5 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
8 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
9 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
10 # Perl 5 distribution).
12 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
13 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
14 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
15 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
16 # listing the modifications you have made.
18 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
19 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
21 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.247 2008/03/14 14:29:36 lstein Exp $';
22 $CGI::VERSION='3.34_01';
24 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
25 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
26 # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
27 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires ebcdic2ascii ascii2ebcdic);
29 #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN',
30 # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd'];
32 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
33 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
37 $TAINTED = substr("$0$^X",0,0);
40 $MOD_PERL = 0; # no mod_perl by default
44 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
45 sub initialize_globals {
46 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
49 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
52 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
53 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
54 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
55 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
57 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
59 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
60 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
63 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
67 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
70 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
71 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
74 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
75 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
77 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
78 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
79 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
81 # Set this to 1 to generate automatic tab indexes
84 # Set this to 1 to cause files uploaded in multipart documents
85 # to be closed, instead of caching the file handle
87 # 1) use CGI qw(:close_upload_files)
88 # 2) $CGI::close_upload_files(1);
89 # Uploads with many files run out of file handles.
90 # Also, for performance, since the file is already on disk,
91 # it can just be renamed, instead of read and written.
92 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = 0;
94 # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing
95 # to a certain number of bytes:
98 # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely:
101 # Automatically determined -- don't change
104 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
107 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
108 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
110 # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string
111 # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params);
112 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS = 0;
114 # return everything as utf-8
117 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
120 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = "";
123 undef $QUERY_CHARSET;
124 undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES;
125 undef %QUERY_TMPFILES;
127 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
131 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
133 *end_form = \&endform;
136 initialize_globals();
138 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
139 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
140 # available then require() the Config library
144 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
147 if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) {
149 } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) {
151 } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) {
153 } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) {
155 } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) {
157 } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) {
159 } elsif ($OS =~ /^cygwin/i) {
165 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
166 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin|CYGWIN)/;
168 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
169 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
171 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
172 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
174 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
177 UNIX => '/', OS2 => '\\', EPOC => '/', CYGWIN => '/',
178 WINDOWS => '\\', DOS => '\\', MACINTOSH => ':', VMS => '/'
181 # This no longer seems to be necessary
182 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
183 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
184 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
186 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
187 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
188 # mod_perl handlers may run system() on scripts using CGI.pm;
189 # Make sure so we don't get fooled by inherited $ENV{MOD_PERL}
190 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} && $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} == 2) {
192 require Apache2::Response;
193 require Apache2::RequestRec;
194 require Apache2::RequestUtil;
195 require Apache2::RequestIO;
203 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
204 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
206 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
207 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
208 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
209 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
210 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
212 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
221 if ($needs_binmode) {
222 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDOUT);
223 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDIN);
224 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDERR);
228 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
229 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
230 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
231 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
232 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param
233 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big Area Map/],
234 ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe
235 ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q
237 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
238 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
239 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
240 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
241 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
242 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated request_uri url self_url script_name
244 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
245 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol virtual_port
246 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http append
247 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
248 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
249 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
250 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
251 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
252 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/],
253 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/],
254 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/],
255 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/]
258 # Custom 'can' method for both autoloaded and non-autoloaded subroutines.
259 # Author: Cees Hek <cees@sitesuite.com.au>
262 my($class, $method) = @_;
264 # See if UNIVERSAL::can finds it.
266 if (my $func = $class -> SUPER::can($method) ){
270 # Try to compile the function.
273 # _compile looks at $AUTOLOAD for the function name.
275 local $AUTOLOAD = join "::", $class, $method;
279 # Now that the function is loaded (if it exists)
280 # just use UNIVERSAL::can again to do the work.
282 return $class -> SUPER::can($method);
285 # to import symbols into caller
289 # This causes modules to clash.
293 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
294 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
296 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
297 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
298 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
299 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
301 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
302 foreach $pck (@packages) {
303 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
308 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
314 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
319 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
321 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
322 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
323 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
329 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
330 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
333 my($class,@initializer) = @_;
336 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
338 # always use a tempfile
339 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = 1;
341 if (ref($initializer[0])
342 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache')
344 UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache2::RequestRec')
346 $self->r(shift @initializer);
348 if (ref($initializer[0])
349 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'CODE'))) {
350 $self->upload_hook(shift @initializer, shift @initializer);
351 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = shift @initializer if (@initializer > 0);
354 if ($MOD_PERL == 1) {
355 $self->r(Apache->request) unless $self->r;
357 $r->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
360 # XXX: once we have the new API
361 # will do a real PerlOptions -SetupEnv check
362 $self->r(Apache2::RequestUtil->request) unless $self->r;
364 $r->subprocess_env unless exists $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD};
365 $r->pool->cleanup_register(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
369 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
370 $self->init(@initializer);
374 # We provide a DESTROY method so that we can ensure that
375 # temporary files are closed (via Fh->DESTROY) before they
376 # are unlinked (via CGITempFile->DESTROY) because it is not
377 # possible to unlink an open file on Win32. We explicitly
378 # call DESTROY on each, rather than just undefing them and
379 # letting Perl DESTROY them by garbage collection, in case the
380 # user is still holding any reference to them as well.
383 if ($OS eq 'WINDOWS') {
384 foreach my $href (values %{$self->{'.tmpfiles'}}) {
385 $href->{hndl}->DESTROY if defined $href->{hndl};
386 $href->{name}->DESTROY if defined $href->{name};
393 my $r = $self->{'.r'};
394 $self->{'.r'} = shift if @_;
400 if (ref $_[0] eq 'CODE') {
401 $CGI::Q = $self = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
405 my ($hook,$data,$use_tempfile) = @_;
406 $self->{'.upload_hook'} = $hook;
407 $self->{'.upload_data'} = $data;
408 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = $use_tempfile if defined $use_tempfile;
412 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
413 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
414 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
415 # member of the list.
416 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
417 # the known parameters names available.
418 # If more than one argument is provided, the
419 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
420 # set the value of the parameter.
423 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
424 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
425 my($name,$value,@other);
427 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
428 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
430 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
433 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
434 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
436 foreach ($value,@other) {
437 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
440 # If values is provided, then we set it.
441 if (@values or defined $value) {
442 $self->add_parameter($name);
443 $self->{$name}=[@values];
449 return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
451 my @result = @{$self->{$name}};
454 eval "require Encode; 1;" unless Encode->can('decode'); # bring in these functions
455 @result = map {ref $_ ? $_ : Encode::decode(utf8=>$_) } @result;
458 return wantarray ? @result : $result[0];
461 sub self_or_default {
462 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
463 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
464 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
466 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
469 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
473 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
474 if (defined($_[0]) &&
475 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
476 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
479 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
483 ########################################
484 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
485 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
487 ########################################
489 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
490 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
491 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
492 # and the values are stored as lists
493 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
494 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
498 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
502 my $initializer = shift; # for backward compatibility
505 # set autoescaping on by default
506 $self->{'escape'} = 1;
508 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
509 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
510 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
511 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
512 for my $name (@QUERY_PARAM) {
513 my $val = $QUERY_PARAM{$name}; # always an arrayref;
514 $self->param('-name'=>$name,'-value'=> $val);
515 if (defined $val and ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
516 for my $fh (grep {defined(fileno($_))} @$val) {
517 seek($fh,0,0); # reset the filehandle.
522 $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET);
523 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES};
524 $self->{'.tmpfiles'} = {%QUERY_TMPFILES};
528 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
529 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
531 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
533 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
534 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
538 # avoid unreasonably large postings
539 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
540 #discard the post, unread
541 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
545 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
548 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
549 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
550 && !defined($initializer)
552 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
553 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
557 # Process XForms postings. We know that we have XForms in the
559 # method eq 'POST' && content-type eq 'application/xml'
560 # method eq 'POST' && content-type =~ /multipart\/related.+start=/
561 # There are more cases, actually, but for now, we don't support other
562 # methods for XForm posts.
563 # In a XForm POST, the QUERY_STRING is parsed normally.
564 # If the content-type is 'application/xml', we just set the param
565 # XForms:Model (referring to the xml syntax) param containing the
567 # In the case of multipart/related we set XForms:Model as above, but
568 # the other parts are available as uploads with the Content-ID as the
570 # See the URL below for XForms specs on this issue.
571 # http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xforms-20060314/slice11.html#submit-options
572 if ($meth eq 'POST' && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})) {
573 if ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} eq 'application/xml') {
574 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
576 $self->add_parameter($param);
577 $self->read_from_client(\$value,$content_length,0)
578 if $content_length > 0;
579 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
581 } elsif ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /multipart\/related.+boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?.+start=\"?\<?([^\"\>]+)\>?\"?/) {
582 my($boundary,$start) = ($1,$2);
583 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
584 $self->add_parameter($param);
585 my($value) = $self->read_multipart_related($start,$boundary,$content_length,0);
586 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
588 $query_string = $self->r->args;
590 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
591 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
598 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
600 if (!$is_xforms && defined($initializer)) {
601 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
602 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
605 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
606 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
607 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
612 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
618 # massage back into standard format
619 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
620 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
622 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
627 # last chance -- treat it as a string
628 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
629 $query_string = $initializer;
634 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
636 if ($is_xforms || $meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
638 $query_string = $self->r->args;
640 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
641 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
646 if ($meth eq 'POST' || $meth eq 'PUT') {
647 $self->read_from_client(\$query_string,$content_length,0)
648 if $content_length > 0;
649 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
650 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
651 # APPENDED to the POST data.
652 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
656 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
657 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
658 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
659 # UN*X programmers expect.
662 my $cmdline_ret = read_from_cmdline();
663 $query_string = $cmdline_ret->{'query_string'};
664 if (defined($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'}))
666 $self->path_info($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'});
671 # YL: Begin Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
672 if (!$is_xforms && ($meth eq 'POST' || $meth eq 'PUT')
673 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
674 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^application/x-www-form-urlencoded|
675 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^multipart/form-data| ) {
676 my($param) = $meth . 'DATA' ;
677 $self->add_parameter($param) ;
678 push (@{$self->{$param}},$query_string);
679 undef $query_string ;
681 # YL: End Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
683 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
684 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
685 if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) {
686 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
687 $self->parse_params($query_string);
689 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
690 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
694 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
696 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
700 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
701 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
702 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
703 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
706 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
707 $self->delete('.submit');
708 $self->delete('.cgifields');
710 $self->save_request unless defined $initializer;
713 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
714 # Turn a string into a filehandle
717 return undef unless $thingy;
718 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
719 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
722 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
723 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
724 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
730 # send output to the browser
732 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
736 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
742 # get/set last cgi_error
744 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
745 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
746 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
751 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
752 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
753 # us to have several of these objects.
754 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
755 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
756 next unless defined $_;
757 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
759 $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset;
760 %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}};
761 %QUERY_TMPFILES = %{ $self->{'.tmpfiles'} || {} };
765 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
766 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
769 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
770 next unless defined $param;
771 next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value;
772 $value = '' unless defined $value;
773 $param = unescape($param);
774 $value = unescape($value);
775 $self->add_parameter($param);
776 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
782 return unless defined $param;
783 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
784 unless defined($self->{$param});
789 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
790 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
791 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
794 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
796 return unless defined($_[1]) && defined fileno($_[1]);
797 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
801 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
804 my (\$q,\$a,\@rest) = self_or_default(\@_);
806 if (ref(\$a) && ref(\$a) eq 'HASH') {
807 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(\$a,\$q->{'escape'});
808 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
810 unshift \@rest,\$a if defined \$a;
813 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
814 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
815 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
816 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
819 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@rest;
820 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
821 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
822 (ref(\$rest[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$rest[0]} : "\@rest";
830 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
831 my $func = &_compile;
836 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
837 my($pack,$func_name);
839 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
840 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
841 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
842 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
843 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
844 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
846 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
848 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
850 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
851 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@;
852 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
854 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
856 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
858 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
859 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
862 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
863 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
864 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
867 croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code;
869 eval "package $pack; $code";
872 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@");
875 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
876 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
882 return '' unless $value;
883 return $XHTML ? qq(selected="selected" ) : qq(selected );
889 return '' unless $value;
890 return $XHTML ? qq(checked="checked" ) : qq(checked );
893 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
899 # to avoid reexporting unwanted variables
903 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
904 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
905 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
906 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
907 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
908 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
909 $PARAM_UTF8++, next if /^[:-]utf8$/;
910 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
911 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
912 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
913 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
914 $TABINDEX++, next if /^[:-]tabindex$/;
915 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES++, next if /^[:-]close_upload_files$/;
916 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
917 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
918 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/;
920 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
921 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
922 my($pkg) = caller(1);
923 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
924 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
925 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
931 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
932 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
936 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
941 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
942 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
947 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
948 $self->{'.elid'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
949 sprintf('%010d',$self->{'.elid'}++);
953 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
954 $self->{'.etab'} ||= 1;
955 $self->{'.etab'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
956 my $tab = $self->{'.etab'}++;
957 return '' unless $TABINDEX or defined $new_value;
958 return qq(tabindex="$tab" );
961 ###############################################################################
962 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
963 ###############################################################################
964 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
965 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
969 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
970 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
973 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
974 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
977 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
978 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
981 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
982 # Create a new multipart buffer
983 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
984 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
985 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length);
989 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
990 # Read data from a file handle
991 sub read_from_client {
992 my($self, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
993 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
995 ? $self->r->read($$buff, $len, $offset)
996 : read(\*STDIN, $$buff, $len, $offset);
1000 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1002 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
1005 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1006 my(@names) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
1007 my @to_delete = ref($names[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$names[0] : @names;
1009 foreach my $name (@to_delete)
1011 CORE::delete $self->{$name};
1012 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
1013 $to_delete{$name}++;
1015 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep { !exists($to_delete{$_}) } $self->param();
1020 #### Method: import_names
1021 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
1022 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
1024 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1026 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
1027 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
1028 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
1029 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
1030 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
1031 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
1032 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
1038 my($param,@value,$var);
1039 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1040 # protect against silly names
1041 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
1042 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
1043 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
1044 @value = $self->param($param);
1046 $symbol = $value[0];
1051 #### Method: keywords
1052 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
1053 # returns the list of keywords.
