $@ ) {
1547 if ( blessed($error) and $error->isa('Catalyst::Exception::Detach') ) {
1548 $error->rethrow if $c->depth > 1;
1550 elsif ( blessed($error) and $error->isa('Catalyst::Exception::Go') ) {
1551 $error->rethrow if $c->depth > 0;
1554 unless ( ref $error ) {
1555 no warnings 'uninitialized';
1557 my $class = $last->class;
1558 my $name = $last->name;
1559 $error = qq/Caught exception in $class->$name "$error"/;
1568 sub _stats_start_execute {
1569 my ( $c, $code ) = @_;
1570 my $appclass = ref($c) || $c;
1571 return if ( ( $code->name =~ /^_.*/ )
1572 && ( !$appclass->config->{show_internal_actions} ) );
1574 my $action_name = $code->reverse();
1575 $c->counter->{$action_name}++;
1577 my $action = $action_name;
1578 $action = "/$action" unless $action =~ /->/;
1580 # determine if the call was the result of a forward
1581 # this is done by walking up the call stack and looking for a calling
1582 # sub of Catalyst::forward before the eval
1584 for my $index ( 2 .. 11 ) {
1586 if ( ( caller($index) )[0] eq 'Catalyst'
1587 && ( caller($index) )[3] eq '(eval)' );
1589 if ( ( caller($index) )[3] =~ /forward$/ ) {
1590 $callsub = ( caller($index) )[3];
1591 $action = "-> $action";
1596 my $uid = $action_name . $c->counter->{$action_name};
1598 # is this a root-level call or a forwarded call?
1599 if ( $callsub =~ /forward$/ ) {
1601 # forward, locate the caller
1602 if ( my $parent = $c->stack->[-1] ) {
1605 parent => "$parent" . $c->counter->{"$parent"},
1611 # forward with no caller may come from a plugin
1630 sub _stats_finish_execute {
1631 my ( $c, $info ) = @_;
1632 $c->stats->profile( end => $info );
1637 Finalizes the request.
1644 for my $error ( @{ $c->error } ) {
1645 $c->log->error($error);
1648 # Allow engine to handle finalize flow (for POE)
1649 my $engine = $c->engine;
1650 if ( my $code = $engine->can('finalize') ) {
1655 $c->finalize_uploads;
1658 if ( $#{ $c->error } >= 0 ) {
1662 $c->finalize_headers;
1665 if ( $c->request->method eq 'HEAD' ) {
1666 $c->response->body('');
1672 if ($c->use_stats) {
1673 my $elapsed = sprintf '%f', $c->stats->elapsed;
1674 my $av = $elapsed == 0 ? '??' : sprintf '%.3f', 1 / $elapsed;
1676 "Request took ${elapsed}s ($av/s)\n" . $c->stats->report . "\n" );
1679 return $c->response->status;
1682 =head2 $c->finalize_body
1688 sub finalize_body { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_body( $c, @_ ) }
1690 =head2 $c->finalize_cookies
1696 sub finalize_cookies { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_cookies( $c, @_ ) }
1698 =head2 $c->finalize_error
1704 sub finalize_error { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_error( $c, @_ ) }
1706 =head2 $c->finalize_headers
1712 sub finalize_headers {
1715 my $response = $c->response; #accessor calls can add up?
1717 # Check if we already finalized headers
1718 return if $response->finalized_headers;
1721 if ( my $location = $response->redirect ) {
1722 $c->log->debug(qq/Redirecting to "$location"/) if $c->debug;
1723 $response->header( Location => $location );
1725 if ( !$response->has_body ) {
1726 # Add a default body if none is already present
1728 qq{<html><body><p>This item has moved <a href="$location">here</a>.</p></body></html>}
1734 if ( $response->body && !$response->content_length ) {
1736 # get the length from a filehandle
1737 if ( blessed( $response->body ) && $response->body->can('read') )
1739 my $stat = stat $response->body;
1740 if ( $stat && $stat->size > 0 ) {
1741 $response->content_length( $stat->size );
1744 $c->log->warn('Serving filehandle without a content-length');
1748 # everything should be bytes at this point, but just in case
1749 $response->content_length( bytes::length( $response->body ) );
1754 if ( $response->status =~ /^(1\d\d|[23]04)$/ ) {
1755 $response->headers->remove_header("Content-Length");
1756 $response->body('');
1759 $c->finalize_cookies;
1761 $c->engine->finalize_headers( $c, @_ );
1764 $response->finalized_headers(1);
