4 use Moose::Meta::Class ();
5 extends 'Catalyst::Component';
6 use Moose::Util qw/find_meta/;
7 use B::Hooks::EndOfScope ();
8 use Catalyst::Exception;
11 use Catalyst::Controller;
12 use Catalyst::Context;
13 use Devel::InnerPackage ();
14 use Module::Pluggable::Object ();
15 use Text::SimpleTable ();
16 use Path::Class::Dir ();
17 use Path::Class::File ();
18 use Tree::Simple::Visitor::FindByUID;
19 use Class::C3::Adopt::NEXT;
22 use Carp qw/croak carp shortmess/;
24 BEGIN { require 5.008004; }
26 sub comp { shift->component(@_) }
28 #I imagine that very few of these really need to be class variables. if any.
29 #maybe we should just make them attributes with a default?
30 __PACKAGE__->mk_classdata($_)
31 for qw/components arguments dispatcher engine log dispatcher_class
32 engine_class context_class request_class response_class stats_class
35 __PACKAGE__->context_class('Catalyst::Context');
36 __PACKAGE__->dispatcher_class('Catalyst::Dispatcher');
37 __PACKAGE__->engine_class('Catalyst::Engine::CGI');
38 __PACKAGE__->request_class('Catalyst::Request');
39 __PACKAGE__->response_class('Catalyst::Response');
40 __PACKAGE__->stats_class('Catalyst::Stats');
42 # Remember to update this in Catalyst::Runtime as well!
44 our $VERSION = '5.80013';
47 my $dev_version = $VERSION =~ /_\d{2}$/;
48 *_IS_DEVELOPMENT_VERSION = sub () { $dev_version };
51 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
55 our $DETACH = Catalyst::Exception::Detach->new;
56 our $GO = Catalyst::Exception::Go->new;
59 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
61 # We have to limit $class to Catalyst to avoid pushing Catalyst upon every
63 return unless $class eq 'Catalyst';
65 my $caller = caller();
66 return if $caller eq 'main';
68 # Kill Adopt::NEXT warnings if we're a non-RC version
69 unless (_IS_DEVELOPMENT_VERSION()) {
70 Class::C3::Adopt::NEXT->unimport(qr/^Catalyst::/);
73 my $meta = Moose::Meta::Class->initialize($caller);
74 unless ( $caller->isa('Catalyst') ) {
75 my @superclasses = ($meta->superclasses, $class, 'Catalyst::Controller');
76 $meta->superclasses(@superclasses);
78 # Avoid possible C3 issues if 'Moose::Object' is already on RHS of MyApp
79 $meta->superclasses(grep { $_ ne 'Moose::Object' } $meta->superclasses);
81 unless( $meta->has_method('meta') ){
82 $meta->add_method(meta => sub { Moose::Meta::Class->initialize("${caller}") } );
85 $caller->arguments( [@arguments] );
89 sub _application { $_[0] }
93 Catalyst - The Elegant MVC Web Application Framework
97 See the L<Catalyst::Manual> distribution for comprehensive
98 documentation and tutorials.
100 # Install Catalyst::Devel for helpers and other development tools
101 # use the helper to create a new application
104 # add models, views, controllers
105 script/myapp_create.pl model MyDatabase DBIC::Schema create=static dbi:SQLite:/path/to/db
106 script/myapp_create.pl view MyTemplate TT
107 script/myapp_create.pl controller Search
109 # built in testserver -- use -r to restart automatically on changes
110 # --help to see all available options
111 script/myapp_server.pl
113 # command line testing interface
114 script/myapp_test.pl /yada
117 use Catalyst qw/-Debug/; # include plugins here as well
119 ### In lib/MyApp/Controller/Root.pm (autocreated)
120 sub foo : Global { # called for /foo, /foo/1, /foo/1/2, etc.
121 my ( $self, $c, @args ) = @_; # args are qw/1 2/ for /foo/1/2
122 $c->stash->{template} = 'foo.tt'; # set the template
123 # lookup something from db -- stash vars are passed to TT
125 $c->model('Database::Foo')->search( { country => $args[0] } );
126 if ( $c->req->params->{bar} ) { # access GET or POST parameters
127 $c->forward( 'bar' ); # process another action
128 # do something else after forward returns
132 # The foo.tt TT template can use the stash data from the database
133 [% WHILE (item = data.next) %]
137 # called for /bar/of/soap, /bar/of/soap/10, etc.
138 sub bar : Path('/bar/of/soap') { ... }
140 # called for all actions, from the top-most controller downwards
142 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
143 if ( !$c->user_exists ) { # Catalyst::Plugin::Authentication
144 $c->res->redirect( '/login' ); # require login
145 return 0; # abort request and go immediately to end()
147 return 1; # success; carry on to next action
150 # called after all actions are finished
152 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
153 if ( scalar @{ $c->error } ) { ... } # handle errors
154 return if $c->res->body; # already have a response
155 $c->forward( 'MyApp::View::TT' ); # render template
158 ### in MyApp/Controller/Foo.pm
159 # called for /foo/bar
160 sub bar : Local { ... }
162 # called for /blargle
163 sub blargle : Global { ... }
165 # an index action matches /foo, but not /foo/1, etc.
166 sub index : Private { ... }
168 ### in MyApp/Controller/Foo/Bar.pm
169 # called for /foo/bar/baz
170 sub baz : Local { ... }
172 # first Root auto is called, then Foo auto, then this
173 sub auto : Private { ... }
175 # powerful regular expression paths are also possible
176 sub details : Regex('^product/(\w+)/details$') {
177 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
178 # extract the (\w+) from the URI
179 my $product = $c->req->captures->[0];
182 See L<Catalyst::Manual::Intro> for additional information.
186 Catalyst is a modern framework for making web applications without the
187 pain usually associated with this process. This document is a reference
188 to the main Catalyst application. If you are a new user, we suggest you
189 start with L<Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial> or L<Catalyst::Manual::Intro>.