1054 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
1056 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1058 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
1059 # If values is provided, then we set it.
1060 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
1061 my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : ();
1066 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1067 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1068 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1073 return %in if wantarray;
1078 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1079 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1080 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1087 *in=*{"${pkg}::in"};
1090 return scalar(keys %in);
1094 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1096 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1097 return $self->header();
1101 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1103 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1104 return $self->start_html(@p);
1108 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1110 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1111 return $self->end_html(@p);
1115 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1118 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
1119 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
1123 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1125 return request_method() eq 'GET';
1129 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1131 return request_method() eq 'POST';
1135 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1139 if (ref($arg) && UNIVERSAL::isa($arg,'CGI')) {
1142 return $Q ||= $class->new(@_);
1146 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1151 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
1152 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
1156 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1158 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
1159 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
1160 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
1164 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1166 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
1167 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1171 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1173 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1177 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1179 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
1183 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1185 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
1189 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1197 # Append a new value to an existing query
1199 'append' => <<'EOF',
1201 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1202 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
1203 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
1205 $self->add_parameter($name);
1206 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
1208 return $self->param($name);
1212 #### Method: delete_all
1213 # Delete all parameters
1215 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1217 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1218 my @param = $self->param();
1219 $self->delete(@param);
1223 'Delete' => <<'EOF',
1225 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1230 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1232 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1233 $self->delete_all(@p);
1237 #### Method: autoescape
1238 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
1239 # call this method with undef as the argument
1240 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1242 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
1243 my $d = $self->{'escape'};
1244 $self->{'escape'} = $escape;
1250 #### Method: version
1251 # Return the current version
1253 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1259 #### Method: url_param
1260 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
1261 # whether this was a POST or a GET
1263 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1265 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1266 my $name = shift(@p);
1267 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1268 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
1269 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
1270 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
1271 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1274 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
1275 $param = unescape($param);
1276 $value = unescape($value);
1277 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
1280 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
1283 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
1284 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
1285 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
1286 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1291 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1292 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1295 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1297 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1298 my($param,$value,@result);
1299 return '<ul></ul>' unless $self->param;
1300 push(@result,"<ul>");
1301 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1302 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1303 push(@result,"<li><strong>$param</strong></li>");
1304 push(@result,"<ul>");
1305 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1306 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1307 $value =~ s/\n/<br \/>\n/g;
1308 push(@result,"<li>$value</li>");
1310 push(@result,"</ul>");
1312 push(@result,"</ul>");
1313 return join("\n",@result);
1317 #### Method as_string
1319 # synonym for "dump"
1321 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1328 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1329 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1331 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1333 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1334 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1336 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1337 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1338 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1339 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1341 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1342 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1345 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
1346 print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n";
1348 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1353 #### Method: save_parameters
1354 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1355 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1357 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1358 sub save_parameters {
1360 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1364 #### Method: restore_parameters
1365 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1366 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1368 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1369 sub restore_parameters {
1370 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1374 #### Method: multipart_init
1375 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1376 # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1378 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1379 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1381 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1382 sub multipart_init {
1383 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1384 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1385 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1386 $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF";
1387 $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF";
1388 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1389 return $self->header(
1392 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1393 ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end;
1398 #### Method: multipart_start
1399 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1401 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1402 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1404 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1405 sub multipart_start {
1407 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1408 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1409 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1410 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type");
1412 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1413 # need to fix it up a little.
1415 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1416 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1417 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1419 push(@header,@other);
1420 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1426 #### Method: multipart_end
1427 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section
1429 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1432 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1434 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1435 return $self->{'separator'};
1440 #### Method: multipart_final
1441 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections
1443 # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1445 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1446 sub multipart_final {
1447 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1448 return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF;
1454 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1457 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1459 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1462 return "" if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1464 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,$p3p,@other) =
1465 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1466 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1467 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1468 'ATTACHMENT','P3P'],@p);
1472 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1474 if (defined $charset) {
1475 $self->charset($charset);
1477 $charset = $self->charset if $type =~ /^text\//;
1481 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1482 # need to fix it up a little.
1484 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1485 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1486 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/"\u$1\L$2" . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1489 $type .= "; charset=$charset"
1491 and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/
1492 and defined $charset
1495 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1496 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1497 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1498 push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph;
1500 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1501 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1503 $p3p = join ' ',@$p3p if ref($p3p) eq 'ARRAY';
1504 push(@header,qq(P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml", CP="$p3p"));
1506 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1508 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1510 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1511 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1514 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1515 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1517 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1519 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph;
1520 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1521 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1522 push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other);
1523 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1524 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1525 if (($MOD_PERL >= 1) && !$nph) {
1526 $self->r->send_cgi_header($header);
1535 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1538 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1540 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1541 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1542 if ($new_value ne '') {
1543 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1545 return $self->{'cache'};
1550 #### Method: redirect
1551 # Return a Location: style header
1554 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1556 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1557 my($url,$target,$status,$cookie,$nph,@other) =
1558 rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,STATUS,['COOKIE','COOKIES'],NPH],@p);
1559 $status = '302 Found' unless defined $status;
1560 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1562 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1564 '-Status' => $status,
1567 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1568 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1570 unshift(@unescaped,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1571 return $self->header((map {$self->unescapeHTML($_)} @o),@unescaped);
1576 #### Method: start_html
1577 # Canned HTML header
1580 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1581 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1582 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1583 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1584 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1585 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1586 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1587 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1588 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1589 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <head> tag
1590 # (a scalar or array ref)
1591 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1592 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1595 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1597 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1598 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,
1599 $target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,$encoding,$declare_xml,@other) =
1600 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,
1601 META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG,ENCODING,DECLARE_XML],@p);
1603 $self->element_id(0);
1604 $self->element_tab(0);
1606 $encoding = lc($self->charset) unless defined $encoding;
1608 # Need to sort out the DTD before it's okay to call escapeHTML().
1609 my(@result,$xml_dtd);
1611 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1612 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1614 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1617 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1620 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY' && $dtd->[0] =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1621 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq '' && $dtd =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1622 push @result,qq(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="$encoding"?>) if $xml_dtd && $declare_xml;
1624 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1625 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\t "$dtd->[1]">));
1626 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd->[0];
1628 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1629 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd;
1632 # Now that we know whether we're using the HTML 3.2 DTD or not, it's okay to
1633 # call escapeHTML(). Strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as
1634 # HTML while the author needs to be escaped as a URL.
1635 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1636 $author = $self->escape($author);
1638 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML (2\.0|3\.2)/i) {
1639 $lang = "" unless defined $lang;
1643 $lang = 'en-US' unless defined $lang;
1646 my $lang_bits = $lang ne '' ? qq( lang="$lang" xml:lang="$lang") : '';
1647 my $meta_bits = qq(<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=$encoding" />)
1648 if $XHTML && $encoding && !$declare_xml;
1650 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"$lang_bits>\n<head>\n<title>$title</title>)
1651 : ($lang ? qq(<html lang="$lang">) : "<html>")
1652 . "<head><title>$title</title>");
1653 if (defined $author) {
1654 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1655 : "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1658 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1659 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1660 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1661 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1664 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1665 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1666 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1669 push(@result,ref($head) ? @$head : $head) if $head;
1671 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1672 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1673 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1674 push(@result,$meta_bits) if defined $meta_bits;
1676 # handle -noscript parameter
1677 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1683 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1684 push(@result,"</head>\n<body$other>\n");
1685 return join("\n",@result);
1690 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1692 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1694 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1697 my $type = 'text/css';
1698 my $rel = 'stylesheet';
1701 my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n<!--/* <![CDATA[ */" : "\n<!-- ";
1702 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n/* ]]> */-->\n" : " -->\n";
1704 my @s = ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : $style;
1709 my($src,$code,$verbatim,$stype,$alternate,$foo,@other) =
1710 rearrange([qw(SRC CODE VERBATIM TYPE ALTERNATE FOO)],
1712 ref($s) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$s : %$s));
1713 my $type = defined $stype ? $stype : 'text/css';
1714 my $rel = $alternate ? 'alternate stylesheet' : 'stylesheet';
1715 $other = "@other" if @other;
1717 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1718 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one
1719 foreach $src (@$src)
1721 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1722 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)) if $src;
1726 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1727 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1728 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)
1732 my @v = ref($verbatim) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$verbatim : $verbatim;
1733 push(@result, "<style type=\"text/css\">\n$_\n</style>") foreach @v;
1735 my @c = ref($code) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$code : $code if $code;
1736 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$_\n$cdata_end")) foreach @c;
1740 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1741 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>));
1748 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1750 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1753 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1754 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1755 my($src,$code,$language);
1756 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1757 ($src,$code,$type) =
1758 rearrange(['SRC','CODE',['LANGUAGE','TYPE']],
1759 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1760 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1761 $type ||= 'text/javascript';
1762 unless ($type =~ m!\w+/\w+!) {
1763 $type =~ s/[\d.]+$//;
1764 $type = "text/$type";
1767 ($src,$code,$type) = ('',$script, 'text/javascript');
1770 my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default
1771 $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i;
1772 $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i;
1774 my ($cdata_start,$cdata_end);
1776 $cdata_start = "$comment<![CDATA[\n";
1777 $cdata_end .= "\n$comment]]>";
1779 $cdata_start = "\n<!-- Hide script\n";
1780 $cdata_end = $comment;
1781 $cdata_end .= " End script hiding -->\n";
1784 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1785 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1786 $code = $cdata_start . $code . $cdata_end if defined $code;
1787 push(@result,$self->script({@satts},$code || ''));
1793 #### Method: end_html
1794 # End an HTML document.
1795 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</body>"
1797 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1799 return "\n</body>\n</html>";
1804 ################################
1805 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1806 ################################
1808 #### Method: isindex
1809 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1811 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1813 # A string containing a <isindex> tag
1814 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1816 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1817 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1818 $action = qq/ action="$action"/ if $action;
1819 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1820 return $XHTML ? "<isindex$action$other />" : "<isindex$action$other>";
1825 #### Method: startform
1828 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1829 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1830 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1831 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1833 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1835 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1836 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1838 $method = $self->escapeHTML(lc($method || 'post'));
1839 $enctype = $self->escapeHTML($enctype || &URL_ENCODED);
1840 if (defined $action) {
1841 $action = $self->escapeHTML($action);
1844 $action = $self->escapeHTML($self->request_uri || $self->self_url);
1846 $action = qq(action="$action");
1847 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1848 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1849 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1854 #### Method: start_form
1855 # synonym for startform
1856 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1858 $XHTML ? &start_multipart_form : &startform;
1862 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1863 sub end_multipart_form {
1868 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1869 # synonym for startform
1870 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1871 sub start_multipart_form {
1872 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1873 if (defined($p[0]) && substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1874 return $self->startform(-enctype=>&MULTIPART,@p);
1876 my($method,$action,@other) =
1877 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1878 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1884 #### Method: endform
1886 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1888 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1890 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1892 if (my @fields = $self->get_fields) {
1893 return wantarray ? ("<div>",@fields,"</div>","</form>")
1894 : "<div>".(join '',@fields)."</div>\n</form>";
1903 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1905 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1906 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1907 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1909 my $current = $override ? $default :
1910 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1912 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : '';
1913 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1914 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : '';
1915 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : '';
1916 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1917 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1918 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1919 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1920 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1921 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $tabindex$value$s$m$other />)
1922 : qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>);
1926 #### Method: textfield
1928 # $name -> Name of the text field
1929 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1931 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1932 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1934 # A string containing a <input type="text"> field
1936 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1938 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1939 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1944 #### Method: filefield
1946 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1947 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1948 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1950 # A string containing a <input type="file"> field
1952 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1954 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1955 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1960 #### Method: password
1961 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1963 # $name -> Name of the field
1964 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1966 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1967 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1969 # A string containing a <input type="password"> field
1971 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1972 sub password_field {
1973 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1974 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1978 #### Method: textarea
1980 # $name -> Name of the text field
1981 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1983 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1984 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1986 # A string containing a <textarea></textarea> tag
1988 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1990 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1991 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1992 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1994 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1995 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1997 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1998 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1999 my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : '';
2000 my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : '';
2001 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2002 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2003 return qq{<textarea name="$name" $tabindex$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
2009 # Create a javascript button.
2011 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
2012 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
2013 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
2016 # A string containing a <input type="button"> tag
2018 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2020 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2022 my($label,$value,$script,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
2023 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT],TABINDEX],@p);
2025 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2026 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2027 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
2030 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label;
2031 $value = $value || $label;
2033 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
2034 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
2035 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2036 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2037 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button" $tabindex$name$val$script$other />)
2038 : qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>);
2044 # Create a "submit query" button.