1767 =head2 $c->finalize_output
1769 An alias for finalize_body.
1771 =head2 $c->finalize_read
1773 Finalizes the input after reading is complete.
1777 sub finalize_read { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_read( $c, @_ ) }
1779 =head2 $c->finalize_uploads
1781 Finalizes uploads. Cleans up any temporary files.
1785 sub finalize_uploads { my $c = shift; $c->engine->finalize_uploads( $c, @_ ) }
1787 =head2 $c->get_action( $action, $namespace )
1789 Gets an action in a given namespace.
1793 sub get_action { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->get_action(@_) }
1795 =head2 $c->get_actions( $action, $namespace )
1797 Gets all actions of a given name in a namespace and all parent
1802 sub get_actions { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->get_actions( $c, @_ ) }
1804 =head2 $c->handle_request( $class, @arguments )
1806 Called to handle each HTTP request.
1810 sub handle_request {
1811 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
1813 # Always expect worst case!
1816 if ($class->debug) {
1817 my $secs = time - $START || 1;
1818 my $av = sprintf '%.3f', $COUNT / $secs;
1819 my $time = localtime time;
1820 $class->log->info("*** Request $COUNT ($av/s) [$$] [$time] ***");
1823 my $c = $class->prepare(@arguments);
1825 $status = $c->finalize;
1828 if ( my $error = $@ ) {
1830 $class->log->error(qq/Caught exception in engine "$error"/);
1835 if(my $coderef = $class->log->can('_flush')){
1836 $class->log->$coderef();
1841 =head2 $c->prepare( @arguments )
1843 Creates a Catalyst context from an engine-specific request (Apache, CGI,
1849 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
1852 # After the app/ctxt split, this should become an attribute based on something passed
1853 # into the application.
1854 $class->context_class( ref $class || $class ) unless $class->context_class;
1856 my $c = $class->context_class->new({});
1858 # For on-demand data
1859 $c->request->_context($c);
1860 $c->response->_context($c);
1862 #surely this is not the most efficient way to do things...
1863 $c->stats($class->stats_class->new)->enable($c->use_stats);
1865 $c->res->headers->header( 'X-Catalyst' => $Catalyst::VERSION );
1868 #XXX reuse coderef from can
1869 # Allow engine to direct the prepare flow (for POE)
1870 if ( $c->engine->can('prepare') ) {
1871 $c->engine->prepare( $c, @arguments );
1874 $c->prepare_request(@arguments);
1875 $c->prepare_connection;
1876 $c->prepare_query_parameters;
1877 $c->prepare_headers;
1878 $c->prepare_cookies;
1881 # Prepare the body for reading, either by prepare_body
1882 # or the user, if they are using $c->read
1885 # Parse the body unless the user wants it on-demand
1886 unless ( ref($c)->config->{parse_on_demand} ) {
1891 my $method = $c->req->method || '';
1892 my $path = $c->req->path;
1893 $path = '/' unless length $path;
1894 my $address = $c->req->address || '';
1896 $c->log->debug(qq/"$method" request for "$path" from "$address"/)
1904 =head2 $c->prepare_action
1906 Prepares action. See L<Catalyst::Dispatcher>.
1910 sub prepare_action { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->prepare_action( $c, @_ ) }
