3 package Catalyst::Plugin::Session;
6 with 'MooseX::Emulate::Class::Accessor::Fast';
8 use Catalyst::Exception ();
11 use Object::Signature ();
14 use namespace::clean -except => 'meta';
16 our $VERSION = '0.32';
17 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
19 my @session_data_accessors; # used in delete_session
21 __PACKAGE__->mk_accessors(
22 "_session_delete_reason",
23 @session_data_accessors = qw/
27 _extended_session_expires
32 _tried_loading_session_id
33 _tried_loading_session_data
34 _tried_loading_session_expires
35 _tried_loading_flash_data
39 sub _session_plugin_config {
41 # FIXME - Start warning once all the state/store modules have also been updated.
42 #$c->log->warn("Deprecated 'session' config key used, please use the key 'Plugin::Session' instead")
43 # if exists $c->config->{session}
44 #$c->config->{'Plugin::Session'} ||= delete($c->config->{session}) || {};
45 $c->config->{'Plugin::Session'} ||= $c->config->{session} || {};
51 $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
53 $c->check_session_plugin_requirements;
59 sub check_session_plugin_requirements {
62 unless ( $c->isa("Catalyst::Plugin::Session::State")
63 && $c->isa("Catalyst::Plugin::Session::Store") )
66 ( "The Session plugin requires both Session::State "
67 . "and Session::Store plugins to be used as well." );
70 Catalyst::Exception->throw($err);
77 my $cfg = $c->_session_plugin_config;
82 verify_user_agent => 0,
86 $c->maybe::next::method();
92 $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
94 if ( $c->_session_plugin_config->{flash_to_stash}
96 and my $flash_data = $c->flash )
98 @{ $c->stash }{ keys %$flash_data } = values %$flash_data;
102 sub finalize_headers {
105 # Force extension of session_expires before finalizing headers, so a possible cookie will be
106 # up to date. First call to session_expires will extend the expiry, subsequent calls will
107 # just return the previously extended value.
110 return $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
116 # We have to finalize our session *before* $c->engine->finalize_xxx is called,
117 # because we do not want to send the HTTP response before the session is stored/committed to
118 # the session database (or whatever Session::Store you use).
119 $c->finalize_session;
121 return $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
124 sub finalize_session {
127 $c->maybe::next::method(@_);
129 $c->_save_session_expires;
130 $c->_save_session_id;
134 $c->_clear_session_instance_data;
137 sub _save_session_id {
140 # we already called set when allocating
141 # no need to tell the state plugins anything new
144 sub _save_session_expires {
147 if ( defined($c->_session_expires) ) {
148 my $expires = $c->session_expires; # force extension
150 my $sid = $c->sessionid;
151 $c->store_session_data( "expires:$sid" => $expires );
158 if ( my $session_data = $c->_session ) {
160 no warnings 'uninitialized';
161 if ( Object::Signature::signature($session_data) ne
162 $c->_session_data_sig )
164 $session_data->{__updated} = time();
165 my $sid = $c->sessionid;
166 $c->store_session_data( "session:$sid" => $session_data );
174 if ( my $flash_data = $c->_flash ) {
176 my $hashes = $c->_flash_key_hashes || {};
177 my $keep = $c->_flash_keep_keys || {};
178 foreach my $key ( keys %$hashes ) {
179 if ( !exists $keep->{$key} and Object::Signature::signature( \$flash_data->{$key} ) eq $hashes->{$key} ) {
180 delete $flash_data->{$key};
184 my $sid = $c->sessionid;
186 my $session_data = $c->_session;
188 $session_data->{__flash} = $flash_data;
191 delete $session_data->{__flash};
193 $c->_session($session_data);
198 sub _load_session_expires {
200 return $c->_session_expires if $c->_tried_loading_session_expires;
201 $c->_tried_loading_session_expires(1);
203 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
204 my $expires = $c->get_session_data("expires:$sid") || 0;
206 if ( $expires >= time() ) {
207 $c->_session_expires( $expires );
