4 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
7 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
8 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
9 # Perl 5 distribution).
11 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
12 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
13 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
14 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
15 # listing the modifications you have made.
17 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
18 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
20 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.39 2000/07/28 03:00:03 lstein Exp $';
23 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
24 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
25 # $TempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
26 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires);
28 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
29 'DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
31 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
32 sub initialize_globals {
33 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
36 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
39 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
40 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
41 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
42 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
44 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
46 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
47 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
50 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
54 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
57 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
58 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
61 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
62 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
64 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
65 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
66 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
68 # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing
69 # to a certain number of bytes:
72 # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely:
75 # Automatically determined -- don't change
78 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
81 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
82 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
84 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
90 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
94 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
99 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
100 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
101 # available then require() the Config library
105 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
110 } elsif ($OS=~/vms/i) {
112 } elsif ($OS=~/bsdos/i) {
114 } elsif ($OS=~/dos/i) {
116 } elsif ($OS=~/^MacOS$/i) {
118 } elsif ($OS=~/os2/i) {
124 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
125 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin)/;
127 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
128 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
130 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
131 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
133 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
136 UNIX=>'/', OS2=>'\\', WINDOWS=>'\\', DOS=>'\\', MACINTOSH=>':', VMS=>'/'
139 # This no longer seems to be necessary
140 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
141 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
142 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
144 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
145 if (exists $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}
147 ($MOD_PERL = $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-Perl\//))
152 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
153 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
155 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
156 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
157 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
158 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
159 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
161 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
170 if ($needs_binmode) {
171 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDOUT);
172 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDIN);
173 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDERR);
177 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
178 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
179 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
180 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
181 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param
182 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big/],
183 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
184 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
185 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
186 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
187 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
188 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated url self_url script_name cookie Dump
189 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
190 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol
191 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http
192 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
193 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
194 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
195 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
196 ':imagemap' => [qw/Area Map/],
197 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
198 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape/],
199 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :form :cgi/],
200 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end/],
201 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal/]
204 # to import symbols into caller
208 # This causes modules to clash.
212 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
213 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
215 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
216 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
217 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
218 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
220 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
221 foreach $pck (@packages) {
222 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
227 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
233 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
238 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
240 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
241 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
242 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
248 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
249 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
252 my($class,$initializer) = @_;
254 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
255 if ($MOD_PERL && defined Apache->request) {
256 Apache->request->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
259 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
260 $self->init($initializer);
264 # We provide a DESTROY method so that the autoloader
265 # doesn't bother trying to find it.
269 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
270 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
271 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
272 # member of the list.
273 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
274 # the known parameters names available.
275 # If more than one argument is provided, the
276 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
277 # set the value of the parameter.
280 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
281 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
282 my($name,$value,@other);
284 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
285 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
287 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
290 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
291 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
293 foreach ($value,@other) {
294 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
297 # If values is provided, then we set it.
299 $self->add_parameter($name);
300 $self->{$name}=[@values];
306 return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
307 return wantarray ? @{$self->{$name}} : $self->{$name}->[0];
310 sub self_or_default {
311 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
312 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
313 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
315 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
318 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
322 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
323 if (defined($_[0]) &&
324 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
325 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
328 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
332 ########################################
333 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
334 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
336 ########################################
338 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
339 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
340 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
341 # and the values are stored as lists
342 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
343 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
346 my($self,$initializer) = @_;
347 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
350 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
351 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
352 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
353 if (@QUERY_PARAM && !defined($initializer)) {
354 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
355 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$QUERY_PARAM{$_});
360 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
361 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
363 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
367 # avoid unreasonably large postings
368 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
369 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
373 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
376 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
377 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
378 && !defined($initializer)
380 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
381 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
385 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
387 if (defined($initializer)) {
388 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
389 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
392 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
393 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
394 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
399 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
405 # massage back into standard format
406 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
407 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
409 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
414 # last chance -- treat it as a string
415 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
416 $query_string = $initializer;
421 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
423 if ($meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
425 $query_string = Apache->request->args;
427 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
428 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
433 if ($meth eq 'POST') {
434 $self->read_from_client(\*STDIN,\$query_string,$content_length,0)
435 if $content_length > 0;
436 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
437 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
438 # APPENDED to the POST data.
439 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
443 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
444 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
445 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
446 # UN*X programmers expect.
447 $query_string = read_from_cmdline() if $DEBUG;
450 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
451 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
452 if (defined $query_string && $query_string) {
453 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
454 $self->parse_params($query_string);
456 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
457 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
461 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
463 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
467 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
468 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
469 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
470 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
473 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
474 $self->delete('.submit');
475 $self->delete('.cgifields');
477 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
478 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
479 $self->save_request unless $initializer;
482 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
483 # Turn a string into a filehandle
486 return undef unless $thingy;
487 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
488 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
491 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
492 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
493 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
499 # send output to the browser
501 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
505 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
511 # get/set last cgi_error
513 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
514 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
515 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
520 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
521 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
522 # us to have several of these objects.