1912 =head2 $c->prepare_body
1914 Prepares message body.
1921 return if $c->request->_has_body;
1923 # Initialize on-demand data
1924 $c->engine->prepare_body( $c, @_ );
1925 $c->prepare_parameters;
1926 $c->prepare_uploads;
1928 if ( $c->debug && keys %{ $c->req->body_parameters } ) {
1929 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new( [ 35, 'Parameter' ], [ 36, 'Value' ] );
1930 for my $key ( sort keys %{ $c->req->body_parameters } ) {
1931 my $param = $c->req->body_parameters->{$key};
1932 my $value = defined($param) ? $param : '';
1934 ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ? ( join ', ', @$value ) : $value );
1936 $c->log->debug( "Body Parameters are:\n" . $t->draw );
1940 =head2 $c->prepare_body_chunk( $chunk )
1942 Prepares a chunk of data before sending it to L<HTTP::Body>.
1944 See L<Catalyst::Engine>.
1948 sub prepare_body_chunk {
1950 $c->engine->prepare_body_chunk( $c, @_ );
1953 =head2 $c->prepare_body_parameters
1955 Prepares body parameters.
1959 sub prepare_body_parameters {
1961 $c->engine->prepare_body_parameters( $c, @_ );
1964 =head2 $c->prepare_connection
1966 Prepares connection.
1970 sub prepare_connection {
1972 $c->engine->prepare_connection( $c, @_ );
1975 =head2 $c->prepare_cookies
1981 sub prepare_cookies { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_cookies( $c, @_ ) }
1983 =head2 $c->prepare_headers
1989 sub prepare_headers { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_headers( $c, @_ ) }
1991 =head2 $c->prepare_parameters
1993 Prepares parameters.
1997 sub prepare_parameters {
1999 $c->prepare_body_parameters;
2000 $c->engine->prepare_parameters( $c, @_ );
2003 =head2 $c->prepare_path
2005 Prepares path and base.
2009 sub prepare_path { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_path( $c, @_ ) }
2011 =head2 $c->prepare_query_parameters
2013 Prepares query parameters.
2017 sub prepare_query_parameters {
2020 $c->engine->prepare_query_parameters( $c, @_ );
2022 if ( $c->debug && keys %{ $c->request->query_parameters } ) {
2023 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new( [ 35, 'Parameter' ], [ 36, 'Value' ] );
2024 for my $key ( sort keys %{ $c->req->query_parameters } ) {
2025 my $param = $c->req->query_parameters->{$key};
2026 my $value = defined($param) ? $param : '';
2028 ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ? ( join ', ', @$value ) : $value );
2030 $c->log->debug( "Query Parameters are:\n" . $t->draw );
2034 =head2 $c->prepare_read
2036 Prepares the input for reading.
2040 sub prepare_read { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_read( $c, @_ ) }
2042 =head2 $c->prepare_request
2044 Prepares the engine request.
2048 sub prepare_request { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_request( $c, @_ ) }
2050 =head2 $c->prepare_uploads
2056 sub prepare_uploads {
2059 $c->engine->prepare_uploads( $c, @_ );
2061 if ( $c->debug && keys %{ $c->request->uploads } ) {
2062 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new(
2063 [ 12, 'Parameter' ],
2068 for my $key ( sort keys %{ $c->request->uploads } ) {
2069 my $upload = $c->request->uploads->{$key};
2070 for my $u ( ref $upload eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$upload} : ($upload) ) {
2071 $t->row( $key, $u->filename, $u->type, $u->size );
2074 $c->log->debug( "File Uploads are:\n" . $t->draw );
2078 =head2 $c->prepare_write
2080 Prepares the output for writing.
2084 sub prepare_write { my $c = shift; $c->engine->prepare_write( $c, @_ ) }
2086 =head2 $c->request_class
2088 Returns or sets the request class.
2090 =head2 $c->response_class
2092 Returns or sets the response class.
2094 =head2 $c->read( [$maxlength] )
2096 Reads a chunk of data from the request body. This method is designed to
2097 be used in a while loop, reading C<$maxlength> bytes on every call.
2098 C<$maxlength> defaults to the size of the request if not specified.
2100 You have to set C<< MyApp->config(parse_on_demand => 1) >> to use this
2103 Warning: If you use read(), Catalyst will not process the body,
2104 so you will not be able to access POST parameters or file uploads via
2105 $c->request. You must handle all body parsing yourself.