210 $c->delete_session( "session expired" );
220 return $c->_session if $c->_tried_loading_session_data;
221 $c->_tried_loading_session_data(1);
223 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
224 if ( $c->_load_session_expires ) { # > 0
226 my $session_data = $c->get_session_data("session:$sid") || return;
227 $c->_session($session_data);
229 no warnings 'uninitialized'; # ne __address
230 if ( $c->_session_plugin_config->{verify_address}
231 && exists $session_data->{__address}
232 && $session_data->{__address} ne $c->request->address )
235 "Deleting session $sid due to address mismatch ("
236 . $session_data->{__address} . " != "
237 . $c->request->address . ")"
239 $c->delete_session("address mismatch");
242 if ( $c->_session_plugin_config->{verify_user_agent}
243 && $session_data->{__user_agent} ne $c->request->user_agent )
246 "Deleting session $sid due to user agent mismatch ("
247 . $session_data->{__user_agent} . " != "
248 . $c->request->user_agent . ")"
250 $c->delete_session("user agent mismatch");
254 $c->log->debug(qq/Restored session "$sid"/) if $c->debug;
255 $c->_session_data_sig( Object::Signature::signature($session_data) ) if $session_data;
256 $c->_expire_session_keys;
258 return $session_data;
267 return $c->_flash if $c->_tried_loading_flash_data;
268 $c->_tried_loading_flash_data(1);
270 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
272 my $session_data = $c->session;
273 $c->_flash($session_data->{__flash});
275 if ( my $flash_data = $c->_flash )
277 $c->_flash_key_hashes({ map { $_ => Object::Signature::signature( \$flash_data->{$_} ) } keys %$flash_data });
286 sub _expire_session_keys {
287 my ( $c, $data ) = @_;
291 my $expire_times = ( $data || $c->_session || {} )->{__expire_keys} || {};
292 foreach my $key ( grep { $expire_times->{$_} < $now } keys %$expire_times ) {
293 delete $c->_session->{$key};
294 delete $expire_times->{$key};
298 sub _clear_session_instance_data {
300 $c->$_(undef) for @session_data_accessors;
301 $c->maybe::next::method(@_); # allow other plugins to hook in on this
304 sub change_session_id {
307 my $sessiondata = $c->session;
308 my $oldsid = $c->sessionid;
309 my $newsid = $c->create_session_id;
312 $c->log->debug(qq/change_sessid: deleting session data from "$oldsid"/) if $c->debug;
313 $c->delete_session_data("${_}:${oldsid}") for qw/session expires flash/;
316 $c->log->debug(qq/change_sessid: storing session data to "$newsid"/) if $c->debug;
317 $c->store_session_data( "session:$newsid" => $sessiondata );
323 my ( $c, $msg ) = @_;
325 $c->log->debug("Deleting session" . ( defined($msg) ? "($msg)" : '(no reason given)') ) if $c->debug;
327 # delete the session data
328 if ( my $sid = $c->sessionid ) {
329 $c->delete_session_data("${_}:${sid}") for qw/session expires flash/;
330 $c->delete_session_id($sid);
333 # reset the values in the context object
334 # see the BEGIN block
335 $c->_clear_session_instance_data;
337 $c->_session_delete_reason($msg);
340 sub session_delete_reason {
343 $c->session_is_valid; # check that it was loaded
345 $c->_session_delete_reason(@_);
348 sub session_expires {
351 if ( defined( my $expires = $c->_extended_session_expires ) ) {
353 } elsif ( defined( $expires = $c->_load_session_expires ) ) {
354 return $c->extend_session_expires( $expires );
360 sub extend_session_expires {
361 my ( $c, $expires ) = @_;
362 $c->_extended_session_expires( my $updated = $c->calculate_extended_session_expires( $expires ) );
363 $c->extend_session_id( $c->sessionid, $updated );
367 sub calculate_initial_session_expires {
369 return ( time() + $c->_session_plugin_config->{expires} );
372 sub calculate_extended_session_expires {
373 my ( $c, $prev ) = @_;
374 $c->calculate_initial_session_expires;
377 sub reset_session_expires {
378 my ( $c, $sid ) = @_;
380 my $exp = $c->calculate_initial_session_expires;
381 $c->_session_expires( $exp );
383 # since we're setting _session_expires directly, make load_session_expires
384 # actually use that value.