191 See L<Catalyst::Manual> for more documentation.
193 Catalyst plugins can be loaded by naming them as arguments to the "use
194 Catalyst" statement. Omit the C<Catalyst::Plugin::> prefix from the
195 plugin name, i.e., C<Catalyst::Plugin::My::Module> becomes
198 use Catalyst qw/My::Module/;
200 If your plugin starts with a name other than C<Catalyst::Plugin::>, you can
201 fully qualify the name by using a unary plus:
205 +Fully::Qualified::Plugin::Name
208 Special flags like C<-Debug> and C<-Engine> can also be specified as
209 arguments when Catalyst is loaded:
211 use Catalyst qw/-Debug My::Module/;
213 The position of plugins and flags in the chain is important, because
214 they are loaded in the order in which they appear.
216 The following flags are supported:
220 Enables debug output. You can also force this setting from the system
221 environment with CATALYST_DEBUG or <MYAPP>_DEBUG. The environment
222 settings override the application, with <MYAPP>_DEBUG having the highest
227 Forces Catalyst to use a specific engine. Omit the
228 C<Catalyst::Engine::> prefix of the engine name, i.e.:
230 use Catalyst qw/-Engine=CGI/;
234 Forces Catalyst to use a specific home directory, e.g.:
236 use Catalyst qw[-Home=/usr/mst];
238 This can also be done in the shell environment by setting either the
239 C<CATALYST_HOME> environment variable or C<MYAPP_HOME>; where C<MYAPP>
240 is replaced with the uppercased name of your application, any "::" in
241 the name will be replaced with underscores, e.g. MyApp::Web should use
242 MYAPP_WEB_HOME. If both variables are set, the MYAPP_HOME one will be used.
246 use Catalyst '-Log=warn,fatal,error';
248 Specifies a comma-delimited list of log levels.
252 Enables statistics collection and reporting. You can also force this setting
253 from the system environment with CATALYST_STATS or <MYAPP>_STATS. The
254 environment settings override the application, with <MYAPP>_STATS having the
259 use Catalyst qw/-Stats=1/
265 sub _comp_search_prefixes {
267 return map $c->components->{ $_ }, $c->_comp_names_search_prefixes(@_);
270 # search components given a name and some prefixes
271 sub _comp_names_search_prefixes {
272 my ( $c, $name, @prefixes ) = @_;
273 my $appclass = ref $c || $c;
274 my $filter = "^${appclass}::(" . join( '|', @prefixes ) . ')::';
275 $filter = qr/$filter/; # Compile regex now rather than once per loop
277 # map the original component name to the sub part that we will search against
278 my %eligible = map { my $n = $_; $n =~ s{^$appclass\::[^:]+::}{}; $_ => $n; }
279 grep { /$filter/ } keys %{ $c->components };
281 # undef for a name will return all
282 return keys %eligible if !defined $name;
284 my $query = ref $name ? $name : qr/^$name$/i;
285 my @result = grep { $eligible{$_} =~ m{$query} } keys %eligible;
287 return @result if @result;
289 # if we were given a regexp to search against, we're done.
292 # skip regexp fallback if configured
294 if $appclass->config->{disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback};
298 @result = grep { $eligible{ $_ } =~ m{$query} } keys %eligible;
300 # no results? try against full names
302 @result = grep { m{$query} } keys %eligible;
305 # don't warn if we didn't find any results, it just might not exist
307 # Disgusting hack to work out correct method name
308 my $warn_for = lc $prefixes[0];
309 my $msg = "Used regexp fallback for \$c->${warn_for}('${name}'), which found '" .
310 (join '", "', @result) . "'. Relying on regexp fallback behavior for " .
311 "component resolution is unreliable and unsafe.";
312 my $short = $result[0];
313 # remove the component namespace prefix
314 $short =~ s/.*?(Model|Controller|View):://;
315 my $shortmess = Carp::shortmess('');
316 if ($shortmess =~ m#Catalyst/Plugin#) {
317 $msg .= " You probably need to set '$short' instead of '${name}' in this " .
319 } elsif ($shortmess =~ m#Catalyst/lib/(View|Controller)#) {
320 $msg .= " You probably need to set '$short' instead of '${name}' in this " .
321 "component's config";
323 $msg .= " You probably meant \$c->${warn_for}('$short') instead of \$c->${warn_for}('${name}'), " .
324 "but if you really wanted to search, pass in a regexp as the argument " .
325 "like so: \$c->${warn_for}(qr/${name}/)";
327 $c->log->warn( "${msg}$shortmess" );
333 # Find possible names for a prefix
335 my ( $c, @prefixes ) = @_;
336 my $appclass = ref $c || $c;
338 my $filter = "^${appclass}::(" . join( '|', @prefixes ) . ')::';
340 my @names = map { s{$filter}{}; $_; }
341 $c->_comp_names_search_prefixes( undef, @prefixes );
346 # Filter a component before returning by calling ACCEPT_CONTEXT if available
347 sub _filter_component {
348 my ( $c, $comp, @args ) = @_;
350 if ( eval { $comp->can('ACCEPT_CONTEXT'); } ) {
351 return $comp->ACCEPT_CONTEXT( $c, @args );
357 =head2 COMPONENT ACCESSORS
359 =head2 $c->controllers
361 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->controller
367 return $c->_comp_names(qw/Controller C/);
372 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->model
378 return $c->_comp_names(qw/Model M/);
384 Returns the available names which can be passed to $c->view
390 return $c->_comp_names(qw/View V/);
393 =head2 $c->comp($name)
395 =head2 $c->component($name)
397 Gets a component object by name. This method is not recommended,
398 unless you want to get a specific component by full
399 class. C<< $c->controller >>, C<< $c->model >>, and C<< $c->view >>
400 should be used instead.
402 If C<$name> is a regexp, a list of components matched against the full
403 component name will be returned.
405 If Catalyst can't find a component by name, it will fallback to regex
406 matching by default. To disable this behaviour set
407 disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback to a true value.
409 __PACKAGE__->config( disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback => 1 );
414 my ( $c, $name, @args ) = @_;
417 my $comps = $c->components;
420 # is it the exact name?
421 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{ $name }, @args )
422 if exists $comps->{ $name };
424 # perhaps we just omitted "MyApp"?