523 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
524 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
525 next unless defined $_;
526 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
531 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
532 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
535 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
536 $value = '' unless defined $value;
537 $param = unescape($param);
538 $value = unescape($value);
539 $self->add_parameter($param);
540 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
546 return unless defined $param;
547 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
548 unless defined($self->{$param});
553 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
554 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
555 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
558 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
560 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
564 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
569 (substr(ref(\$_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI' ||
570 UNIVERSAL::isa(\$_[0],'CGI')));
572 if (ref(\$_[0]) && ref(\$_[0]) eq 'HASH') {
573 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(shift()||undef,1);
574 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
577 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
578 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
579 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
580 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
583 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@_;
584 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
585 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
586 (ref(\$_[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$_[0]} : "\@_";
594 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
595 my $func = &_compile;
600 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
601 my($pack,$func_name);
603 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
604 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
605 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
606 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
607 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
608 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
610 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
612 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
613 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
615 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
617 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
619 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
621 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
622 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
625 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
626 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
627 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
630 die "Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n" unless $code;
631 eval "package $pack; $code";
637 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
638 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
641 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
647 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
648 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
649 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
650 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
651 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
652 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
653 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
654 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
655 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
656 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
657 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
658 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
660 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
661 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
662 my($pkg) = caller(1);
663 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
664 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
665 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
671 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
672 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
676 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
680 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
681 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
685 ###############################################################################
686 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
687 ###############################################################################
688 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
689 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
693 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
694 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
697 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
698 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
701 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
702 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace; boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
705 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
706 # Create a new multipart buffer
707 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
708 my($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_;
709 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle);
713 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
714 # Read data from a file handle
715 sub read_from_client {
716 my($self, $fh, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
717 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
718 return undef unless defined($fh);
719 return read($fh, $$buff, $len, $offset);
723 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
725 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
728 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
729 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
730 CORE::delete $self->{$name};
731 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
732 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep($_ ne $name,$self->param());
733 return wantarray ? () : undef;
737 #### Method: import_names
738 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
739 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
741 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
743 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
744 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
745 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
746 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
747 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
748 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
749 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
755 my($param,@value,$var);
756 foreach $param ($self->param) {
757 # protect against silly names
758 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
759 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
760 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
761 @value = $self->param($param);
768 #### Method: keywords
769 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
770 # returns the list of keywords.
771 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
773 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
775 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
776 # If values is provided, then we set it.
777 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
778 my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : ();
783 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
784 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
785 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
790 return %in if wantarray;
795 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
796 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
797 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
807 return scalar(keys %in);
811 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
813 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
814 return $self->header();
818 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
820 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
821 return $self->start_html(@p);
825 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
827 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
828 return $self->end_html(@p);
832 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
835 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
836 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
840 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
842 return request_method() eq 'GET';
846 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
848 return request_method() eq 'POST';
852 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
854 return $_[1] if defined $_[1];
855 return $Q ||= new shift;
859 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
864 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
865 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
869 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
871 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
872 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
873 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
877 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
879 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
880 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
884 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
886 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
890 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
892 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
896 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
898 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
902 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
910 # Append a new value to an existing query
915 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
916 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
918 $self->add_parameter($name);
919 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
921 return $self->param($name);
925 #### Method: delete_all
926 # Delete all parameters
928 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
930 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
937 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
942 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
944 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
945 $self->delete_all(@p);
949 #### Method: autoescape
950 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
951 # call this method with undef as the argument
952 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
954 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
955 $self->{'dontescape'}=!$escape;
961 # Return the current version
963 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
969 #### Method: url_param
970 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
971 # whether this was a POST or a GET
973 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
975 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
976 my $name = shift(@p);
977 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
978 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
979 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
980 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
981 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
984 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
985 $param = unescape($param);
986 $value = unescape($value);
987 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
990 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
993 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
994 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
995 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
996 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1001 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1002 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1005 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1007 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1008 my($param,$value,@result);
1009 return '<UL></UL>' unless $self->param;
1010 push(@result,"<UL>");
1011 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1012 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1013 push(@result,"<LI><STRONG>$param</STRONG>");
1014 push(@result,"<UL>");
1015 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1016 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1017 $value =~ s/\n/<BR>\n/g;
1018 push(@result,"<LI>$value");
1020 push(@result,"</UL>");
1022 push(@result,"</UL>\n");
1023 return join("\n",@result);
1027 #### Method as_string
1029 # synonym for "dump"
1031 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1038 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1039 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1041 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1043 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1044 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1046 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1047 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1048 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1049 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1051 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1052 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1055 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1060 #### Method: save_parameters
1061 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1062 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1064 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1065 sub save_parameters {
1067 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1071 #### Method: restore_parameters
1072 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1073 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1075 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1076 sub restore_parameters {
1077 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1081 #### Method: multipart_init
1082 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1083 # This has to be NPH, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1085 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1088 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1089 sub multipart_init {
1090 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1091 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1092 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1093 $self->{'separator'} = "\n--$boundary\n";
1094 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1095 return $self->header(
1098 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1099 ) . $self->multipart_end;
1104 #### Method: multipart_start
1105 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1107 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1110 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1111 sub multipart_start {
1112 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1113 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1114 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1115 return $self->header(
1117 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1123 #### Method: multipart_end
1124 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, end of section
1126 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1129 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1131 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1132 return $self->{'separator'};
1138 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1141 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1143 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1146 return undef if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1148 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,@other) =
1149 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1150 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1151 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1155 if (defined $charset) {
1156 $self->charset($charset);
1158 $charset = $self->charset;
1161 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1162 # need to fix it up a little.