2046 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2047 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
2048 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
2050 # A string containing a <input type="submit"> tag
2052 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2054 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2056 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],TABINDEX],@p);
2058 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2059 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2061 my $name = $NOSTICKY ? '' : 'name=".submit" ';
2062 $name = qq/name="$label" / if defined($label);
2063 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2065 $val = qq/value="$value" / if defined($value);
2066 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2067 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2068 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" $tabindex$name$val$other/>)
2069 : qq(<input type="submit" $name$val$other>);
2075 # Create a "reset" button.
2077 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2079 # A string containing a <input type="reset"> tag
2081 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2083 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2084 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange(['NAME',['VALUE','LABEL'],TABINDEX],@p);
2085 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2086 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2087 my ($name) = ' name=".reset"';
2088 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
2089 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2091 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
2092 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2093 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2094 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset" $tabindex$name$val$other />)
2095 : qq(<input type="reset"$name$val$other>);
2100 #### Method: defaults
2101 # Create a "defaults" button.
2103 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2105 # A string containing a <input type="submit" name=".defaults"> tag
2107 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
2108 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
2111 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2113 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2115 my($label,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE],TABINDEX],@p);
2117 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2118 $label = $label || "Defaults";
2119 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
2120 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2121 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2122 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" name=".defaults" $tabindex$value$other />)
2123 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
2128 #### Method: comment
2129 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
2130 # Parameters: a string
2131 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2133 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2134 return "<!-- @p -->";
2138 #### Method: checkbox
2139 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
2140 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
2142 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
2143 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
2144 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
2145 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
2146 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
2148 # A string containing a <input type="checkbox"> field
2150 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2152 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2154 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$labelattributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2155 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,LABELATTRIBUTES,
2156 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2158 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
2160 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2161 defined $self->param($name))) {
2162 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : '';
2164 $checked = $self->_checked($checked);
2166 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
2167 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
2168 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2169 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
2170 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2171 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2172 $self->register_parameter($name);
2173 return $XHTML ? CGI::label($labelattributes,
2174 qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value" $tabindex$checked$other/>$the_label})
2175 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
2181 # Escape HTML -- used internally
2182 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2184 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2185 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2186 my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2187 return undef unless defined($toencode);
2188 return $toencode if ref($self) && !$self->{'escape'};
2189 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
2190 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
2191 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
2192 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML 3\.2/i) {
2193 # $quot; was accidentally omitted from the HTML 3.2 DTD -- see
2194 # <http://validator.w3.org/docs/errors.html#bad-entity> /
2195 # <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/1997Mar/0003.html>.
2196 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2199 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2201 # Handle bug in some browsers with Latin charsets
2202 if ($self->{'.charset'} &&
2203 (uc($self->{'.charset'}) eq 'ISO-8859-1' ||
2204 uc($self->{'.charset'}) eq 'WINDOWS-1252'))
2206 $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso;
2207 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
2208 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
2209 if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) {
2210 $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso;
2211 $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso;
2218 # unescape HTML -- used internally
2219 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2221 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2222 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2223 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2224 return undef unless defined($string);
2225 my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i
2227 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
2228 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
2234 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
2235 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
2242 # Internal procedure - don't use
2243 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2245 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
2246 my @rowheaders = $rowheaders ? @$rowheaders : ();
2247 my @colheaders = $colheaders ? @$colheaders : ();
2250 if (defined($columns)) {
2251 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
2253 if (defined($rows)) {
2254 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
2257 # rearrange into a pretty table
2258 $result = "<table>";
2260 unshift(@colheaders,'') if @colheaders && @rowheaders;
2261 $result .= "<tr>" if @colheaders;
2262 foreach (@colheaders) {
2263 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
2265 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
2267 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders[$row]</th>" if @rowheaders;
2268 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
2269 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
2270 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
2274 $result .= "</table>";
2280 #### Method: radio_group
2281 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
2283 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
2284 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2285 # values for each button in the group.
2286 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
2287 # to turn _nothing_ on.
2288 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2289 # between the buttons.
2290 # $labels -> (optional)
2291 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2292 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2293 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2295 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="radio"> fields
2297 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2299 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2300 $self->_box_group('radio',@p);
2304 #### Method: checkbox_group
2305 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
2307 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
2308 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2309 # values for each checkbox in the group.
2310 # $defaults -> (optional)
2311 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
2312 # then this will be used to decide which
2313 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
2314 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
2315 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
2316 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2317 # between the buttons.
2318 # $labels -> (optional)
2319 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2320 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2321 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2323 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="checkbox"> fields
2326 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2327 sub checkbox_group {
2328 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2329 $self->_box_group('checkbox',@p);
2333 '_box_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2336 my $box_type = shift;
2338 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$labelattributes,
2339 $attributes,$rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,
2340 $override,$nolabels,$tabindex,$disabled,@other) =
2341 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LINEBREAK,LABELS,LABELATTRIBUTES,
2342 ATTRIBUTES,ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],[ROWHEADERS,ROWHEADER],[COLHEADERS,COLHEADER],
2343 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS,TABINDEX,DISABLED
2347 my($result,$checked,@elements,@values);
2349 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2350 my %checked = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2352 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
2353 $checked{$values[0]}++ if $box_type eq 'radio' && !%checked;
2355 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2358 if ($TABINDEX && $tabindex) {
2359 if (!ref $tabindex) {
2360 $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2361 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'ARRAY') {
2362 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @$tabindex;
2363 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'HASH') {
2367 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @values unless %tabs;
2368 my $other = @other ? "@other " : '';
2371 # for disabling groups of radio/checkbox buttons
2373 foreach (@{$disabled}) {
2379 if ($disabled{$_}) {
2380 $disable="disabled='1'";
2383 my $checkit = $self->_checked($box_type eq 'radio' ? ($checked{$_} && !$radio_checked++)
2387 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
2393 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
2395 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2396 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2397 $label = "<span style=\"color:gray\">$label</span>" if $disabled{$_};
2399 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2400 my $tab = $tabs{$_};
2401 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2405 CGI::label($labelattributes,
2406 qq(<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_" $checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable/>$label)).${break};
2408 push(@elements,qq/<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable>${label}${break}/);
2411 $self->register_parameter($name);
2412 return wantarray ? @elements : "@elements"
2413 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
2414 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
2419 #### Method: popup_menu
2420 # Create a popup menu.
2422 # $name -> Name for all the menu
2423 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2424 # text of each menu item.
2425 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2426 # $labels -> (optional)
2427 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2428 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2429 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2431 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2433 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2435 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2437 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2438 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,
2439 ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2440 my($result,$selected);
2442 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2443 $selected = $self->param($name);
2445 $selected = $default;
2447 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2448 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2451 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2452 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2453 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$other>\n/;
2456 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2457 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2458 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2463 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2464 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? $self->_selected($selected eq $_) : '';
2466 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2467 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2468 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2469 $result .= "<option${attribs} ${selectit}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2473 $result .= "</select>";
2479 #### Method: optgroup
2480 # Create a optgroup.
2482 # $name -> Label for the group
2483 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2484 # values for each option line in the group.
2485 # $labels -> (optional)
2486 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each item
2487 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2488 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2489 # $labeled -> (optional)
2490 # A true value indicates the value should be used as the label attribute
2491 # in the option elements.
2492 # The label attribute specifies the option label presented to the user.
2493 # This defaults to the content of the <option> element, but the label
2494 # attribute allows authors to more easily use optgroup without sacrificing
2495 # compatibility with browsers that do not support option groups.
2496 # $novals -> (optional)
2497 # A true value indicates to suppress the val attribute in the option elements
2499 # A string containing the definition of an option group.
2501 'optgroup' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2503 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2504 my($name,$values,$attributes,$labeled,$noval,$labels,@other)
2505 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],ATTRIBUTES,LABELED,NOVALS,LABELS],@p);
2507 my($result,@values);
2508 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name,$labeled,$novals);
2509 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2511 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2512 $result = qq/<optgroup label="$name"$other>\n/;
2515 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2516 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2517 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2522 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2524 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2525 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2526 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2527 $result .= $labeled ? $novals ? "<option$attribs label=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2528 : "<option$attribs label=\"$value\" value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2529 : $novals ? "<option$attribs>$label</option>\n"
2530 : "<option$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2533 $result .= "</optgroup>";
2539 #### Method: scrolling_list
2540 # Create a scrolling list.
2542 # $name -> name for the list
2543 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2544 # values for each option line in the list.
2545 # $defaults -> (optional)
2546 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2547 # then this will be used to decide which
2548 # lines to turn on by default.
2549 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2550 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2551 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2552 # $labels -> (optional)
2553 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2554 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2555 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2557 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2559 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2560 sub scrolling_list {
2561 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2562 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other)
2563 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2564 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2566 my($result,@values);
2567 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2569 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2571 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2572 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : '';
2573 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2574 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2576 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2577 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2578 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2580 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2582 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2583 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2584 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2585 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2586 $result .= "<option ${selectit}${attribs}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2588 $result .= "</select>";
2589 $self->register_parameter($name);
2597 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2598 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2600 # $default->[initial values of field]
2602 # A string containing a <input type="hidden" name="name" value="value">
2604 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2606 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2608 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2609 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2611 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2612 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2614 my $do_override = 0;
2615 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2616 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2617 $do_override = $override;
2619 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2620 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2624 # use previous values if override is not set
2625 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2626 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2628 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2630 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : '';
2631 push @result,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other />)
2632 : qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other>);
2634 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2639 #### Method: image_button
2641 # $name -> Name of the button
2642 # $src -> URL of the image source
2643 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2645 # A string containing a <input type="image" name="name" src="url" align="alignment">
2647 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2649 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2651 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2652 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2654 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\L\"$alignment\"" : '';
2655 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2656 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2657 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2658 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2663 #### Method: self_url
2664 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2665 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2666 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2667 # script with all its state information preserved.
2669 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2671 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2672 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2677 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2678 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2679 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2687 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2690 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2692 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2693 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base,$rewrite) =
2694 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE','REWRITE'],@p);
2696 $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute);
2697 $rewrite++ unless defined $rewrite;
2699 my $path = $self->path_info;
2700 my $script_name = $self->script_name;
2701 my $request_uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2702 my $query_str = $self->query_string;
2704 my $rewrite_in_use = $request_uri && $request_uri !~ /^\Q$script_name/;
2705 undef $path if $rewrite_in_use && $rewrite; # path not valid when rewriting active
2707 my $uri = $rewrite && $request_uri ? $request_uri : $script_name;
2708 $uri =~ s/\?.*$//; # remove query string
2709 $uri =~ s/\Q$path\E$// if defined $path; # remove path
2712 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2713 $url = "$protocol://";
2714 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || '';
2715 $vh =~ s/\:\d+$//; # some clients add the port number (incorrectly). Get rid of it.
2719 $url .= server_name();
2721 my $port = $self->server_port;
2723 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2724 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2725 return $url if $base;
2727 } elsif ($relative) {
2728 ($url) = $uri =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2729 } elsif ($absolute) {
2733 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2734 $url .= "?$query_str" if $query and $query_str ne '';
2736 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2743 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2744 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2745 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2747 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2748 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2749 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2750 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2751 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2752 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2754 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2756 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2757 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires,$httponly) =
2758 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES,HTTPONLY],@p);
2760 require CGI::Cookie;
2762 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2763 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2764 # cookies in our state variables.