425 my $composed = ( ref $c || $c ) . "::${name}";
426 return $c->_filter_component( $comps->{ $composed }, @args )
427 if exists $comps->{ $composed };
429 # search all of the models, views and controllers
430 my( $comp ) = $c->_comp_search_prefixes( $name, qw/Model M Controller C View V/ );
431 return $c->_filter_component( $comp, @args ) if $comp;
434 # This is here so $c->comp( '::M::' ) works
435 my $query = ref $name ? $name : qr{$name}i;
437 my @result = grep { m{$query} } keys %{ $c->components };
438 return map { $c->_filter_component( $_, @args ) } @result if ref $name;
441 $c->log->warn( Carp::shortmess(qq(Found results for "${name}" using regexp fallback)) );
442 $c->log->warn( 'Relying on the regexp fallback behavior for component resolution' );
443 $c->log->warn( 'is unreliable and unsafe. You have been warned' );
444 return $c->_filter_component( $result[ 0 ], @args );
447 # I would expect to return an empty list here, but that breaks back-compat
451 return sort keys %{ $c->components };
454 =head2 CLASS DATA AND HELPER CLASSES
458 Returns or takes a hashref containing the application's configuration.
460 __PACKAGE__->config( { db => 'dsn:SQLite:foo.db' } );
462 You can also use a C<YAML>, C<XML> or L<Config::General> config file
463 like C<myapp.conf> in your applications home directory. See
464 L<Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader>.
466 =head3 Cascading configuration
468 The config method is present on all Catalyst components, and configuration
469 will be merged when an application is started. Configuration loaded with
470 L<Catalyst::Plugin::ConfigLoader> takes precedence over other configuration,
471 followed by configuration in your top level C<MyApp> class. These two
472 configurations are merged, and then configuration data whose hash key matches a
473 component name is merged with configuration for that component.
475 The configuration for a component is then passed to the C<new> method when a
476 component is constructed.
480 MyApp->config({ 'Model::Foo' => { bar => 'baz', overrides => 'me' } });
481 MyApp::Model::Foo->config({ quux => 'frob', 'overrides => 'this' });
483 will mean that C<MyApp::Model::Foo> receives the following data when
486 MyApp::Model::Foo->new({
494 around config => sub {
498 croak('Setting config after setup has been run is not allowed.')
499 if ( @_ and $c->setup_finished );
506 Returns the logging object instance. Unless it is already set, Catalyst
507 sets this up with a L<Catalyst::Log> object. To use your own log class,
508 set the logger with the C<< __PACKAGE__->log >> method prior to calling
509 C<< __PACKAGE__->setup >>.
511 __PACKAGE__->log( MyLogger->new );
516 $c->log->info( 'Now logging with my own logger!' );
518 Your log class should implement the methods described in
524 Returns 1 if debug mode is enabled, 0 otherwise.
526 You can enable debug mode in several ways:
530 =item By calling myapp_server.pl with the -d flag
532 =item With the environment variables MYAPP_DEBUG, or CATALYST_DEBUG
534 =item The -Debug option in your MyApp.pm
536 =item By declaring C<sub debug { 1 }> in your MyApp.pm.
540 Calling C<< $c->debug(1) >> has no effect.
546 =head2 $c->dispatcher
548 Returns the dispatcher instance. See L<Catalyst::Dispatcher>.
552 Returns the engine instance. See L<Catalyst::Engine>.
555 =head2 UTILITY METHODS
557 =head2 $c->path_to(@path)
559 Merges C<@path> with C<< $c->config->{home} >> and returns a
560 L<Path::Class::Dir> object. Note you can usually use this object as
561 a filename, but sometimes you will have to explicitly stringify it
562 yourself by calling the C<< ->stringify >> method.
566 $c->path_to( 'db', 'sqlite.db' );
571 my ( $c, @path ) = @_;
572 my $path = Path::Class::Dir->new( $c->config->{home}, @path );
573 if ( -d $path ) { return $path }
574 else { return Path::Class::File->new( $c->config->{home}, @path ) }
577 =head2 $c->plugin( $name, $class, @args )
579 Helper method for plugins. It creates a class data accessor/mutator and
580 loads and instantiates the given class.
582 MyApp->plugin( 'prototype', 'HTML::Prototype' );
584 $c->prototype->define_javascript_functions;
586 B<Note:> This method of adding plugins is deprecated. The ability
587 to add plugins like this B<will be removed> in a Catalyst 5.81.
588 Please do not use this functionality in new code.
593 my ( $class, $name, $plugin, @args ) = @_;
595 # See block comment in t/unit_core_plugin.t
596 $class->log->warn(qq/Adding plugin using the ->plugin method is deprecated, and will be removed in Catalyst 5.81/);
598 $class->_register_plugin( $plugin, 1 );
600 eval { $plugin->import };
601 $class->mk_classdata($name);
603 eval { $obj = $plugin->new(@args) };
606 Catalyst::Exception->throw( message =>
607 qq/Couldn't instantiate instant plugin "$plugin", "$@"/ );
611 $class->log->debug(qq/Initialized instant plugin "$plugin" as "$name"/)
617 Initializes the dispatcher and engine, loads any plugins, and loads the
618 model, view, and controller components. You may also specify an array
619 of plugins to load here, if you choose to not load them in the C<use
623 MyApp->setup( qw/-Debug/ );
628 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
629 croak('Running setup more than once')
630 if ( $class->setup_finished );
632 unless ( $class->isa('Catalyst') ) {
634 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
635 message => qq/'$class' does not inherit from Catalyst/ );
638 if ( $class->arguments ) {
639 @arguments = ( @arguments, @{ $class->arguments } );
645 foreach (@arguments) {
649 ( $flags->{log} ) ? 'debug,' . $flags->{log} : 'debug';
651 elsif (/^-(\w+)=?(.*)$/) {
652 $flags->{ lc $1 } = $2;
655 push @{ $flags->{plugins} }, $_;
659 $class->setup_home( delete $flags->{home} );
661 $class->setup_log( delete $flags->{log} );
662 $class->setup_plugins( delete $flags->{plugins} );
663 $class->setup_dispatcher( delete $flags->{dispatcher} );
664 $class->setup_engine( delete $flags->{engine} );
665 $class->setup_stats( delete $flags->{stats} );
667 for my $flag ( sort keys %{$flags} ) {
669 if ( my $code = $class->can( 'setup_' . $flag ) ) {
670 &$code( $class, delete $flags->{$flag} );
673 $class->log->warn(qq/Unknown flag "$flag"/);
677 eval { require Catalyst::Devel; };
678 if( !$@ && $ENV{CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN} && ( $ENV{CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN} < $Catalyst::Devel::CATALYST_SCRIPT_GEN ) ) {
679 $class->log->warn(<<"EOF");
