5 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
8 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
9 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
10 # Perl 5 distribution).
12 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
13 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
14 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
15 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
16 # listing the modifications you have made.
18 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
19 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
21 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.257 2008/08/06 14:01:06 lstein Exp $';
22 $CGI::VERSION='3.40_01';
24 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
25 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
26 # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
27 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires ebcdic2ascii ascii2ebcdic);
29 #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN',
30 # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd'];
32 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
33 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
37 $TAINTED = substr("$0$^X",0,0);
40 $MOD_PERL = 0; # no mod_perl by default
43 $POST_MAX = -1; # no limit to uploaded files
49 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
50 sub initialize_globals {
51 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
54 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
57 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
58 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
59 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
60 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
62 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
64 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
65 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
68 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
72 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
75 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
76 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
79 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
80 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
82 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
83 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
84 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
86 # Set this to 1 to generate automatic tab indexes
89 # Set this to 1 to cause files uploaded in multipart documents
90 # to be closed, instead of caching the file handle
92 # 1) use CGI qw(:close_upload_files)
93 # 2) $CGI::close_upload_files(1);
94 # Uploads with many files run out of file handles.
95 # Also, for performance, since the file is already on disk,
96 # it can just be renamed, instead of read and written.
97 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = 0;
99 # Automatically determined -- don't change
102 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
105 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
106 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
108 # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string
109 # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params);
110 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS = 0;
112 # return everything as utf-8
115 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
118 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = "";
121 undef $QUERY_CHARSET;
122 undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES;
123 undef %QUERY_TMPFILES;
125 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
129 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
131 *end_form = \&endform;
134 initialize_globals();
136 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
137 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
138 # available then require() the Config library
142 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
145 if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) {
147 } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) {
149 } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) {
151 } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) {
153 } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) {
155 } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) {
157 } elsif ($OS =~ /^cygwin/i) {
163 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
164 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin|CYGWIN)/;
166 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
167 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
169 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
170 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
172 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
175 UNIX => '/', OS2 => '\\', EPOC => '/', CYGWIN => '/',
176 WINDOWS => '\\', DOS => '\\', MACINTOSH => ':', VMS => '/'
179 # This no longer seems to be necessary
180 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
181 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
182 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
184 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
185 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
186 # mod_perl handlers may run system() on scripts using CGI.pm;
187 # Make sure so we don't get fooled by inherited $ENV{MOD_PERL}
188 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} && $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} == 2) {
190 require Apache2::Response;
191 require Apache2::RequestRec;
192 require Apache2::RequestUtil;
193 require Apache2::RequestIO;
201 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
202 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
204 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
205 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
206 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
207 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
208 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
210 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
219 if ($needs_binmode) {
220 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDOUT);
221 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDIN);
222 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDERR);
226 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
227 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
228 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
229 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
230 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param nobr
231 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big Area Map/],
232 ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe
233 ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q
235 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
236 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
237 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
238 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
239 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
240 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated request_uri url self_url script_name
242 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
243 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol virtual_port
244 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http append
245 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
246 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
247 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
248 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
249 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
250 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/],
251 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/],
252 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/],
253 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/]
256 # Custom 'can' method for both autoloaded and non-autoloaded subroutines.
257 # Author: Cees Hek <cees@sitesuite.com.au>
260 my($class, $method) = @_;
262 # See if UNIVERSAL::can finds it.
264 if (my $func = $class -> SUPER::can($method) ){
268 # Try to compile the function.
271 # _compile looks at $AUTOLOAD for the function name.
273 local $AUTOLOAD = join "::", $class, $method;
277 # Now that the function is loaded (if it exists)
278 # just use UNIVERSAL::can again to do the work.
280 return $class -> SUPER::can($method);
283 # to import symbols into caller
287 # This causes modules to clash.
291 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
292 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
294 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
295 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
296 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
297 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
299 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
300 foreach $pck (@packages) {
301 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
306 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
312 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
317 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
319 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
320 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
321 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
327 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
328 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
331 my($class,@initializer) = @_;
334 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
336 # always use a tempfile
337 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = 1;
339 if (ref($initializer[0])
340 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache')
342 UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache2::RequestRec')
344 $self->r(shift @initializer);
346 if (ref($initializer[0])
347 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'CODE'))) {
348 $self->upload_hook(shift @initializer, shift @initializer);
349 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = shift @initializer if (@initializer > 0);
352 if ($MOD_PERL == 1) {
353 $self->r(Apache->request) unless $self->r;
355 $r->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
356 $self->_setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
359 # XXX: once we have the new API
360 # will do a real PerlOptions -SetupEnv check
361 $self->r(Apache2::RequestUtil->request) unless $self->r;
363 $r->subprocess_env unless exists $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD};
364 $r->pool->cleanup_register(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
365 $self->_setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
369 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
370 $self->init(@initializer);
374 # We provide a DESTROY method so that we can ensure that
375 # temporary files are closed (via Fh->DESTROY) before they
376 # are unlinked (via CGITempFile->DESTROY) because it is not
377 # possible to unlink an open file on Win32. We explicitly
378 # call DESTROY on each, rather than just undefing them and
379 # letting Perl DESTROY them by garbage collection, in case the
380 # user is still holding any reference to them as well.
383 if ($OS eq 'WINDOWS') {
384 foreach my $href (values %{$self->{'.tmpfiles'}}) {
385 $href->{hndl}->DESTROY if defined $href->{hndl};
386 $href->{name}->DESTROY if defined $href->{name};
393 my $r = $self->{'.r'};
394 $self->{'.r'} = shift if @_;
400 if (ref $_[0] eq 'CODE') {
401 $CGI::Q = $self = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
405 my ($hook,$data,$use_tempfile) = @_;
406 $self->{'.upload_hook'} = $hook;
407 $self->{'.upload_data'} = $data;
408 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = $use_tempfile if defined $use_tempfile;
412 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
413 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
414 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
415 # member of the list.
416 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
417 # the known parameters names available.
418 # If more than one argument is provided, the
419 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
420 # set the value of the parameter.
423 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
424 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
425 my($name,$value,@other);
427 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
428 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
430 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
433 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
434 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
436 foreach ($value,@other) {
437 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
440 # If values is provided, then we set it.
441 if (@values or defined $value) {
442 $self->add_parameter($name);
443 $self->{param}{$name}=[@values];
449 return unless defined($name) && $self->{param}{$name};
451 my @result = @{$self->{param}{$name}};
454 eval "require Encode; 1;" unless Encode->can('decode'); # bring in these functions
455 @result = map {ref $_ ? $_ : Encode::decode(utf8=>$_) } @result;
458 return wantarray ? @result : $result[0];
461 sub self_or_default {
462 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
463 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
464 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
466 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
469 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
473 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
474 if (defined($_[0]) &&
475 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
476 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
479 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
483 ########################################
484 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
485 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
487 ########################################
489 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
490 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
491 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
492 # and the values are stored as lists
493 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
494 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
498 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
502 my $initializer = shift; # for backward compatibility
505 # set autoescaping on by default
506 $self->{'escape'} = 1;
508 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
509 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
510 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
511 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
512 for my $name (@QUERY_PARAM) {
513 my $val = $QUERY_PARAM{$name}; # always an arrayref;
514 $self->param('-name'=>$name,'-value'=> $val);
515 if (defined $val and ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
516 for my $fh (grep {defined(fileno($_))} @$val) {
517 seek($fh,0,0); # reset the filehandle.
522 $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET);
523 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES};
524 $self->{'.tmpfiles'} = {%QUERY_TMPFILES};
528 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
529 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
531 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
533 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
534 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
538 # avoid unreasonably large postings
539 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
540 #discard the post, unread
541 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
545 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
548 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
549 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
550 && !defined($initializer)
552 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
553 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
557 # Process XForms postings. We know that we have XForms in the
559 # method eq 'POST' && content-type eq 'application/xml'
560 # method eq 'POST' && content-type =~ /multipart\/related.+start=/
561 # There are more cases, actually, but for now, we don't support other
562 # methods for XForm posts.
563 # In a XForm POST, the QUERY_STRING is parsed normally.
564 # If the content-type is 'application/xml', we just set the param
565 # XForms:Model (referring to the xml syntax) param containing the
567 # In the case of multipart/related we set XForms:Model as above, but
568 # the other parts are available as uploads with the Content-ID as the
570 # See the URL below for XForms specs on this issue.
571 # http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xforms-20060314/slice11.html#submit-options
572 if ($meth eq 'POST' && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})) {
573 if ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} eq 'application/xml') {
574 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
576 $self->add_parameter($param);
577 $self->read_from_client(\$value,$content_length,0)
578 if $content_length > 0;
579 push (@{$self->{param}{$param}},$value);
581 } elsif ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /multipart\/related.+boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?.+start=\"?\<?([^\"\>]+)\>?\"?/) {
582 my($boundary,$start) = ($1,$2);
583 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
584 $self->add_parameter($param);
585 my($value) = $self->read_multipart_related($start,$boundary,$content_length,0);
586 push (@{$self->{param}{$param}},$value);
588 $query_string = $self->r->args;
590 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
591 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
598 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
600 if (!$is_xforms && defined($initializer)) {
601 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
602 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
605 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
606 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
607 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
612 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
618 # massage back into standard format
619 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
620 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
622 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
627 # last chance -- treat it as a string
628 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
629 $query_string = $initializer;
634 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
636 if ($is_xforms || $meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
638 $query_string = $self->r->args;
640 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
641 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
646 if ($meth eq 'POST' || $meth eq 'PUT') {
647 $self->read_from_client(\$query_string,$content_length,0)
648 if $content_length > 0;
649 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
650 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
651 # APPENDED to the POST data.
652 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
656 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
657 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
658 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
659 # UN*X programmers expect.
662 my $cmdline_ret = read_from_cmdline();
663 $query_string = $cmdline_ret->{'query_string'};
664 if (defined($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'}))
666 $self->path_info($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'});
671 # YL: Begin Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
672 if (!$is_xforms && ($meth eq 'POST' || $meth eq 'PUT')
673 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
674 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^application/x-www-form-urlencoded|
675 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^multipart/form-data| ) {
676 my($param) = $meth . 'DATA' ;
677 $self->add_parameter($param) ;
678 push (@{$self->{param}{$param}},$query_string);
679 undef $query_string ;
681 # YL: End Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
683 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
684 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
685 if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) {
686 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
687 $self->parse_params($query_string);
689 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
690 $self->{param}{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
694 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
696 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
700 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
701 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
702 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
703 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
706 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
707 $self->delete('.submit');
708 $self->delete('.cgifields');
710 $self->save_request unless defined $initializer;
713 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
714 # Turn a string into a filehandle
717 return undef unless $thingy;
718 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
719 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
722 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
723 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
724 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
730 # send output to the browser
732 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
736 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
742 # get/set last cgi_error
744 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
745 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
746 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
751 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
752 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
753 # us to have several of these objects.
754 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
755 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
756 next unless defined $_;
757 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{param}{$_};
759 $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset;
760 %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}};
761 %QUERY_TMPFILES = %{ $self->{'.tmpfiles'} || {} };
765 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
766 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
769 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
770 next unless defined $param;
771 next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value;
772 $value = '' unless defined $value;
773 $param = unescape($param);
774 $value = unescape($value);
775 $self->add_parameter($param);
776 push (@{$self->{param}{$param}},$value);
782 return unless defined $param;
783 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
784 unless defined($self->{param}{$param});
789 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
790 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
791 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
794 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
796 return unless defined($_[1]) && defined fileno($_[1]);
797 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
801 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
804 my (\$q,\$a,\@rest) = self_or_default(\@_);
806 if (ref(\$a) && ref(\$a) eq 'HASH') {
807 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(\$a,\$q->{'escape'});
808 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
810 unshift \@rest,\$a if defined \$a;
813 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
814 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
815 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
816 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
819 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@rest;
820 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
821 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
822 (ref(\$rest[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$rest[0]} : "\@rest";
830 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
831 my $func = &_compile;
836 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
837 my($pack,$func_name);
839 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
840 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
841 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
842 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
843 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
844 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
846 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
848 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
850 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
851 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@;
852 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
854 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
856 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
858 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
859 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
862 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
863 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
864 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
867 croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code;
869 eval "package $pack; $code";
872 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@");
875 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
876 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
882 return '' unless $value;
883 return $XHTML ? qq(selected="selected" ) : qq(selected );
889 return '' unless $value;
890 return $XHTML ? qq(checked="checked" ) : qq(checked );
893 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
899 # to avoid reexporting unwanted variables
903 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
904 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
905 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
906 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
907 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
908 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
909 $PARAM_UTF8++, next if /^[:-]utf8$/;
910 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
911 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
912 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
913 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
914 $TABINDEX++, next if /^[:-]tabindex$/;
915 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES++, next if /^[:-]close_upload_files$/;
916 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
917 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
918 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/;
920 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
921 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
922 my($pkg) = caller(1);
923 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
924 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
925 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
931 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
932 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
936 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
941 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
942 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
947 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
948 $self->{'.elid'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
949 sprintf('%010d',$self->{'.elid'}++);
953 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
954 $self->{'.etab'} ||= 1;
955 $self->{'.etab'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
956 my $tab = $self->{'.etab'}++;
957 return '' unless $TABINDEX or defined $new_value;
958 return qq(tabindex="$tab" );
961 ###############################################################################
962 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
963 ###############################################################################
964 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
965 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
969 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
970 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
973 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
974 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
977 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
978 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
981 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
982 # Create a new multipart buffer
983 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
984 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
985 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length);
989 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
990 # Read data from a file handle
991 sub read_from_client {
992 my($self, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
993 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
995 ? $self->r->read($$buff, $len, $offset)
996 : read(\*STDIN, $$buff, $len, $offset);
1000 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1002 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
1005 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1006 my(@names) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
1007 my @to_delete = ref($names[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$names[0] : @names;
1009 foreach my $name (@to_delete)
1011 CORE::delete $self->{param}{$name};
1012 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
1013 $to_delete{$name}++;
1015 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep { !exists($to_delete{$_}) } $self->param();
1020 #### Method: import_names
1021 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
1022 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
1024 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1026 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
1027 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
1028 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
1029 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
1030 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
1031 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
1032 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
1038 my($param,@value,$var);
1039 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1040 # protect against silly names
1041 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
1042 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
1043 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
1044 @value = $self->param($param);
1046 $symbol = $value[0];
1051 #### Method: keywords
1052 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
1053 # returns the list of keywords.