2765 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2766 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2767 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2769 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2770 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2771 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2772 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2773 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2776 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2777 return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error
2780 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2781 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2782 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2783 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2784 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2785 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2786 push(@param,'-httponly'=>$httponly) if $httponly;
2788 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2792 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2793 sub parse_keywordlist {
2794 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2795 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2796 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2797 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2802 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2804 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2805 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2806 unless (exists($self->{$name})) {
2807 $self->add_parameter($name);
2808 $self->{$name} = [];
2811 return $self->{$name};
2815 ###############################################
2816 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2817 ###############################################
2819 #### Method: path_info
2820 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2821 # after the URL (if any)
2823 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2825 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2826 if (defined($info)) {
2827 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2828 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2829 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2830 my (undef,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env;
2831 $self->{'.path_info'} = $path_info || '';
2833 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2837 # WE USE THIS TO COMPENSATE FOR A BUG IN APACHE 2 PRESENT AT LEAST UP THROUGH 2.0.54
2838 '_name_and_path_from_env' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2839 sub _name_and_path_from_env {
2841 my $raw_script_name = $ENV{SCRIPT_NAME} || '';
2842 my $raw_path_info = $ENV{PATH_INFO} || '';
2843 my $uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2845 my $protected = quotemeta($raw_path_info);
2846 $raw_script_name =~ s/$protected$//;
2848 my @uri_double_slashes = $uri =~ m^(/{2,}?)^g;
2849 my @path_double_slashes = "$raw_script_name $raw_path_info" =~ m^(/{2,}?)^g;
2851 my $apache_bug = @uri_double_slashes != @path_double_slashes;
2852 return ($raw_script_name,$raw_path_info) unless $apache_bug;
2854 my $path_info_search = quotemeta($raw_path_info);
2855 $path_info_search =~ s!/!/+!g;
2856 if ($uri =~ m/^(.+)($path_info_search)/) {
2859 return ($raw_script_name,$raw_path_info);
2865 #### Method: request_method
2866 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2868 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2869 sub request_method {
2870 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2874 #### Method: content_type
2875 # Returns the content_type string
2877 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2879 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2883 #### Method: path_translated
2884 # Return the physical path information provided
2885 # by the URL (if any)
2887 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2888 sub path_translated {
2889 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2894 #### Method: request_uri
2895 # Return the literal request URI
2897 'request_uri' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2899 return $ENV{'REQUEST_URI'};
2904 #### Method: query_string
2905 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2908 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2910 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2911 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2912 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2913 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2914 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2915 $value = escape($value);
2916 next unless defined $value;
2917 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2920 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
2921 push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_"));
2923 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2929 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2930 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2931 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2932 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2933 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2934 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2935 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2936 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2937 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2939 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2941 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2942 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2944 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2947 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2948 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2950 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2953 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2955 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2956 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2957 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2958 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2960 # First return the preference for directly supported
2962 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2964 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2965 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2966 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2967 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2968 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2969 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2975 #### Method: user_agent
2976 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2977 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2978 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2980 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2982 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2983 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2984 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2989 #### Method: raw_cookie
2990 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
2991 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
2992 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
2993 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
2994 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
2997 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2999 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3001 require CGI::Cookie;
3003 if (defined($key)) {
3004 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
3005 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3007 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3008 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3009 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3011 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
3015 #### Method: virtual_host
3016 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
3017 # is not always the same as the server
3019 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3021 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || server_name();
3022 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
3027 #### Method: remote_host
3028 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
3029 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
3030 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
3033 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3035 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
3041 #### Method: remote_addr
3042 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
3044 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3046 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
3051 #### Method: script_name
3052 # Return the partial URL to this script for
3053 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
3054 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
3057 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3059 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
3061 $self->{'.script_name'} = shift @p;
3062 } elsif (!exists $self->{'.script_name'}) {
3063 my ($script_name,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env();
3064 $self->{'.script_name'} = $script_name;
3066 return $self->{'.script_name'};
3071 #### Method: referer
3072 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
3075 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3077 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3078 return $self->http('referer');
3083 #### Method: server_name
3084 # Return the name of the server
3086 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3088 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
3092 #### Method: server_software
3093 # Return the name of the server software
3095 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3096 sub server_software {
3097 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
3101 #### Method: virtual_port
3102 # Return the server port, taking virtual hosts into account
3104 'virtual_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3106 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
3107 my $vh = $self->http('x_forwarded_host') || $self->http('host');
3108 my $protocol = $self->protocol;
3110 return ($vh =~ /:(\d+)$/)[0] || ($protocol eq 'https' ? 443 : 80);
3112 return $self->server_port();
3117 #### Method: server_port
3118 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
3120 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3122 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
3126 #### Method: server_protocol
3127 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
3129 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3130 sub server_protocol {
3131 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
3136 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
3137 # the list of variables if none provided
3139 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3141 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3142 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
3143 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3144 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3146 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3147 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
3154 # Return the value of HTTPS
3156 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3159 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3160 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
3161 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
3162 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3163 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3165 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3166 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
3172 #### Method: protocol
3173 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
3175 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3179 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
3180 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
3181 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
3182 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
3183 return "\L$protocol\E";
3187 #### Method: remote_ident
3188 # Return the identity of the remote user
3189 # (but only if his host is running identd)
3191 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3193 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
3198 #### Method: auth_type
3199 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
3201 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3203 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
3208 #### Method: remote_user
3209 # Return the authorization name used for user
3212 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3214 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3219 #### Method: user_name
3220 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
3223 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3225 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3226 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3230 #### Method: nosticky
3231 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
3233 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3235 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3236 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
3237 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
3242 # Set or return the NPH global flag
3244 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3246 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3247 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
3252 #### Method: private_tempfiles
3253 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
3255 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3256 sub private_tempfiles {
3257 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3258 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
3259 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
3262 #### Method: close_upload_files
3263 # Set or return the close_upload_files global flag
3265 'close_upload_files' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3266 sub close_upload_files {
3267 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3268 $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = $param if defined($param);
3269 return $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3274 #### Method: default_dtd
3275 # Set or return the default_dtd global
3277 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3279 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3280 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
3281 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
3282 } elsif (defined $param) {
3283 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
3285 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
3289 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
3290 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3291 sub previous_or_default {
3292 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
3295 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
3296 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
3297 $selected{$_}++ for $self->param($name);
3298 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
3299 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
3300 $selected{$_}++ for @{$defaults};
3302 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
3309 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3310 sub register_parameter {
3311 my($self,$param) = @_;
3312 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
3316 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3319 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
3320 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
3325 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3326 sub read_from_cmdline {
3330 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
3332 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
3333 require "shellwords.pl";
3334 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input; press ^D or ^Z when done)\n";
3335 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
3336 $input = join(" ",@lines);
3337 @words = &shellwords($input);
3344 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
3345 $query_string = join('&',@words);
3347 $query_string = join('+',@words);
3349 if ($query_string =~ /^(.*?)\?(.*)$/)
3354 return { 'query_string' => $query_string, 'subpath' => $subpath };
3359 # subroutine: read_multipart
3361 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
3362 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
3363 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
3364 # caller can read from it if necessary.
3366 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3367 sub read_multipart {
3368 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3369 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3370 return unless $buffer;
3373 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3374 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3377 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3381 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="([^"]*)"/;
3384 # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
3385 # See RFC 1867, 2183, 2045
3386 # NB: File content will be loaded into memory should
3387 # content-disposition parsing fail.
3388 my ($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename=(("[^"]*")|([a-z\d!\#'\*\+,\.^_\`\{\}\|\~]*))/i;
3389 $filename =~ s/^"([^"]*)"$/$1/;
3390 # Test for Opera's multiple upload feature
3391 my($multipart) = ( defined( $header{'Content-Type'} ) &&
3392 $header{'Content-Type'} =~ /multipart\/mixed/ ) ?
3395 # add this parameter to our list
3396 $self->add_parameter($param);
3398 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
3399 # to our parameter list.
3400 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && !$multipart ) {
3401 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
3403 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
3407 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3409 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3410 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3411 # the file for reading.
3413 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3414 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3415 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3419 # set the filename to some recognizable value
3420 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && $multipart ) {
3421 $filename = "multipart/mixed";
3424 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3425 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3426 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3427 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3428 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3429 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3430 $seqno += int rand(100);
3432 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3433 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3434 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3436 # if this is an multipart/mixed attachment, save the header
3437 # together with the body for later parsing with an external
3438 # MIME parser module
3440 foreach ( keys %header ) {
3441 print $filehandle "$_: $header{$_}${CRLF}";
3443 print $filehandle "${CRLF}";
3449 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3450 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3452 $totalbytes += length($data);
3453 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($filename ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3455 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3458 # back up to beginning of file
3459 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3461 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3462 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3463 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3465 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3466 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3468 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3470 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3471 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3472 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3473 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3474 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3475 hndl => $filehandle,
3479 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3486 # subroutine: read_multipart_related
3488 # Read multipart/related data and store it into our parameters. The
3489 # first parameter sets the start of the data. The part identified by
3490 # this Content-ID will not be stored as a file upload, but will be
3491 # returned by this method. All other parts will be available as file
3492 # uploads accessible by their Content-ID
3494 'read_multipart_related' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3495 sub read_multipart_related {
3496 my($self,$start,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3497 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3498 return unless $buffer;
3502 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3503 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3506 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3510 my($param) = $header{'Content-ID'}=~/\<([^\>]*)\>/;
3513 # If this is the start part, then just read the data and assign it
3514 # to our return variable.
3515 if ( $param eq $start ) {
3516 $returnvalue = $buffer->readBody;
3517 $returnvalue .= $TAINTED;
3521 # add this parameter to our list
3522 $self->add_parameter($param);
3524 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3526 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3527 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3528 # the file for reading.
3530 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3531 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3532 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3536 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3537 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3538 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3539 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3540 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3541 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($param,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3542 $seqno += int rand(100);
3544 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3545 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3546 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3551 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3552 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3554 $totalbytes += length($data);
3555 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($param ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3557 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3560 # back up to beginning of file
3561 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3563 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3564 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3565 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3567 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3568 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3570 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3572 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3573 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3574 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3575 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3576 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3577 hndl => $filehandle,
3581 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3584 return $returnvalue;
3589 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
3591 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
3592 my @param = grep {ref($_) && defined(fileno($_))} $self->param($param_name);
3593 return unless @param;
3594 return wantarray ? @param : $param[0];
3598 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3600 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3601 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name} ?
3602 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name}->as_string
3607 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3609 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3610 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{info};
3614 # internal routine, don't use
3615 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3616 sub _set_values_and_labels {
3619 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
3620 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
3621 return $v if !ref($v);
3622 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
3626 # internal routine, don't use
3627 '_set_attributes' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3628 sub _set_attributes {
3630 my($element, $attributes) = @_;
3631 return '' unless defined($attributes->{$element});
3633 foreach my $attrib (keys %{$attributes->{$element}}) {
3634 (my $clean_attrib = $attrib) =~ s/^-//;
3635 $attribs .= "@{[lc($clean_attrib)]}=\"$attributes->{$element}{$attrib}\" ";
3642 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3645 next if defined(&$_);
3646 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
3656 #########################################################
3657 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
3658 #########################################################
3660 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
3669 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3676 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3677 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3679 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3682 # get rid of package name
3683 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
3684 $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg;
3685 return $i.$CGI::TAINTED;
3687 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
3688 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
3689 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
3690 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
3692 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
3697 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3701 return "$self" cmp $value;
3705 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3707 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
3708 _setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
3709 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
3710 (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg;
3711 my $fv = ++$FH . $safename;
3712 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
3713 $file =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_\+ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3715 sysopen($ref,$safe,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
3716 unlink($safe) if $delete;
3717 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
3718 return bless $ref,$pack;
3725 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
3726 package MultipartBuffer;
3728 use constant DEBUG => 0;
3730 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
3731 # a 4K buffer by default.
3732 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
3733 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
3734 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3737 #reuse the autoload function
3738 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3740 # avoid autoloader warnings
3743 ###############################################################################
3744 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3745 ###############################################################################
3746 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3747 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3750 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3752 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3753 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3754 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN); # if $CGI::needs_binmode; # just do it always
3756 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3757 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3758 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3759 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3760 # by then, we return.
3762 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3763 # about providing boundary strings.
3764 my $boundary_read = 0;
3767 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3768 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3770 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3771 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3772 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport');
3774 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3776 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3777 $boundary = <STDIN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3778 $length -= length($boundary);
3779 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3780 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3784 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3785 CHUNKED=>!defined $length,
3786 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3787 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3791 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3792 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3794 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3796 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3797 unless ($boundary_read) {
3798 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3800 die "Malformed multipart POST: data truncated\n" if $self->eof;
3806 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3813 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS' || $CGI::EBCDIC;
3816 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3817 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3818 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3819 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3820 # this was a bad idea
3821 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3822 } until $ok || $bad;
3825 #EBCDIC NOTE: translate header into EBCDIC, but watch out for continuation lines!
3827 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3828 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3832 warn "untranslated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3833 $header = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($header);
3834 warn "translated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3837 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3838 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3839 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3841 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3842 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3844 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3845 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2);
3846 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3847 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3853 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3854 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3860 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate returnval into EBCDIC HERE
3862 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3863 $returnval .= $data;
3867 warn "untranslated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3868 $returnval = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($returnval);
3869 warn "translated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3875 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3876 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3877 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3878 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3880 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3882 # default number of bytes to read
3883 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3885 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3886 # is never split between reads.
3887 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3889 my $boundary_start = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}) : $self->{BOUNDARY};
3890 my $boundary_end = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}.'--') : $self->{BOUNDARY}.'--';
3892 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3893 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_start);
3895 warn "boundary=$self->{BOUNDARY} length=$self->{LENGTH} start=$start\n" if DEBUG;
3897 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3898 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless $self->{CHUNKED} || ($start >= 0 || $self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3900 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate boundary search into ASCII here.
3902 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3906 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3907 if (index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_end)==0) {
3913 # just remove the boundary.
3914 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($boundary_start))='';
3915 $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//;
3920 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3921 $bytesToReturn = $start-2 > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3922 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3923 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3924 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3926 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($boundary_start)+1);
3929 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3930 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3932 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3933 return ($bytesToReturn==$start)
3934 ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3939 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3940 # boundary is never split between reads
3941 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3943 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3944 return unless $self->{CHUNKED} || $self->{LENGTH};
3946 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3947 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3948 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3949 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
3951 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
3952 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client(\$self->{BUFFER},
3955 warn "bytesToRead=$bytesToRead, bufferLength=$bufferLength, buffer=$self->{BUFFER}\n" if DEBUG;
3956 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
3958 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
3959 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
3960 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
3961 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
3962 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
3963 if ($bytesRead <= 0) {
3964 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
3965 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
3967 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
3970 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $bytesRead;
3975 # Return true when we've finished reading
3976 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3979 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
3980 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
3988 ####################################################################################
3989 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
3990 ####################################################################################
3991 package CGITempFile;
3995 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
3996 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
3997 unless (defined $TMPDIRECTORY) {
3998 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
3999 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
4000 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
4001 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH",
4002 "C:${SL}system${SL}temp");
4003 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if defined $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
4005 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
4006 # it is problematic.