680 You are running an old script!
682 Please update by running (this will overwrite existing files):
683 catalyst.pl -force -scripts $class
685 or (this will not overwrite existing files):
686 catalyst.pl -scripts $class
691 if ( $class->debug ) {
692 my @plugins = map { "$_ " . ( $_->VERSION || '' ) } $class->registered_plugins;
695 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 6;
696 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new($column_width);
697 $t->row($_) for @plugins;
698 $class->log->debug( "Loaded plugins:\n" . $t->draw . "\n" );
701 my $dispatcher = $class->dispatcher;
702 my $engine = $class->engine;
703 my $home = $class->config->{home};
705 $class->log->debug(sprintf(q/Loaded dispatcher "%s"/, blessed($dispatcher)));
706 $class->log->debug(sprintf(q/Loaded engine "%s"/, blessed($engine)));
710 ? $class->log->debug(qq/Found home "$home"/)
711 : $class->log->debug(qq/Home "$home" doesn't exist/)
712 : $class->log->debug(q/Couldn't find home/);
715 # Call plugins setup, this is stupid and evil.
716 # Also screws C3 badly on 5.10, hack to avoid.
718 no warnings qw/redefine/;
719 local *setup = sub { };
720 $class->setup unless $Catalyst::__AM_RESTARTING;
723 # Initialize our data structure
724 $class->components( {} );
726 $class->setup_components;
728 if ( $class->debug ) {
729 my $column_width = Catalyst::Utils::term_width() - 8 - 9;
730 my $t = Text::SimpleTable->new( [ $column_width, 'Class' ], [ 8, 'Type' ] );
731 for my $comp ( sort keys %{ $class->components } ) {
732 my $type = ref $class->components->{$comp} ? 'instance' : 'class';
733 $t->row( $comp, $type );
735 $class->log->debug( "Loaded components:\n" . $t->draw . "\n" )
736 if ( keys %{ $class->components } );
739 # Add our self to components, since we are also a component
740 if( $class->isa('Catalyst::Controller') ){
741 $class->components->{$class} = $class;
744 $class->setup_actions;
746 if ( $class->debug ) {
747 my $name = $class->config->{name} || 'Application';
748 $class->log->info("$name powered by Catalyst $Catalyst::VERSION");
751 # Make sure that the application class becomes immutable at this point,
752 B::Hooks::EndOfScope::on_scope_end {
754 my $meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class);
757 && ! { $meta->immutable_options }->{replace_constructor}
759 $class->isa('Class::Accessor::Fast')
760 || $class->isa('Class::Accessor')
763 warn "You made your application class ($class) immutable, "
764 . "but did not inline the\nconstructor. "
765 . "This will break catalyst, as your app \@ISA "
766 . "Class::Accessor(::Fast)?\nPlease pass "
767 . "(replace_constructor => 1)\nwhen making your class immutable.\n";
769 $meta->make_immutable(
770 replace_constructor => 1,
771 ) unless $meta->is_immutable;
774 $class->setup_finalize;
775 # Should be the last thing we do so that user things hooking
776 # setup_finalize can log..
777 $class->log->_flush() if $class->log->can('_flush');
778 return 1; # Explicit return true as people have __PACKAGE__->setup as the last thing in their class. HATE.
782 =head2 $app->setup_finalize
784 A hook to attach modifiers to.
785 Using C<< after setup => sub{}; >> doesn't work, because of quirky things done for plugin setup.
786 Also better than C< setup_finished(); >, as that is a getter method.
792 ## do stuff, i.e., determine a primary key column for sessions stored in a DB
794 $app->next::method(@_);
803 $class->setup_finished(1);
806 =head2 $c->welcome_message
808 Returns the Catalyst welcome HTML page.
812 sub welcome_message {
814 my $name = $c->config->{name};
815 my $logo = $c->uri_for('/static/images/catalyst_logo.png');
816 my $prefix = Catalyst::Utils::appprefix( ref $c );
817 $c->response->content_type('text/html; charset=utf-8');
819 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
820 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
821 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
823 <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en" />
824 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
825 <title>$name on Catalyst $VERSION</title>
826 <style type="text/css">
829 background-color: #eee;
838 background-color: #ccc;
839 border: 1px solid #aaa;
844 font-family: verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
847 font-family: verdana, tahoma, sans-serif;
850 text-decoration: none;
852 border-bottom: 1px dotted #bbb;
854 :link:hover, :visited:hover {
867 background-color: #fff;
868 border: 1px solid #aaa;
894 <h1><span id="appname">$name</span> on <a href="http://catalyst.perl.org">Catalyst</a>
899 <img src="$logo" alt="Catalyst Logo" />
901 <p>Welcome to the world of Catalyst.
902 This <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC">MVC</a>
903 framework will make web development something you had
904 never expected it to be: Fun, rewarding, and quick.</p>
905 <h2>What to do now?</h2>
906 <p>That really depends on what <b>you</b> want to do.
907 We do, however, provide you with a few starting points.</p>
908 <p>If you want to jump right into web development with Catalyst
909 you might want to start with a tutorial.</p>
910 <pre>perldoc <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/dist/Catalyst-Manual/lib/Catalyst/Manual/Tutorial.pod">Catalyst::Manual::Tutorial</a></code>
912 <p>Afterwards you can go on to check out a more complete look at our features.</p>
914 <code>perldoc <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/dist/Catalyst-Manual/lib/Catalyst/Manual/Intro.pod">Catalyst::Manual::Intro</a>
915 <!-- Something else should go here, but the Catalyst::Manual link seems unhelpful -->
917 <h2>What to do next?</h2>
918 <p>Next it's time to write an actual application. Use the
919 helper scripts to generate <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/search?query=Catalyst%3A%3AController%3A%3A&mode=all">controllers</a>,
920 <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/search?query=Catalyst%3A%3AModel%3A%3A&mode=all">models</a>, and
921 <a href="http://cpansearch.perl.org/search?query=Catalyst%3A%3AView%3A%3A&mode=all">views</a>;
922 they can save you a lot of work.</p>
923 <pre><code>script/${prefix}_create.pl -help</code></pre>
924 <p>Also, be sure to check out the vast and growing
925 collection of <a href="http://search.cpan.org/search?query=Catalyst">plugins for Catalyst on CPAN</a>;
926 you are likely to find what you need there.