386 $c->_tried_loading_session_expires(1);
387 $c->_extended_session_expires( $exp );
394 return $c->_sessionid || $c->_load_sessionid;
397 sub _load_sessionid {
399 return if $c->_tried_loading_session_id;
400 $c->_tried_loading_session_id(1);
402 if ( defined( my $sid = $c->get_session_id ) ) {
403 if ( $c->validate_session_id($sid) ) {
404 # temporarily set the inner key, so that validation will work
405 $c->_sessionid($sid);
408 my $err = "Tried to set invalid session ID '$sid'";
409 $c->log->error($err);
410 Catalyst::Exception->throw($err);
417 sub session_is_valid {
420 # force a check for expiry, but also __address, etc
421 if ( $c->_load_session ) {
428 sub validate_session_id {
429 my ( $c, $sid ) = @_;
431 $sid and $sid =~ /^[a-f\d]+$/i;
437 my $session = $c->_session || $c->_load_session || do {
438 $c->create_session_id_if_needed;
439 $c->initialize_session_data;
443 my $new_values = @_ > 1 ? { @_ } : $_[0];
444 croak('session takes a hash or hashref') unless ref $new_values;
446 for my $key (keys %$new_values) {
447 $session->{$key} = $new_values->{$key};
455 my ( $c, @keys ) = @_;
456 my $href = $c->_flash_keep_keys || $c->_flash_keep_keys({});
457 (@{$href}{@keys}) = ((undef) x @keys);
462 $c->_flash || $c->_load_flash || do {
463 $c->create_session_id_if_needed;
471 my $items = @_ > 1 ? {@_} : $_[0];
472 croak('flash takes a hash or hashref') unless ref $items;
473 @{ $c->_flash }{ keys %$items } = values %$items;
487 #$c->delete_session_data("flash:" . $c->sessionid); # should this be in here? or delayed till finalization?
488 $c->_flash_key_hashes({});
489 $c->_flash_keep_keys({});
493 sub session_expire_key {
494 my ( $c, %keys ) = @_;
497 @{ $c->session->{__expire_keys} }{ keys %keys } =
498 map { $now + $_ } values %keys;
501 sub initialize_session_data {
512 $c->_session_plugin_config->{verify_address}
513 ? ( __address => $c->request->address||'' )
517 $c->_session_plugin_config->{verify_user_agent}
518 ? ( __user_agent => $c->request->user_agent||'' )
525 sub generate_session_id {
528 my $digest = $c->_find_digest();
529 $digest->add( $c->session_hash_seed() );
530 return $digest->hexdigest;
533 sub create_session_id_if_needed {
535 $c->create_session_id unless $c->sessionid;
538 sub create_session_id {
541 my $sid = $c->generate_session_id;
543 $c->log->debug(qq/Created session "$sid"/) if $c->debug;
545 $c->_sessionid($sid);
546 $c->reset_session_expires;
547 $c->set_session_id($sid);
554 sub session_hash_seed {
557 return join( "", ++$counter, time, rand, $$, {}, overload::StrVal($c), );
562 sub _find_digest () {
564 foreach my $alg (qw/SHA-1 SHA-256 MD5/) {
565 if ( eval { Digest->new($alg) } ) {
570 Catalyst::Exception->throw(
571 "Could not find a suitable Digest module. Please install "
572 . "Digest::SHA1, Digest::SHA, or Digest::MD5" )
576 return Digest->new($usable);
583 $c->maybe::next::method(),
586 ? ( [ "Session ID" => $c->sessionid ], [ Session => $c->session ], )
592 sub get_session_id { shift->maybe::next::method(@_) }
593 sub set_session_id { shift->maybe::next::method(@_) }
594 sub delete_session_id { shift->maybe::next::method(@_) }
595 sub extend_session_id { shift->maybe::next::method(@_) }
605 Catalyst::Plugin::Session - Generic Session plugin - ties together server side storage and client side state required to maintain session data.