4007 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
4008 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
4009 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
4010 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
4011 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
4012 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
4015 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
4018 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
4025 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
4026 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
4027 *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
4031 $$self =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
4032 my $safe = $1; # untaint operation
4033 unlink $safe; # get rid of the file
4036 ###############################################################################
4037 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
4038 ###############################################################################
4039 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
4040 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
4043 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
4045 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
4047 find_tempdir() unless -w $TMPDIRECTORY;
4048 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
4049 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("\%s${SL}CGItemp%d", $TMPDIRECTORY, $sequence++));
4051 # check that it is a more-or-less valid filename
4052 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_\+ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$!;
4053 # this used to untaint, now it doesn't
4055 return bless \$filename;
4059 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
4071 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
4072 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
4073 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
4078 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
4079 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
4080 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
4081 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
4092 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4096 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
4097 # and echoes back its values.
4099 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4101 start_html('A Simple Example'),
4102 h1('A Simple Example'),
4104 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4105 "What's the combination?", p,
4106 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4107 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4108 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
4109 "What's your favorite color? ",
4110 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4111 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4117 my $name = param('name');
4118 my $keywords = join ', ',param('words');
4119 my $color = param('color');
4120 print "Your name is",em(escapeHTML($name)),p,
4121 "The keywords are: ",em(escapeHTML($keywords)),p,
4122 "Your favorite color is ",em(escapeHTML($color)),
4130 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
4131 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
4132 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
4133 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
4134 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
4135 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
4136 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
4137 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
4138 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
4139 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
4140 style sheets, server push, and frames.
4142 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
4143 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
4145 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
4147 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
4148 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
4152 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
4154 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
4155 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
4156 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
4157 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
4158 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
4159 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
4160 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
4161 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
4162 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
4163 script and restore it later.
4165 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
4166 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
4168 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
4169 use CGI; # load CGI routines
4170 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
4171 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
4172 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4173 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4174 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
4176 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
4177 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
4178 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
4179 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
4180 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
4181 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
4182 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
4183 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
4184 need to create the CGI object.
4186 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
4187 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
4188 print header, # create the HTTP header
4189 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4190 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4191 end_html; # end the HTML
4193 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
4194 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
4195 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
4197 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4199 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
4200 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
4201 argument calling style that looks like this:
4203 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
4205 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
4206 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
4207 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
4208 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
4209 dashes for the subsequent ones.
4211 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
4212 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
4213 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
4214 case, the single argument is the document type.
4216 print $q->header('text/html');
4218 Other such routines are documented below.
4220 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
4221 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
4222 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
4223 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
4224 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
4226 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
4227 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
4229 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
4230 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
4231 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
4232 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
4233 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
4234 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
4235 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
4236 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
4237 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
4243 h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>
4244 h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT">
4245 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1>
4247 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
4249 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
4250 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
4251 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
4252 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
4253 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
4254 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
4255 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
4258 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
4260 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
4261 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
4262 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
4263 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
4264 have several choices:
4270 Use another name for the argument, if one is available.
4271 For example, -value is an alias for -values.
4275 Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
4279 Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4283 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
4284 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
4285 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
4287 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
4288 -cost => 'Three smackers',
4289 -annoyance_level => 'high',
4290 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
4292 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
4295 Cost: Three smackers
4296 Annoyance-level: high
4297 Complaints-to: bit bucket
4298 Content-type: text/html
4300 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
4301 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
4304 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
4307 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4311 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
4312 it into a perl5 object called $query.
4314 Any filehandles from file uploads will have their position reset to
4315 the beginning of the file.
4317 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4319 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
4321 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
4322 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
4323 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
4324 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
4325 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
4326 can be saved and restored.
4328 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
4329 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
4330 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
4332 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
4334 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
4337 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
4338 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
4339 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
4340 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
4342 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
4343 restore_parameters(IN);
4346 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
4349 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
4350 'song'=>'I love you',
4351 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
4354 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
4356 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
4358 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
4359 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
4362 $old_query = new CGI;
4363 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
4365 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
4367 $empty_query = new CGI("");
4371 $empty_query = new CGI({});
4373 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4375 @keywords = $query->keywords
4377 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
4378 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
4380 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4382 @names = $query->param
4384 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
4385 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
4386 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
4387 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
4388 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
4389 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
4391 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
4392 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
4393 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
4394 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
4395 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
4397 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4399 @values = $query->param('foo');
4403 $value = $query->param('foo');
4405 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
4406 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
4407 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
4408 the method will return a single value.
4410 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
4411 "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
4412 string. This feature is new in 2.63.
4415 If the parameter does not exist at all, then param() will return undef
4416 in a scalar context, and the empty list in a list context.
4419 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4421 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
4423 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
4424 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
4425 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
4426 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
4429 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
4430 in more detail later:
4432 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
4436 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
4438 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4440 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
4442 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
4443 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
4444 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
4445 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
4447 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4449 $query->import_names('R');
4451 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
4452 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
4453 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
4454 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
4457 NOTE 1: Variable names are transformed as necessary into legal Perl
4458 variable names. All non-legal characters are transformed into
4459 underscores. If you need to keep the original names, you should use
4460 the param() method instead to access CGI variables by name.
4462 NOTE 2: In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
4463 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
4464 Perl module B<import> operator.
4466 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4468 $query->delete('foo','bar','baz');
4470 This completely clears a list of parameters. It sometimes useful for
4471 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between script
4474 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
4475 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
4477 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4479 $query->delete_all();
4481 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
4482 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
4484 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
4486 =head2 HANDLING NON-URLENCODED ARGUMENTS
4489 If POSTed data is not of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded or
4490 multipart/form-data, then the POSTed data will not be processed, but
4491 instead be returned as-is in a parameter named POSTDATA. To retrieve
4492 it, use code like this:
4494 my $data = $query->param('POSTDATA');
4496 Likewise if PUTed data can be retrieved with code like this:
4498 my $data = $query->param('PUTDATA');
4500 (If you don't know what the preceding means, don't worry about it. It
4501 only affects people trying to use CGI for XML processing and other
4505 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4507 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
4508 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
4510 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
4511 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
4512 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
4513 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
4514 can manipulate in any way you like.
4516 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
4518 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4521 print $params->{'address'};
4522 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
4528 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
4529 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
4530 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
4531 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
4532 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
4533 CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the
4534 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
4535 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
4537 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
4538 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
4539 list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
4540 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
4541 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
4542 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
4543 module for Perl version 4.
4545 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
4546 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
4548 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4550 $query->save(\*FILEHANDLE)
4552 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
4553 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
4554 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
4557 The format of the saved file is:
4565 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
4566 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
4567 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
4568 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
4569 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
4570 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
4571 a short example of creating multiple session records:
4575 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
4577 foreach (0..$records) {
4579 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
4584 # reopen for reading
4585 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
4587 my $q = new CGI(\*IN);
4588 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
4591 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
4592 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
4593 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
4595 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
4597 for further details.
4599 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
4600 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
4602 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4604 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
4605 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
4606 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
4607 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
4608 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
4609 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
4612 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
4614 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
4615 $q->start_html('Problems'),
4616 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
4621 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
4622 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
4625 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4627 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
4628 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
4629 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
4632 use CGI <list of methods>;
4634 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
4635 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
4636 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
4637 methods, and then use them directly:
4639 use CGI 'param','header';
4640 print header('text/plain');
4641 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
4643 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
4644 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
4645 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
4647 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
4653 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
4658 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
4662 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
4666 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as
4667 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
4671 Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as
4672 <abbrev>, <acronym> and <thead>).
4676 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
4680 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
4685 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'.
4689 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
4690 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
4694 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
4695 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
4696 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
4697 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
4698 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <gradient> (which causes the
4699 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
4700 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
4701 to start using it immediately:
4703 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
4704 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
4706 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4707 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4708 change in the future.
4710 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4711 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4712 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4713 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4714 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4715 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4716 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4718 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4721 start_html('Simple Script'),
4722 h1('Simple Script'),
4724 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4725 "What's the combination?",
4726 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4727 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4728 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4729 "What's your favorite color?",
4730 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4731 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4738 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4739 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4740 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4746 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
4747 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
4748 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
4749 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
4750 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
4751 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
4754 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
4756 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
4762 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
4763 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
4764 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
4765 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
4769 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
4771 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
4772 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
4777 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
4778 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
4779 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
4780 those destined to be crunched by Malcolm Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
4781 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
4783 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
4787 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
4789 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
4790 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
4791 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
4792 compile() method instead:
4797 This is particularly useful in a mod_perl environment, in which you
4798 might want to precompile all CGI routines in a startup script, and
4799 then import the functions individually in each mod_perl script.
4803 By default the CGI module implements a state-preserving behavior
4804 called "sticky" fields. The way this works is that if you are
4805 regenerating a form, the methods that generate the form field values
4806 will interrogate param() to see if similarly-named parameters are
4807 present in the query string. If they find a like-named parameter, they
4808 will use it to set their default values.
4810 Sometimes this isn't what you want. The B<-nosticky> pragma prevents
4811 this behavior. You can also selectively change the sticky behavior in
4812 each element that you generate.
4816 Automatically add tab index attributes to each form field. With this
4817 option turned off, you can still add tab indexes manually by passing a
4818 -tabindex option to each field-generating method.
4820 =item -no_undef_params
4822 This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list.
4826 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
4827 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
4828 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4831 If start_html()'s -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD,
4832 XHTML will automatically be disabled without needing to use this
4837 This makes CGI.pm treat all parameters as UTF-8 strings. Use this with
4838 care, as it will interfere with the processing of binary uploads. It
4839 is better to manually select which fields are expected to return utf-8
4840 strings and convert them using code like this:
4843 my $arg = decode utf8=>param('foo');
4847 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4848 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4849 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4850 of NPH scripts below.
4852 =item -newstyle_urls
4854 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4855 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4857 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4859 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4860 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4861 pragma is specified.
4863 This became the default in version 2.64.
4865 =item -oldstyle_urls
4867 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4868 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4872 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4873 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4874 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4875 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4876 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4877 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4878 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4879 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4880 to the top of your script.
4884 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4885 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4886 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4887 then use this pragma:
4889 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4893 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4894 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4895 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4896 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4898 See the section on debugging for more details.
4900 =item -private_tempfiles
4902 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4903 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4904 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4905 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4906 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4907 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4908 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4909 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4910 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4911 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4912 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4914 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4915 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4916 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4918 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4920 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4921 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4923 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4926 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4927 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4929 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4930 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4934 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4936 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4937 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4940 print h1('Level 1 Header');
4944 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>
4946 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
4947 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
4948 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
4950 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
4952 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
4953 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
4954 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
4955 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
4956 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
4957 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
4961 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
4963 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
4968 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag)
4970 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag)
4972 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag)
4974 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
4978 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4980 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
4981 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
4982 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
4983 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
4984 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
4986 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
4987 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
4988 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
4990 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4992 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
4993 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
4994 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
4995 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
4996 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
5003 print header('image/gif');
5007 print header('text/html','204 No response');
5011 print header(-type=>'image/gif',
5013 -status=>'402 Payment required',
5017 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
5020 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
5021 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
5022 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
5023 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
5024 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
5026 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
5027 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
5028 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
5029 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
5030 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
5031 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
5033 print header(-Content_length=>3002);
5035 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
5036 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
5037 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
5038 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
5039 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
5040 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
5043 +30s 30 seconds from now
5044 +10m ten minutes from now
5045 +1h one hour from now
5046 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
5049 +10y in ten years time
5050 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
5052 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
5053 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
5054 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
5055 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
5058 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5059 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5060 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5062 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
5063 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
5064 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
5066 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
5067 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
5068 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
5069 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
5070 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
5072 The B<-p3p> parameter will add a P3P tag to the outgoing header. The
5073 parameter can be an arrayref or a space-delimited string of P3P tags.
5076 print header(-p3p=>[qw(CAO DSP LAW CURa)]);
5077 print header(-p3p=>'CAO DSP LAW CURa');
5079 In either case, the outgoing header will be formatted as:
5081 P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml" cp="CAO DSP LAW CURa"
5083 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
5085 print redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
5087 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
5088 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
5089 time of day or the identity of the user.
5091 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
5092 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
5095 You should always use full URLs (including the http: or ftp: part) in
5096 redirection requests. Relative URLs will not work correctly.
5098 You can also use named arguments:
5100 print redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
5104 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5105 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5106 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft IIS, which
5107 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5109 The B<-status> parameter will set the status of the redirect. HTTP
5110 defines three different possible redirection status codes:
5112 301 Moved Permanently
5116 The default if not specified is 302, which means "moved temporarily."
5117 You may change the status to another status code if you wish. Be
5118 advised that changing the status to anything other than 301, 302 or
5119 303 will probably break redirection.
5121 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
5123 print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
5124 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
5127 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
5128 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
5129 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
5132 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
5133 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
5134 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
5135 page's appearance and behavior.
5137 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <body> tag.
5138 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
5139 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
5140 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
5141 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
5142 to the <body> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
5145 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <base> tag
5146 different from the current location, as in
5148 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
5150 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5152 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
5153 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
5154 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
5155 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
5158 -target=>"answer_window"
5160 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5161 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
5162 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
5163 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
5164 into a series of header <meta> tags that look something like this:
5166 <meta name="keywords" content="pharaoh secret mummy">
5167 <meta name="description" content="copyright 1996 King Tut">
5169 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <meta> tag, use B<-head>, described
5172 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
5173 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
5176 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
5177 the <html> tag. For example:
5179 print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');
5181 The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English, unless the
5182 -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD, in which case the
5183 lang attribute is left off. You can force the lang attribute to left
5184 off in other cases by passing an empty string (-lang=>'').