930 <p>Catalyst has a very active community. Here are the main places to
931 get in touch with us.</p>
934 <a href="http://dev.catalyst.perl.org">Wiki</a>
937 <a href="http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst">Mailing-List</a>
940 <a href="irc://irc.perl.org/catalyst">IRC channel #catalyst on irc.perl.org</a>
943 <h2>In conclusion</h2>
944 <p>The Catalyst team hopes you will enjoy using Catalyst as much
945 as we enjoyed making it. Please contact us if you have ideas
946 for improvement or other feedback.</p>
954 =head1 INTERNAL METHODS
956 These methods are not meant to be used by end users.
958 =head2 $c->components
960 Returns a hash of components.
962 =head2 $c->context_class
964 Returns or sets the context class.
966 =head2 $c->dispatcher_class
968 Returns or sets the dispatcher class.
970 =head2 $c->engine_class
972 Returns or sets the engine class.
974 =head2 $c->handle_request( $class, @arguments )
976 Called to handle each HTTP request.
981 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
983 # Always expect worst case!
987 my $secs = time - $START || 1;
988 my $av = sprintf '%.3f', $COUNT / $secs;
989 my $time = localtime time;
990 $class->log->info("*** Request $COUNT ($av/s) [$$] [$time] ***");
993 my $c = $class->prepare(@arguments);
995 $status = $c->finalize;
998 if ( my $error = $@ ) {
1000 $class->log->error(qq/Caught exception in engine "$error"/);
1005 if(my $coderef = $class->log->can('_flush')){
1006 $class->log->$coderef();
1011 =head2 $c->prepare( @arguments )
1013 Creates a Catalyst context from an engine-specific request (Apache, CGI,
1019 my ( $class, @arguments ) = @_;
1022 # After the app/ctxt split, this should become an attribute based on something passed
1023 # into the application.
1024 $class->context_class( ref $class || $class ) unless $class->context_class;
1026 my $app = $class->new({});
1027 my $c = $class->context_class->new( application => $app );
1029 # For on-demand data
1030 $c->request->_context($c);
1031 $c->response->_context($c);
1033 #surely this is not the most efficient way to do things...
1034 $c->stats($class->stats_class->new)->enable($c->use_stats);
1036 $c->res->headers->header( 'X-Catalyst' => $Catalyst::VERSION );
1039 #XXX reuse coderef from can
1040 # Allow engine to direct the prepare flow (for POE)
1041 if ( $c->engine->can('prepare') ) {
1042 $c->engine->prepare( $c, @arguments );
1045 $c->prepare_request(@arguments);
1046 $c->prepare_connection;
1047 $c->prepare_query_parameters;
1048 $c->prepare_headers;
1049 $c->prepare_cookies;
1052 # Prepare the body for reading, either by prepare_body
1053 # or the user, if they are using $c->read
1056 # Parse the body unless the user wants it on-demand
1057 unless ( $app->config->{parse_on_demand} ) {
1062 my $method = $c->req->method || '';
1063 my $path = $c->req->path;
1064 $path = '/' unless length $path;
1065 my $address = $c->req->address || '';
1067 $c->log->debug(qq/"$method" request for "$path" from "$address"/)
1075 =head2 $c->request_class
1077 Returns or sets the request class.
1079 =head2 $c->response_class
1081 Returns or sets the response class.
1089 sub run { my $c = shift; return $c->engine->run( $c, @_ ) }
1091 =head2 $c->set_action( $action, $code, $namespace, $attrs )
1093 Sets an action in a given namespace.
1097 sub set_action { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->set_action( $c, @_ ) }
1099 =head2 $c->setup_actions($component)
1101 Sets up actions for a component.
1105 sub setup_actions { my $c = shift; $c->dispatcher->setup_actions( $c, @_ ) }
1107 =head2 $c->setup_components
1109 This method is called internally to set up the application's components.
1111 It finds modules by calling the L<locate_components> method, expands them to
1112 package names with the L<expand_component_module> method, and then installs
1113 each component into the application.
1115 The C<setup_components> config option is passed to both of the above methods.
1117 Installation of each component is performed by the L<setup_component> method,
1122 sub setup_components {
1125 my $config = $class->config->{ setup_components };
1127 my @comps = sort { length $a <=> length $b }
1128 $class->locate_components($config);
1129 my %comps = map { $_ => 1 } @comps;
1131 my $deprecatedcatalyst_component_names = grep { /::[CMV]::/ } @comps;
1132 $class->log->warn(qq{Your application is using the deprecated ::[MVC]:: type naming scheme.\n}.
1133 qq{Please switch your class names to ::Model::, ::View:: and ::Controller: as appropriate.\n}
1134 ) if $deprecatedcatalyst_component_names;
1136 for my $component ( @comps ) {
1138 # We pass ignore_loaded here so that overlay files for (e.g.)
1139 # Model::DBI::Schema sub-classes are loaded - if it's in @comps
1140 # we know M::P::O found a file on disk so this is safe
1142 Catalyst::Utils::ensure_class_loaded( $component, { ignore_loaded => 1 } );
1144 # Needs to be done as soon as the component is loaded, as loading a sub-component
1145 # (next time round the loop) can cause us to get the wrong metaclass..
1146 $class->_controller_init_base_classes($component);
1149 for my $component (@comps) {
1150 $class->components->{ $component } = $class->setup_component($component);
1151 for my $component ($class->expand_component_module( $component, $config )) {
1152 next if $comps{$component};
1153 $class->_controller_init_base_classes($component); # Also cover inner packages
1154 $class->components->{ $component } = $class->setup_component($component);
1159 =head2 $c->locate_components( $setup_component_config )
1161 This method is meant to provide a list of component modules that should be
1162 setup for the application. By default, it will use L<Module::Pluggable>.
1164 Specify a C<setup_components> config option to pass additional options directly
1165 to L<Module::Pluggable>. To add additional search paths, specify a key named
1166 C<search_extra> as an array reference. Items in the array beginning with C<::>
1167 will have the application class name prepended to them.