2109 sub read { my $c = shift; return $c->engine->read( $c, @_ ) }
2117 sub run { my $c = shift; return $c->engine->run( $c, @_ ) }
2119 =head2 $c->set_action( $action, $code, $namespace, $attrs )
2121 Sets an action in a given namespace.
2125 sub set_action { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->set_action( $c, @_ ) }
2127 =head2 $c->setup_actions($component)
2129 Sets up actions for a component.
2133 sub setup_actions { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->setup_actions( $c, @_ ) }
2135 =head2 $c->setup_components
2137 This method is called internally to set up the application's components.
2139 It finds modules by calling the L<locate_components> method, expands them to
2140 package names with the L<expand_component_module> method, and then installs
2141 each component into the application.
2143 The C<setup_components> config option is passed to both of the above methods.
2145 Installation of each component is performed by the L<setup_component> method,
2150 sub setup_components {
2153 my $config = $class->config->{ setup_components };
2155 my @comps = sort { length $a <=> length $b }
2156 $class->locate_components($config);
2157 my %comps = map { $_ => 1 } @comps;
2159 my $deprecatedcatalyst_component_names = grep { /::[CMV]::/ } @comps;
2160 $class->log->warn(qq{Your application is using the deprecated ::[MVC]:: type naming scheme.\n}.
2161 qq{Please switch your class names to ::Model::, ::View:: and ::Controller: as appropriate.\n}
2162 ) if $deprecatedcatalyst_component_names;
2164 for my $component ( @comps ) {
2166 # We pass ignore_loaded here so that overlay files for (e.g.)
2167 # Model::DBI::Schema sub-classes are loaded - if it's in @comps
2168 # we know M::P::O found a file on disk so this is safe
2170 Catalyst::Utils::ensure_class_loaded( $component, { ignore_loaded => 1 } );
2172 # Needs to be done as soon as the component is loaded, as loading a sub-component
2173 # (next time round the loop) can cause us to get the wrong metaclass..
2174 $class->_controller_init_base_classes($component);
2177 for my $component (@comps) {
2178 $class->components->{ $component } = $class->setup_component($component);
2179 for my $component ($class->expand_component_module( $component, $config )) {
2180 next if $comps{$component};
2181 $class->_controller_init_base_classes($component); # Also cover inner packages
2182 $class->components->{ $component } = $class->setup_component($component);
2187 =head2 $c->locate_components( $setup_component_config )
2189 This method is meant to provide a list of component modules that should be
2190 setup for the application. By default, it will use L<Module::Pluggable>.
2192 Specify a C<setup_components> config option to pass additional options directly
2193 to L<Module::Pluggable>. To add additional search paths, specify a key named
2194 C<search_extra> as an array reference. Items in the array beginning with C<::>
2195 will have the application class name prepended to them.
2199 sub locate_components {
2203 my @paths = qw( ::Controller ::C ::Model ::M ::View ::V );
2204 my $extra = delete $config->{ search_extra } || [];
2206 push @paths, @$extra;
2208 my $locator = Module::Pluggable::Object->new(
2209 search_path => [ map { s/^(?=::)/$class/; $_; } @paths ],
2213 my @comps = $locator->plugins;
2218 =head2 $c->expand_component_module( $component, $setup_component_config )
2220 Components found by C<locate_components> will be passed to this method, which
2221 is expected to return a list of component (package) names to be set up.
2225 sub expand_component_module {
2226 my ($class, $module) = @_;
2227 return Devel::InnerPackage::list_packages( $module );
2230 =head2 $c->setup_component
2234 # FIXME - Ugly, ugly hack to ensure the we force initialize non-moose base classes
2235 # nearest to Catalyst::Controller first, no matter what order stuff happens
2236 # to be loaded. There are TODO tests in Moose for this, see
2237 # f2391d17574eff81d911b97be15ea51080500003
2238 sub _controller_init_base_classes {
2239 my ($app_class, $component) = @_;
2240 return unless $component->isa('Catalyst::Controller');
2241 foreach my $class ( reverse @{ mro::get_linear_isa($component) } ) {
2242 Moose::Meta::Class->initialize( $class )
2243 unless find_meta($class);
2247 sub setup_component {
2248 my( $class, $component ) = @_;
2250 unless ( $component->can( 'COMPONENT' ) ) {
2254 my $suffix = Catalyst::Utils::class2classsuffix( $component );
2255 my $config = $class->config->{ $suffix } || {};
2256 # Stash catalyst_component_name in the config here, so that custom COMPONENT
2257 # methods also pass it. local to avoid pointlessly shitting in config
2258 # for the debug screen, as $component is already the key name.