1054 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
1056 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1058 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
1059 # If values is provided, then we set it.
1060 $self->{param}{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
1061 my(@result) = defined($self->{param}{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{param}{'keywords'}} : ();
1066 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1067 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1068 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1073 return %in if wantarray;
1078 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1079 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1080 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1087 *in=*{"${pkg}::in"};
1090 return scalar(keys %in);
1094 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1096 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1097 return $self->header();
1101 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1103 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1104 return $self->start_html(@p);
1108 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1110 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1111 return $self->end_html(@p);
1115 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1118 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
1119 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
1123 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1125 return request_method() eq 'GET';
1129 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1131 return request_method() eq 'POST';
1135 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1139 if (ref($arg) && UNIVERSAL::isa($arg,'CGI')) {
1142 return $Q ||= $class->new(@_);
1146 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1151 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
1152 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
1156 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1158 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
1159 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
1160 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
1164 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1166 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
1167 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1171 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1173 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1177 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1179 exists $_[0]->{param}{$_[1]};
1183 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1185 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
1189 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1197 # Append a new value to an existing query
1199 'append' => <<'EOF',
1201 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1202 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
1203 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
1205 $self->add_parameter($name);
1206 push(@{$self->{param}{$name}},@values);
1208 return $self->param($name);
1212 #### Method: delete_all
1213 # Delete all parameters
1215 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1217 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1218 my @param = $self->param();
1219 $self->delete(@param);
1223 'Delete' => <<'EOF',
1225 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1230 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1232 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1233 $self->delete_all(@p);
1237 #### Method: autoescape
1238 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
1239 # call this method with undef as the argument
1240 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1242 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
1243 my $d = $self->{'escape'};
1244 $self->{'escape'} = $escape;
1250 #### Method: version
1251 # Return the current version
1253 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1259 #### Method: url_param
1260 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
1261 # whether this was a POST or a GET
1263 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1265 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1266 my $name = shift(@p);
1267 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1268 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
1269 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
1270 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
1271 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1274 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
1275 $param = unescape($param);
1276 $value = unescape($value);
1277 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
1280 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
1283 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
1284 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
1285 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
1286 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1291 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1292 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1295 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1297 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1298 my($param,$value,@result);
1299 return '<ul></ul>' unless $self->param;
1300 push(@result,"<ul>");
1301 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1302 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1303 push(@result,"<li><strong>$param</strong></li>");
1304 push(@result,"<ul>");
1305 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1306 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1307 $value =~ s/\n/<br \/>\n/g;
1308 push(@result,"<li>$value</li>");
1310 push(@result,"</ul>");
1312 push(@result,"</ul>");
1313 return join("\n",@result);
1317 #### Method as_string
1319 # synonym for "dump"
1321 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1328 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1329 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1331 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1333 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1334 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1336 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1337 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1338 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1339 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1341 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1342 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1345 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
1346 print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n";
1348 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1353 #### Method: save_parameters
1354 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1355 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1357 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1358 sub save_parameters {
1360 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1364 #### Method: restore_parameters
1365 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1366 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1368 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1369 sub restore_parameters {
1370 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1374 #### Method: multipart_init
1375 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1376 # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1378 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1379 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1381 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1382 sub multipart_init {
1383 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1384 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1385 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1386 $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF";
1387 $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF";
1388 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1389 return $self->header(
1392 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1393 ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end;
1398 #### Method: multipart_start
1399 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1401 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1402 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1404 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1405 sub multipart_start {
1407 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1408 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1409 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1410 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type");
1412 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1413 # need to fix it up a little.
1415 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1416 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1417 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1419 push(@header,@other);
1420 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1426 #### Method: multipart_end
1427 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section
1429 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1432 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1434 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1435 return $self->{'separator'};
1440 #### Method: multipart_final
1441 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections
1443 # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1445 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1446 sub multipart_final {
1447 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1448 return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF;
1454 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1457 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1459 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1462 return "" if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1464 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,$p3p,@other) =
1465 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1466 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1467 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1468 'ATTACHMENT','P3P'],@p);
1472 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1474 if (defined $charset) {
1475 $self->charset($charset);
1477 $charset = $self->charset if $type =~ /^text\//;
1481 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1482 # need to fix it up a little.
1484 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1485 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1486 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/"\u$1\L$2" . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1489 $type .= "; charset=$charset"
1491 and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/
1492 and defined $charset
1495 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1496 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1497 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1498 push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph;
1500 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1501 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1503 $p3p = join ' ',@$p3p if ref($p3p) eq 'ARRAY';
1504 push(@header,qq(P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml", CP="$p3p"));
1506 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1508 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1510 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1511 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1514 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1515 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1517 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1519 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph;
1520 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1521 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1522 push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other);
1523 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1524 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1525 if (($MOD_PERL >= 1) && !$nph) {
1526 $self->r->send_cgi_header($header);
1535 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1538 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1540 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1541 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1542 if ($new_value ne '') {
1543 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1545 return $self->{'cache'};
1550 #### Method: redirect
1551 # Return a Location: style header
1554 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1556 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1557 my($url,$target,$status,$cookie,$nph,@other) =
1558 rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,STATUS,['COOKIE','COOKIES'],NPH],@p);
1559 $status = '302 Found' unless defined $status;
1560 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1562 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1564 '-Status' => $status,
1567 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1568 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1570 unshift(@unescaped,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1571 return $self->header((map {$self->unescapeHTML($_)} @o),@unescaped);
1576 #### Method: start_html
1577 # Canned HTML header
1580 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1581 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1582 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1583 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1584 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1585 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1586 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1587 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1588 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1589 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <head> tag
1590 # (a scalar or array ref)
1591 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1592 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1595 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1597 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1598 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,
1599 $target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,$encoding,$declare_xml,@other) =
1600 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,
1601 META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG,ENCODING,DECLARE_XML],@p);
1603 $self->element_id(0);
1604 $self->element_tab(0);
1606 $encoding = lc($self->charset) unless defined $encoding;
1608 # Need to sort out the DTD before it's okay to call escapeHTML().
1609 my(@result,$xml_dtd);
1611 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1612 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1614 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1617 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1620 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY' && $dtd->[0] =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1621 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq '' && $dtd =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1622 push @result,qq(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="$encoding"?>) if $xml_dtd && $declare_xml;
1624 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1625 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\t "$dtd->[1]">));
1626 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd->[0];
1628 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1629 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd;
1632 # Now that we know whether we're using the HTML 3.2 DTD or not, it's okay to
1633 # call escapeHTML(). Strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as
1634 # HTML while the author needs to be escaped as a URL.
1635 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1636 $author = $self->escape($author);
1638 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML (2\.0|3\.2)/i) {
1639 $lang = "" unless defined $lang;
1643 $lang = 'en-US' unless defined $lang;
1646 my $lang_bits = $lang ne '' ? qq( lang="$lang" xml:lang="$lang") : '';
1647 my $meta_bits = qq(<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=$encoding" />)
1648 if $XHTML && $encoding && !$declare_xml;
1650 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"$lang_bits>\n<head>\n<title>$title</title>)
1651 : ($lang ? qq(<html lang="$lang">) : "<html>")
1652 . "<head><title>$title</title>");
1653 if (defined $author) {
1654 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1655 : "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1658 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1659 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1660 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1661 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1664 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1665 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1666 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1669 my $meta_bits_set = 0;
1672 push @result, @$head;
1673 $meta_bits_set = 1 if grep { /http-equiv=["']Content-Type/i }@$head;
1676 push @result, $head;
1677 $meta_bits_set = 1 if $head =~ /http-equiv=["']Content-Type/i;
1681 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1682 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1683 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1684 push(@result,$meta_bits) if defined $meta_bits and !$meta_bits_set;
1686 # handle -noscript parameter
1687 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1693 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1694 push(@result,"</head>\n<body$other>\n");
1695 return join("\n",@result);
1700 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1702 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1704 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1707 my $type = 'text/css';
1708 my $rel = 'stylesheet';
1711 my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n<!--/* <![CDATA[ */" : "\n<!-- ";
1712 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n/* ]]> */-->\n" : " -->\n";
1714 my @s = ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : $style;
1719 my($src,$code,$verbatim,$stype,$alternate,$foo,@other) =
1720 rearrange([qw(SRC CODE VERBATIM TYPE ALTERNATE FOO)],
1722 ref($s) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$s : %$s));
1723 my $type = defined $stype ? $stype : 'text/css';
1724 my $rel = $alternate ? 'alternate stylesheet' : 'stylesheet';
1725 $other = "@other" if @other;
1727 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1728 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one
1729 foreach $src (@$src)
1731 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1732 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)) if $src;
1736 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1737 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1738 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)
1742 my @v = ref($verbatim) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$verbatim : $verbatim;
1743 push(@result, "<style type=\"text/css\">\n$_\n</style>") foreach @v;
1745 my @c = ref($code) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$code : $code if $code;
1746 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$_\n$cdata_end")) foreach @c;
1750 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1751 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>));
1758 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1760 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1763 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1764 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1765 my($src,$code,$language);
1766 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1767 ($src,$code,$type) =
1768 rearrange(['SRC','CODE',['LANGUAGE','TYPE']],
1769 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1770 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1771 $type ||= 'text/javascript';
1772 unless ($type =~ m!\w+/\w+!) {
1773 $type =~ s/[\d.]+$//;
1774 $type = "text/$type";
1777 ($src,$code,$type) = ('',$script, 'text/javascript');
1780 my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default
1781 $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i;
1782 $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i;
1784 my ($cdata_start,$cdata_end);
1786 $cdata_start = "$comment<![CDATA[\n";
1787 $cdata_end .= "\n$comment]]>";
1789 $cdata_start = "\n<!-- Hide script\n";
1790 $cdata_end = $comment;
1791 $cdata_end .= " End script hiding -->\n";
1794 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1795 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1796 $code = $cdata_start . $code . $cdata_end if defined $code;
1797 push(@result,$self->script({@satts},$code || ''));
1803 #### Method: end_html
1804 # End an HTML document.
1805 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</body>"
1807 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1809 return "\n</body>\n</html>";
1814 ################################
1815 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1816 ################################
1818 #### Method: isindex
1819 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1821 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1823 # A string containing a <isindex> tag
1824 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1826 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1827 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1828 $action = qq/ action="$action"/ if $action;
1829 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1830 return $XHTML ? "<isindex$action$other />" : "<isindex$action$other>";
1835 #### Method: startform
1838 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1839 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1840 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1841 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1843 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1845 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1846 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1848 $method = $self->escapeHTML(lc($method || 'post'));
1849 $enctype = $self->escapeHTML($enctype || &URL_ENCODED);
1850 if (defined $action) {
1851 $action = $self->escapeHTML($action);
1854 $action = $self->escapeHTML($self->request_uri || $self->self_url);
1856 $action = qq(action="$action");
1857 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1858 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1859 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1864 #### Method: start_form
1865 # synonym for startform
1866 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1868 $XHTML ? &start_multipart_form : &startform;
1872 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1873 sub end_multipart_form {
1878 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1879 # synonym for startform
1880 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1881 sub start_multipart_form {
1882 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1883 if (defined($p[0]) && substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1884 return $self->startform(-enctype=>&MULTIPART,@p);
1886 my($method,$action,@other) =
1887 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1888 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1894 #### Method: endform
1896 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1898 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1900 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1902 if (my @fields = $self->get_fields) {
1903 return wantarray ? ("<div>",@fields,"</div>","</form>")
1904 : "<div>".(join '',@fields)."</div>\n</form>";
1913 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1915 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1916 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1917 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1919 my $current = $override ? $default :
1920 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1922 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : '';
1923 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1924 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : '';
1925 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : '';
1926 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1927 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1928 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1929 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1930 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1931 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $tabindex$value$s$m$other />)
1932 : qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>);
1936 #### Method: textfield
1938 # $name -> Name of the text field
1939 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1941 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1942 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1944 # A string containing a <input type="text"> field
1946 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1948 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1949 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1954 #### Method: filefield
1956 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1957 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1958 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1960 # A string containing a <input type="file"> field
1962 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1964 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1965 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1970 #### Method: password
1971 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1973 # $name -> Name of the field
1974 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1976 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1977 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1979 # A string containing a <input type="password"> field
1981 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1982 sub password_field {
1983 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1984 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1988 #### Method: textarea
1990 # $name -> Name of the text field
1991 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1993 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1994 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1996 # A string containing a <textarea></textarea> tag
1998 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2000 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2001 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2002 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2004 my($current)= $override ? $default :
2005 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
2007 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
2008 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
2009 my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : '';
2010 my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : '';
2011 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2012 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2013 return qq{<textarea name="$name" $tabindex$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
2019 # Create a javascript button.
2021 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
2022 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
2023 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
2026 # A string containing a <input type="button"> tag
2028 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2030 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2032 my($label,$value,$script,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
2033 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT],TABINDEX],@p);
2035 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2036 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2037 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
2040 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label;
2041 $value = $value || $label;
2043 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
2044 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
2045 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2046 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2047 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button" $tabindex$name$val$script$other />)
2048 : qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>);
2054 # Create a "submit query" button.