609 # To get sessions to "just work", all you need to do is use these plugins:
613 Session::Store::FastMmap
614 Session::State::Cookie
617 # you can replace Store::FastMmap with Store::File - both have sensible
618 # default configurations (see their docs for details)
620 # more complicated backends are available for other scenarios (DBI storage,
624 # after you've loaded the plugins you can save session data
625 # For example, if you are writing a shopping cart, it could be implemented
628 sub add_item : Local {
629 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
631 my $item_id = $c->req->param("item");
633 # $c->session is a hash ref, a bit like $c->stash
634 # the difference is that it' preserved across requests
636 push @{ $c->session->{items} }, $item_id;
638 $c->forward("MyView");
641 sub display_items : Local {
642 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
644 # values in $c->session are restored
645 $c->stash->{items_to_display} =
646 [ map { MyModel->retrieve($_) } @{ $c->session->{items} } ];
648 $c->forward("MyView");
653 The Session plugin is the base of two related parts of functionality required
654 for session management in web applications.
656 The first part, the State, is getting the browser to repeat back a session key,
657 so that the web application can identify the client and logically string
658 several requests together into a session.
660 The second part, the Store, deals with the actual storage of information about
661 the client. This data is stored so that the it may be revived for every request
662 made by the same client.
664 This plugin links the two pieces together.
666 =head1 RECOMENDED BACKENDS
670 =item Session::State::Cookie
672 The only really sane way to do state is using cookies.
674 =item Session::Store::File
676 A portable backend, based on Cache::File.
678 =item Session::Store::FastMmap
680 A fast and flexible backend, based on Cache::FastMmap.
690 An accessor for the session ID value.
694 Returns a hash reference that might contain unserialized values from previous
695 requests in the same session, and whose modified value will be saved for future
698 This method will automatically create a new session and session ID if none
701 You can also set session keys by passing a list of key/value pairs or a
704 $c->session->{foo} = "bar"; # This works.
705 $c->session(one => 1, two => 2); # And this.
706 $c->session({ answer => 42 }); # And this.
708 =item session_expires
710 =item session_expires $reset
712 This method returns the time when the current session will expire, or 0 if
713 there is no current session. If there is a session and it already expired, it
714 will delete the session and return 0 as well.
716 If the C<$reset> parameter is true, and there is a session ID the expiry time
717 will be reset to the current time plus the time to live (see
718 L</CONFIGURATION>). This is used when creating a new session.
722 This is like Ruby on Rails' flash data structure. Think of it as a stash that
723 lasts for longer than one request, letting you redirect instead of forward.
725 The flash data will be cleaned up only on requests on which actually use
726 $c->flash (thus allowing multiple redirections), and the policy is to delete
727 all the keys which haven't changed since the flash data was loaded at the end
731 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
733 $c->flash->{beans} = 10;
734 $c->response->redirect( $c->uri_for("foo") );
738 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
740 my $value = $c->flash->{beans};
744 $c->response->redirect( $c->uri_for("bar") );
748 my ( $self, $c ) = @_;
750 if ( exists $c->flash->{beans} ) { # false
757 Zap all the keys in the flash regardless of their current state.
759 =item keep_flash @keys
761 If you want to keep a flash key for the next request too, even if it hasn't
762 changed, call C<keep_flash> and pass in the keys as arguments.