1164 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^\s=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1165 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1168 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1169 $type .= "; charset=$charset" if $type ne '' and $type =~ m!^text/! and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/;
1171 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1172 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1173 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1175 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1176 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1177 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1179 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1181 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1182 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1185 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1186 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1188 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1190 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie;
1191 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1192 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1193 push(@header,@other);
1194 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1196 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1197 if ($MOD_PERL and not $nph) {
1198 my $r = Apache->request;
1199 $r->send_cgi_header($header);
1208 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1211 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1213 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1214 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1215 if ($new_value ne '') {
1216 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1218 return $self->{'cache'};
1223 #### Method: redirect
1224 # Return a Location: style header
1227 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1229 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1230 my($url,$target,$cookie,$nph,@other) = rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,COOKIE,NPH],@p);
1231 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1233 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1235 '-Status'=>'302 Moved',
1238 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1239 unshift(@o,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1240 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1241 return $self->header(@o);
1246 #### Method: start_html
1247 # Canned HTML header
1250 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1251 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1252 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1253 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1254 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1255 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1256 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1257 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1258 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1259 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <HEAD> tag
1260 # (a scalar or array ref)
1261 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1262 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1265 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1267 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1268 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,$target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,@other) =
1269 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG],@p);
1271 # strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as HTML
1272 # while the author needs to be escaped as a URL
1273 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1274 $author = $self->escape($author);
1278 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1279 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1281 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1284 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1286 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1287 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE HTML\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\t"$dtd->[1]">));
1289 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE HTML\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1291 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="$lang"><head><title>$title</title>)
1292 : qq(<html lang="$lang"><head><title>$title</title>));
1293 if (defined $author) {
1294 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1295 : "<link rev=made href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1298 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1299 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1300 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1301 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1304 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1305 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1306 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1309 push(@result,ref($head) ? @$head : $head) if $head;
1311 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1312 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1313 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1315 # handle -noscript parameter
1316 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1322 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1323 push(@result,"</head><body$other>");
1324 return join("\n",@result);
1329 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1331 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1333 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1335 my $type = 'text/css';
1337 my($src,$code,$stype,@other) =
1338 rearrange([SRC,CODE,TYPE],
1339 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1340 ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : %$style);
1341 $type = $stype if $stype;
1342 #### Here is new code for checking for array reference in -src tag (6/20/00 -- JJN) #####
1343 #### This should be passed in like this --> -src=>{['style1.css','style2.css','style3.css']}
1344 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1345 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one.
1346 foreach $src (@$src)
1348 push(@result,qq/<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src">/) if $src;
1352 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1353 push(@result,qq/<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src">/) if $src;
1355 #### End new code ####
1356 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"<!--\n$code\n-->")) if $code;
1358 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"<!--\n$style\n-->"));
1364 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1366 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1368 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1369 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1370 my($src,$code,$language);
1371 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1372 ($src,$code,$language, $type) =
1373 rearrange([SRC,CODE,LANGUAGE,TYPE],
1374 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1375 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1376 # User may not have specified language
1377 $language ||= 'JavaScript';
1378 unless (defined $type) {
1379 $type = lc $language;
1380 # strip '1.2' from 'javascript1.2'
1381 $type =~ s/^(\D+).*$/text\/$1/;
1384 ($src,$code,$language, $type) = ('',$script,'JavaScript', 'text/javascript');
1387 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1388 push(@satts,'language'=>$language);
1389 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1390 $code = "<!-- Hide script\n$code\n// End script hiding -->"
1391 if $code && $type=~/javascript/i;
1392 $code = "<!-- Hide script\n$code\n\# End script hiding -->"
1393 if $code && $type=~/perl/i;
1394 $code = "<!-- Hide script\n$code\n\# End script hiding -->"
1395 if $code && $type=~/tcl/i;
1396 $code = "<!-- Hide script\n$code\n' End script hiding -->"
1397 if $code && $type=~/vbscript/i;
1398 push(@result,script({@satts},$code || ''));
1404 #### Method: end_html
1405 # End an HTML document.
1406 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</BODY>"
1408 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1410 return "</body></html>";
1415 ################################
1416 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1417 ################################
1419 #### Method: isindex
1420 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1422 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1424 # A string containing a <ISINDEX> tag
1425 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1427 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1428 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1429 $action = qq/action="$action"/ if $action;
1430 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1431 return $XHTML ? "<isindex $action$other />" : "<isindex $action$other>";
1436 #### Method: startform
1439 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1440 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1441 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1442 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1444 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1446 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1447 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1449 $method = uc($method) || 'POST';
1450 $enctype = $enctype || &URL_ENCODED;
1451 $action = $action ? qq(action="$action") : qq 'action="' . $self->script_name . '"';
1452 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1453 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1454 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1459 #### Method: start_form
1460 # synonym for startform
1461 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1467 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1468 sub end_multipart_form {
1473 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1474 # synonym for startform
1475 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1476 sub start_multipart_form {
1477 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1478 if (defined($param[0]) && substr($param[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1480 $p{'-enctype'}=&MULTIPART;
1481 return $self->startform(%p);
1483 my($method,$action,@other) =
1484 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1485 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1491 #### Method: endform
1493 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1495 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1497 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1499 return wantarray ? ($self->get_fields,"</form>") :
1500 $self->get_fields ."\n</form>";
1506 #### Method: end_form
1507 # synonym for endform
1508 'end_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1515 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1517 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1518 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,@other) =
1519 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1521 my $current = $override ? $default :
1522 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1524 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1525 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1526 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size=$size/ : '';
1527 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength=$maxlength/ : '';
1528 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1529 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1530 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1531 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1532 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other />)
1533 : qq/<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>/;
1537 #### Method: textfield
1539 # $name -> Name of the text field
1540 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1542 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1543 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1545 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="text"> field
1547 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1549 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1550 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1555 #### Method: filefield
1557 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1558 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1559 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1561 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="text"> field
1563 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1565 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1566 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1571 #### Method: password
1572 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1574 # $name -> Name of the field
1575 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1577 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1578 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1580 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="password"> field
1582 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1583 sub password_field {
1584 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1585 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1589 #### Method: textarea
1591 # $name -> Name of the text field
1592 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1594 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1595 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1597 # A string containing a <TEXTAREA></TEXTAREA> tag
1599 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1601 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1603 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,@other) =
1604 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1606 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1607 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1609 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1610 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1611 my($r) = $rows ? " rows=$rows" : '';
1612 my($c) = $cols ? " cols=$cols" : '';
1613 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1614 return qq{<textarea name="$name"$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
1620 # Create a javascript button.