2056 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2057 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
2058 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
2060 # A string containing a <input type="submit"> tag
2062 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2064 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2066 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],TABINDEX],@p);
2068 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2069 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2071 my $name = $NOSTICKY ? '' : 'name=".submit" ';
2072 $name = qq/name="$label" / if defined($label);
2073 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2075 $val = qq/value="$value" / if defined($value);
2076 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2077 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2078 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" $tabindex$name$val$other/>)
2079 : qq(<input type="submit" $name$val$other>);
2085 # Create a "reset" button.
2087 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2089 # A string containing a <input type="reset"> tag
2091 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2093 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2094 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange(['NAME',['VALUE','LABEL'],TABINDEX],@p);
2095 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2096 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2097 my ($name) = ' name=".reset"';
2098 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
2099 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2101 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
2102 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2103 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2104 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset" $tabindex$name$val$other />)
2105 : qq(<input type="reset"$name$val$other>);
2110 #### Method: defaults
2111 # Create a "defaults" button.
2113 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2115 # A string containing a <input type="submit" name=".defaults"> tag
2117 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
2118 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
2121 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2123 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2125 my($label,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE],TABINDEX],@p);
2127 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2128 $label = $label || "Defaults";
2129 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
2130 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2131 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2132 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" name=".defaults" $tabindex$value$other />)
2133 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
2138 #### Method: comment
2139 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
2140 # Parameters: a string
2141 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2143 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2144 return "<!-- @p -->";
2148 #### Method: checkbox
2149 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
2150 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
2152 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
2153 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
2154 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
2155 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
2156 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
2158 # A string containing a <input type="checkbox"> field
2160 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2162 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2164 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$labelattributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2165 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,LABELATTRIBUTES,
2166 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2168 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
2170 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2171 defined $self->param($name))) {
2172 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : '';
2174 $checked = $self->_checked($checked);
2176 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
2177 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
2178 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2179 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
2180 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2181 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2182 $self->register_parameter($name);
2183 return $XHTML ? CGI::label($labelattributes,
2184 qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value" $tabindex$checked$other/>$the_label})
2185 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
2191 # Escape HTML -- used internally
2192 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2194 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2195 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2196 my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2197 return undef unless defined($toencode);
2198 return $toencode if ref($self) && !$self->{'escape'};
2199 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
2200 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
2201 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
2202 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML 3\.2/i) {
2203 # $quot; was accidentally omitted from the HTML 3.2 DTD -- see
2204 # <http://validator.w3.org/docs/errors.html#bad-entity> /
2205 # <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/1997Mar/0003.html>.
2206 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2209 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2211 # Handle bug in some browsers with Latin charsets
2212 if ($self->{'.charset'} &&
2213 (uc($self->{'.charset'}) eq 'ISO-8859-1' ||
2214 uc($self->{'.charset'}) eq 'WINDOWS-1252'))
2216 $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso;
2217 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
2218 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
2219 if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) {
2220 $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso;
2221 $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso;
2228 # unescape HTML -- used internally
2229 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2231 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2232 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2233 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2234 return undef unless defined($string);
2235 my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i
2237 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
2238 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
2244 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
2245 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
2252 # Internal procedure - don't use
2253 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2255 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
2256 my @rowheaders = $rowheaders ? @$rowheaders : ();
2257 my @colheaders = $colheaders ? @$colheaders : ();
2260 if (defined($columns)) {
2261 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
2263 if (defined($rows)) {
2264 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
2267 # rearrange into a pretty table
2268 $result = "<table>";
2270 unshift(@colheaders,'') if @colheaders && @rowheaders;
2271 $result .= "<tr>" if @colheaders;
2272 foreach (@colheaders) {
2273 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
2275 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
2277 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders[$row]</th>" if @rowheaders;
2278 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
2279 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
2280 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
2284 $result .= "</table>";
2290 #### Method: radio_group
2291 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
2293 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
2294 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2295 # values for each button in the group.
2296 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
2297 # to turn _nothing_ on.
2298 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2299 # between the buttons.
2300 # $labels -> (optional)
2301 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2302 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2303 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2305 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="radio"> fields
2307 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2309 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2310 $self->_box_group('radio',@p);
2314 #### Method: checkbox_group
2315 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
2317 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
2318 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2319 # values for each checkbox in the group.
2320 # $defaults -> (optional)
2321 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
2322 # then this will be used to decide which
2323 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
2324 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
2325 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
2326 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2327 # between the buttons.
2328 # $labels -> (optional)
2329 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2330 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2331 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2333 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="checkbox"> fields
2336 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2337 sub checkbox_group {
2338 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2339 $self->_box_group('checkbox',@p);
2343 '_box_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2346 my $box_type = shift;
2348 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$labelattributes,
2349 $attributes,$rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,
2350 $override,$nolabels,$tabindex,$disabled,@other) =
2351 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LINEBREAK,LABELS,LABELATTRIBUTES,
2352 ATTRIBUTES,ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],[ROWHEADERS,ROWHEADER],[COLHEADERS,COLHEADER],
2353 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS,TABINDEX,DISABLED
2357 my($result,$checked,@elements,@values);
2359 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2360 my %checked = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2362 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
2363 $checked{$values[0]}++ if $box_type eq 'radio' && !%checked;
2365 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2368 if ($TABINDEX && $tabindex) {
2369 if (!ref $tabindex) {
2370 $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2371 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'ARRAY') {
2372 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @$tabindex;
2373 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'HASH') {
2377 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @values unless %tabs;
2378 my $other = @other ? "@other " : '';
2381 # for disabling groups of radio/checkbox buttons
2383 foreach (@{$disabled}) {
2389 if ($disabled{$_}) {
2390 $disable="disabled='1'";
2393 my $checkit = $self->_checked($box_type eq 'radio' ? ($checked{$_} && !$radio_checked++)
2397 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
2403 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
2405 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2406 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2407 $label = "<span style=\"color:gray\">$label</span>" if $disabled{$_};
2409 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2410 my $tab = $tabs{$_};
2411 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2415 CGI::label($labelattributes,
2416 qq(<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_" $checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable/>$label)).${break};
2418 push(@elements,qq/<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable>${label}${break}/);
2421 $self->register_parameter($name);
2422 return wantarray ? @elements : "@elements"
2423 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
2424 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
2429 #### Method: popup_menu
2430 # Create a popup menu.
2432 # $name -> Name for all the menu
2433 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2434 # text of each menu item.
2435 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2436 # $labels -> (optional)
2437 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2438 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2439 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2441 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2443 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2445 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2447 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2448 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,
2449 ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2450 my($result,%selected);
2452 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2453 $selected{$self->param($name)}++;
2454 } elsif ($default) {
2455 %selected = map {$_=>1} ref($default) eq 'ARRAY'
2459 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2460 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2463 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2464 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2465 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$other>\n/;
2468 for my $v (split(/\n/)) {
2469 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2470 for my $selected (keys %selected) {
2471 $v =~ s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/;
2477 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2478 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2480 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2481 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2482 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2483 $result .= "<option${attribs} ${selectit}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2487 $result .= "</select>";
2493 #### Method: optgroup
2494 # Create a optgroup.
2496 # $name -> Label for the group
2497 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2498 # values for each option line in the group.
2499 # $labels -> (optional)
2500 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each item
2501 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2502 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2503 # $labeled -> (optional)
2504 # A true value indicates the value should be used as the label attribute
2505 # in the option elements.
2506 # The label attribute specifies the option label presented to the user.
2507 # This defaults to the content of the <option> element, but the label
2508 # attribute allows authors to more easily use optgroup without sacrificing
2509 # compatibility with browsers that do not support option groups.
2510 # $novals -> (optional)
2511 # A true value indicates to suppress the val attribute in the option elements
2513 # A string containing the definition of an option group.
2515 'optgroup' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2517 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2518 my($name,$values,$attributes,$labeled,$noval,$labels,@other)
2519 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],ATTRIBUTES,LABELED,NOVALS,LABELS],@p);
2521 my($result,@values);
2522 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name,$labeled,$novals);
2523 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2525 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2526 $result = qq/<optgroup label="$name"$other>\n/;
2529 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2530 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2531 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2536 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2538 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2539 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2540 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2541 $result .= $labeled ? $novals ? "<option$attribs label=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2542 : "<option$attribs label=\"$value\" value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2543 : $novals ? "<option$attribs>$label</option>\n"
2544 : "<option$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2547 $result .= "</optgroup>";
2553 #### Method: scrolling_list
2554 # Create a scrolling list.
2556 # $name -> name for the list
2557 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2558 # values for each option line in the list.
2559 # $defaults -> (optional)
2560 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2561 # then this will be used to decide which
2562 # lines to turn on by default.
2563 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2564 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2565 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2566 # $labels -> (optional)
2567 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2568 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2569 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2571 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2573 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2574 sub scrolling_list {
2575 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2576 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other)
2577 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2578 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2580 my($result,@values);
2581 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2583 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2585 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2587 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : '';
2588 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2589 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2591 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2592 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2593 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2595 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2597 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2598 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2599 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2600 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2601 $result .= "<option ${selectit}${attribs}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2603 $result .= "</select>";
2604 $self->register_parameter($name);
2612 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2613 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2615 # $default->[initial values of field]
2617 # A string containing a <input type="hidden" name="name" value="value">
2619 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2621 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2623 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2624 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2626 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2627 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2629 my $do_override = 0;
2630 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2631 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2632 $do_override = $override;
2634 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2635 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2639 # use previous values if override is not set
2640 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2641 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2643 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2645 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : '';
2646 push @result,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other />)
2647 : qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other>);
2649 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2654 #### Method: image_button
2656 # $name -> Name of the button
2657 # $src -> URL of the image source
2658 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2660 # A string containing a <input type="image" name="name" src="url" align="alignment">
2662 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2664 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2666 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2667 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2669 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\L\"$alignment\"" : '';
2670 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2671 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2672 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2673 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2678 #### Method: self_url
2679 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2680 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2681 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2682 # script with all its state information preserved.
2684 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2686 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2687 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2692 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2693 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2694 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2702 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2705 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2707 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2708 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base,$rewrite) =
2709 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE','REWRITE'],@p);
2711 $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute);
2712 $rewrite++ unless defined $rewrite;
2714 my $path = $self->path_info;
2715 my $script_name = $self->script_name;
2716 my $request_uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2717 my $query_str = $self->query_string;
2719 my $rewrite_in_use = $request_uri && $request_uri !~ /^\Q$script_name/;
2720 undef $path if $rewrite_in_use && $rewrite; # path not valid when rewriting active
2722 my $uri = $rewrite && $request_uri ? $request_uri : $script_name;
2723 $uri =~ s/\?.*$//; # remove query string
2724 $uri =~ s/\Q$path\E$// if defined $path; # remove path
2727 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2728 $url = "$protocol://";
2729 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || '';
2730 $vh =~ s/\:\d+$//; # some clients add the port number (incorrectly). Get rid of it.
2734 $url .= server_name();
2736 my $port = $self->server_port;
2738 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2739 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2740 return $url if $base;
2742 } elsif ($relative) {
2743 ($url) = $uri =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2744 } elsif ($absolute) {
2748 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2749 $url .= "?$query_str" if $query and $query_str ne '';
2751 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2758 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2759 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2760 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2762 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2763 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2764 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2765 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2766 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2767 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2769 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2771 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2772 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires,$httponly) =
2773 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES,HTTPONLY],@p);
2775 require CGI::Cookie;
2777 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2778 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2779 # cookies in our state variables.
2780 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2781 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2782 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2784 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2785 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2786 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2787 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2788 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2791 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2792 return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error
2795 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2796 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2797 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2798 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2799 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2800 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2801 push(@param,'-httponly'=>$httponly) if $httponly;
2803 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2807 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2808 sub parse_keywordlist {
2809 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2810 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2811 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2812 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2817 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2819 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2820 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2821 unless (exists($self->{param}{$name})) {
2822 $self->add_parameter($name);
2823 $self->{param}{$name} = [];
2826 return $self->{param}{$name};
2830 ###############################################
2831 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2832 ###############################################
2834 #### Method: path_info
2835 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2836 # after the URL (if any)
2838 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2840 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2841 if (defined($info)) {
2842 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2843 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2844 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2845 my (undef,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env;
2846 $self->{'.path_info'} = $path_info || '';
2848 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2852 # This function returns a potentially modified version of SCRIPT_NAME
2853 # and PATH_INFO. Some HTTP servers do sanitise the paths in those
2854 # variables. It is the case of at least Apache 2. If for instance the
2855 # user requests: /path/./to/script.cgi/x//y/z/../x?y, Apache will set:
2856 # REQUEST_URI=/path/./to/script.cgi/x//y/z/../x?y
2857 # SCRIPT_NAME=/path/to/env.cgi
2860 # This is all fine except that some bogus CGI scripts expect
2861 # PATH_INFO=/http://foo when the user requests
2862 # http://xxx/script.cgi/http://foo
2864 # Old versions of this module used to accomodate with those scripts, so
2865 # this is why we do this here to keep those scripts backward compatible.
2866 # Basically, we accomodate with those scripts but within limits, that is
2867 # we only try to preserve the number of / that were provided by the user
2868 # if $REQUEST_URI and "$SCRIPT_NAME$PATH_INFO" only differ by the number
2871 # So for instance, in: http://foo/x//y/script.cgi/a//b, we'll return a
2872 # script_name of /x//y/script.cgi and a path_info of /a//b, but in:
2873 # http://foo/./x//z/script.cgi/a/../b//c, we'll return the versions
2874 # possibly sanitised by the HTTP server, so in the case of Apache 2:
2875 # script_name == /foo/x/z/script.cgi and path_info == /b/c.
2877 # Future versions of this module may no longer do that, so one should
2878 # avoid relying on the browser, proxy, server, and CGI.pm preserving the
2879 # number of consecutive slashes as no guarantee can be made there.