5186 The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for
5187 XHTML. It defaults to iso-8859-1 if not specified.
5189 The B<-declare_xml> argument, when used in conjunction with XHTML,
5190 will put a <?xml> declaration at the top of the HTML header. The sole
5191 purpose of this declaration is to declare the character set
5192 encoding. In the absence of -declare_xml, the output HTML will contain
5193 a <meta> tag that specifies the encoding, allowing the HTML to pass
5194 most validators. The default for -declare_xml is false.
5196 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <head> section with the
5197 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <link> element in the
5198 head section, use this:
5200 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
5201 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));
5203 To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <head> section, just pass an
5206 print start_html(-head=>[
5208 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
5209 Link({-rel=>'previous',
5210 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
5214 And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <meta> tag:
5216 print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
5217 -content => 'text/html'}))
5220 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>,
5221 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used
5222 to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should
5223 point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions.
5224 This block will be placed within a <script> block inside the HTML (not
5225 HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in order to give your
5226 page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript functions in place
5227 even if the user presses the stop button before the page has loaded
5228 completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in such a way that
5229 JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code: unfortunately
5230 there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that get confused
5233 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
5234 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
5235 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
5241 // Ask a silly question
5242 function riddle_me_this() {
5243 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
5244 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
5245 "and three legs in the evening?");
5248 // Get a silly answer
5249 function response(answer) {
5250 if (answer == "man")
5251 alert("Right you are!");
5253 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
5256 print start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5259 Use the B<-noScript> parameter to pass some HTML text that will be displayed on
5260 browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where JavaScript is turned
5263 The <script> tag, has several attributes including "type" and src.
5264 The latter is particularly interesting, as it allows you to keep the
5265 JavaScript code in a file or CGI script rather than cluttering up each
5266 page with the source. To use these attributes pass a HASH reference
5267 in the B<-script> parameter containing one or more of -type, -src, or
5270 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5271 -script=>{-type=>'JAVASCRIPT',
5272 -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
5275 print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5276 -script=>{-type=>'PERLSCRIPT',
5277 -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
5281 A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <script> sections into the
5282 header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array reference.
5283 this allows you to specify different source files for different dialects
5284 of JavaScript. Example:
5286 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5288 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5289 -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
5291 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5292 -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
5294 { -type => 'text/jscript',
5295 -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
5297 { -type => 'text/ecmascript',
5298 -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
5303 The option "-language" is a synonym for -type, and is supported for
5304 backwad compatibility.
5306 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
5310 =item B<Parameters:>
5318 The author's e-mail address (will create a <link rev="MADE"> tag if present
5322 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <base> tag in the header. This
5323 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
5324 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
5328 Any other parameters you want to include in the <body> tag. This is a good
5329 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
5333 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5337 This ends an HTML document by printing the </body></html> tags.
5339 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5342 print q(<a href="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</a>);
5344 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
5345 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
5346 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
5347 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
5348 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
5351 print "<a href=\"$myself#table1\">See table 1</a>";
5352 print "<a href=\"$myself#table2\">See table 2</a>";
5353 print "<a href=\"$myself#yourself\">See for yourself</a>";
5355 If you want more control over what's returned, using the B<url()>
5358 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
5360 $the_string = query_string;
5362 =head2 OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5365 $full_url = url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax
5366 $relative_url = url(-relative=>1);
5367 $absolute_url = url(-absolute=>1);
5368 $url_with_path = url(-path_info=>1);
5369 $url_with_path_and_query = url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
5370 $netloc = url(-base => 1);
5372 B<url()> returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called
5373 without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including
5374 host name and port number
5376 http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi
5378 You can modify this format with the following named arguments:
5384 If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.
5390 Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
5391 script with different parameters. For example:
5397 Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
5398 This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.
5400 =item B<-path> (B<-path_info>)
5402 Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
5403 combined with B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-path_info>
5404 is provided as a synonym.
5406 =item B<-query> (B<-query_string>)
5408 Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with
5409 B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-query_string> is provided
5414 Generate just the protocol and net location, as in http://www.foo.com:8000
5418 If Apache's mod_rewrite is turned on, then the script name and path
5419 info probably won't match the request that the user sent. Set
5420 -rewrite=>1 (default) to return URLs that match what the user sent
5421 (the original request URI). Set -rewrite=>0 to return URLs that match
5422 the URL after mod_rewrite's rules have run. Because the additional
5423 path information only makes sense in the context of the rewritten URL,
5424 -rewrite is set to false when you request path info in the URL.
5428 =head2 MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5430 $color = url_param('color');
5432 It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as
5433 well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
5434 containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
5435 B<param()> method will always return the contents of the POSTed
5436 fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL
5437 parameters, call the B<url_param()> method. Use it in the same way as
5438 B<param()>. The main difference is that it allows you to read the
5439 parameters, but not set them.
5442 Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
5443 interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
5444 try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET
5445 method, the results will not be what you expect.
5447 =head1 CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5449 CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of
5450 the HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single
5451 HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then
5452 print or manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of
5453 HTML code that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most
5454 commonly, print out so that it displays in the browser window.
5456 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
5458 print $q->blockquote(
5459 "Many years ago on the island of",
5460 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5461 "there lived a Minotaur named",
5462 $q->strong("Fred."),
5466 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
5467 added for readability):
5470 Many years ago on the island of
5471 <a href="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
5472 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
5476 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
5477 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
5478 completely (see the next section for more details):
5480 use CGI ':standard';
5482 "Many years ago on the island of",
5483 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5484 "there lived a minotaur named",
5489 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5491 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
5492 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
5496 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
5497 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
5499 print h1("Chapter","1"); # <h1>Chapter 1</h1>"
5501 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
5502 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
5504 print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
5505 "Open a new frame");
5507 <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>
5509 You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if
5512 print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
5514 <img align="LEFT" src="fred.gif">
5516 Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
5517 lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument that
5518 that points to an undef string:
5520 print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
5522 Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
5523 attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
5524 changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the form
5525 <img alt="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:
5528 img({alt=>undef}) <img alt>
5529 img({alt=>''}) <img alt="">
5531 =head2 THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5533 One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
5534 distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a
5535 B<reference> to a list, the tag will be distributed across each
5536 element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered
5540 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
5543 This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
5546 <li type="disc">Sneezy</li>
5547 <li type="disc">Doc</li>
5548 <li type="disc">Sleepy</li>
5549 <li type="disc">Happy</li>
5552 This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:
5554 print table({-border=>undef},
5555 caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
5556 Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
5558 th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
5559 td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
5560 td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),
5561 td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
5566 =head2 HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5568 Consider this bit of code:
5570 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5572 It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:
5574 <blockquote><em>Hi</em> mom!</blockquote>
5576 Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!".
5577 CGI.pm puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
5578 controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is
5579 not what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series
5580 of images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an
5585 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5588 I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
5589 change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly
5592 =head2 NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5594 A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various
5597 B<comment()> generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it
5600 print comment('here is my comment');
5602 Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following functions
5603 begin with initial caps:
5612 In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
5613 start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special.
5614 See their respective sections.
5616 =head2 AUTOESCAPING HTML
5618 By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions
5619 is passed through a function called escapeHTML():
5623 =item $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
5625 Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.
5629 Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
5630 default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
5631 character becomes "<", ">" becomes ">", "&" becomes "&", and
5632 the quote character becomes """. In addition, the hexadecimal
5633 0x8b and 0x9b characters, which some browsers incorrectly interpret
5634 as the left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their
5635 numeric character entities ("‹" and "›"). If you manually change
5636 the charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by
5637 passing a -charset argument to header(), then B<all> characters will
5638 be replaced by their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup
5639 table for all the possible encodings.
5641 The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as
5642 h1(). You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in
5643 order to protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter
5644 into guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset().
5645 To turn autoescaping off completely, use autoEscape(0):
5649 =item $charset = charset([$charset]);
5651 Get or set the current character set.
5653 =item $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
5655 Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.
5659 =head2 PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5661 By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
5662 long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but
5663 it does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get
5664 pretty-printed output, please use L<CGI::Pretty>, a subclass
5665 contributed by Brian Paulsen.
5667 =head1 CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5669 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
5670 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
5671 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
5672 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
5673 around the form elements.
5675 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
5676 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
5677 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
5678 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
5680 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
5683 (1) call the param() method to set it.
5685 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
5686 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
5688 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5689 -default=>'starting value',
5694 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
5695 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
5696 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
5697 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
5698 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
5699 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
5704 I<A Lurking Trap!> Some of the form-element generating methods return
5705 multiple tags. In a scalar context, the tags will be concatenated
5706 together with spaces, or whatever is the current value of the $"
5707 global. In a list context, the methods will return a list of
5708 elements, allowing you to modify them if you wish. Usually you will
5709 not notice this behavior, but beware of this:
5711 printf("%s\n",end_form())
5713 end_form() produces several tags, and only the first of them will be
5714 printed because the format only expects one value.
5719 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5721 print isindex(-action=>$action);
5725 print isindex($action);
5727 Prints out an <isindex> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
5728 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
5729 default is to process the query with the current script.
5731 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5733 print start_form(-method=>$method,
5735 -enctype=>$encoding);
5736 <... various form stuff ...>
5741 print start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
5742 <... various form stuff ...>
5745 start_form() will return a <form> tag with the optional method,
5746 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
5750 enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
5752 endform() returns the closing </form> tag.
5754 Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the various
5755 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
5756 values are possible:
5758 B<Note:> This method was previously named startform(), and startform()
5759 is still recognized as an alias.
5763 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
5765 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
5766 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
5767 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
5768 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
5769 type in B<&CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
5771 =item B<multipart/form-data>
5773 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
5774 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
5775 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
5776 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
5777 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
5778 in B<&CGI::MULTIPART>
5780 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
5781 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
5784 If XHTML is activated (the default), then forms will be automatically
5785 created using this type of encoding.
5789 For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
5790 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
5791 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5794 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
5795 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
5796 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
5797 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
5798 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
5799 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
5800 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
5801 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
5802 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
5804 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <script>
5805 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
5806 call. See start_html() for details.
5808 =head2 FORM ELEMENTS
5810 After starting a form, you will typically create one or more
5811 textfields, popup menus, radio groups and other form elements. Each
5812 of these elements takes a standard set of named arguments. Some
5813 elements also have optional arguments. The standard arguments are as
5820 The name of the field. After submission this name can be used to
5821 retrieve the field's value using the param() method.
5823 =item B<-value>, B<-values>
5825 The initial value of the field which will be returned to the script
5826 after form submission. Some form elements, such as text fields, take
5827 a single scalar -value argument. Others, such as popup menus, take a
5828 reference to an array of values. The two arguments are synonyms.
5832 A numeric value that sets the order in which the form element receives
5833 focus when the user presses the tab key. Elements with lower values
5834 receive focus first.
5838 A string identifier that can be used to identify this element to
5839 JavaScript and DHTML.
5843 A boolean, which, if true, forces the element to take on the value
5844 specified by B<-value>, overriding the sticky behavior described
5845 earlier for the B<-no_sticky> pragma.
5847 =item B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, B<-onSelect>
5849 These are used to assign JavaScript event handlers. See the
5850 JavaScripting section for more details.
5854 Other common arguments are described in the next section. In addition
5855 to these, all attributes described in the HTML specifications are
5858 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5860 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5861 -value=>'starting value',
5866 print textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
5868 textfield() will return a text input field.
5876 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5880 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
5881 contents (-value, formerly known as -default).
5885 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5890 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5891 field will accept (-maxlength).
5895 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
5896 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
5897 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
5900 $value = param('foo');
5902 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
5903 called once, you can do so like this:
5905 param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
5907 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5909 print textarea(-name=>'foo',
5910 -default=>'starting value',
5916 print textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
5918 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
5919 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
5920 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
5923 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5925 print password_field(-name=>'secret',
5926 -value=>'starting value',
5931 print password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
5933 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
5934 will be starred out on the web page.
5936 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5938 print filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
5939 -default=>'starting value',
5944 print filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
5946 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
5947 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
5948 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
5949 by calling B<start_form()> with an encoding type of B<&CGI::MULTIPART>,
5950 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5951 vanilla B<start_form()>.
5959 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5963 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
5964 to be used as the default file name (-default).
5966 For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this field,
5967 and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the field
5968 loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents. The
5969 starting value field is called for in the HTML specification, however,
5970 and possibly some browser will eventually provide support for it.
5974 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5979 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5980 field will accept (-maxlength).
5984 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
5987 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
5989 Different browsers will return slightly different things for the
5990 name. Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full
5991 path to the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine.
5992 Regardless, the name returned is always the name of the file on the
5993 I<user's> machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file
5994 that CGI.pm creates during upload spooling (see below).
5996 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
5997 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
5999 # Read a text file and print it out
6000 while (<$filename>) {
6004 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
6005 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
6006 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
6007 print OUTFILE $buffer;
6010 However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
6011 If you C<use strict>, then Perl will complain when you try to use a
6012 string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
6013 reading code in a block containing the C<no strict> pragma. More
6014 seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
6015 upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
6016 filehandle at all, but a string.
6018 To be safe, use the I<upload()> function (new in version 2.47). When
6019 called with the name of an upload field, I<upload()> returns a
6020 filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.
6022 $fh = upload('uploaded_file');
6027 In an list context, upload() will return an array of filehandles.
6028 This makes it possible to create forms that use the same name for
6029 multiple upload fields.