1622 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
1623 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
1624 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
1627 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="button"> tag
1629 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1631 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1633 my($label,$value,$script,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
1634 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT]],@p);
1636 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1637 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value);
1638 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
1641 $name = qq/ NAME="$label"/ if $label;
1642 $value = $value || $label;
1644 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
1645 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
1646 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1647 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other />)
1648 : qq/<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>/;
1654 # Create a "submit query" button.
1656 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1657 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
1658 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
1660 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="submit"> tag
1662 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1664 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1666 my($label,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL]],@p);
1668 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1669 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value);
1671 my($name) = ' name=".submit"' unless $NOSTICKY;
1672 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
1673 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
1675 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
1676 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1677 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit"$name$val$other />)
1678 : qq/<input type="submit"$name$val$other>/;
1684 # Create a "reset" button.
1686 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1688 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="reset"> tag
1690 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1692 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1693 my($label,@other) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
1694 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1695 my($value) = defined($label) ? qq/ value="$label"/ : '';
1696 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1697 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset"$value$other />)
1698 : qq/<input type="reset"$value$other>/;
1703 #### Method: defaults
1704 # Create a "defaults" button.
1706 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1708 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="submit" NAME=".defaults"> tag
1710 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
1711 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
1714 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1716 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1718 my($label,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE]],@p);
1720 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1721 $label = $label || "Defaults";
1722 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
1723 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1724 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" value".defaults"$value$other />)
1725 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
1730 #### Method: comment
1731 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
1732 # Parameters: a string
1733 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1735 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
1736 return "<!-- @p -->";
1740 #### Method: checkbox
1741 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
1742 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
1744 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
1745 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
1746 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
1747 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
1748 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
1750 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="checkbox"> field
1752 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1754 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1756 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$override,@other) =
1757 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1759 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
1761 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
1762 defined $self->param($name))) {
1763 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? ' checked="yes"' : '';
1765 $checked = $checked ? qq/ checked="yes"/ : '';
1767 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
1768 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
1769 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1770 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
1771 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1772 $self->register_parameter($name);
1773 return $XHTML ? qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other />$the_label}
1774 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
1779 #### Method: checkbox_group
1780 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
1782 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
1783 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
1784 # values for each checkbox in the group.
1785 # $defaults -> (optional)
1786 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
1787 # then this will be used to decide which
1788 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
1789 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
1790 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
1791 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
1792 # between the buttons.
1793 # $labels -> (optional)
1794 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
1795 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
1796 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
1798 # An ARRAY containing a series of <INPUT TYPE="checkbox"> fields
1800 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1801 sub checkbox_group {
1802 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1804 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$rows,$columns,
1805 $rowheaders,$colheaders,$override,$nolabels,@other) =
1806 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
1807 LINEBREAK,LABELS,ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],
1808 ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS,
1809 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS],@p);
1811 my($checked,$break,$result,$label);
1813 my(%checked) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
1816 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
1821 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1823 # Create the elements
1824 my(@elements,@values);
1826 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
1828 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1830 $checked = $checked{$_} ? qq/ checked="yes"/ : '';
1832 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
1834 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
1835 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label);
1837 $_ = $self->escapeHTML($_);
1838 push(@elements,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$_"$checked$other />${label}${break})
1839 : qq/<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$_"$checked$other>${label}${break}/);
1841 $self->register_parameter($name);
1842 return wantarray ? @elements : join(' ',@elements)
1843 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
1844 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
1848 # Escape HTML -- used internally
1849 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1851 my ($self,$toencode) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
1852 return undef unless defined($toencode);
1853 return $toencode if ref($self) && $self->{'dontescape'};
1854 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
1855 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
1856 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
1857 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
1858 if (uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'ISO-8859-1' or
1859 uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'WINDOWS-1252') { # bug
1860 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
1861 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
1867 # unescape HTML -- used internally
1868 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1870 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
1871 return undef unless defined($string);
1872 my $latin = $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i;
1873 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
1874 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
1880 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
1881 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
1888 # Internal procedure - don't use
1889 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1891 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
1892 $rowheaders = [] unless defined $rowheaders;
1893 $colheaders = [] unless defined $colheaders;
1896 if (defined($columns)) {
1897 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
1899 if (defined($rows)) {
1900 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
1903 # rearrange into a pretty table
1904 $result = "<table>";
1906 unshift(@$colheaders,'') if @$colheaders && @$rowheaders;
1907 $result .= "<tr>" if @{$colheaders};
1908 foreach (@{$colheaders}) {
1909 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
1911 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
1913 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders->[$row]</th>" if @$rowheaders;
1914 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
1915 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
1916 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
1920 $result .= "</table>";
1926 #### Method: radio_group
1927 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
1929 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
1930 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
1931 # values for each button in the group.
1932 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
1933 # to turn _nothing_ on.
1934 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
1935 # between the buttons.