2259 local $config->{catalyst_component_name} = $component;
2261 my $instance = eval { $component->COMPONENT( $class, $config ); };
2263 if ( my $error = $@ ) {
2265 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
2266 message => qq/Couldn't instantiate component "$component", "$error"/
2270 unless (blessed $instance) {
2271 my $metaclass = Moose::Util::find_meta($component);
2272 my $method_meta = $metaclass->find_method_by_name('COMPONENT');
2273 my $component_method_from = $method_meta->associated_metaclass->name;
2274 my $value = defined($instance) ? $instance : 'undef';
2275 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
2277 qq/Couldn't instantiate component "$component", COMPONENT() method (from $component_method_from) didn't return an object-like value (value was $value)./
2283 =head2 $c->setup_dispatcher
2289 sub setup_dispatcher {
2290 my ( $class, $dispatcher ) = @_;
2293 $dispatcher = 'Catalyst::Dispatcher::' . $dispatcher;
2296 if ( my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'DISPATCHER' ) ) {
2297 $dispatcher = 'Catalyst::Dispatcher::' . $env;
2300 unless ($dispatcher) {
2301 $dispatcher = $class->dispatcher_class;
2304 Class::MOP::load_class($dispatcher);
2306 # dispatcher instance
2307 $class->dispatcher( $dispatcher->new );
2310 =head2 $c->setup_engine
2317 my ( $class, $engine ) = @_;
2320 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::' . $engine;
2323 if ( my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'ENGINE' ) ) {
2324 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::' . $env;
2327 if ( $ENV{MOD_PERL} ) {
2328 my $meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class);
2330 # create the apache method
2331 $meta->add_method('apache' => sub { shift->engine->apache });
2333 my ( $software, $version ) =
2334 $ENV{MOD_PERL} =~ /^(\S+)\/(\d+(?:[\.\_]\d+)+)/;
2337 $version =~ s/(\.[^.]+)\./$1/g;
2339 if ( $software eq 'mod_perl' ) {
2343 if ( $version >= 1.99922 ) {
2344 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::Apache2::MP20';
2347 elsif ( $version >= 1.9901 ) {
2348 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::Apache2::MP19';
2351 elsif ( $version >= 1.24 ) {
2352 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::Apache::MP13';
2356 Catalyst::Exception->throw( message =>
2357 qq/Unsupported mod_perl version: $ENV{MOD_PERL}/ );
2362 # install the correct mod_perl handler
2363 if ( $version >= 1.9901 ) {
2364 *handler = sub : method {
2365 shift->handle_request(@_);
2369 *handler = sub ($$) { shift->handle_request(@_) };
2374 elsif ( $software eq 'Zeus-Perl' ) {
2375 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::Zeus';
2379 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
2380 message => qq/Unsupported mod_perl: $ENV{MOD_PERL}/ );
2385 $engine = $class->engine_class;
2388 Class::MOP::load_class($engine);
2390 # check for old engines that are no longer compatible
2392 if ( $engine->isa('Catalyst::Engine::Apache')
2393 && !Catalyst::Engine::Apache->VERSION )
2398 elsif ( $engine->isa('Catalyst::Engine::Server::Base')
2399 && Catalyst::Engine::Server->VERSION le '0.02' )
2404 elsif ($engine->isa('Catalyst::Engine::HTTP::POE')
2405 && $engine->VERSION eq '0.01' )
2410 elsif ($engine->isa('Catalyst::Engine::Zeus')
2411 && $engine->VERSION eq '0.01' )
2417 Catalyst::Exception->throw( message =>
2418 qq/Engine "$engine" is not supported by this version of Catalyst/
2423 $class->engine( $engine->new );