6031 This is the recommended idiom.
6033 For robust code, consider reseting the file handle position to beginning of the
6034 file. Inside of larger frameworks, other code may have already used the query
6035 object and changed the filehandle postion:
6037 seek($fh,0,0); # reset postion to beginning of file.
6039 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
6040 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
6041 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
6042 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
6043 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
6044 an associative array containing all the document headers.
6046 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
6047 $type = uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
6048 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
6049 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
6052 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
6053 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
6054 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file
6057 There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
6058 This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
6059 finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
6060 uploaded file and set I<cgi_error()> to the string "400 Bad request
6061 (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that
6062 you can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
6065 $file = upload('uploaded_file');
6066 if (!$file && cgi_error) {
6067 print header(-status=>cgi_error);
6071 You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
6074 You can set up a callback that will be called whenever a file upload
6075 is being read during the form processing. This is much like the
6076 UPLOAD_HOOK facility available in Apache::Request, with the exception
6077 that the first argument to the callback is an Apache::Upload object,
6078 here it's the remote filename.
6080 $q = CGI->new(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6084 my ($filename, $buffer, $bytes_read, $data) = @_;
6085 print "Read $bytes_read bytes of $filename\n";
6088 The $data field is optional; it lets you pass configuration
6089 information (e.g. a database handle) to your hook callback.
6091 The $use_tempfile field is a flag that lets you turn on and off
6092 CGI.pm's use of a temporary disk-based file during file upload. If you
6093 set this to a FALSE value (default true) then param('uploaded_file')
6094 will no longer work, and the only way to get at the uploaded data is
6095 via the hook you provide.
6097 If using the function-oriented interface, call the CGI::upload_hook()
6098 method before calling param() or any other CGI functions:
6100 CGI::upload_hook(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6102 This method is not exported by default. You will have to import it
6103 explicitly if you wish to use it without the CGI:: prefix.
6105 If you are using CGI.pm on a Windows platform and find that binary
6106 files get slightly larger when uploaded but that text files remain the
6107 same, then you have forgotten to activate binary mode on the output
6108 filehandle. Be sure to call binmode() on any handle that you create
6109 to write the uploaded file to disk.
6111 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
6112 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
6113 recognized. See textfield() for details.
6115 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
6117 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6118 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6123 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
6124 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
6125 'minie'=>'your third choice');
6126 %attributes = ('eenie'=>{'class'=>'class of first choice'});
6127 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6128 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6129 'meenie',\%labels,\%attributes);
6131 -or (named parameter style)-
6133 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6134 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6137 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6139 popup_menu() creates a menu.
6145 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
6149 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
6150 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6151 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
6152 a named array, such as "\@foo".
6156 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6157 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
6158 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.
6162 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
6163 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
6164 popup menu and the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
6165 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
6166 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
6167 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
6171 The optional fifth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6172 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6173 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6174 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6175 attribute's value as the value.
6179 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
6182 $popup_menu_value = param('menu_name');
6184 =head2 CREATING AN OPTION GROUP
6186 Named parameter style
6188 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6189 -values=>[qw/eenie meenie minie/,
6190 optgroup(-name=>'optgroup_name',
6191 -values => ['moe','catch'],
6192 -attributes=>{'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],
6193 -labels=>{'eenie'=>'one',
6196 -default=>'meenie');
6199 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6200 ['eenie','meenie','minie',
6201 optgroup('optgroup_name', ['moe', 'catch'],
6202 {'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],'meenie',
6203 {'eenie'=>'one','meenie'=>'two','minie'=>'three'});
6205 optgroup() creates an option group within a popup menu.
6211 The required first argument (B<-name>) is the label attribute of the
6212 optgroup and is B<not> inserted in the parameter list of the query.
6216 The required second argument (B<-values>) is an array reference
6217 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6218 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference
6219 to a named array, such as \@foo. If you pass a HASH reference,
6220 the keys will be used for the menu values, and the values will be
6221 used for the menu labels (see -labels below).
6225 The optional third parameter (B<-labels>) allows you to pass a reference
6226 to an associative array containing user-visible labels for one or more
6227 of the menu items. You can use this when you want the user to see one
6228 menu string, but have the browser return your program a different one.
6229 If you don't specify this, the value string will be used instead
6230 ("eenie", "meenie" and "minie" in this example). This is equivalent
6231 to using a hash reference for the -values parameter.
6235 An optional fourth parameter (B<-labeled>) can be set to a true value
6236 and indicates that the values should be used as the label attribute
6237 for each option element within the optgroup.
6241 An optional fifth parameter (-novals) can be set to a true value and
6242 indicates to suppress the val attribute in each option element within
6245 See the discussion on optgroup at W3C
6246 (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#edef-OPTGROUP)
6251 An optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6252 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6253 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6254 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6255 attribute's value as the value.
6259 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
6261 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6262 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6263 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',{'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6266 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6267 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6268 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
6269 \%labels,%attributes);
6273 print scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
6274 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6275 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6279 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6281 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
6285 =item B<Parameters:>
6289 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
6290 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
6295 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6296 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
6297 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6298 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
6299 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
6304 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
6308 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
6309 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
6310 will be allowed at a time.
6314 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
6315 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
6316 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
6320 The optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6321 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6322 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6323 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6324 attribute's value as the value.
6326 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
6327 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
6328 selected items can be retrieved with:
6330 @selected = param('list_name');
6334 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
6336 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6337 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6338 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6340 -disabled => ['moe'],
6342 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6344 print checkbox_group('group_name',
6345 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6346 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels,
6347 {'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6349 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6351 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6352 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6353 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6356 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
6361 =item B<Parameters:>
6365 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
6366 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
6367 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
6368 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
6369 values passed to your script in the query string.
6373 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6374 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
6375 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6376 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
6380 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
6381 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
6382 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
6387 The optional b<-labels> argument is a pointer to an associative array
6388 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will be
6389 printed next to them. If not provided, the values will be used as the
6393 The optional parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns> cause
6394 checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing the
6395 checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows and
6396 columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish;
6397 checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows for you.
6399 The option b<-disabled> takes an array of checkbox values and disables
6400 them by greying them out (this may not be supported by all browsers).
6402 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6403 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6404 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6405 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6408 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6409 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6410 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6411 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6412 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6413 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6414 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6415 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6416 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6418 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6419 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6420 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6422 The optional B<-labelattributes> argument will contain attributes
6423 attached to the <label> element that surrounds each button.
6425 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
6426 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
6427 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
6429 @turned_on = param('group_name');
6431 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
6432 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6433 or in other creative ways:
6435 @h = checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6436 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6438 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
6440 print checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
6443 -label=>'CLICK ME');
6447 print checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
6449 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
6450 related to any others.
6454 =item B<Parameters:>
6458 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
6459 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
6464 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
6465 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
6469 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
6470 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
6475 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
6476 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
6481 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
6483 $turned_on = param('checkbox_name');
6485 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
6487 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6488 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6492 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6496 print radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6497 'meenie','true',\%labels,\%attributes);
6500 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6502 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6503 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6504 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6506 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
6507 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
6511 =item B<Parameters:>
6515 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
6519 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
6520 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
6521 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
6522 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
6527 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6528 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
6529 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
6530 start up with no buttons selected.
6534 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
6535 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
6539 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
6540 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
6541 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
6547 All modern browsers can take advantage of the optional parameters
6548 B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause radio_group() to
6549 return an HTML3 compatible table containing the radio group formatted
6550 with the specified number of rows and columns. You can provide just
6551 the -columns parameter if you wish; radio_group will calculate the
6552 correct number of rows for you.
6554 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
6555 can use the B<-rowheaders> and B<-colheaders> parameters. Both
6556 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
6557 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
6558 interpretation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
6561 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6562 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6563 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6564 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6565 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6566 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6567 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6568 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6569 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6571 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6572 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6573 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6576 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6577 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6578 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6579 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6582 The optional B<-labelattributes> argument will contain attributes
6583 attached to the <label> element that surrounds each button.
6585 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
6588 $which_radio_button = param('group_name');
6590 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
6591 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6592 or in other creative ways:
6594 @h = radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6595 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6597 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
6599 print submit(-name=>'button_name',
6604 print submit('button_name','value');
6606 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
6607 should have one of these.
6611 =item B<Parameters:>
6615 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
6616 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
6617 to distinguish between them.
6621 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
6622 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string. The
6623 name will also be used as the user-visible label.
6627 You can use -label as an alias for -value. I always get confused
6628 about which of -name and -value changes the user-visible label on the
6633 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
6634 values for each one:
6636 $which_one = param('button_name');
6638 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
6642 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
6643 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
6644 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
6646 Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
6647 CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.
6649 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
6651 print defaults('button_label')
6653 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
6654 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
6655 changes the user ever made.
6657 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
6659 print hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
6660 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
6664 print hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
6666 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
6667 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
6668 of the script to the next.
6672 =item B<Parameters:>
6676 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
6681 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
6682 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
6683 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
6687 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
6689 $hidden_value = param('hidden_name');
6691 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
6692 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
6693 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
6696 param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
6698 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
6700 print image_button(-name=>'button_name',
6701 -src=>'/source/URL',
6706 print image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
6708 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
6709 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
6710 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
6715 =item B<Parameters:>
6719 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
6724 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
6727 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
6728 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
6732 Fetch the value of the button this way:
6733 $x = param('button_name.x');
6734 $y = param('button_name.y');
6736 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
6738 print button(-name=>'button_name',
6739 -value=>'user visible label',
6740 -onClick=>"do_something()");
6744 print button('button_name',"do_something()");
6746 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
6747 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
6748 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
6749 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
6754 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
6755 Internet Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help
6756 maintain state within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods
6757 that support cookies.
6759 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
6760 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
6761 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
6762 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
6763 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
6765 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
6766 optional attributes:
6770 =item 1. an expiration time
6772 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
6773 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
6774 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
6775 the browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
6776 will remain active until the user quits the browser.
6780 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
6781 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
6782 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
6783 of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to
6784 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
6785 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
6786 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
6787 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
6788 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
6789 cookie originated from.
6793 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
6794 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
6795 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
6796 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
6797 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
6798 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
6799 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
6801 =item 4. a "secure" flag
6803 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
6804 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
6808 The interface to HTTP cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
6810 $cookie = cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
6813 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
6814 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
6816 print header(-cookie=>$cookie);
6818 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
6824 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
6825 Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
6826 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
6827 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
6831 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
6832 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
6833 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
6835 $cookie=cookie(-name=>'family information',
6836 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
6840 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6845 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6850 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
6851 in the section on the B<header()> method:
6853 "+1h" one hour from now
6857 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
6862 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
6863 header within the string returned by the header() method:
6865 use CGI ':standard';
6866 print header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
6868 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
6870 $cookie1 = cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
6871 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
6872 $cookie2 = cookie(-name=>'answers',
6874 print header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
6876 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie() method
6877 without the B<-value> parameter. This example uses the object-oriented
6882 $riddle = $query->cookie('riddle_name');
6883 %answers = $query->cookie('answers');
6885 Cookies created with a single scalar value, such as the "riddle_name"
6886 cookie, will be returned in that form. Cookies with array and hash
6887 values can also be retrieved.
6889 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
6890 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
6891 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
6892 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
6894 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
6895 $c=cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[param('answers')]);
6897 param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[cookie('answers')]);
6899 If you call cookie() without any parameters, it will return a list of
6900 the names of all cookies passed to your script:
6902 @cookies = cookie();
6904 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
6905 cookies effectively.
6907 =head1 WORKING WITH FRAMES
6909 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
6910 and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three
6911 techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
6915 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
6917 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
6918 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <frameset>
6919 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
6920 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
6922 There is no specific support for creating <frameset> sections
6923 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
6924 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
6926 http://wp.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
6928 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
6930 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
6932 print header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6934 This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into the
6935 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't already
6936 exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your script's
6937 document into that. There are a number of magic names that you can
6938 use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home pages for
6941 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <form> tag
6943 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
6944 CGI.pm it looks like this:
6946 print start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6948 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
6949 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
6950 a new window will be created.
6954 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
6955 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
6956 side-by-side frames.
6958 =head1 SUPPORT FOR JAVASCRIPT
6960 Netscape versions 2.0 and higher incorporate an interpreted language
6961 called JavaScript. Internet Explorer, 3.0 and higher, supports a
6962 closely-related dialect called JScript. JavaScript isn't the same as
6963 Java, and certainly isn't at all the same as Perl, which is a great
6964 pity. JavaScript allows you to programmatically change the contents of
6965 fill-out forms, create new windows, and pop up dialog box from within
6966 Netscape itself. From the point of view of CGI scripting, JavaScript
6967 is quite useful for validating fill-out forms prior to submitting
6970 You'll need to know JavaScript in order to use it. There are many good
6971 sources in bookstores and on the web.