1936 # $labels -> (optional)
1937 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
1938 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
1939 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
1941 # An ARRAY containing a series of <INPUT TYPE="radio"> fields
1943 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1945 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1947 my($name,$values,$default,$linebreak,$labels,
1948 $rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,$override,$nolabels,@other) =
1949 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],DEFAULT,LINEBREAK,LABELS,
1950 ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],
1951 ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS,
1952 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS],@p);
1953 my($result,$checked);
1955 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
1956 $checked = $self->param($name);
1958 $checked = $default;
1960 my(@elements,@values);
1961 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
1963 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
1964 $checked = $values[0] unless defined($checked) && $checked ne '';
1965 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1967 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1969 my($checkit) = $checked eq $_ ? qq/ checked="yes"/ : '';
1972 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
1978 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
1980 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
1981 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label);
1983 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
1984 push(@elements,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="radio" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other />${label}${break})
1985 : qq/<input type="radio" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other>${label}${break}/);
1987 $self->register_parameter($name);
1988 return wantarray ? @elements : join(' ',@elements)
1989 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
1990 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
1995 #### Method: popup_menu
1996 # Create a popup menu.
1998 # $name -> Name for all the menu
1999 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2000 # text of each menu item.
2001 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2002 # $labels -> (optional)
2003 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2004 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2005 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2007 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2009 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2011 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2013 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$override,@other) =
2014 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2015 my($result,$selected);
2017 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2018 $selected = $self->param($name);
2020 $selected = $default;
2022 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2023 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2026 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2028 $result = qq/<select name="$name"$other>\n/;
2030 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? ($selected eq $_ ? qq/selected="yes"/ : '' ) : '';
2032 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2033 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2034 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2035 $result .= "<option $selectit value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2038 $result .= "</select>\n";
2044 #### Method: scrolling_list
2045 # Create a scrolling list.
2047 # $name -> name for the list
2048 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2049 # values for each option line in the list.
2050 # $defaults -> (optional)
2051 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2052 # then this will be used to decide which
2053 # lines to turn on by default.
2054 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2055 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2056 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2057 # $labels -> (optional)
2058 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2059 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2060 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2062 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2064 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2065 sub scrolling_list {
2066 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2067 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$override,@other)
2068 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2069 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2071 my($result,@values);
2072 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2074 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2076 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2077 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="yes"/ : '';
2078 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2079 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2081 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2082 $result = qq/<select name="$name"$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2084 my($selectit) = $selected{$_} ? qq/selected="yes"/ : '';
2086 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2087 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2088 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2089 $result .= "<option $selectit value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2091 $result .= "</select>\n";
2092 $self->register_parameter($name);
2100 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2101 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2103 # $default->[initial values of field]
2105 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="hidden" NAME="name" VALUE="value">
2107 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2109 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2111 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2112 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2114 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2115 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2117 my $do_override = 0;
2118 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2119 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2120 $do_override = $override;
2122 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2123 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2127 # use previous values if override is not set
2128 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2129 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2131 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2133 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_) : '';
2134 push(@result,$XHTMl ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" />)
2135 : qq/<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_">/);
2137 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2142 #### Method: image_button
2144 # $name -> Name of the button
2145 # $src -> URL of the image source
2146 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2148 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="image" NAME="name" SRC="url" ALIGN="alignment">
2150 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2152 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2154 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2155 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2157 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\U$alignment" : '';
2158 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2159 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2160 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2161 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2166 #### Method: self_url
2167 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2168 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2169 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2170 # script with all its state information preserved.
2172 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2174 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2175 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2180 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2181 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2182 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2190 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2193 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2195 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2196 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query) =
2197 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING']],@p);
2199 $full++ if !($relative || $absolute);
2201 my $path = $self->path_info;
2203 if (exists($ENV{REQUEST_URI})) {
2205 $script_name = $ENV{REQUEST_URI};
2206 # strip query string
2207 substr($script_name,$index) = '' if ($index = index($script_name,'?')) >= 0;
2209 if (exists($ENV{PATH_INFO})) {
2210 my $decoded_path = unescape($ENV{PATH_INFO});
2211 substr($script_name,$index) = '' if ($index = rindex($script_name,$decoded_path)) >= 0;
2214 $script_name = $self->script_name;
2218 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2219 $url = "$protocol://";
2220 my $vh = http('host');
2224 $url .= server_name();
2225 my $port = $self->server_port;
2227 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2228 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2230 $url .= $script_name;
2231 } elsif ($relative) {
2232 ($url) = $script_name =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2233 } elsif ($absolute) {
2234 $url = $script_name;
2236 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2237 $url .= "?" . $self->query_string if $query and $self->query_string;
2238 $url = '' unless defined $url;
2239 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/uc sprintf("%%%02x",ord($1))/eg;
2246 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2247 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2248 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2250 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2251 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2252 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2253 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2254 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2255 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2257 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2259 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2260 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires) =
2261 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES],@p);
2263 require CGI::Cookie;
2265 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2266 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2267 # cookies in our state variables.
2268 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2269 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2270 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2272 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2273 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2274 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2275 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2276 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2279 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2280 return undef unless $name; # this is an error
2283 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2284 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2285 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2286 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2287 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2288 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2290 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2294 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2295 sub parse_keywordlist {
2296 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2297 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2298 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2299 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2304 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2306 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2307 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2308 unless (exists($self->{$name})) {
2309 $self->add_parameter($name);
2310 $self->{$name} = [];
2313 return $self->{$name};
2317 ###############################################
2318 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2319 ###############################################
2321 #### Method: path_info
2322 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2323 # after the URL (if any)
2325 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2327 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2328 if (defined($info)) {
2329 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2330 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2331 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2332 $self->{'.path_info'} = defined($ENV{'PATH_INFO'}) ?