1171 sub locate_components {
1175 my @paths = qw( ::Controller ::C ::Model ::M ::View ::V );
1176 my $extra = delete $config->{ search_extra } || [];
1178 push @paths, @$extra;
1180 my $locator = Module::Pluggable::Object->new(
1181 search_path => [ map { s/^(?=::)/$class/; $_; } @paths ],
1185 my @comps = $locator->plugins;
1190 =head2 $c->expand_component_module( $component, $setup_component_config )
1192 Components found by C<locate_components> will be passed to this method, which
1193 is expected to return a list of component (package) names to be set up.
1197 sub expand_component_module {
1198 my ($class, $module) = @_;
1199 return Devel::InnerPackage::list_packages( $module );
1202 =head2 $c->setup_component
1206 # FIXME - Ugly, ugly hack to ensure the we force initialize non-moose base classes
1207 # nearest to Catalyst::Controller first, no matter what order stuff happens
1208 # to be loaded. There are TODO tests in Moose for this, see
1209 # f2391d17574eff81d911b97be15ea51080500003
1210 sub _controller_init_base_classes {
1211 my ($app_class, $component) = @_;
1212 return unless $component->isa('Catalyst::Controller');
1213 foreach my $class ( reverse @{ mro::get_linear_isa($component) } ) {
1214 Moose::Meta::Class->initialize( $class )
1215 unless find_meta($class);
1219 sub setup_component {
1220 my( $class, $component ) = @_;
1222 unless ( $component->can( 'COMPONENT' ) ) {
1226 my $suffix = Catalyst::Utils::class2classsuffix( $component );
1227 my $config = $class->config->{ $suffix } || {};
1228 # Stash catalyst_component_name in the config here, so that custom COMPONENT
1229 # methods also pass it. local to avoid pointlessly shitting in config
1230 # for the debug screen, as $component is already the key name.
1231 local $config->{catalyst_component_name} = $component;
1233 my $instance = eval { $component->COMPONENT( $class, $config ); };
1235 if ( my $error = $@ ) {
1237 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
1238 message => qq/Couldn't instantiate component "$component", "$error"/
1242 unless (blessed $instance) {
1243 my $metaclass = Moose::Util::find_meta($component);
1244 my $method_meta = $metaclass->find_method_by_name('COMPONENT');
1245 my $component_method_from = $method_meta->associated_metaclass->name;
1246 my $value = defined($instance) ? $instance : 'undef';
1247 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
1249 qq/Couldn't instantiate component "$component", COMPONENT() method (from $component_method_from) didn't return an object-like value (value was $value)./
1255 =head2 $c->setup_dispatcher
1261 sub setup_dispatcher {
1262 my ( $class, $dispatcher ) = @_;
1265 $dispatcher = 'Catalyst::Dispatcher::' . $dispatcher;
1268 if ( my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'DISPATCHER' ) ) {
1269 $dispatcher = 'Catalyst::Dispatcher::' . $env;
1272 unless ($dispatcher) {
1273 $dispatcher = $class->dispatcher_class;
1276 Class::MOP::load_class($dispatcher);
1278 # dispatcher instance
1279 $class->dispatcher( $dispatcher->new );
1282 =head2 $c->setup_engine
1289 my ( $class, $engine ) = @_;
1292 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::' . $engine;
1295 if ( my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'ENGINE' ) ) {
1296 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::' . $env;
1299 if ( $ENV{MOD_PERL} ) {
1300 my $meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class);
1302 # create the apache method
1303 $meta->add_method('apache' => sub { shift->engine->apache });
1305 my ( $software, $version ) =
1306 $ENV{MOD_PERL} =~ /^(\S+)\/(\d+(?:[\.\_]\d+)+)/;
1309 $version =~ s/(\.[^.]+)\./$1/g;
1311 if ( $software eq 'mod_perl' ) {
1315 if ( $version >= 1.99922 ) {
1316 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::Apache2::MP20';
1319 elsif ( $version >= 1.9901 ) {
1320 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::Apache2::MP19';
1323 elsif ( $version >= 1.24 ) {
1324 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::Apache::MP13';
1328 Catalyst::Exception->throw( message =>
1329 qq/Unsupported mod_perl version: $ENV{MOD_PERL}/ );
1334 # install the correct mod_perl handler
1335 if ( $version >= 1.9901 ) {
1336 *handler = sub : method {
1337 shift->handle_request(@_);
1341 *handler = sub ($$) { shift->handle_request(@_) };
1346 elsif ( $software eq 'Zeus-Perl' ) {
1347 $engine = 'Catalyst::Engine::Zeus';
1351 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
1352 message => qq/Unsupported mod_perl: $ENV{MOD_PERL}/ );
1357 $engine = $class->engine_class;
1360 Class::MOP::load_class($engine);
1362 # check for old engines that are no longer compatible
1364 if ( $engine->isa('Catalyst::Engine::Apache')
1365 && !Catalyst::Engine::Apache->VERSION )
1370 elsif ( $engine->isa('Catalyst::Engine::Server::Base')
1371 && Catalyst::Engine::Server->VERSION le '0.02' )
1376 elsif ($engine->isa('Catalyst::Engine::HTTP::POE')
1377 && $engine->VERSION eq '0.01' )
1382 elsif ($engine->isa('Catalyst::Engine::Zeus')
1383 && $engine->VERSION eq '0.01' )
1389 Catalyst::Exception->throw( message =>
1390 qq/Engine "$engine" is not supported by this version of Catalyst/
1395 $class->engine( $engine->new );
1398 =head2 $c->setup_home
1400 Sets up the home directory.
1405 my ( $class, $home ) = @_;
1407 if ( my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'HOME' ) ) {
1411 $home ||= Catalyst::Utils::home($class);
1414 #I remember recently being scolded for assigning config values like this
1415 $class->config->{home} ||= $home;
1416 $class->config->{root} ||= Path::Class::Dir->new($home)->subdir('root');
1420 =head2 $c->setup_log
1422 Sets up log by instantiating a L<Catalyst::Log|Catalyst::Log> object and
1423 passing it to C<log()>. Pass in a comma-delimited list of levels to set the
1426 This method also installs a C<debug> method that returns a true value into the
1427 catalyst subclass if the "debug" level is passed in the comma-delimited list,
1428 or if the C<$CATALYST_DEBUG> environment variable is set to a true value.