2880 '_name_and_path_from_env' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2881 sub _name_and_path_from_env {
2883 my $script_name = $ENV{SCRIPT_NAME} || '';
2884 my $path_info = $ENV{PATH_INFO} || '';
2885 my $uri = $self->request_uri || '';
2888 $uri = unescape($uri);
2890 if ($uri ne "$script_name$path_info") {
2891 my $script_name_pattern = quotemeta($script_name);
2892 my $path_info_pattern = quotemeta($path_info);
2893 $script_name_pattern =~ s{(?:\\/)+}{/+}g;
2894 $path_info_pattern =~ s{(?:\\/)+}{/+}g;
2896 if ($uri =~ /^($script_name_pattern)($path_info_pattern)$/s) {
2897 # REQUEST_URI and SCRIPT_NAME . PATH_INFO only differ by the
2898 # numer of consecutive slashes, so we can extract the info from
2900 ($script_name, $path_info) = ($1, $2);
2903 return ($script_name,$path_info);
2908 #### Method: request_method
2909 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2911 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2912 sub request_method {
2913 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2917 #### Method: content_type
2918 # Returns the content_type string
2920 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2922 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2926 #### Method: path_translated
2927 # Return the physical path information provided
2928 # by the URL (if any)
2930 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2931 sub path_translated {
2932 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2937 #### Method: request_uri
2938 # Return the literal request URI
2940 'request_uri' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2942 return $ENV{'REQUEST_URI'};
2947 #### Method: query_string
2948 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2951 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2953 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2954 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2955 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2956 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2957 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2958 $value = escape($value);
2959 next unless defined $value;
2960 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2963 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
2964 push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_"));
2966 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2972 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2973 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2974 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2975 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2976 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2977 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2978 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2979 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2980 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2982 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2984 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2985 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2987 my(@accept) = defined $self->http('accept')
2988 ? split(',',$self->http('accept'))
2992 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2993 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2995 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2998 return keys %prefs unless $search;
3000 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
3001 # perform a pattern matching operation.
3002 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
3003 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
3005 # First return the preference for directly supported
3007 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
3009 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
3010 foreach (keys %prefs) {
3011 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
3012 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
3013 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
3014 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
3020 #### Method: user_agent
3021 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
3022 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
3023 # insensitive) on the user agent.
3025 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3027 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
3028 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
3029 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
3034 #### Method: raw_cookie
3035 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
3036 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
3037 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
3038 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
3039 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
3042 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3044 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3046 require CGI::Cookie;
3048 if (defined($key)) {
3049 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
3050 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3052 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3053 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3054 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3056 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
3060 #### Method: virtual_host
3061 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
3062 # is not always the same as the server
3064 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3066 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || server_name();
3067 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
3072 #### Method: remote_host
3073 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
3074 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
3075 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
3078 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3080 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
3086 #### Method: remote_addr
3087 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
3089 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3091 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
3096 #### Method: script_name
3097 # Return the partial URL to this script for
3098 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
3099 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
3102 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3104 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
3106 $self->{'.script_name'} = shift @p;
3107 } elsif (!exists $self->{'.script_name'}) {
3108 my ($script_name,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env();
3109 $self->{'.script_name'} = $script_name;
3111 return $self->{'.script_name'};
3116 #### Method: referer
3117 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
3120 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3122 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3123 return $self->http('referer');
3128 #### Method: server_name
3129 # Return the name of the server
3131 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3133 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
3137 #### Method: server_software
3138 # Return the name of the server software
3140 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3141 sub server_software {
3142 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
3146 #### Method: virtual_port
3147 # Return the server port, taking virtual hosts into account
3149 'virtual_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3151 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
3152 my $vh = $self->http('x_forwarded_host') || $self->http('host');
3153 my $protocol = $self->protocol;
3155 return ($vh =~ /:(\d+)$/)[0] || ($protocol eq 'https' ? 443 : 80);
3157 return $self->server_port();
3162 #### Method: server_port
3163 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
3165 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3167 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
3171 #### Method: server_protocol
3172 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
3174 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3175 sub server_protocol {
3176 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
3181 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
3182 # the list of variables if none provided
3184 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3186 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3187 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
3188 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3189 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3191 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3192 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
3199 # Return the value of HTTPS
3201 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3204 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3205 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
3206 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
3207 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3208 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3210 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3211 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
3217 #### Method: protocol
3218 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
3220 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3224 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
3225 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
3226 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
3227 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
3228 return "\L$protocol\E";
3232 #### Method: remote_ident
3233 # Return the identity of the remote user
3234 # (but only if his host is running identd)
3236 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3238 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
3243 #### Method: auth_type
3244 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
3246 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3248 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
3253 #### Method: remote_user
3254 # Return the authorization name used for user
3257 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3259 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3264 #### Method: user_name
3265 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
3268 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3270 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3271 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3275 #### Method: nosticky
3276 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
3278 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3280 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3281 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
3282 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
3287 # Set or return the NPH global flag
3289 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3291 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3292 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
3297 #### Method: private_tempfiles
3298 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
3300 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3301 sub private_tempfiles {
3302 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3303 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
3304 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
3307 #### Method: close_upload_files
3308 # Set or return the close_upload_files global flag
3310 'close_upload_files' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3311 sub close_upload_files {
3312 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3313 $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = $param if defined($param);
3314 return $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3319 #### Method: default_dtd
3320 # Set or return the default_dtd global
3322 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3324 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3325 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
3326 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
3327 } elsif (defined $param) {
3328 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
3330 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
3334 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
3335 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3336 sub previous_or_default {
3337 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
3340 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
3341 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
3342 $selected{$_}++ for $self->param($name);
3343 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
3344 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
3345 $selected{$_}++ for @{$defaults};
3347 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
3354 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3355 sub register_parameter {
3356 my($self,$param) = @_;
3357 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
3361 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3364 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
3365 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
3370 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3371 sub read_from_cmdline {
3375 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
3377 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
3378 require "shellwords.pl";
3379 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input; press ^D or ^Z when done)\n";
3380 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
3381 $input = join(" ",@lines);
3382 @words = &shellwords($input);
3389 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
3390 $query_string = join('&',@words);
3392 $query_string = join('+',@words);
3394 if ($query_string =~ /^(.*?)\?(.*)$/)
3399 return { 'query_string' => $query_string, 'subpath' => $subpath };
3404 # subroutine: read_multipart
3406 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
3407 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
3408 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
3409 # caller can read from it if necessary.
3411 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3412 sub read_multipart {
3413 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3414 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3415 return unless $buffer;
3418 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3419 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3422 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3426 $header{'Content-Disposition'} ||= ''; # quench uninit variable warning
3428 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="([^"]*)"/;
3431 # See RFC 1867, 2183, 2045
3432 # NB: File content will be loaded into memory should
3433 # content-disposition parsing fail.
3434 my ($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}
3435 =~/ filename=(("[^"]*")|([a-z\d!\#'\*\+,\.^_\`\{\}\|\~]*))/i;
3437 $filename ||= ''; # quench uninit variable warning
3439 $filename =~ s/^"([^"]*)"$/$1/;
3440 # Test for Opera's multiple upload feature
3441 my($multipart) = ( defined( $header{'Content-Type'} ) &&
3442 $header{'Content-Type'} =~ /multipart\/mixed/ ) ?
3445 # add this parameter to our list
3446 $self->add_parameter($param);
3448 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
3449 # to our parameter list.
3450 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && !$multipart ) {
3451 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
3453 push(@{$self->{param}{$param}},$value);
3457 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3459 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3460 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3461 # the file for reading.
3463 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3464 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3465 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3469 # set the filename to some recognizable value
3470 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && $multipart ) {
3471 $filename = "multipart/mixed";
3474 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3475 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3476 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3477 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3478 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3479 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3480 $seqno += int rand(100);
3482 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3483 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3484 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3486 # if this is an multipart/mixed attachment, save the header
3487 # together with the body for later parsing with an external
3488 # MIME parser module
3490 foreach ( keys %header ) {
3491 print $filehandle "$_: $header{$_}${CRLF}";
3493 print $filehandle "${CRLF}";
3499 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3500 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3502 $totalbytes += length($data);
3503 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($filename ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3505 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3508 # back up to beginning of file
3509 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3511 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3512 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3513 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3515 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3516 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3518 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3520 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3521 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3522 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3523 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3524 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3525 hndl => $filehandle,
3529 push(@{$self->{param}{$param}},$filehandle);
3536 # subroutine: read_multipart_related
3538 # Read multipart/related data and store it into our parameters. The
3539 # first parameter sets the start of the data. The part identified by
3540 # this Content-ID will not be stored as a file upload, but will be
3541 # returned by this method. All other parts will be available as file
3542 # uploads accessible by their Content-ID
3544 'read_multipart_related' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3545 sub read_multipart_related {
3546 my($self,$start,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3547 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3548 return unless $buffer;
3552 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3553 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3556 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3560 my($param) = $header{'Content-ID'}=~/\<([^\>]*)\>/;
3563 # If this is the start part, then just read the data and assign it
3564 # to our return variable.
3565 if ( $param eq $start ) {
3566 $returnvalue = $buffer->readBody;
3567 $returnvalue .= $TAINTED;
3571 # add this parameter to our list
3572 $self->add_parameter($param);
3574 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3576 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3577 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3578 # the file for reading.
3580 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3581 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3582 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3586 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3587 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3588 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3589 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3590 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3591 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($param,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3592 $seqno += int rand(100);
3594 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3595 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3596 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3601 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3602 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3604 $totalbytes += length($data);
3605 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($param ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3607 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3610 # back up to beginning of file
3611 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3613 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3614 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3615 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3617 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3618 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3620 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3622 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3623 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3624 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3625 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3626 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3627 hndl => $filehandle,
3631 push(@{$self->{param}{$param}},$filehandle);
3634 return $returnvalue;
3639 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
3641 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
3642 my @param = grep {ref($_) && defined(fileno($_))} $self->param($param_name);
3643 return unless @param;
3644 return wantarray ? @param : $param[0];
3648 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3650 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3651 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name} ?
3652 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name}->as_string
3657 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3659 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3660 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{info};
3664 # internal routine, don't use
3665 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3666 sub _set_values_and_labels {
3669 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
3670 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
3671 return $v if !ref($v);
3672 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
3676 # internal routine, don't use
3677 '_set_attributes' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3678 sub _set_attributes {
3680 my($element, $attributes) = @_;
3681 return '' unless defined($attributes->{$element});
3683 foreach my $attrib (keys %{$attributes->{$element}}) {
3684 (my $clean_attrib = $attrib) =~ s/^-//;
3685 $attribs .= "@{[lc($clean_attrib)]}=\"$attributes->{$element}{$attrib}\" ";
3692 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3695 next if defined(&$_);
3696 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
3706 #########################################################
3707 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
3708 #########################################################
3710 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
3719 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3726 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3727 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3729 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3732 # get rid of package name
3733 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
3734 $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg;
3735 return $i.$CGI::TAINTED;
3737 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
3738 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
3739 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
3740 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
3742 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
3747 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3751 return "$self" cmp $value;
3755 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3757 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
3758 _setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
3759 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
3760 (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg;
3761 my $fv = ++$FH . $safename;
3762 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
3763 $file =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_\+ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3765 sysopen($ref,$safe,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
3766 unlink($safe) if $delete;
3767 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
3768 return bless $ref,$pack;
3775 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
3776 package MultipartBuffer;
3778 use constant DEBUG => 0;
3780 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
3781 # a 4K buffer by default.
3782 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
3783 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
3784 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3787 #reuse the autoload function
3788 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3790 # avoid autoloader warnings
3793 ###############################################################################
3794 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3795 ###############################################################################
3796 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3797 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3800 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3802 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3803 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3804 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN); # if $CGI::needs_binmode; # just do it always
3806 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3807 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3808 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3809 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3810 # by then, we return.
3812 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3813 # about providing boundary strings.
3814 my $boundary_read = 0;
3817 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3818 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3820 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3821 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3822 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport');
3824 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3826 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3827 $boundary = <STDIN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3828 $length -= length($boundary);
3829 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3830 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3834 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3836 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3837 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3841 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3842 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3844 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3846 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3847 unless ($boundary_read) {
3848 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3850 die "Malformed multipart POST: data truncated\n" if $self->eof;
3856 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3863 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS' || $CGI::EBCDIC;
3866 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3867 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3868 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3869 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3870 # this was a bad idea
3871 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3872 } until $ok || $bad;
3875 #EBCDIC NOTE: translate header into EBCDIC, but watch out for continuation lines!
3877 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3878 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3882 warn "untranslated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3883 $header = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($header);
3884 warn "translated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3887 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3888 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3889 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3891 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3892 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3894 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3895 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2);
3896 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3897 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3903 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3904 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3910 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate returnval into EBCDIC HERE
3912 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3913 $returnval .= $data;
3917 warn "untranslated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3918 $returnval = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($returnval);
3919 warn "translated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3925 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3926 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3927 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3928 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3930 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3932 # default number of bytes to read
3933 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3935 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3936 # is never split between reads.
3937 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3939 my $boundary_start = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}) : $self->{BOUNDARY};
3940 my $boundary_end = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}.'--') : $self->{BOUNDARY}.'--';
3942 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3943 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_start);
3945 warn "boundary=$self->{BOUNDARY} length=$self->{LENGTH} start=$start\n" if DEBUG;
3947 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3948 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless $self->{CHUNKED} || ($start >= 0 || $self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3950 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate boundary search into ASCII here.
3952 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3956 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3957 if (index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_end)==0) {
3963 # just remove the boundary.