2333 $ENV{'PATH_INFO'} : '';
2335 # hack to fix broken path info in IIS
2336 $self->{'.path_info'} =~ s/^\Q$ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'}\E// if $IIS;
2339 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2344 #### Method: request_method
2345 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2347 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2348 sub request_method {
2349 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2353 #### Method: content_type
2354 # Returns the content_type string
2356 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2358 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2362 #### Method: path_translated
2363 # Return the physical path information provided
2364 # by the URL (if any)
2366 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2367 sub path_translated {
2368 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2373 #### Method: query_string
2374 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2377 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2379 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2380 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2381 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2382 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2383 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2384 $value = escape($value);
2385 next unless defined $value;
2386 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2389 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2395 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2396 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2397 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2398 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2399 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2400 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2401 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2402 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2403 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2405 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2407 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2408 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2410 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2413 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2414 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2416 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2419 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2421 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2422 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2423 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2424 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2426 # First return the preference for directly supported
2428 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2430 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2431 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2432 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2433 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2434 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2435 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2441 #### Method: user_agent
2442 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2443 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2444 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2446 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2448 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2449 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2450 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2455 #### Method: raw_cookie
2456 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
2457 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
2458 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
2459 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
2460 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
2463 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2465 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2467 require CGI::Cookie;
2469 if (defined($key)) {
2470 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
2471 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
2473 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
2474 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
2475 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
2477 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
2481 #### Method: virtual_host
2482 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
2483 # is not always the same as the server
2485 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2487 my $vh = http('host') || server_name();
2488 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
2493 #### Method: remote_host
2494 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
2495 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
2496 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
2499 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2501 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
2507 #### Method: remote_addr
2508 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
2510 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2512 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
2517 #### Method: script_name
2518 # Return the partial URL to this script for
2519 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
2520 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
2523 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2525 return $ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'} if defined($ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'});
2526 # These are for debugging
2527 return "/$0" unless $0=~/^\//;
2533 #### Method: referer
2534 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
2537 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2539 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2540 return $self->http('referer');
2545 #### Method: server_name
2546 # Return the name of the server
2548 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2550 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
2554 #### Method: server_software
2555 # Return the name of the server software
2557 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2558 sub server_software {
2559 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
2563 #### Method: server_port
2564 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
2566 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2568 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
2572 #### Method: server_protocol
2573 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
2575 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2576 sub server_protocol {
2577 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
2582 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
2583 # the list of variables if none provided
2585 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2587 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2588 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
2589 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
2590 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
2592 foreach (keys %ENV) {
2593 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
2600 # Return the value of HTTPS
2602 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2605 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2606 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
2607 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
2608 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
2609 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
2611 foreach (keys %ENV) {
2612 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
2618 #### Method: protocol
2619 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
2621 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2625 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
2626 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
2627 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
2628 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
2629 return "\L$protocol\E";
2633 #### Method: remote_ident
2634 # Return the identity of the remote user
2635 # (but only if his host is running identd)
2637 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2639 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
2644 #### Method: auth_type
2645 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
2647 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2649 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
2654 #### Method: remote_user
2655 # Return the authorization name used for user
2658 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2660 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
2665 #### Method: user_name
2666 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
2669 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2671 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2672 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
2676 #### Method: nosticky
2677 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
2679 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2681 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2682 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
2683 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
2688 # Set or return the NPH global flag
2690 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2692 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2693 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
2698 #### Method: private_tempfiles
2699 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
2701 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2702 sub private_tempfiles {
2703 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2704 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
2705 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
2709 #### Method: default_dtd
2710 # Set or return the default_dtd global
2712 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2714 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2715 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
2716 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
2717 } elsif (defined $param) {
2718 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
2720 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
2724 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
2725 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2726 sub previous_or_default {
2727 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
2730 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2731 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
2732 grep($selected{$_}++,$self->param($name));
2733 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
2734 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
2735 grep($selected{$_}++,@{$defaults});
2737 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
2744 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2745 sub register_parameter {
2746 my($self,$param) = @_;
2747 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
2751 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2754 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
2755 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
2760 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2761 sub read_from_cmdline {
2764 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
2766 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
2767 require "shellwords.pl";
2768 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input)\n";
2769 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
2770 $input = join(" ",@lines);
2771 @words = &shellwords($input);
2778 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
2779 $query_string = join('&',@words);
2781 $query_string = join('+',@words);
2783 return $query_string;
2788 # subroutine: read_multipart
2790 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
2791 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
2792 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
2793 # caller can read from it if necessary.
2795 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2796 sub read_multipart {
2797 my($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_;
2798 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length,$filehandle);
2799 return unless $buffer;
2802 while (!$buffer->eof) {
2803 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
2806 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
2810 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="?([^\";]*)"?/;
2812 # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
2813 my($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename="?([^\"]*)"?/;
2815 # add this parameter to our list
2816 $self->add_parameter($param);
2818 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
2819 # to our parameter list.
2820 if ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) {
2821 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
2822 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
2826 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
2828 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
2829 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
2830 # the file for reading.
2832 # skip the file if uploads disabled
2833 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
2834 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
2838 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
2839 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,values %ENV));
2840 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
2841 next unless $tmpfile = new TempFile($seqno);
2842 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
2843 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
2844 $seqno += int rand(100);
2846 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless $filehandle;
2847 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
2851 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
2852 print $filehandle $data;
2855 # back up to beginning of file
2856 seek($filehandle,0,0);
2857 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
2859 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
2861 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filehandle)}= {
2865 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
2871 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
2873 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
2874 my $param = $self->param($param_name);
2875 return unless $param;
2876 return unless ref($param) && fileno($param);
2881 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2883 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
2884 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name} ?