2426 =head2 $c->setup_home
2428 Sets up the home directory.
2433 my ( $class, $home ) = @_;
2435 if ( my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'HOME' ) ) {
2439 $home ||= Catalyst::Utils::home($class);
2442 #I remember recently being scolded for assigning config values like this
2443 $class->config->{home} ||= $home;
2444 $class->config->{root} ||= Path::Class::Dir->new($home)->subdir('root');
2448 =head2 $c->setup_log
2450 Sets up log by instantiating a L<Catalyst::Log|Catalyst::Log> object and
2451 passing it to C<log()>. Pass in a comma-delimited list of levels to set the
2454 This method also installs a C<debug> method that returns a true value into the
2455 catalyst subclass if the "debug" level is passed in the comma-delimited list,
2456 or if the C<$CATALYST_DEBUG> environment variable is set to a true value.
2458 Note that if the log has already been setup, by either a previous call to
2459 C<setup_log> or by a call such as C<< __PACKAGE__->log( MyLogger->new ) >>,
2460 that this method won't actually set up the log object.
2465 my ( $class, $levels ) = @_;
2468 $levels =~ s/^\s+//;
2469 $levels =~ s/\s+$//;
2470 my %levels = map { $_ => 1 } split /\s*,\s*/, $levels;
2472 my $env_debug = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'DEBUG' );
2473 if ( defined $env_debug ) {
2474 $levels{debug} = 1 if $env_debug; # Ugly!
2475 delete($levels{debug}) unless $env_debug;
2478 unless ( $class->log ) {
2479 $class->log( Catalyst::Log->new(keys %levels) );
2482 if ( $levels{debug} ) {
2483 Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class)->add_method('debug' => sub { 1 });
2484 $class->log->debug('Debug messages enabled');
2488 =head2 $c->setup_plugins
2494 =head2 $c->setup_stats
2496 Sets up timing statistics class.
2501 my ( $class, $stats ) = @_;
2503 Catalyst::Utils::ensure_class_loaded($class->stats_class);
2505 my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'STATS' );
2506 if ( defined($env) ? $env : ($stats || $class->debug ) ) {
2507 Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class)->add_method('use_stats' => sub { 1 });
2508 $class->log->debug('Statistics enabled');
2513 =head2 $c->registered_plugins
2515 Returns a sorted list of the plugins which have either been stated in the
2516 import list or which have been added via C<< MyApp->plugin(@args); >>.
2518 If passed a given plugin name, it will report a boolean value indicating
2519 whether or not that plugin is loaded. A fully qualified name is required if
2520 the plugin name does not begin with C<Catalyst::Plugin::>.
2522 if ($c->registered_plugins('Some::Plugin')) {
2530 sub registered_plugins {
2532 return sort keys %{ $proto->_plugins } unless @_;
2534 return 1 if exists $proto->_plugins->{$plugin};
2535 return exists $proto->_plugins->{"Catalyst::Plugin::$plugin"};
2538 sub _register_plugin {
2539 my ( $proto, $plugin, $instant ) = @_;
2540 my $class = ref $proto || $proto;
2542 Class::MOP::load_class( $plugin );
2544 $proto->_plugins->{$plugin} = 1;
2547 if ( my $meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class) ) {
2548 my @superclasses = ($plugin, $meta->superclasses );
2549 $meta->superclasses(@superclasses);
2551 unshift @{"$class\::ISA"}, $plugin;
2558 my ( $class, $plugins ) = @_;
2560 $class->_plugins( {} ) unless $class->_plugins;
2563 my @plugins = Catalyst::Utils::resolve_namespace($class . '::Plugin', 'Catalyst::Plugin', @$plugins);
2565 for my $plugin ( reverse @plugins ) {
2566 Class::MOP::load_class($plugin);
2567 my $meta = find_meta($plugin);
2568 next if $meta && $meta->isa('Moose::Meta::Role');
2570 $class->_register_plugin($plugin);
2575 grep { $_ && blessed($_) && $_->isa('Moose::Meta::Role') }
2576 map { find_meta($_) }
2579 Moose::Util::apply_all_roles(
2587 Returns an arrayref of the internal execution stack (actions that are
2588 currently executing).