764 =item delete_session REASON
766 This method is used to invalidate a session. It takes an optional parameter
767 which will be saved in C<session_delete_reason> if provided.
769 NOTE: This method will B<also> delete your flash data.
771 =item session_delete_reason
773 This accessor contains a string with the reason a session was deleted. Possible
788 =item session_expire_key $key, $ttl
790 Mark a key to expire at a certain time (only useful when shorter than the
791 expiry time for the whole session).
795 __PACKAGE__->config('Plugin::Session' => { expires => 10000000000 }); # "forever"
796 (NB If this number is too large, Y2K38 breakage could result.)
800 $c->session_expire_key( __user => 3600 );
802 Will make the session data survive, but the user will still be logged out after
805 Note that these values are not auto extended.
807 =item change_session_id
809 By calling this method you can force a session id change while keeping all
810 session data. This method might come handy when you are paranoid about some
811 advanced variations of session fixation attack.
813 If you want to prevent this session fixation scenario:
815 0) let us have WebApp with anonymous and authenticated parts
816 1) a hacker goes to vulnerable WebApp and gets a real sessionid,
817 just by browsing anonymous part of WebApp
818 2) the hacker inserts (somehow) this values into a cookie in victim's browser
819 3) after the victim logs into WebApp the hacker can enter his/her session
821 you should call change_session_id in your login controller like this:
823 if ($c->authenticate( { username => $user, password => $pass } )) {
825 $c->change_session_id;
834 =head1 INTERNAL METHODS
840 This method is extended to also make calls to
841 C<check_session_plugin_requirements> and C<setup_session>.
843 =item check_session_plugin_requirements
845 This method ensures that a State and a Store plugin are also in use by the
850 This method populates C<< $c->config('Plugin::Session') >> with the default values
851 listed in L</CONFIGURATION>.
855 This method is extended.
857 Its only effect is if the (off by default) C<flash_to_stash> configuration
858 parameter is on - then it will copy the contents of the flash to the stash at
861 =item finalize_headers
863 This method is extended and will extend the expiry time before sending
868 This method is extended and will call finalize_session before the other
869 finalize_body methods run. Here we persist the session data if a session exists.
871 =item initialize_session_data
873 This method will initialize the internal structure of the session, and is
874 called by the C<session> method if appropriate.
876 =item create_session_id
878 Creates a new session ID using C<generate_session_id> if there is no session ID
881 =item validate_session_id SID
883 Make sure a session ID is of the right format.
885 This currently ensures that the session ID string is any amount of case
886 insensitive hexadecimal characters.
888 =item generate_session_id
890 This method will return a string that can be used as a session ID. It is
891 supposed to be a reasonably random string with enough bits to prevent
892 collision. It basically takes C<session_hash_seed> and hashes it using SHA-1,
893 MD5 or SHA-256, depending on the availability of these modules.
895 =item session_hash_seed
897 This method is actually rather internal to generate_session_id, but should be
898 overridable in case you want to provide more random data.
900 Currently it returns a concatenated string which contains:
906 =item * The current time
908 =item * One value from C<rand>.
910 =item * The stringified value of a newly allocated hash reference
912 =item * The stringified value of the Catalyst context object
916 in the hopes that those combined values are entropic enough for most uses. If
917 this is not the case you can replace C<session_hash_seed> with e.g.
919 sub session_hash_seed {
920 open my $fh, "<", "/dev/random";
921 read $fh, my $bytes, 20;
926 Or even more directly, replace C<generate_session_id>:
928 sub generate_session_id {
929 open my $fh, "<", "/dev/random";
930 read $fh, my $bytes, 20;
932 return unpack("H*", $bytes);
935 Also have a look at L<Crypt::Random> and the various openssl bindings - these
936 modules provide APIs for cryptographically secure random data.