2885 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name}->as_string
2890 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2892 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
2893 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{info};
2897 # internal routine, don't use
2898 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2899 sub _set_values_and_labels {
2902 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
2903 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
2904 return $v if !ref($v);
2905 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
2909 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2912 next if defined(&$_);
2913 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
2923 #########################################################
2924 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
2925 #########################################################
2927 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
2936 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
2938 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
2939 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
2941 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2944 # get rid of package name
2945 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
2949 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
2950 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
2951 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
2952 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
2954 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
2959 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2963 return "$self" cmp $value;
2967 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2969 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
2970 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
2971 my $fv = ++$FH . quotemeta($name);
2972 warn unless *{"Fh::$fv"};
2973 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
2974 sysopen($ref,$file,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
2975 unlink($file) if $delete;
2976 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
2977 return bless $ref,$pack;
2981 'DESTROY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2991 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
2992 package MultipartBuffer;
2994 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
2995 # a 4K buffer by default.
2996 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
2997 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
2998 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3001 #reuse the autoload function
3002 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3004 # avoid autoloader warnings
3007 ###############################################################################
3008 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3009 ###############################################################################
3010 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3011 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3014 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3016 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_;
3017 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3020 my($package) = caller;
3021 # force into caller's package if necessary
3022 $IN = $filehandle=~/[':]/ ? $filehandle : "$package\:\:$filehandle";
3024 $IN = "main::STDIN" unless $IN;
3026 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3028 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3029 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3030 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3031 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3032 # by then, we return.
3034 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3035 # about providing boundary strings.
3036 my $boundary_read = 0;
3039 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3040 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3042 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3043 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3044 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac');
3046 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3048 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3049 $boundary = <$IN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3050 $length -= length($boundary);
3051 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3052 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3056 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3057 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3059 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3063 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3064 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3066 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3068 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3069 unless ($boundary_read) {
3070 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3072 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" if $self->eof;
3078 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3085 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS';
3088 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3089 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3090 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3091 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3092 # this was a bad idea
3093 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3094 } until $ok || $bad;
3097 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3098 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3102 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3103 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3104 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3106 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3107 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3108 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3109 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2); # avoid taintedness
3110 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3111 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3117 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3118 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3123 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3124 $returnval .= $data;
3130 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3131 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3132 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3133 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3135 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3137 # default number of bytes to read
3138 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3140 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3141 # is never split between reads.
3142 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3144 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3145 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$self->{BOUNDARY});
3146 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3147 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless ($start >= 0) || ($self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3149 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3150 # and return undef. The +2 here is a fiendish plot to
3151 # remove the CR/LF pair at the end of the boundary.
3154 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3155 if (index($self->{BUFFER},"$self->{BOUNDARY}--")==0) {
3161 # just remove the boundary.
3162 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($self->{BOUNDARY})+2)='';
3167 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3168 $bytesToReturn = $start > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3169 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3170 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3171 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3173 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($self->{BOUNDARY})+1);
3176 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3177 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3179 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3180 return ($start > 0) ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3185 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3186 # boundary is never split between reads
3187 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3189 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3190 return unless $self->{LENGTH};
3192 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3193 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3194 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3195 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
3197 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
3198 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client($self->{IN},
3202 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
3204 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
3205 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
3206 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
3207 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
3208 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
3209 if ($bytesRead == 0) {
3210 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
3211 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
3213 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
3216 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead;
3221 # Return true when we've finished reading
3222 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3225 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
3226 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
3234 ####################################################################################
3235 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
3236 ####################################################################################
3240 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
3241 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
3242 unless ($TMPDIRECTORY) {
3243 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
3244 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
3245 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
3246 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH");
3247 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if exists $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
3249 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
3250 # it is problematic.
3251 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
3252 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
3253 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
3254 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
3255 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
3256 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
3259 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
3263 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
3266 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
3267 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
3268 *TempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3270 ###############################################################################
3271 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3272 ###############################################################################
3273 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3274 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3277 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3279 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
3281 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
3282 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}CGItemp%d",$sequence++));
3284 # untaint the darn thing
3285 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ '":/.\$\\]+)$!;
3287 return bless \$filename;
3291 'DESTROY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3294 unlink $$self; # get rid of the file
3298 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3310 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
3311 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
3312 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
3317 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
3318 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
3319 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
3320 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3331 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
3335 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
3336 # and echoes back its values.
3338 use CGI qw/:standard/;
3340 start_html('A Simple Example'),
3341 h1('A Simple Example'),
3343 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
3344 "What's the combination?", p,
3345 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
3346 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3347 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
3348 "What's your favorite color? ",
3349 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
3350 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
3356 print "Your name is",em(param('name')),p,
3357 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
3358 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),
3364 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
3365 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
3366 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
3367 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
3368 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
3369 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
3370 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
3371 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
3372 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
3373 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
3374 style sheets, server push, and frames.
3376 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
3377 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
3379 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
3381 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
3382 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
3386 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
3388 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
3389 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
3390 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
3391 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
3392 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
3393 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
3394 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
3395 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
3396 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
3397 script and restore it later.
3399 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
3400 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
3402 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
3403 use CGI; # load CGI routines
3404 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
3405 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
3406 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
3407 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
3408 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
3410 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
3411 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
3412 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
3413 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
3414 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
3415 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
3416 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
3417 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
3418 need to create the CGI object.