2590 =head2 $c->stats_class
2592 Returns or sets the stats (timing statistics) class.
2594 =head2 $c->use_stats
2596 Returns 1 when stats collection is enabled. Stats collection is enabled
2597 when the -Stats options is set, debug is on or when the <MYAPP>_STATS
2598 environment variable is set.
2600 Note that this is a static method, not an accessor and should be overridden
2601 by declaring C<sub use_stats { 1 }> in your MyApp.pm, not by calling C<< $c->use_stats(1) >>.
2608 =head2 $c->write( $data )
2610 Writes $data to the output stream. When using this method directly, you
2611 will need to manually set the C<Content-Length> header to the length of
2612 your output data, if known.
2619 # Finalize headers if someone manually writes output
2620 $c->finalize_headers;
2622 return $c->engine->write( $c, @_ );
2627 Returns the Catalyst version number. Mostly useful for "powered by"
2628 messages in template systems.
2632 sub version { return $Catalyst::VERSION }
2634 =head1 INTERNAL ACTIONS
2636 Catalyst uses internal actions like C<_DISPATCH>, C<_BEGIN>, C<_AUTO>,
2637 C<_ACTION>, and C<_END>. These are by default not shown in the private
2638 action table, but you can make them visible with a config parameter.
2640 MyApp->config(show_internal_actions => 1);
2642 =head1 CASE SENSITIVITY
2644 By default Catalyst is not case sensitive, so C<MyApp::C::FOO::Bar> is
2645 mapped to C</foo/bar>. You can activate case sensitivity with a config
2648 MyApp->config(case_sensitive => 1);
2650 This causes C<MyApp::C::Foo::Bar> to map to C</Foo/Bar>.
2652 =head1 ON-DEMAND PARSER
2654 The request body is usually parsed at the beginning of a request,
2655 but if you want to handle input yourself, you can enable on-demand
2656 parsing with a config parameter.
2658 MyApp->config(parse_on_demand => 1);
2660 =head1 PROXY SUPPORT
2662 Many production servers operate using the common double-server approach,
2663 with a lightweight frontend web server passing requests to a larger
2664 backend server. An application running on the backend server must deal
2665 with two problems: the remote user always appears to be C<127.0.0.1> and
2666 the server's hostname will appear to be C<localhost> regardless of the
2667 virtual host that the user connected through.
2669 Catalyst will automatically detect this situation when you are running
2670 the frontend and backend servers on the same machine. The following
2671 changes are made to the request.
2673 $c->req->address is set to the user's real IP address, as read from
2674 the HTTP X-Forwarded-For header.
2676 The host value for $c->req->base and $c->req->uri is set to the real
2677 host, as read from the HTTP X-Forwarded-Host header.
2679 Additionally, you may be running your backend application on an insecure
2680 connection (port 80) while your frontend proxy is running under SSL. If there
2681 is a discrepancy in the ports, use the HTTP header C<X-Forwarded-Port> to
2682 tell Catalyst what port the frontend listens on. This will allow all URIs to
2683 be created properly.
2685 In the case of passing in:
2687 X-Forwarded-Port: 443
2689 All calls to C<uri_for> will result in an https link, as is expected.
2691 Obviously, your web server must support these headers for this to work.
2693 In a more complex server farm environment where you may have your
2694 frontend proxy server(s) on different machines, you will need to set a
2695 configuration option to tell Catalyst to read the proxied data from the
2698 MyApp->config(using_frontend_proxy => 1);
2700 If you do not wish to use the proxy support at all, you may set:
2702 MyApp->config(ignore_frontend_proxy => 1);
2704 =head1 THREAD SAFETY
2706 Catalyst has been tested under Apache 2's threading C<mpm_worker>,
2707 C<mpm_winnt>, and the standalone forking HTTP server on Windows. We
2708 believe the Catalyst core to be thread-safe.