1430 Note that if the log has already been setup, by either a previous call to
1431 C<setup_log> or by a call such as C<< __PACKAGE__->log( MyLogger->new ) >>,
1432 that this method won't actually set up the log object.
1437 my ( $class, $levels ) = @_;
1440 $levels =~ s/^\s+//;
1441 $levels =~ s/\s+$//;
1442 my %levels = map { $_ => 1 } split /\s*,\s*/, $levels;
1444 my $env_debug = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'DEBUG' );
1445 if ( defined $env_debug ) {
1446 $levels{debug} = 1 if $env_debug; # Ugly!
1447 delete($levels{debug}) unless $env_debug;
1450 unless ( $class->log ) {
1451 $class->log( Catalyst::Log->new(keys %levels) );
1454 if ( $levels{debug} ) {
1455 Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class)->add_method('debug' => sub { 1 });
1456 $class->log->debug('Debug messages enabled');
1460 =head2 $c->setup_plugins
1466 =head2 $c->setup_stats
1468 Sets up timing statistics class.
1473 my ( $class, $stats ) = @_;
1475 Catalyst::Utils::ensure_class_loaded($class->stats_class);
1477 my $env = Catalyst::Utils::env_value( $class, 'STATS' );
1478 if ( defined($env) ? $env : ($stats || $class->debug ) ) {
1479 Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class)->add_method('use_stats' => sub { 1 });
1480 $class->log->debug('Statistics enabled');
1485 =head2 $c->registered_plugins
1487 Returns a sorted list of the plugins which have either been stated in the
1488 import list or which have been added via C<< MyApp->plugin(@args); >>.
1490 If passed a given plugin name, it will report a boolean value indicating
1491 whether or not that plugin is loaded. A fully qualified name is required if
1492 the plugin name does not begin with C<Catalyst::Plugin::>.
1494 if ($c->registered_plugins('Some::Plugin')) {
1502 sub registered_plugins {
1504 return sort keys %{ $proto->_plugins } unless @_;
1506 return 1 if exists $proto->_plugins->{$plugin};
1507 return exists $proto->_plugins->{"Catalyst::Plugin::$plugin"};
1510 sub _register_plugin {
1511 my ( $proto, $plugin, $instant ) = @_;
1512 my $class = ref $proto || $proto;
1514 Class::MOP::load_class( $plugin );
1516 $proto->_plugins->{$plugin} = 1;
1519 if ( my $meta = Class::MOP::get_metaclass_by_name($class) ) {
1520 my @superclasses = ($plugin, $meta->superclasses );
1521 $meta->superclasses(@superclasses);
1523 unshift @{"$class\::ISA"}, $plugin;
1530 my ( $class, $plugins ) = @_;
1532 $class->_plugins( {} ) unless $class->_plugins;
1535 my @plugins = Catalyst::Utils::resolve_namespace($class . '::Plugin', 'Catalyst::Plugin', @$plugins);
1537 for my $plugin ( reverse @plugins ) {
1538 Class::MOP::load_class($plugin);
1539 my $meta = find_meta($plugin);
1540 next if $meta && $meta->isa('Moose::Meta::Role');
1542 $class->_register_plugin($plugin);
1547 grep { $_ && blessed($_) && $_->isa('Moose::Meta::Role') }
1548 map { find_meta($_) }
1551 Moose::Util::apply_all_roles(
1557 =head2 $c->stats_class
1559 Returns or sets the stats (timing statistics) class.
1561 =head2 $c->use_stats
1563 Returns 1 when stats collection is enabled. Stats collection is enabled
1564 when the -Stats options is set, debug is on or when the <MYAPP>_STATS
1565 environment variable is set.
1567 Note that this is a static method, not an accessor and should be overridden
1568 by declaring C<sub use_stats { 1 }> in your MyApp.pm, not by calling C<< $c->use_stats(1) >>.
1576 Returns the Catalyst version number. Mostly useful for "powered by"
1577 messages in template systems.
1581 sub version { return $Catalyst::VERSION }
1583 =head1 CONFIGURATION
1585 There are a number of 'base' config variables which can be set:
1591 C<default_model> - The default model picked if you say C<< $c->model >>. See L</$c->model($name)>.
1595 C<default_view> - The default view to be rendered or returned when C<< $c->view >>. See L</$c->view($name)>.
1600 C<disable_component_resolution_regex_fallback> - Turns
1601 off the deprecated component resolution functionality so
1602 that if any of the component methods (e.g. C<< $c->controller('Foo') >>)
1603 are called then regex search will not be attempted on string values and
1604 instead C<undef> will be returned.
1608 C<home> - The application home directory. In an uninstalled application,
1609 this is the top level application directory. In an installed application,
1610 this will be the directory containing C<< MyApp.pm >>.
1614 C<ignore_frontend_proxy> - See L</PROXY SUPPORT>
1618 C<name> - The name of the application in debug messages and the debug and
1623 C<parse_on_demand> - The request body (for example file uploads) will not be parsed
1624 until it is accessed. This allows you to (for example) check authentication (and reject
1625 the upload) before actually recieving all the data. See L</ON-DEMAND PARSER>
1629 C<root> - The root directory for templates. Usually this is just a
1630 subdirectory of the home directory, but you can set it to change the
1631 templates to a different directory.
1635 C<search_extra> - Array reference passed to Module::Pluggable to for additional
1636 namespaces from which components will be loaded (and constructed and stored in
1637 C<< $c->components >>).
1641 C<show_internal_actions> - If true, causes internal actions such as C<< _DISPATCH >>
1642 to be shown in hit debug tables in the test server.
1646 C<using_frontend_proxy> - See L</PROXY SUPPORT>.
1650 =head1 INTERNAL ACTIONS
1652 Catalyst uses internal actions like C<_DISPATCH>, C<_BEGIN>, C<_AUTO>,
1653 C<_ACTION>, and C<_END>. These are by default not shown in the private
1654 action table, but you can make them visible with a config parameter.
1656 MyApp->config(show_internal_actions => 1);
1658 =head1 ON-DEMAND PARSER
1660 The request body is usually parsed at the beginning of a request,
1661 but if you want to handle input yourself, you can enable on-demand
1662 parsing with a config parameter.