6973 The usual way to use JavaScript is to define a set of functions in a
6974 <SCRIPT> block inside the HTML header and then to register event
6975 handlers in the various elements of the page. Events include such
6976 things as the mouse passing over a form element, a button being
6977 clicked, the contents of a text field changing, or a form being
6978 submitted. When an event occurs that involves an element that has
6979 registered an event handler, its associated JavaScript code gets
6982 The elements that can register event handlers include the <BODY> of an
6983 HTML document, hypertext links, all the various elements of a fill-out
6984 form, and the form itself. There are a large number of events, and
6985 each applies only to the elements for which it is relevant. Here is a
6992 The browser is loading the current document. Valid in:
6994 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
6998 The browser is closing the current page or frame. Valid for:
7000 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
7004 The user has pressed the submit button of a form. This event happens
7005 just before the form is submitted, and your function can return a
7006 value of false in order to abort the submission. Valid for:
7012 The mouse has clicked on an item in a fill-out form. Valid for:
7014 + Buttons (including submit, reset, and image buttons)
7020 The user has changed the contents of a field. Valid for:
7031 The user has selected a field to work with. Valid for:
7042 The user has deselected a field (gone to work somewhere else). Valid
7054 The user has changed the part of a text field that is selected. Valid
7062 =item B<onMouseOver>
7064 The mouse has moved over an element.
7075 The mouse has moved off an element.
7086 In order to register a JavaScript event handler with an HTML element,
7087 just use the event name as a parameter when you call the corresponding
7088 CGI method. For example, to have your validateAge() JavaScript code
7089 executed every time the textfield named "age" changes, generate the
7092 print textfield(-name=>'age',-onChange=>"validateAge(this)");
7094 This example assumes that you've already declared the validateAge()
7095 function by incorporating it into a <SCRIPT> block. The CGI.pm
7096 start_html() method provides a convenient way to create this section.
7098 Similarly, you can create a form that checks itself over for
7099 consistency and alerts the user if some essential value is missing by
7100 creating it this way:
7101 print startform(-onSubmit=>"validateMe(this)");
7103 See the javascript.cgi script for a demonstration of how this all
7107 =head1 LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7109 CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css).
7110 To incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the
7111 start_html() method a B<-style> parameter. The value of this
7112 parameter may be a scalar, in which case it is treated as the source
7113 URL for the stylesheet, or it may be a hash reference. In the latter
7114 case you should provide the hash with one or more of B<-src> or
7115 B<-code>. B<-src> points to a URL where an externally-defined
7116 stylesheet can be found. B<-code> points to a scalar value to be
7117 incorporated into a <style> section. Style definitions in B<-code>
7118 override similarly-named ones in B<-src>, hence the name "cascading."
7120 You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
7121 B<-type> parameter to the hash pointed to by B<-style>. If not
7122 specified, the style defaults to 'text/css'.
7124 To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the
7125 B<-class> parameter to any HTML element:
7127 print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');
7129 Or define styles on the fly with the B<-style> parameter:
7131 print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');
7133 You may also use the new B<span()> element to apply a style to a
7136 print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
7137 h1('Welcome to Hell'),
7138 "Where did that handbasket get to?"
7141 Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the
7142 B<span()> method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using
7143 CSS's. See the CSS specification at
7144 http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for more information.
7146 use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;
7148 #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
7158 font-family: sans-serif;
7164 print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
7165 -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
7168 print h1('CGI with Style'),
7170 "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
7171 span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
7172 "Look Mom, no hands!",
7178 Pass an array reference to B<-code> or B<-src> in order to incorporate
7179 multiple stylesheets into your document.
7181 Should you wish to incorporate a verbatim stylesheet that includes
7182 arbitrary formatting in the header, you may pass a -verbatim tag to
7183 the -style hash, as follows:
7185 print start_html (-style => {-verbatim => '@import url("/server-common/css/'.$cssFile.'");',
7186 -src => '/server-common/css/core.css'});
7189 This will generate an HTML header that contains this:
7191 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/server-common/css/core.css">
7192 <style type="text/css">
7193 @import url("/server-common/css/main.css");
7196 Any additional arguments passed in the -style value will be
7197 incorporated into the <link> tag. For example:
7199 start_html(-style=>{-src=>['/styles/print.css','/styles/layout.css'],
7204 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/print.css" media="all"/>
7205 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/layout.css" media="all"/>
7209 To make more complicated <link> tags, use the Link() function
7210 and pass it to start_html() in the -head argument, as in:
7212 @h = (Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/ss.css',-media=>'all'}),
7213 Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/fred.css',-media=>'paper'}));
7214 print start_html({-head=>\@h})
7216 To create primary and "alternate" stylesheet, use the B<-alternate> option:
7218 start_html(-style=>{-src=>[
7219 {-src=>'/styles/print.css'},
7220 {-src=>'/styles/alt.css',-alternate=>1}
7226 If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
7227 debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or
7228 parameter=value pairs on the command line or from standard input (you
7229 don't have to worry about tricking your script into reading from
7230 environment variables). You can pass keywords like this:
7232 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
7236 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
7240 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
7244 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
7246 To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.
7248 To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
7249 pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value
7250 pairs to the script on standard input.
7252 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
7253 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
7254 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
7257 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
7259 Finally, you can set the path info for the script by prefixing the first
7260 name/value parameter with the path followed by a question mark (?):
7262 your_script.pl /your/path/here?name1=value1&name2=value2
7264 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7266 The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
7267 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
7268 for debugging purposes:
7273 Produces something that looks like:
7287 As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
7288 and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:
7291 print "<h2>Current Values</h2> $query\n";
7293 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7295 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
7296 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
7302 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
7303 give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as in
7304 Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point value
7305 corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from 0.0
7306 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept
7307 list are handled correctly.
7309 Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44 in
7310 order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.
7312 =item B<raw_cookie()>
7314 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
7315 Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
7316 Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method call just
7317 returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for ways of
7318 setting and retrieving cooked cookies.
7320 Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
7321 structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
7322 on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
7323 retrieves the B<unescaped> form of the cookie. You can use the
7324 regular cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch()
7325 method from the CGI::Cookie module.
7327 =item B<user_agent()>
7329 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
7330 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
7331 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
7332 like user_agent(netscape);
7334 =item B<path_info()>
7336 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
7337 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
7338 path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".
7340 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
7341 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
7342 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
7343 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
7344 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
7345 path information will be present in the environment,
7346 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
7347 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
7349 =item B<path_translated()>
7351 As per path_info() but returns the additional
7352 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
7353 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
7355 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
7358 =item B<remote_host()>
7360 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
7361 if the former is unavailable.
7363 =item B<script_name()>
7364 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
7369 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
7370 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
7373 =item B<auth_type ()>
7375 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
7378 =item B<server_name ()>
7380 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
7383 =item B<virtual_host ()>
7385 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
7386 the browser attempted to contact
7388 =item B<server_port ()>
7390 Return the port that the server is listening on.
7392 =item B<virtual_port ()>
7394 Like server_port() except that it takes virtual hosts into account.
7395 Use this when running with virtual hosts.
7397 =item B<server_software ()>
7399 Returns the server software and version number.
7401 =item B<remote_user ()>
7403 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
7404 verification, if this script is protected.
7406 =item B<user_name ()>
7408 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of different
7409 techniques. This only works with older browsers such as Mosaic.
7410 Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy reasons!
7412 =item B<request_method()>
7414 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
7415 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
7417 =item B<content_type()>
7419 Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
7420 multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded
7424 Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
7425 variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
7426 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
7427 like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name of
7428 an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the use
7429 of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.
7431 For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:
7433 $requested_language = http('Accept-language');
7434 $requested_language = http('Accept_language');
7435 $requested_language = http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');
7439 The same as I<http()>, but operates on the HTTPS environment variables
7440 present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to determine
7441 whether SSL is turned on.
7445 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
7447 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
7448 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
7449 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
7450 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
7451 such as server push and PICS headers.
7453 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
7454 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
7455 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
7456 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
7457 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
7460 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
7461 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
7462 the header() and redirect() methods are
7465 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of
7466 version 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is
7467 running under IIS and put itself into this mode. You do not need to
7468 do this manually, although it won't hurt anything if you do. However,
7469 note that if you have applied Service Pack 6, much of the
7470 functionality of NPH scripts, including the ability to redirect while
7471 setting a cookie, b<do not work at all> on IIS without a special patch
7473 http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q280/3/41.ASP:
7474 Non-Parsed Headers Stripped From CGI Applications That Have nph-
7479 =item In the B<use> statement
7481 Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported into
7484 use CGI qw(:standard -nph)
7486 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
7488 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
7492 =item By using B<-nph> parameters
7494 in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7496 print header(-nph=>1);
7502 CGI.pm provides four simple functions for producing multipart
7503 documents of the type needed to implement server push. These
7504 functions were graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To
7505 import these into your namespace, you must import the ":push" set.
7506 You are also advised to put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to
7507 1 to avoid buffering problems.
7509 Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:
7511 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7512 use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
7514 print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----here we go!');
7516 print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
7517 "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n";
7519 print multipart_end;
7521 print multipart_final;
7526 This script initializes server push by calling B<multipart_init()>.
7527 It then enters a loop in which it begins a new multipart section by
7528 calling B<multipart_start()>, prints the current local time,
7529 and ends a multipart section with B<multipart_end()>. It then sleeps
7530 a second, and begins again. On the final iteration, it ends the
7531 multipart section with B<multipart_final()> rather than with
7536 =item multipart_init()
7538 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);
7540 Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
7541 what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
7542 If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.
7544 =item multipart_start()
7546 multipart_start(-type=>$type)
7548 Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
7549 type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.
7551 =item multipart_end()
7555 End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
7556 multipart_start(), except at the end of the last part of the multipart
7557 document when multipart_final() should be called instead of multipart_end().
7559 =item multipart_final()
7563 End all parts. You should call multipart_final() rather than
7564 multipart_end() at the end of the last part of the multipart document.
7568 Users interested in server push applications should also have a look
7569 at the CGI::Push module.
7571 Only Netscape Navigator supports server push. Internet Explorer
7574 =head1 Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7576 A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
7577 process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker
7578 could attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many
7579 megabytes. CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a
7580 variable, growing hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While
7581 the script attempts to allocate the memory the system may slow down
7582 dramatically. This is a form of denial of service attack.
7584 Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to
7585 accept a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it
7586 in a temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive
7587 an uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
7588 terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
7589 server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.
7591 The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
7592 of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
7593 servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
7594 cases, you can use the shell I<limit> or I<ulimit>
7595 commands to put ceilings on CGI resource usage.
7598 CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
7599 service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
7600 These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:
7604 =item B<$CGI::POST_MAX>
7606 If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling
7607 on the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST
7608 that is greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
7609 message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and
7610 multipart POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file
7611 uploads as well. You should set this to a reasonably high
7612 value, such as 1 megabyte.
7614 =item B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>
7616 If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
7617 completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.
7621 You can use these variables in either of two ways.
7625 =item B<1. On a script-by-script basis>
7627 Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use" statement:
7629 use CGI qw/:standard/;
7630 use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
7631 $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100; # max 100K posts
7632 $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1; # no uploads
7634 =item B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7636 Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
7637 $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll
7638 find them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
7639 initialize_globals().
7643 An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
7644 I<param()> to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for
7645 this event by checking I<cgi_error()>, either after you create the CGI
7646 object or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call
7647 <param()> for the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then
7648 cgi_error() will return the message "413 POST too large".
7650 This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
7651 designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status
7654 $uploaded_file = param('upload');
7655 if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
7656 print header(-status=>cgi_error());
7660 However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do
7661 with this status code. It might be better just to create an
7662 HTML page that warns the user of the problem.
7664 =head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7666 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
7667 compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:
7670 require "cgi-lib.pl";
7672 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7677 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7679 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
7680 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
7681 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
7682 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
7683 variables, are not supported.
7685 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
7689 print textfield(-name=>'wow',
7690 -value=>'does this really work?');
7692 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
7693 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
7695 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
7697 The GD.pm interface is copyright 1995-2007, Lincoln D. Stein. It is
7698 distributed under GPL and the Artistic License 2.0.
7700 Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending
7701 bug reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of
7702 Perl, the name and version of your Web server, and the name and
7703 version of the operating system you are using. If the problem is even
7704 remotely browser dependent, please provide information about the
7705 affected browers as well.
7709 Thanks very much to:
7713 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
7715 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
7717 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
7719 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
7721 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
7723 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
7725 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
7727 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
7729 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
7731 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
7733 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
7735 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
7737 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
7739 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
7741 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
7743 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
7745 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
7747 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
7749 =item Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
7751 =item Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
7753 =item ...and many many more...
7755 for suggestions and bug fixes.
7759 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7762 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7764 use CGI ':standard';
7767 print start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
7768 print "<h1> Example CGI.pm Form</h1>\n";
7776 print "<em>What's your name?</em><br>";
7777 print textfield('name');
7778 print checkbox('Not my real name');
7780 print "<p><em>Where can you find English Sparrows?</em><br>";
7781 print checkbox_group(
7782 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
7783 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
7785 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
7787 print "<p><em>How far can they fly?</em><br>",
7790 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
7791 -default=>'1 mile');
7793 print "<p><em>What's your favorite color?</em> ";
7794 print popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
7795 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
7798 print hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
7800 print "<p><em>What have you got there?</em><br>";
7801 print scrolling_list(
7802 -name=>'possessions',
7803 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
7804 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
7808 print "<p><em>Any parting comments?</em><br>";
7809 print textarea(-name=>'Comments',
7814 print submit('Action','Shout');
7815 print submit('Action','Scream');
7823 print "<h2>Here are the current settings in this form</h2>";
7825 foreach $key (param) {
7826 print "<strong>$key</strong> -> ";
7827 @values = param($key);
7828 print join(", ",@values),"<br>\n";
7835 <address>Lincoln D. Stein</address><br>
7836 <a href="/">Home Page</a>
7846 L<CGI::Carp>, L<CGI::Fast>, L<CGI::Pretty>