2710 If you plan to operate in a threaded environment, remember that all other
2711 modules you are using must also be thread-safe. Some modules, most notably
2712 L<DBD::SQLite>, are not thread-safe.
2718 Join #catalyst on irc.perl.org.
2722 http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst
2723 http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst-dev
2727 http://catalyst.perl.org
2731 http://dev.catalyst.perl.org
2735 =head2 L<Task::Catalyst> - All you need to start with Catalyst
2737 =head2 L<Catalyst::Manual> - The Catalyst Manual
2739 =head2 L<Catalyst::Component>, L<Catalyst::Controller> - Base classes for components
2741 =head2 L<Catalyst::Engine> - Core engine
2743 =head2 L<Catalyst::Log> - Log class.
2745 =head2 L<Catalyst::Request> - Request object
2747 =head2 L<Catalyst::Response> - Response object
2749 =head2 L<Catalyst::Test> - The test suite.
2751 =head1 PROJECT FOUNDER
2753 sri: Sebastian Riedel <sri@cpan.org>
2759 acme: Leon Brocard <leon@astray.com>
2763 Andrew Ford E<lt>A.Ford@ford-mason.co.ukE<gt>
2767 andyg: Andy Grundman <andy@hybridized.org>
2769 audreyt: Audrey Tang
2771 bricas: Brian Cassidy <bricas@cpan.org>
2773 Caelum: Rafael Kitover <rkitover@io.com>
2775 chansen: Christian Hansen
2777 chicks: Christopher Hicks
2779 Chisel Wright C<pause@herlpacker.co.uk>
2781 Danijel Milicevic C<me@danijel.de>
2783 David Kamholz E<lt>dkamholz@cpan.orgE<gt>
2785 David Naughton, C<naughton@umn.edu>
2789 dkubb: Dan Kubb <dan.kubb-cpan@onautopilot.com>
2793 dwc: Daniel Westermann-Clark <danieltwc@cpan.org>
2795 esskar: Sascha Kiefer
2797 fireartist: Carl Franks <cfranks@cpan.org>
2799 frew: Arthur Axel "fREW" Schmidt <frioux@gmail.com>
2801 gabb: Danijel Milicevic
2805 Gavin Henry C<ghenry@perl.me.uk>
2809 hobbs: Andrew Rodland <andrew@cleverdomain.org>
2811 ilmari: Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker <ilmari@ilmari.org>
2813 jcamacho: Juan Camacho
2815 jester: Jesse Sheidlower C<jester@panix.com>
2817 jhannah: Jay Hannah <jay@jays.net>
2823 jon: Jon Schutz <jjschutz@cpan.org>
2825 Jonathan Rockway C<< <jrockway@cpan.org> >>
2827 Kieren Diment C<kd@totaldatasolution.com>
2829 konobi: Scott McWhirter <konobi@cpan.org>
2831 marcus: Marcus Ramberg <mramberg@cpan.org>
2833 miyagawa: Tatsuhiko Miyagawa <miyagawa@bulknews.net>
2835 mst: Matt S. Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
2839 naughton: David Naughton
2841 ningu: David Kamholz <dkamholz@cpan.org>
2843 nothingmuch: Yuval Kogman <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
2845 numa: Dan Sully <daniel@cpan.org>
2849 omega: Andreas Marienborg
2851 Oleg Kostyuk <cub.uanic@gmail.com>
2853 phaylon: Robert Sedlacek <phaylon@dunkelheit.at>
2855 rafl: Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>
2857 random: Roland Lammel <lammel@cpan.org>
2859 Robert Sedlacek C<< <rs@474.at> >>
2863 t0m: Tomas Doran <bobtfish@bobtfish.net>
2867 Viljo Marrandi C<vilts@yahoo.com>
2869 Will Hawes C<info@whawes.co.uk>
2871 willert: Sebastian Willert <willert@cpan.org>
2873 Yuval Kogman, C<nothingmuch@woobling.org>
2877 This library is free software. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
2878 the same terms as Perl itself.
2884 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;