1664 MyApp->config(parse_on_demand => 1);
1666 =head1 PROXY SUPPORT
1668 Many production servers operate using the common double-server approach,
1669 with a lightweight frontend web server passing requests to a larger
1670 backend server. An application running on the backend server must deal
1671 with two problems: the remote user always appears to be C<127.0.0.1> and
1672 the server's hostname will appear to be C<localhost> regardless of the
1673 virtual host that the user connected through.
1675 Catalyst will automatically detect this situation when you are running
1676 the frontend and backend servers on the same machine. The following
1677 changes are made to the request.
1679 $c->req->address is set to the user's real IP address, as read from
1680 the HTTP X-Forwarded-For header.
1682 The host value for $c->req->base and $c->req->uri is set to the real
1683 host, as read from the HTTP X-Forwarded-Host header.
1685 Additionally, you may be running your backend application on an insecure
1686 connection (port 80) while your frontend proxy is running under SSL. If there
1687 is a discrepancy in the ports, use the HTTP header C<X-Forwarded-Port> to
1688 tell Catalyst what port the frontend listens on. This will allow all URIs to
1689 be created properly.
1691 In the case of passing in:
1693 X-Forwarded-Port: 443
1695 All calls to C<uri_for> will result in an https link, as is expected.
1697 Obviously, your web server must support these headers for this to work.
1699 In a more complex server farm environment where you may have your
1700 frontend proxy server(s) on different machines, you will need to set a
1701 configuration option to tell Catalyst to read the proxied data from the
1704 MyApp->config(using_frontend_proxy => 1);
1706 If you do not wish to use the proxy support at all, you may set:
1708 MyApp->config(ignore_frontend_proxy => 1);
1710 =head1 THREAD SAFETY
1712 Catalyst has been tested under Apache 2's threading C<mpm_worker>,
1713 C<mpm_winnt>, and the standalone forking HTTP server on Windows. We
1714 believe the Catalyst core to be thread-safe.
1716 If you plan to operate in a threaded environment, remember that all other
1717 modules you are using must also be thread-safe. Some modules, most notably
1718 L<DBD::SQLite>, are not thread-safe.
1724 Join #catalyst on irc.perl.org.
1728 http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst
1729 http://lists.scsys.co.uk/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/catalyst-dev
1733 http://catalyst.perl.org
1737 http://dev.catalyst.perl.org
1741 =head2 L<Task::Catalyst> - All you need to start with Catalyst
1743 =head2 L<Catalyst::Manual> - The Catalyst Manual
1745 =head2 L<Catalyst::Component>, L<Catalyst::Controller> - Base classes for components
1747 =head2 L<Catalyst::Engine> - Core engine
1749 =head2 L<Catalyst::Log> - Log class.
1751 =head2 L<Catalyst::Request> - Request object
1753 =head2 L<Catalyst::Response> - Response object
1755 =head2 L<Catalyst::Test> - The test suite.
1757 =head1 PROJECT FOUNDER
1759 sri: Sebastian Riedel <sri@cpan.org>
1765 acme: Leon Brocard <leon@astray.com>
1767 abraxxa: Alexander Hartmaier <abraxxa@cpan.org>
1771 Andrew Ford E<lt>A.Ford@ford-mason.co.ukE<gt>
1775 andyg: Andy Grundman <andy@hybridized.org>
1777 audreyt: Audrey Tang
1779 bricas: Brian Cassidy <bricas@cpan.org>
1781 Caelum: Rafael Kitover <rkitover@io.com>
1783 chansen: Christian Hansen
1785 chicks: Christopher Hicks
1787 Chisel Wright C<pause@herlpacker.co.uk>
1789 Danijel Milicevic C<me@danijel.de>
1791 David Kamholz E<lt>dkamholz@cpan.orgE<gt>
1793 David Naughton, C<naughton@umn.edu>
1797 dkubb: Dan Kubb <dan.kubb-cpan@onautopilot.com>
1801 dwc: Daniel Westermann-Clark <danieltwc@cpan.org>
1803 esskar: Sascha Kiefer
1805 fireartist: Carl Franks <cfranks@cpan.org>
1807 frew: Arthur Axel "fREW" Schmidt <frioux@gmail.com>
1809 gabb: Danijel Milicevic
1813 Gavin Henry C<ghenry@perl.me.uk>
1817 groditi: Guillermo Roditi <groditi@gmail.com>
1819 hobbs: Andrew Rodland <andrew@cleverdomain.org>
1821 ilmari: Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker <ilmari@ilmari.org>
1823 jcamacho: Juan Camacho
1825 jester: Jesse Sheidlower C<jester@panix.com>
1827 jhannah: Jay Hannah <jay@jays.net>
1833 jon: Jon Schutz <jjschutz@cpan.org>
1835 Jonathan Rockway C<< <jrockway@cpan.org> >>
1837 Kieren Diment C<kd@totaldatasolution.com>
1839 konobi: Scott McWhirter <konobi@cpan.org>
1841 marcus: Marcus Ramberg <mramberg@cpan.org>
1843 miyagawa: Tatsuhiko Miyagawa <miyagawa@bulknews.net>
1845 mst: Matt S. Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk>
1849 naughton: David Naughton
1851 ningu: David Kamholz <dkamholz@cpan.org>
1853 nothingmuch: Yuval Kogman <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
1855 numa: Dan Sully <daniel@cpan.org>
1859 omega: Andreas Marienborg
1861 Oleg Kostyuk <cub.uanic@gmail.com>
1863 phaylon: Robert Sedlacek <phaylon@dunkelheit.at>
1865 rafl: Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>
1867 random: Roland Lammel <lammel@cpan.org>
1869 Robert Sedlacek C<< <rs@474.at> >>
1873 t0m: Tomas Doran <bobtfish@bobtfish.net>
1877 Viljo Marrandi C<vilts@yahoo.com>
1879 Will Hawes C<info@whawes.co.uk>
1881 willert: Sebastian Willert <willert@cpan.org>
1883 Yuval Kogman, C<nothingmuch@woobling.org>
1887 This library is free software. You can redistribute it and/or modify it under
1888 the same terms as Perl itself.
1894 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_immutable;