3964 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($boundary_start))='';
3965 $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//;
3970 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3971 $bytesToReturn = $start-2 > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3972 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3973 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3974 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3976 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($boundary_start)+1);
3979 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3980 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3982 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3983 return ($bytesToReturn==$start)
3984 ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3989 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3990 # boundary is never split between reads
3991 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3993 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3994 return unless $self->{CHUNKED} || $self->{LENGTH};
3996 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3997 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3998 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3999 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
4001 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
4002 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client(\$self->{BUFFER},
4005 warn "bytesToRead=$bytesToRead, bufferLength=$bufferLength, buffer=$self->{BUFFER}\n" if DEBUG;
4006 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
4008 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
4009 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
4010 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
4011 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
4012 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
4013 if ($bytesRead <= 0) {
4014 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
4015 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
4017 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
4020 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $bytesRead;
4025 # Return true when we've finished reading
4026 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
4029 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
4030 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
4038 ####################################################################################
4039 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
4040 ####################################################################################
4041 package CGITempFile;
4045 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
4046 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
4047 unless (defined $TMPDIRECTORY) {
4048 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
4049 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
4050 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
4051 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH",
4052 "C:${SL}system${SL}temp");
4054 if( $CGI::OS eq 'WINDOWS' ){
4058 $ENV{WINDIR} . $SL . 'TEMP';
4061 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if defined $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
4063 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
4064 # it is problematic.
4065 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
4066 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
4067 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
4068 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
4069 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
4070 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
4073 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
4076 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
4083 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
4084 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
4085 *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
4089 $$self =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
4090 my $safe = $1; # untaint operation
4091 unlink $safe; # get rid of the file
4094 ###############################################################################
4095 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
4096 ###############################################################################
4097 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
4098 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
4101 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
4103 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
4105 find_tempdir() unless -w $TMPDIRECTORY;
4106 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
4107 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("\%s${SL}CGItemp%d", $TMPDIRECTORY, $sequence++));
4109 # check that it is a more-or-less valid filename
4110 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_\+ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$!;
4111 # this used to untaint, now it doesn't
4113 return bless \$filename;
4117 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
4129 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
4130 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
4131 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
4136 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
4137 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
4138 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
4139 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
4150 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4154 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
4155 # and echoes back its values.
4157 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4159 start_html('A Simple Example'),
4160 h1('A Simple Example'),
4162 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4163 "What's the combination?", p,
4164 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4165 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4166 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
4167 "What's your favorite color? ",
4168 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4169 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4175 my $name = param('name');
4176 my $keywords = join ', ',param('words');
4177 my $color = param('color');
4178 print "Your name is",em(escapeHTML($name)),p,
4179 "The keywords are: ",em(escapeHTML($keywords)),p,
4180 "Your favorite color is ",em(escapeHTML($color)),
4188 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
4189 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
4190 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
4191 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
4192 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
4193 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
4194 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
4195 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
4196 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
4197 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
4198 style sheets, server push, and frames.
4200 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
4201 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
4203 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
4205 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
4206 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
4210 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
4212 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
4213 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
4214 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
4215 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
4216 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
4217 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
4218 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
4219 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
4220 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
4221 script and restore it later.
4223 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
4224 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
4226 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
4227 use CGI; # load CGI routines
4228 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
4229 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
4230 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4231 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4232 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
4234 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
4235 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
4236 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
4237 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
4238 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
4239 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
4240 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
4241 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
4242 need to create the CGI object.
4244 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
4245 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
4246 print header, # create the HTTP header
4247 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4248 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4249 end_html; # end the HTML
4251 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
4252 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
4253 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
4255 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4257 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
4258 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
4259 argument calling style that looks like this:
4261 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
4263 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
4264 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
4265 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
4266 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
4267 dashes for the subsequent ones.
4269 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
4270 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
4271 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
4272 case, the single argument is the document type.
4274 print $q->header('text/html');
4276 Other such routines are documented below.
4278 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
4279 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
4280 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
4281 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
4282 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
4284 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
4285 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
4287 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
4288 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
4289 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
4290 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
4291 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
4292 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
4293 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
4294 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
4295 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
4301 h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>
4302 h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT">
4303 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1>
4305 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
4307 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
4308 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
4309 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
4310 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
4311 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
4312 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
4313 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
4316 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
4318 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
4319 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
4320 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
4321 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
4322 have several choices:
4328 Use another name for the argument, if one is available.
4329 For example, -value is an alias for -values.
4333 Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
4337 Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4341 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
4342 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
4343 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
4345 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
4346 -cost => 'Three smackers',
4347 -annoyance_level => 'high',
4348 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
4350 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
4353 Cost: Three smackers
4354 Annoyance-level: high
4355 Complaints-to: bit bucket
4356 Content-type: text/html
4358 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
4359 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
4362 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
4365 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4369 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
4370 it into a perl5 object called $query.
4372 Any filehandles from file uploads will have their position reset to
4373 the beginning of the file.
4375 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4377 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
4379 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
4380 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
4381 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
4382 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
4383 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
4384 can be saved and restored.
4386 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
4387 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
4388 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
4390 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
4392 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
4395 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
4396 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
4397 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
4398 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
4400 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
4401 restore_parameters(IN);
4404 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
4407 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
4408 'song'=>'I love you',
4409 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
4412 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
4414 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
4416 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
4417 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
4420 $old_query = new CGI;
4421 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
4423 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
4425 $empty_query = new CGI("");
4429 $empty_query = new CGI({});
4431 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4433 @keywords = $query->keywords
4435 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
4436 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
4438 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4440 @names = $query->param
4442 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
4443 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
4444 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
4445 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
4446 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
4447 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
4449 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
4450 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
4451 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
4452 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
4453 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
4455 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4457 @values = $query->param('foo');
4461 $value = $query->param('foo');
4463 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
4464 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
4465 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
4466 the method will return a single value.
4468 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
4469 "name1=&name2=", it will be returned as an empty string.
4472 If the parameter does not exist at all, then param() will return undef
4473 in a scalar context, and the empty list in a list context.
4476 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4478 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
4480 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
4481 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
4482 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
4483 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
4486 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
4487 in more detail later:
4489 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
4493 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
4495 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4497 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
4499 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
4500 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
4501 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
4502 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
4504 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4506 $query->import_names('R');
4508 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
4509 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
4510 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
4511 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
4514 NOTE 1: Variable names are transformed as necessary into legal Perl
4515 variable names. All non-legal characters are transformed into
4516 underscores. If you need to keep the original names, you should use
4517 the param() method instead to access CGI variables by name.
4519 NOTE 2: In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
4520 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
4521 Perl module B<import> operator.
4523 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4525 $query->delete('foo','bar','baz');
4527 This completely clears a list of parameters. It sometimes useful for
4528 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between script
4531 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
4532 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
4534 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4536 $query->delete_all();
4538 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
4539 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
4541 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
4543 =head2 HANDLING NON-URLENCODED ARGUMENTS
4546 If POSTed data is not of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded or
4547 multipart/form-data, then the POSTed data will not be processed, but
4548 instead be returned as-is in a parameter named POSTDATA. To retrieve
4549 it, use code like this:
4551 my $data = $query->param('POSTDATA');
4553 Likewise if PUTed data can be retrieved with code like this:
4555 my $data = $query->param('PUTDATA');
4557 (If you don't know what the preceding means, don't worry about it. It
4558 only affects people trying to use CGI for XML processing and other
4562 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4564 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
4565 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
4567 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
4568 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
4569 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
4570 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
4571 can manipulate in any way you like.
4573 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
4575 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4578 print $params->{'address'};
4579 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
4585 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
4586 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
4587 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
4588 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
4589 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
4590 CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the
4591 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
4592 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
4594 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
4595 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
4596 list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
4597 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
4598 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
4599 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
4600 module for Perl version 4.
4602 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
4603 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
4605 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4607 $query->save(\*FILEHANDLE)
4609 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
4610 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
4611 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
4614 The format of the saved file is:
4622 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
4623 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
4624 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
4625 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
4626 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
4627 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
4628 a short example of creating multiple session records:
4632 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
4634 foreach (0..$records) {
4636 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
4641 # reopen for reading
4642 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
4644 my $q = new CGI(\*IN);
4645 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
4648 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
4649 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
4650 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
4652 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
4654 for further details.
4656 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
4657 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
4659 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4661 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
4662 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
4663 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
4664 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
4665 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
4666 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
4669 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
4671 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
4672 $q->start_html('Problems'),
4673 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
4678 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
4679 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
4682 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4684 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
4685 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
4686 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
4689 use CGI <list of methods>;
4691 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
4692 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
4693 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
4694 methods, and then use them directly:
4696 use CGI 'param','header';
4697 print header('text/plain');
4698 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
4700 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
4701 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
4702 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
4704 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
4710 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
4715 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
4719 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
4723 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as
4724 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
4728 Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as
4729 <abbrev>, <acronym> and <thead>).
4733 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
4737 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
4742 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'.
4746 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
4747 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
4751 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
4752 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
4753 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
4754 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
4755 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <gradient> (which causes the
4756 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
4757 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
4758 to start using it immediately:
4760 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
4761 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
4763 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4764 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4765 change in the future.
4767 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4768 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4769 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4770 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4771 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4772 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4773 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4775 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4778 start_html('Simple Script'),
4779 h1('Simple Script'),
4781 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4782 "What's the combination?",
4783 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4784 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4785 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4786 "What's your favorite color?",
4787 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4788 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4795 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4796 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4797 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4803 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
4804 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
4805 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
4806 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
4807 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
4808 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
4811 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
4813 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
4819 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
4820 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
4821 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
4822 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
4826 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
4828 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
4829 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
4834 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
4835 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
4836 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
4837 those destined to be crunched by Malcolm Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
4838 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
4840 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
4844 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
4846 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
4847 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
4848 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
4849 compile() method instead:
4854 This is particularly useful in a mod_perl environment, in which you
4855 might want to precompile all CGI routines in a startup script, and
4856 then import the functions individually in each mod_perl script.
4860 By default the CGI module implements a state-preserving behavior
4861 called "sticky" fields. The way this works is that if you are
4862 regenerating a form, the methods that generate the form field values
4863 will interrogate param() to see if similarly-named parameters are
4864 present in the query string. If they find a like-named parameter, they
4865 will use it to set their default values.
4867 Sometimes this isn't what you want. The B<-nosticky> pragma prevents
4868 this behavior. You can also selectively change the sticky behavior in
4869 each element that you generate.
4873 Automatically add tab index attributes to each form field. With this
4874 option turned off, you can still add tab indexes manually by passing a
4875 -tabindex option to each field-generating method.
4877 =item -no_undef_params
4879 This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list.
4883 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
4884 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
4885 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4888 If start_html()'s -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD,
4889 XHTML will automatically be disabled without needing to use this
4894 This makes CGI.pm treat all parameters as UTF-8 strings. Use this with
4895 care, as it will interfere with the processing of binary uploads. It
4896 is better to manually select which fields are expected to return utf-8
4897 strings and convert them using code like this:
4900 my $arg = decode utf8=>param('foo');
4904 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4905 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4906 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4907 of NPH scripts below.
4909 =item -newstyle_urls
4911 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4912 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4914 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4916 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4917 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4918 pragma is specified.
4920 This became the default in version 2.64.
4922 =item -oldstyle_urls
4924 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4925 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4929 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4930 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4931 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4932 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4933 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4934 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4935 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4936 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4937 to the top of your script.
4941 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4942 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4943 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4944 then use this pragma:
4946 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4950 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4951 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4952 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4953 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4955 See the section on debugging for more details.
4957 =item -private_tempfiles
4959 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4960 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4961 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4962 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4963 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4964 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4965 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4966 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4967 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4968 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4969 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4971 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4972 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4973 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4975 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4977 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4978 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4980 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4983 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4984 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4986 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4987 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4991 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4993 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4994 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4997 print h1('Level 1 Header');
5001 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>
5003 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
5004 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
5005 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
5007 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
5009 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
5010 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
5011 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
5012 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
5013 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
5014 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
5018 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
5020 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
5025 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag)
5027 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag)
5029 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag)
5031 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
5035 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
5037 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
5038 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
5039 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
5040 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
5041 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
5043 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
5044 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
5045 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
5047 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
5049 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
5050 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
5051 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
5052 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
5053 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
5060 print header('image/gif');
5064 print header('text/html','204 No response');
5068 print header(-type=>'image/gif',
5070 -status=>'402 Payment required',
5074 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
5077 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
5078 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
5079 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
5080 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
5081 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
5083 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
5084 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
5085 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
5086 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
5087 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
5088 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
5090 print header(-Content_length=>3002);
5092 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
5093 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
5094 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
5095 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
5096 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
5097 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
5100 +30s 30 seconds from now
5101 +10m ten minutes from now
5102 +1h one hour from now
5103 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
5106 +10y in ten years time
5107 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
5109 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
5110 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
5111 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
5112 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
5115 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5116 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5117 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5119 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
5120 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
5121 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
5123 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
5124 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
5125 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
5126 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
5127 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
5129 The B<-p3p> parameter will add a P3P tag to the outgoing header. The
5130 parameter can be an arrayref or a space-delimited string of P3P tags.
5133 print header(-p3p=>[qw(CAO DSP LAW CURa)]);
5134 print header(-p3p=>'CAO DSP LAW CURa');
5136 In either case, the outgoing header will be formatted as:
5138 P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml" cp="CAO DSP LAW CURa"
5140 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
5142 print redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
5144 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
5145 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
5146 time of day or the identity of the user.
5148 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
5149 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
5152 You should always use full URLs (including the http: or ftp: part) in
5153 redirection requests. Relative URLs will not work correctly.
5155 You can also use named arguments:
5157 print redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
5161 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5162 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5163 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft IIS, which
5164 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5166 The B<-status> parameter will set the status of the redirect. HTTP
5167 defines three different possible redirection status codes:
5169 301 Moved Permanently
5173 The default if not specified is 302, which means "moved temporarily."
5174 You may change the status to another status code if you wish. Be
5175 advised that changing the status to anything other than 301, 302 or
5176 303 will probably break redirection.