938 =item finalize_session
940 Clean up the session during C<finalize>.
942 This clears the various accessors after saving to the store.
946 See L<Catalyst/dump_these> - ammends the session data structure to the list of
947 dumped objects if session ID is defined.
950 =item calculate_extended_session_expires
952 =item calculate_initial_session_expires
954 =item create_session_id_if_needed
956 =item delete_session_id
958 =item extend_session_expires
960 =item extend_session_id
964 =item reset_session_expires
966 =item session_is_valid
972 =head1 USING SESSIONS DURING PREPARE
974 The earliest point in time at which you may use the session data is after
975 L<Catalyst::Plugin::Session>'s C<prepare_action> has finished.
977 State plugins must set $c->session ID before C<prepare_action>, and during
978 C<prepare_action> L<Catalyst::Plugin::Session> will actually load the data from
984 # don't touch $c->session yet!
986 $c->NEXT::prepare_action( @_ );
988 $c->session; # this is OK
989 $c->sessionid; # this is also OK
994 $c->config('Plugin::Session' => {
998 All configuation parameters are provided in a hash reference under the
999 C<Plugin::Session> key in the configuration hash.
1005 The time-to-live of each session, expressed in seconds. Defaults to 7200 (two
1008 =item verify_address
1010 When true, C<<$c->request->address>> will be checked at prepare time. If it is
1011 not the same as the address that initiated the session, the session is deleted.
1015 =item verify_user_agent
1017 When true, C<<$c->request->user_agent>> will be checked at prepare time. If it
1018 is not the same as the user agent that initiated the session, the session is
1023 =item flash_to_stash
1025 This option makes it easier to have actions behave the same whether they were
1026 forwarded to or redirected to. On prepare time it copies the contents of
1027 C<flash> (if any) to the stash.
1033 The hash reference returned by C<< $c->session >> contains several keys which
1034 are automatically set:
1040 This key no longer exists. Use C<session_expires> instead.
1044 The last time a session was saved to the store.
1048 The time when the session was first created.
1052 The value of C<< $c->request->address >> at the time the session was created.
1053 This value is only populated if C<verify_address> is true in the configuration.
1057 The value of C<< $c->request->user_agent >> at the time the session was created.
1058 This value is only populated if C<verify_user_agent> is true in the configuration.
1064 =head2 Round the Robin Proxies
1066 C<verify_address> could make your site inaccessible to users who are behind
1067 load balanced proxies. Some ISPs may give a different IP to each request by the
1068 same client due to this type of proxying. If addresses are verified these
1069 users' sessions cannot persist.
1071 To let these users access your site you can either disable address verification
1072 as a whole, or provide a checkbox in the login dialog that tells the server
1073 that it's OK for the address of the client to change. When the server sees that
1074 this box is checked it should delete the C<__address> special key from the
1075 session hash when the hash is first created.
1077 =head2 Race Conditions
1079 In this day and age where cleaning detergents and Dutch football (not the
1080 American kind) teams roam the plains in great numbers, requests may happen
1081 simultaneously. This means that there is some risk of session data being
1082 overwritten, like this:
1088 request a starts, request b starts, with the same session ID
1092 session data is loaded in request a
1096 session data is loaded in request b
1100 session data is changed in request a
1104 request a finishes, session data is updated and written to store
1108 request b finishes, session data is updated and written to store, overwriting
1109 changes by request a
1113 For applications where any given user's session is only making one request
1114 at a time this plugin should be safe enough.
1122 Yuval Kogman, C<nothingmuch@woobling.org>
1126 Tomas Doran (t0m) C<bobtfish@bobtfish.net> (current maintainer)
1132 Florian Ragwitz (rafl) C<rafl@debian.org>
1134 Kent Fredric (kentnl)
1136 And countless other contributers from #catalyst. Thanks guys!
1138 =head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
1140 Copyright (c) 2005 the aforementioned authors. All rights
1141 reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute
1142 it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.