5178 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
5180 print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
5181 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
5184 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
5185 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
5186 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
5189 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
5190 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
5191 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
5192 page's appearance and behavior.
5194 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <body> tag.
5195 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
5196 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
5197 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
5198 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
5199 to the <body> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
5202 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <base> tag
5203 different from the current location, as in
5205 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
5207 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5209 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
5210 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
5211 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
5212 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
5215 -target=>"answer_window"
5217 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5218 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
5219 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
5220 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
5221 into a series of header <meta> tags that look something like this:
5223 <meta name="keywords" content="pharaoh secret mummy">
5224 <meta name="description" content="copyright 1996 King Tut">
5226 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <meta> tag, use B<-head>, described
5229 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
5230 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
5233 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
5234 the <html> tag. For example:
5236 print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');
5238 The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English, unless the
5239 -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD, in which case the
5240 lang attribute is left off. You can force the lang attribute to left
5241 off in other cases by passing an empty string (-lang=>'').
5243 The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for
5244 XHTML. It defaults to iso-8859-1 if not specified.
5246 The B<-declare_xml> argument, when used in conjunction with XHTML,
5247 will put a <?xml> declaration at the top of the HTML header. The sole
5248 purpose of this declaration is to declare the character set
5249 encoding. In the absence of -declare_xml, the output HTML will contain
5250 a <meta> tag that specifies the encoding, allowing the HTML to pass
5251 most validators. The default for -declare_xml is false.
5253 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <head> section with the
5254 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <link> element in the
5255 head section, use this:
5257 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
5258 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));
5260 To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <head> section, just pass an
5263 print start_html(-head=>[
5265 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
5266 Link({-rel=>'previous',
5267 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
5271 And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <meta> tag:
5273 print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
5274 -content => 'text/html'}))
5277 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>,
5278 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used
5279 to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should
5280 point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions.
5281 This block will be placed within a <script> block inside the HTML (not
5282 HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in order to give your
5283 page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript functions in place
5284 even if the user presses the stop button before the page has loaded
5285 completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in such a way that
5286 JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code: unfortunately
5287 there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that get confused
5290 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
5291 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
5292 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
5298 // Ask a silly question
5299 function riddle_me_this() {
5300 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
5301 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
5302 "and three legs in the evening?");
5305 // Get a silly answer
5306 function response(answer) {
5307 if (answer == "man")
5308 alert("Right you are!");
5310 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
5313 print start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5316 Use the B<-noScript> parameter to pass some HTML text that will be displayed on
5317 browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where JavaScript is turned
5320 The <script> tag, has several attributes including "type" and src.
5321 The latter is particularly interesting, as it allows you to keep the
5322 JavaScript code in a file or CGI script rather than cluttering up each
5323 page with the source. To use these attributes pass a HASH reference
5324 in the B<-script> parameter containing one or more of -type, -src, or
5327 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5328 -script=>{-type=>'JAVASCRIPT',
5329 -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
5332 print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5333 -script=>{-type=>'PERLSCRIPT',
5334 -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
5338 A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <script> sections into the
5339 header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array reference.
5340 this allows you to specify different source files for different dialects
5341 of JavaScript. Example:
5343 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5345 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5346 -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
5348 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5349 -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
5351 { -type => 'text/jscript',
5352 -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
5354 { -type => 'text/ecmascript',
5355 -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
5360 The option "-language" is a synonym for -type, and is supported for
5361 backwad compatibility.
5363 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
5367 =item B<Parameters:>
5375 The author's e-mail address (will create a <link rev="MADE"> tag if present
5379 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <base> tag in the header. This
5380 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
5381 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
5385 Any other parameters you want to include in the <body> tag. This is a good
5386 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
5390 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5394 This ends an HTML document by printing the </body></html> tags.
5396 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5399 print q(<a href="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</a>);
5401 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
5402 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
5403 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
5404 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
5405 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
5408 print "<a href=\"$myself#table1\">See table 1</a>";
5409 print "<a href=\"$myself#table2\">See table 2</a>";
5410 print "<a href=\"$myself#yourself\">See for yourself</a>";
5412 If you want more control over what's returned, using the B<url()>
5415 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
5417 $the_string = query_string;
5419 =head2 OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5422 $full_url = url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax
5423 $relative_url = url(-relative=>1);
5424 $absolute_url = url(-absolute=>1);
5425 $url_with_path = url(-path_info=>1);
5426 $url_with_path_and_query = url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
5427 $netloc = url(-base => 1);
5429 B<url()> returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called
5430 without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including
5431 host name and port number
5433 http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi
5435 You can modify this format with the following named arguments:
5441 If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.
5447 Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
5448 script with different parameters. For example:
5454 Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
5455 This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.
5457 =item B<-path> (B<-path_info>)
5459 Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
5460 combined with B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-path_info>
5461 is provided as a synonym.
5463 =item B<-query> (B<-query_string>)
5465 Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with
5466 B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-query_string> is provided
5471 Generate just the protocol and net location, as in http://www.foo.com:8000
5475 If Apache's mod_rewrite is turned on, then the script name and path
5476 info probably won't match the request that the user sent. Set
5477 -rewrite=>1 (default) to return URLs that match what the user sent
5478 (the original request URI). Set -rewrite=>0 to return URLs that match
5479 the URL after mod_rewrite's rules have run. Because the additional
5480 path information only makes sense in the context of the rewritten URL,
5481 -rewrite is set to false when you request path info in the URL.
5485 =head2 MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5487 $color = url_param('color');
5489 It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as
5490 well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
5491 containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
5492 B<param()> method will always return the contents of the POSTed
5493 fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL
5494 parameters, call the B<url_param()> method. Use it in the same way as
5495 B<param()>. The main difference is that it allows you to read the
5496 parameters, but not set them.
5499 Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
5500 interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
5501 try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET
5502 method, the results will not be what you expect.
5504 =head1 CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5506 CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of
5507 the HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single
5508 HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then
5509 print or manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of
5510 HTML code that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most
5511 commonly, print out so that it displays in the browser window.
5513 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
5515 print $q->blockquote(
5516 "Many years ago on the island of",
5517 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5518 "there lived a Minotaur named",
5519 $q->strong("Fred."),
5523 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
5524 added for readability):
5527 Many years ago on the island of
5528 <a href="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
5529 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
5533 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
5534 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
5535 completely (see the next section for more details):
5537 use CGI ':standard';
5539 "Many years ago on the island of",
5540 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5541 "there lived a minotaur named",
5546 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5548 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
5549 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
5553 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
5554 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
5556 print h1("Chapter","1"); # <h1>Chapter 1</h1>"
5558 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
5559 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
5561 print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
5562 "Open a new frame");
5564 <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>
5566 You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if
5569 print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
5571 <img align="LEFT" src="fred.gif">
5573 Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
5574 lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument that
5575 that points to an undef string:
5577 print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
5579 Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
5580 attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
5581 changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the form
5582 <img alt="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:
5585 img({alt=>undef}) <img alt>
5586 img({alt=>''}) <img alt="">
5588 =head2 THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5590 One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
5591 distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a
5592 B<reference> to a list, the tag will be distributed across each
5593 element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered
5597 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
5600 This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
5603 <li type="disc">Sneezy</li>
5604 <li type="disc">Doc</li>
5605 <li type="disc">Sleepy</li>
5606 <li type="disc">Happy</li>
5609 This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:
5611 print table({-border=>undef},
5612 caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
5613 Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
5615 th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
5616 td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
5617 td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),
5618 td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
5623 =head2 HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5625 Consider this bit of code:
5627 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5629 It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:
5631 <blockquote><em>Hi</em> mom!</blockquote>
5633 Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!".
5634 CGI.pm puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
5635 controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is
5636 not what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series
5637 of images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an
5642 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5645 I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
5646 change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly
5649 =head2 NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5651 A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various
5654 B<comment()> generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it
5657 print comment('here is my comment');
5659 Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following functions
5660 begin with initial caps:
5669 In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
5670 start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special.
5671 See their respective sections.
5673 =head2 AUTOESCAPING HTML
5675 By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions
5676 is passed through a function called escapeHTML():
5680 =item $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
5682 Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.
5686 Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
5687 default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
5688 character becomes "<", ">" becomes ">", "&" becomes "&", and
5689 the quote character becomes """. In addition, the hexadecimal
5690 0x8b and 0x9b characters, which some browsers incorrectly interpret
5691 as the left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their
5692 numeric character entities ("‹" and "›"). If you manually change
5693 the charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by
5694 passing a -charset argument to header(), then B<all> characters will
5695 be replaced by their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup
5696 table for all the possible encodings.
5698 The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as
5699 h1(). You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in
5700 order to protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter
5701 into guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset().
5702 To turn autoescaping off completely, use autoEscape(0):
5706 =item $charset = charset([$charset]);
5708 Get or set the current character set.
5710 =item $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
5712 Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.
5716 =head2 PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5718 By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
5719 long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but
5720 it does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get
5721 pretty-printed output, please use L<CGI::Pretty>, a subclass
5722 contributed by Brian Paulsen.
5724 =head1 CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5726 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
5727 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
5728 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
5729 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
5730 around the form elements.
5732 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
5733 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
5734 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
5735 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
5737 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
5740 (1) call the param() method to set it.
5742 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
5743 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
5745 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5746 -default=>'starting value',
5751 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
5752 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
5753 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
5754 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
5755 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
5756 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
5761 I<A Lurking Trap!> Some of the form-element generating methods return
5762 multiple tags. In a scalar context, the tags will be concatenated
5763 together with spaces, or whatever is the current value of the $"
5764 global. In a list context, the methods will return a list of
5765 elements, allowing you to modify them if you wish. Usually you will
5766 not notice this behavior, but beware of this:
5768 printf("%s\n",end_form())
5770 end_form() produces several tags, and only the first of them will be
5771 printed because the format only expects one value.
5776 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5778 print isindex(-action=>$action);
5782 print isindex($action);
5784 Prints out an <isindex> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
5785 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
5786 default is to process the query with the current script.
5788 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5790 print start_form(-method=>$method,
5792 -enctype=>$encoding);
5793 <... various form stuff ...>
5798 print start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
5799 <... various form stuff ...>
5802 start_form() will return a <form> tag with the optional method,
5803 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
5807 enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
5809 endform() returns the closing </form> tag.
5811 Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the various
5812 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
5813 values are possible:
5815 B<Note:> This method was previously named startform(), and startform()
5816 is still recognized as an alias.
5820 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
5822 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
5823 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
5824 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
5825 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
5826 type in B<&CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
5828 =item B<multipart/form-data>
5830 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
5831 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
5832 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
5833 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
5834 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
5835 in B<&CGI::MULTIPART>
5837 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
5838 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
5841 If XHTML is activated (the default), then forms will be automatically
5842 created using this type of encoding.
5846 For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
5847 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
5848 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5851 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
5852 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
5853 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
5854 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
5855 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
5856 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
5857 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
5858 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
5859 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
5861 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <script>
5862 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
5863 call. See start_html() for details.
5865 =head2 FORM ELEMENTS
5867 After starting a form, you will typically create one or more
5868 textfields, popup menus, radio groups and other form elements. Each
5869 of these elements takes a standard set of named arguments. Some
5870 elements also have optional arguments. The standard arguments are as
5877 The name of the field. After submission this name can be used to
5878 retrieve the field's value using the param() method.
5880 =item B<-value>, B<-values>
5882 The initial value of the field which will be returned to the script
5883 after form submission. Some form elements, such as text fields, take
5884 a single scalar -value argument. Others, such as popup menus, take a
5885 reference to an array of values. The two arguments are synonyms.
5889 A numeric value that sets the order in which the form element receives
5890 focus when the user presses the tab key. Elements with lower values
5891 receive focus first.
5895 A string identifier that can be used to identify this element to
5896 JavaScript and DHTML.
5900 A boolean, which, if true, forces the element to take on the value
5901 specified by B<-value>, overriding the sticky behavior described
5902 earlier for the B<-no_sticky> pragma.
5904 =item B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, B<-onSelect>
5906 These are used to assign JavaScript event handlers. See the
5907 JavaScripting section for more details.
5911 Other common arguments are described in the next section. In addition
5912 to these, all attributes described in the HTML specifications are
5915 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5917 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5918 -value=>'starting value',
5923 print textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
5925 textfield() will return a text input field.
5933 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5937 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
5938 contents (-value, formerly known as -default).
5942 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5947 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5948 field will accept (-maxlength).
5952 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
5953 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
5954 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
5957 $value = param('foo');
5959 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
5960 called once, you can do so like this:
5962 param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
5964 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5966 print textarea(-name=>'foo',
5967 -default=>'starting value',
5973 print textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
5975 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
5976 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
5977 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
5980 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5982 print password_field(-name=>'secret',
5983 -value=>'starting value',
5988 print password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
5990 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
5991 will be starred out on the web page.
5993 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5995 print filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
5996 -default=>'starting value',
6001 print filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
6003 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
6004 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
6005 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
6006 by calling B<start_form()> with an encoding type of B<&CGI::MULTIPART>,
6007 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
6008 vanilla B<start_form()>.
6016 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
6020 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
6021 to be used as the default file name (-default).
6023 For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this field,
6024 and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the field
6025 loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents. The
6026 starting value field is called for in the HTML specification, however,
6027 and possibly some browser will eventually provide support for it.
6031 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
6036 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
6037 field will accept (-maxlength).
6041 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
6044 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
6046 Different browsers will return slightly different things for the
6047 name. Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full
6048 path to the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine.
6049 Regardless, the name returned is always the name of the file on the
6050 I<user's> machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file
6051 that CGI.pm creates during upload spooling (see below).
6053 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
6054 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
6056 # Read a text file and print it out
6057 while (<$filename>) {
6061 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
6062 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
6063 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
6064 print OUTFILE $buffer;
6067 However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
6068 If you C<use strict>, then Perl will complain when you try to use a
6069 string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
6070 reading code in a block containing the C<no strict> pragma. More
6071 seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
6072 upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
6073 filehandle at all, but a string.
6075 To be safe, use the I<upload()> function (new in version 2.47). When
6076 called with the name of an upload field, I<upload()> returns a
6077 filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.
6079 $fh = upload('uploaded_file');
6084 In an list context, upload() will return an array of filehandles.
6085 This makes it possible to create forms that use the same name for
6086 multiple upload fields.
6088 This is the recommended idiom.
6090 For robust code, consider reseting the file handle position to beginning of the
6091 file. Inside of larger frameworks, other code may have already used the query
6092 object and changed the filehandle postion:
6094 seek($fh,0,0); # reset postion to beginning of file.
6096 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
6097 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
6098 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
6099 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
6100 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
6101 an associative array containing all the document headers.
6103 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
6104 $type = uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
6105 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
6106 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
6109 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
6110 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
6111 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file
6114 There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
6115 This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
6116 finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
6117 uploaded file and set I<cgi_error()> to the string "400 Bad request
6118 (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that
6119 you can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
6122 $file = upload('uploaded_file');
6123 if (!$file && cgi_error) {
6124 print header(-status=>cgi_error);
6128 You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
6131 You can set up a callback that will be called whenever a file upload
6132 is being read during the form processing. This is much like the
6133 UPLOAD_HOOK facility available in Apache::Request, with the exception
6134 that the first argument to the callback is an Apache::Upload object,
6135 here it's the remote filename.
6137 $q = CGI->new(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6141 my ($filename, $buffer, $bytes_read, $data) = @_;
6142 print "Read $bytes_read bytes of $filename\n";
6145 The $data field is optional; it lets you pass configuration
6146 information (e.g. a database handle) to your hook callback.
6148 The $use_tempfile field is a flag that lets you turn on and off
6149 CGI.pm's use of a temporary disk-based file during file upload. If you
6150 set this to a FALSE value (default true) then param('uploaded_file')
6151 will no longer work, and the only way to get at the uploaded data is
6152 via the hook you provide.
6154 If using the function-oriented interface, call the CGI::upload_hook()
6155 method before calling param() or any other CGI functions:
6157 CGI::upload_hook(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6159 This method is not exported by default. You will have to import it
6160 explicitly if you wish to use it without the CGI:: prefix.
6162 If you are using CGI.pm on a Windows platform and find that binary
6163 files get slightly larger when uploaded but that text files remain the
6164 same, then you have forgotten to activate binary mode on the output
6165 filehandle. Be sure to call binmode() on any handle that you create
6166 to write the uploaded file to disk.
6168 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
6169 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
6170 recognized. See textfield() for details.
6172 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
6174 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6175 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6180 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
6181 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
6182 'minie'=>'your third choice');
6183 %attributes = ('eenie'=>{'class'=>'class of first choice'});
6184 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6185 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6186 'meenie',\%labels,\%attributes);
6188 -or (named parameter style)-
6190 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6191 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6192 -default=>['meenie','minie'],
6194 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6196 popup_menu() creates a menu.
6202 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
6206 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
6207 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6208 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
6209 a named array, such as "\@foo".
6213 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6214 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
6215 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across
6216 queries. Pass an array reference to select multiple defaults.
6220 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
6221 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
6222 popup menu and the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
6223 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
6224 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
6225 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
6229 The optional fifth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6230 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6231 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6232 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6233 attribute's value as the value.
6237 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
6240 $popup_menu_value = param('menu_name');
6242 =head2 CREATING AN OPTION GROUP
6244 Named parameter style
6246 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6247 -values=>[qw/eenie meenie minie/,
6248 optgroup(-name=>'optgroup_name',
6249 -values => ['moe','catch'],
6250 -attributes=>{'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],
6251 -labels=>{'eenie'=>'one',
6254 -default=>'meenie');
6257 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6258 ['eenie','meenie','minie',
6259 optgroup('optgroup_name', ['moe', 'catch'],
6260 {'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],'meenie',
6261 {'eenie'=>'one','meenie'=>'two','minie'=>'three'});
6263 optgroup() creates an option group within a popup menu.
6269 The required first argument (B<-name>) is the label attribute of the
6270 optgroup and is B<not> inserted in the parameter list of the query.
6274 The required second argument (B<-values>) is an array reference
6275 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6276 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference
6277 to a named array, such as \@foo. If you pass a HASH reference,
6278 the keys will be used for the menu values, and the values will be
6279 used for the menu labels (see -labels below).
6283 The optional third parameter (B<-labels>) allows you to pass a reference
6284 to an associative array containing user-visible labels for one or more
6285 of the menu items. You can use this when you want the user to see one
6286 menu string, but have the browser return your program a different one.
6287 If you don't specify this, the value string will be used instead
6288 ("eenie", "meenie" and "minie" in this example). This is equivalent
6289 to using a hash reference for the -values parameter.
6293 An optional fourth parameter (B<-labeled>) can be set to a true value
6294 and indicates that the values should be used as the label attribute
6295 for each option element within the optgroup.
6299 An optional fifth parameter (-novals) can be set to a true value and
6300 indicates to suppress the val attribute in each option element within
6303 See the discussion on optgroup at W3C
6304 (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#edef-OPTGROUP)
6309 An optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6310 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6311 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6312 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6313 attribute's value as the value.
6317 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
6319 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6320 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6321 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',{'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6324 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6325 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6326 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
6327 \%labels,%attributes);
6331 print scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
6332 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6333 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6337 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6339 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
6343 =item B<Parameters:>
6347 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
6348 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
6353 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6354 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
6355 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6356 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
6357 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
6362 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
6366 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
6367 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
6368 will be allowed at a time.
6372 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
6373 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
6374 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
6378 The optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6379 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6380 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6381 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6382 attribute's value as the value.
6384 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
6385 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
6386 selected items can be retrieved with:
6388 @selected = param('list_name');
6392 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
6394 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6395 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6396 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6398 -disabled => ['moe'],
6400 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6402 print checkbox_group('group_name',
6403 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6404 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels,
6405 {'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6407 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6409 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6410 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6411 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6414 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
6419 =item B<Parameters:>
6423 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
6424 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
6425 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
6426 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
6427 values passed to your script in the query string.
6431 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6432 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
6433 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6434 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
6438 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
6439 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
6440 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
6445 The optional b<-labels> argument is a pointer to an associative array
6446 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will be
6447 printed next to them. If not provided, the values will be used as the
6451 The optional parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns> cause
6452 checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing the
6453 checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows and
6454 columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish;
6455 checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows for you.
6457 The option b<-disabled> takes an array of checkbox values and disables
6458 them by greying them out (this may not be supported by all browsers).
6460 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6461 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6462 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6463 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6466 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6467 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6468 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6469 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6470 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6471 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6472 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6473 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6474 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6476 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6477 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6478 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6480 The optional B<-labelattributes> argument will contain attributes
6481 attached to the <label> element that surrounds each button.
6483 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
6484 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
6485 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
6487 @turned_on = param('group_name');
6489 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
6490 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6491 or in other creative ways:
6493 @h = checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6494 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6496 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
6498 print checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
6501 -label=>'CLICK ME');
6505 print checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
6507 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
6508 related to any others.
6512 =item B<Parameters:>
6516 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
6517 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
6522 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
6523 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
6527 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
6528 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
6533 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
6534 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
6539 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
6541 $turned_on = param('checkbox_name');
6543 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
6545 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6546 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6550 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6554 print radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6555 'meenie','true',\%labels,\%attributes);
6558 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6560 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6561 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6562 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6564 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
6565 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
6569 =item B<Parameters:>
6573 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
6577 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
6578 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
6579 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
6580 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
6585 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6586 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
6587 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
6588 start up with no buttons selected.
6592 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
6593 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
6597 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
6598 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
6599 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
6605 All modern browsers can take advantage of the optional parameters
6606 B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause radio_group() to
6607 return an HTML3 compatible table containing the radio group formatted
6608 with the specified number of rows and columns. You can provide just
6609 the -columns parameter if you wish; radio_group will calculate the
6610 correct number of rows for you.
6612 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
6613 can use the B<-rowheaders> and B<-colheaders> parameters. Both
6614 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
6615 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
6616 interpretation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
6619 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6620 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6621 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6622 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6623 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6624 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6625 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6626 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6627 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6629 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6630 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6631 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6634 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6635 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6636 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6637 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6640 The optional B<-labelattributes> argument will contain attributes
6641 attached to the <label> element that surrounds each button.
6643 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
6646 $which_radio_button = param('group_name');
6648 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
6649 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6650 or in other creative ways:
6652 @h = radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6653 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6655 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
6657 print submit(-name=>'button_name',
6662 print submit('button_name','value');
6664 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
6665 should have one of these.
6669 =item B<Parameters:>
6673 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
6674 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
6675 to distinguish between them.
6679 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
6680 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string. The
6681 name will also be used as the user-visible label.
6685 You can use -label as an alias for -value. I always get confused
6686 about which of -name and -value changes the user-visible label on the
6691 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
6692 values for each one:
6694 $which_one = param('button_name');
6696 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
6700 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
6701 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
6702 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
6704 Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
6705 CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.
6707 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
6709 print defaults('button_label')
6711 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
6712 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
6713 changes the user ever made.
6715 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
6717 print hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
6718 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
6722 print hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
6724 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
6725 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
6726 of the script to the next.
6730 =item B<Parameters:>
6734 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
6739 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
6740 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
6741 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
6745 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
6747 $hidden_value = param('hidden_name');
6749 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
6750 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
6751 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
6754 param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
6756 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
6758 print image_button(-name=>'button_name',
6759 -src=>'/source/URL',
6764 print image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
6766 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
6767 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
6768 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
6773 =item B<Parameters:>
6777 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
6782 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
6785 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
6786 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
6790 Fetch the value of the button this way:
6791 $x = param('button_name.x');
6792 $y = param('button_name.y');
6794 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
6796 print button(-name=>'button_name',
6797 -value=>'user visible label',
6798 -onClick=>"do_something()");
6802 print button('button_name',"do_something()");
6804 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
6805 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
6806 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
6807 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
6812 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
6813 Internet Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help
6814 maintain state within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods
6815 that support cookies.
6817 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
6818 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
6819 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
6820 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
6821 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
6823 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
6824 optional attributes:
6828 =item 1. an expiration time
6830 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
6831 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
6832 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
6833 the browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
6834 will remain active until the user quits the browser.
6838 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
6839 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
6840 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
6841 of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to
6842 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
6843 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
6844 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
6845 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
6846 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
6847 cookie originated from.
6851 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
6852 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
6853 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
6854 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
6855 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
6856 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
6857 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
6859 =item 4. a "secure" flag
6861 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
6862 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
6866 The interface to HTTP cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
6868 $cookie = cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
6871 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
6872 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
6874 print header(-cookie=>$cookie);
6876 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
6882 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
6883 Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
6884 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
6885 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
6889 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
6890 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
6891 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
6893 $cookie=cookie(-name=>'family information',
6894 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
6898 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6903 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6908 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
6909 in the section on the B<header()> method:
6911 "+1h" one hour from now
6915 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
6920 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
6921 header within the string returned by the header() method:
6923 use CGI ':standard';
6924 print header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
6926 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
6928 $cookie1 = cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
6929 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
6930 $cookie2 = cookie(-name=>'answers',
6932 print header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
6934 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie() method
6935 without the B<-value> parameter. This example uses the object-oriented
6940 $riddle = $query->cookie('riddle_name');
6941 %answers = $query->cookie('answers');
6943 Cookies created with a single scalar value, such as the "riddle_name"
6944 cookie, will be returned in that form. Cookies with array and hash
6945 values can also be retrieved.
6947 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
6948 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
6949 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
6950 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
6952 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
6953 $c=cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[param('answers')]);
6955 param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[cookie('answers')]);
6957 If you call cookie() without any parameters, it will return a list of
6958 the names of all cookies passed to your script:
6960 @cookies = cookie();
6962 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
6963 cookies effectively.
6965 =head1 WORKING WITH FRAMES
6967 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
6968 and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three
6969 techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
6973 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
6975 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
6976 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <frameset>
6977 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
6978 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
6980 There is no specific support for creating <frameset> sections
6981 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
6982 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
6984 http://wp.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
6986 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
6988 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
6990 print header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6992 This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into the
6993 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't already
6994 exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your script's
6995 document into that. There are a number of magic names that you can
6996 use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home pages for
6999 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <form> tag
7001 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
7002 CGI.pm it looks like this:
7004 print start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
7006 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
7007 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
7008 a new window will be created.
7012 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
7013 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
7014 side-by-side frames.
7016 =head1 SUPPORT FOR JAVASCRIPT
7018 Netscape versions 2.0 and higher incorporate an interpreted language
7019 called JavaScript. Internet Explorer, 3.0 and higher, supports a
7020 closely-related dialect called JScript. JavaScript isn't the same as
7021 Java, and certainly isn't at all the same as Perl, which is a great
7022 pity. JavaScript allows you to programmatically change the contents of
7023 fill-out forms, create new windows, and pop up dialog box from within
7024 Netscape itself. From the point of view of CGI scripting, JavaScript
7025 is quite useful for validating fill-out forms prior to submitting
7028 You'll need to know JavaScript in order to use it. There are many good
7029 sources in bookstores and on the web.
7031 The usual way to use JavaScript is to define a set of functions in a
7032 <SCRIPT> block inside the HTML header and then to register event
7033 handlers in the various elements of the page. Events include such
7034 things as the mouse passing over a form element, a button being
7035 clicked, the contents of a text field changing, or a form being
7036 submitted. When an event occurs that involves an element that has
7037 registered an event handler, its associated JavaScript code gets
7040 The elements that can register event handlers include the <BODY> of an
7041 HTML document, hypertext links, all the various elements of a fill-out
7042 form, and the form itself. There are a large number of events, and
7043 each applies only to the elements for which it is relevant. Here is a
7050 The browser is loading the current document. Valid in:
7052 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
7056 The browser is closing the current page or frame. Valid for:
7058 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
7062 The user has pressed the submit button of a form. This event happens
7063 just before the form is submitted, and your function can return a
7064 value of false in order to abort the submission. Valid for:
7070 The mouse has clicked on an item in a fill-out form. Valid for:
7072 + Buttons (including submit, reset, and image buttons)
7078 The user has changed the contents of a field. Valid for:
7089 The user has selected a field to work with. Valid for:
7100 The user has deselected a field (gone to work somewhere else). Valid
7112 The user has changed the part of a text field that is selected. Valid
7120 =item B<onMouseOver>
7122 The mouse has moved over an element.
7133 The mouse has moved off an element.
7144 In order to register a JavaScript event handler with an HTML element,
7145 just use the event name as a parameter when you call the corresponding
7146 CGI method. For example, to have your validateAge() JavaScript code
7147 executed every time the textfield named "age" changes, generate the
7150 print textfield(-name=>'age',-onChange=>"validateAge(this)");
7152 This example assumes that you've already declared the validateAge()
7153 function by incorporating it into a <SCRIPT> block. The CGI.pm
7154 start_html() method provides a convenient way to create this section.
7156 Similarly, you can create a form that checks itself over for
7157 consistency and alerts the user if some essential value is missing by
7158 creating it this way:
7159 print startform(-onSubmit=>"validateMe(this)");
7161 See the javascript.cgi script for a demonstration of how this all
7165 =head1 LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7167 CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css).
7168 To incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the
7169 start_html() method a B<-style> parameter. The value of this
7170 parameter may be a scalar, in which case it is treated as the source
7171 URL for the stylesheet, or it may be a hash reference. In the latter
7172 case you should provide the hash with one or more of B<-src> or
7173 B<-code>. B<-src> points to a URL where an externally-defined
7174 stylesheet can be found. B<-code> points to a scalar value to be
7175 incorporated into a <style> section. Style definitions in B<-code>
7176 override similarly-named ones in B<-src>, hence the name "cascading."
7178 You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
7179 B<-type> parameter to the hash pointed to by B<-style>. If not
7180 specified, the style defaults to 'text/css'.
7182 To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the
7183 B<-class> parameter to any HTML element:
7185 print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');
7187 Or define styles on the fly with the B<-style> parameter:
7189 print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');
7191 You may also use the new B<span()> element to apply a style to a
7194 print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
7195 h1('Welcome to Hell'),
7196 "Where did that handbasket get to?"
7199 Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the
7200 B<span()> method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using
7201 CSS's. See the CSS specification at
7202 http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for more information.
7204 use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;
7206 #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
7216 font-family: sans-serif;
7222 print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
7223 -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
7226 print h1('CGI with Style'),
7228 "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
7229 span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
7230 "Look Mom, no hands!",
7236 Pass an array reference to B<-code> or B<-src> in order to incorporate
7237 multiple stylesheets into your document.
7239 Should you wish to incorporate a verbatim stylesheet that includes
7240 arbitrary formatting in the header, you may pass a -verbatim tag to
7241 the -style hash, as follows:
7243 print start_html (-style => {-verbatim => '@import url("/server-common/css/'.$cssFile.'");',
7244 -src => '/server-common/css/core.css'});
7247 This will generate an HTML header that contains this:
7249 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/server-common/css/core.css">
7250 <style type="text/css">
7251 @import url("/server-common/css/main.css");
7254 Any additional arguments passed in the -style value will be
7255 incorporated into the <link> tag. For example:
7257 start_html(-style=>{-src=>['/styles/print.css','/styles/layout.css'],
7262 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/print.css" media="all"/>
7263 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/layout.css" media="all"/>
7267 To make more complicated <link> tags, use the Link() function
7268 and pass it to start_html() in the -head argument, as in:
7270 @h = (Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/ss.css',-media=>'all'}),
7271 Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/fred.css',-media=>'paper'}));
7272 print start_html({-head=>\@h})
7274 To create primary and "alternate" stylesheet, use the B<-alternate> option:
7276 start_html(-style=>{-src=>[
7277 {-src=>'/styles/print.css'},
7278 {-src=>'/styles/alt.css',-alternate=>1}
7284 If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
7285 debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or
7286 parameter=value pairs on the command line or from standard input (you
7287 don't have to worry about tricking your script into reading from
7288 environment variables). You can pass keywords like this:
7290 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
7294 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
7298 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
7302 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
7304 To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.
7306 To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
7307 pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value
7308 pairs to the script on standard input.
7310 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
7311 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
7312 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
7315 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
7317 Finally, you can set the path info for the script by prefixing the first
7318 name/value parameter with the path followed by a question mark (?):
7320 your_script.pl /your/path/here?name1=value1&name2=value2
7322 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7324 The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
7325 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
7326 for debugging purposes:
7331 Produces something that looks like:
7345 As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
7346 and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:
7349 print "<h2>Current Values</h2> $query\n";
7351 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7353 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
7354 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
7360 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
7361 give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as in
7362 Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point value
7363 corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from 0.0
7364 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept
7365 list are handled correctly.
7367 Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44 in
7368 order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.
7370 =item B<raw_cookie()>
7372 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
7373 Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
7374 Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method call just
7375 returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for ways of
7376 setting and retrieving cooked cookies.
7378 Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
7379 structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
7380 on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
7381 retrieves the B<unescaped> form of the cookie. You can use the
7382 regular cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch()
7383 method from the CGI::Cookie module.
7385 =item B<user_agent()>
7387 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
7388 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
7389 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
7390 like user_agent(netscape);
7392 =item B<path_info()>
7394 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
7395 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
7396 path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".
7398 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
7399 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
7400 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
7401 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
7402 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
7403 path information will be present in the environment,
7404 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
7405 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
7407 =item B<path_translated()>
7409 As per path_info() but returns the additional
7410 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
7411 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
7413 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
7416 =item B<remote_host()>
7418 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
7419 if the former is unavailable.
7421 =item B<script_name()>
7422 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
7427 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
7428 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
7431 =item B<auth_type ()>
7433 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
7436 =item B<server_name ()>
7438 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
7441 =item B<virtual_host ()>
7443 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
7444 the browser attempted to contact
7446 =item B<server_port ()>
7448 Return the port that the server is listening on.
7450 =item B<virtual_port ()>
7452 Like server_port() except that it takes virtual hosts into account.
7453 Use this when running with virtual hosts.
7455 =item B<server_software ()>
7457 Returns the server software and version number.
7459 =item B<remote_user ()>
7461 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
7462 verification, if this script is protected.
7464 =item B<user_name ()>
7466 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of different
7467 techniques. This only works with older browsers such as Mosaic.
7468 Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy reasons!
7470 =item B<request_method()>
7472 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
7473 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
7475 =item B<content_type()>
7477 Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
7478 multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded
7482 Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
7483 variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
7484 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
7485 like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name of
7486 an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the use
7487 of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.
7489 For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:
7491 $requested_language = http('Accept-language');
7492 $requested_language = http('Accept_language');
7493 $requested_language = http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');
7497 The same as I<http()>, but operates on the HTTPS environment variables
7498 present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to determine
7499 whether SSL is turned on.
7503 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
7505 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
7506 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
7507 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
7508 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
7509 such as server push and PICS headers.
7511 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
7512 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
7513 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
7514 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
7515 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
7518 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
7519 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
7520 the header() and redirect() methods are
7523 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of
7524 version 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is
7525 running under IIS and put itself into this mode. You do not need to
7526 do this manually, although it won't hurt anything if you do. However,
7527 note that if you have applied Service Pack 6, much of the
7528 functionality of NPH scripts, including the ability to redirect while
7529 setting a cookie, b<do not work at all> on IIS without a special patch
7531 http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q280/3/41.ASP:
7532 Non-Parsed Headers Stripped From CGI Applications That Have nph-
7537 =item In the B<use> statement
7539 Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported into
7542 use CGI qw(:standard -nph)
7544 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
7546 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
7550 =item By using B<-nph> parameters
7552 in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7554 print header(-nph=>1);
7560 CGI.pm provides four simple functions for producing multipart
7561 documents of the type needed to implement server push. These
7562 functions were graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To
7563 import these into your namespace, you must import the ":push" set.
7564 You are also advised to put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to
7565 1 to avoid buffering problems.
7567 Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:
7569 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7570 use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
7572 print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----here we go!');
7574 print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
7575 "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n";
7577 print multipart_end;
7579 print multipart_final;
7584 This script initializes server push by calling B<multipart_init()>.
7585 It then enters a loop in which it begins a new multipart section by
7586 calling B<multipart_start()>, prints the current local time,
7587 and ends a multipart section with B<multipart_end()>. It then sleeps
7588 a second, and begins again. On the final iteration, it ends the
7589 multipart section with B<multipart_final()> rather than with
7594 =item multipart_init()
7596 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);
7598 Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
7599 what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
7600 If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.
7602 =item multipart_start()
7604 multipart_start(-type=>$type)
7606 Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
7607 type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.
7609 =item multipart_end()
7613 End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
7614 multipart_start(), except at the end of the last part of the multipart
7615 document when multipart_final() should be called instead of multipart_end().
7617 =item multipart_final()
7621 End all parts. You should call multipart_final() rather than
7622 multipart_end() at the end of the last part of the multipart document.
7626 Users interested in server push applications should also have a look
7627 at the CGI::Push module.
7629 Only Netscape Navigator supports server push. Internet Explorer
7632 =head1 Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7634 A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
7635 process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker
7636 could attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many
7637 megabytes. CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a
7638 variable, growing hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While
7639 the script attempts to allocate the memory the system may slow down
7640 dramatically. This is a form of denial of service attack.
7642 Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to
7643 accept a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it
7644 in a temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive
7645 an uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
7646 terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
7647 server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.
7649 The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
7650 of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
7651 servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
7652 cases, you can use the shell I<limit> or I<ulimit>
7653 commands to put ceilings on CGI resource usage.
7656 CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
7657 service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
7658 These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:
7662 =item B<$CGI::POST_MAX>
7664 If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling
7665 on the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST
7666 that is greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
7667 message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and
7668 multipart POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file
7669 uploads as well. You should set this to a reasonably high
7670 value, such as 1 megabyte.
7672 =item B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>
7674 If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
7675 completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.
7679 You can use these variables in either of two ways.
7683 =item B<1. On a script-by-script basis>
7685 Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use" statement:
7687 use CGI qw/:standard/;
7688 use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
7689 $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100; # max 100K posts
7690 $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1; # no uploads
7692 =item B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7694 Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
7695 $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll
7696 find them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
7697 initialize_globals().
7701 An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
7702 I<param()> to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for
7703 this event by checking I<cgi_error()>, either after you create the CGI
7704 object or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call
7705 <param()> for the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then
7706 cgi_error() will return the message "413 POST too large".
7708 This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
7709 designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status
7712 $uploaded_file = param('upload');
7713 if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
7714 print header(-status=>cgi_error());
7718 However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do
7719 with this status code. It might be better just to create an
7720 HTML page that warns the user of the problem.
7722 =head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7724 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
7725 compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:
7728 require "cgi-lib.pl";
7730 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7735 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7737 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
7738 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
7739 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
7740 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
7741 variables, are not supported.
7743 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
7747 print textfield(-name=>'wow',
7748 -value=>'does this really work?');
7750 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
7751 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
7753 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
7755 The GD.pm interface is copyright 1995-2007, Lincoln D. Stein. It is
7756 distributed under GPL and the Artistic License 2.0.
7758 Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending
7759 bug reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of
7760 Perl, the name and version of your Web server, and the name and
7761 version of the operating system you are using. If the problem is even
7762 remotely browser dependent, please provide information about the
7763 affected browers as well.
7767 Thanks very much to:
7771 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
7773 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
7775 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
7777 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
7779 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
7781 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
7783 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
7785 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
7787 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
7789 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
7791 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
7793 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
7795 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
7797 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
7799 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
7801 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
7803 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
7805 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
7807 =item Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
7809 =item Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
7811 =item ...and many many more...
7813 for suggestions and bug fixes.
7817 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7820 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7822 use CGI ':standard';
7825 print start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
7826 print "<h1> Example CGI.pm Form</h1>\n";
7834 print "<em>What's your name?</em><br>";
7835 print textfield('name');
7836 print checkbox('Not my real name');
7838 print "<p><em>Where can you find English Sparrows?</em><br>";
7839 print checkbox_group(
7840 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
7841 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
7843 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
7845 print "<p><em>How far can they fly?</em><br>",
7848 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
7849 -default=>'1 mile');
7851 print "<p><em>What's your favorite color?</em> ";
7852 print popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
7853 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
7856 print hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
7858 print "<p><em>What have you got there?</em><br>";
7859 print scrolling_list(
7860 -name=>'possessions',
7861 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
7862 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
7866 print "<p><em>Any parting comments?</em><br>";
7867 print textarea(-name=>'Comments',
7872 print submit('Action','Shout');
7873 print submit('Action','Scream');
7881 print "<h2>Here are the current settings in this form</h2>";
7883 foreach $key (param) {
7884 print "<strong>$key</strong> -> ";
7885 @values = param($key);
7886 print join(", ",@values),"<br>\n";
7893 <address>Lincoln D. Stein</address><br>
7894 <a href="/">Home Page</a>
7904 L<CGI::Carp>, L<CGI::Fast>, L<CGI::Pretty>