3420 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
3421 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
3422 print header, # create the HTTP header
3423 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
3424 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
3425 end_html; # end the HTML
3427 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
3428 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
3429 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
3431 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
3433 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
3434 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
3435 argument calling style that looks like this:
3437 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
3439 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
3440 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
3441 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
3442 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
3443 dashes for the subsequent ones.
3445 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
3446 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
3447 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
3448 case, the single argument is the document type.
3450 print $q->header('text/html');
3452 Other such routines are documented below.
3454 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
3455 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
3456 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
3457 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
3458 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
3460 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
3461 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
3463 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
3464 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
3465 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
3466 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
3467 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
3468 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
3469 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
3470 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
3471 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
3477 h1('some','contents'); <H1>some contents</H1>
3478 h1({-align=>left}); <H1 ALIGN="LEFT">
3479 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <H1 ALIGN="LEFT">contents</H1>
3481 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
3483 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
3484 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
3485 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
3486 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
3487 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
3488 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
3489 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
3492 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
3494 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
3495 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
3496 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
3497 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
3498 have several choices:
3502 =item 1. Use another name for the argument, if one is available. For
3503 example, -value is an alias for -values.
3505 =item 2. Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
3507 =item 3. Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
3511 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
3512 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
3513 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
3515 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
3516 -cost => 'Three smackers',
3517 -annoyance_level => 'high',
3518 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
3520 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
3523 Cost: Three smackers
3524 Annoyance-level: high
3525 Complaints-to: bit bucket
3526 Content-type: text/html
3528 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
3529 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
3532 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
3535 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
3539 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
3540 it into a perl5 object called $query.
3542 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
3544 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
3546 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
3547 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
3548 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
3549 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
3550 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
3551 can be saved and restored.
3553 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
3554 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
3555 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
3557 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
3559 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
3562 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
3563 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
3564 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
3565 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
3567 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
3568 restore_parameters(IN);
3571 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
3574 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
3575 'song'=>'I love you',
3576 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
3579 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
3581 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
3583 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
3584 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
3587 $old_query = new CGI;
3588 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
3590 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
3592 $empty_query = new CGI("");
3596 $empty_query = new CGI({});
3598 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
3600 @keywords = $query->keywords
3602 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
3603 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
3605 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
3607 @names = $query->param
3609 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
3610 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
3611 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
3612 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
3613 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
3614 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
3616 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
3617 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
3618 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
3619 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
3620 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
3622 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
3624 @values = $query->param('foo');
3628 $value = $query->param('foo');
3630 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
3631 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
3632 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
3633 the method will return a single value.
3635 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
3636 "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
3637 string. This feature is new in 2.63.
3639 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
3641 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
3643 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
3644 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
3645 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
3646 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
3649 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
3650 in more detail later:
3652 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
3656 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
3658 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
3660 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
3662 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
3663 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
3664 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
3665 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
3667 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
3669 $query->import_names('R');
3671 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
3672 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
3673 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
3674 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
3677 In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
3678 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
3679 Perl module B<import> operator.
3681 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
3683 $query->delete('foo');
3685 This completely clears a parameter. It sometimes useful for
3686 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between
3689 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
3690 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
3692 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
3694 $query->delete_all();
3696 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
3697 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
3699 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
3701 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
3703 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
3704 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
3706 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
3707 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
3708 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
3709 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
3710 can manipulate in any way you like.
3712 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
3714 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
3717 print $params->{'address'};
3718 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
3724 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
3725 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
3726 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
3727 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
3728 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
3729 CGI parameter list. Called in an array context, it returns the
3730 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
3731 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
3733 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
3734 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
3735 array context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
3736 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
3737 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
3738 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
3739 module for Perl version 4.
3741 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
3742 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
3744 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
3746 $query->save(FILEHANDLE)
3748 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
3749 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
3750 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
3753 The format of the saved file is:
3761 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
3762 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
3763 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
3764 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
3765 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
3766 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
3767 a short example of creating multiple session records:
3771 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
3773 foreach (0..$records) {
3775 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
3780 # reopen for reading
3781 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
3783 my $q = new CGI(IN);
3784 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
3787 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
3788 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
3789 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
3791 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
3793 for further details.
3795 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
3796 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
3798 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
3800 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
3801 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
3802 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
3803 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
3804 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
3805 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
3808 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
3810 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
3811 $q->start_html('Problems'),
3812 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
3817 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
3818 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
3821 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
3823 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
3824 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
3825 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
3828 use CGI <list of methods>;
3830 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
3831 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
3832 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
3833 methods, and then use them directly:
3835 use CGI 'param','header';
3836 print header('text/plain');
3837 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
3839 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
3840 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
3841 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
3843 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
3849 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
3854 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
3858 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
3862 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 proposed elements (such as
3863 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
3867 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
3871 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
3876 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'form' and 'cgi'.
3880 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
3881 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
3885 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
3886 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
3887 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
3888 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
3889 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <GRADIENT> (which causes the
3890 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
3891 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
3892 to start using it immediately:
3894 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
3895 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
3897 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
3898 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
3899 change in the future.
3901 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
3902 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
3903 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
3904 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
3905 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
3906 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
3907 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
3909 use CGI qw/:standard/;
3912 start_html('Simple Script'),
3913 h1('Simple Script'),
3915 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
3916 "What's the combination?",
3917 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
3918 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3919 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
3920 "What's your favorite color?",
3921 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
3922 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
3929 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
3930 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
3931 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
3937 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
3938 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
3939 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
3940 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
3941 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
3942 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
3945 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
3947 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
3953 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
3954 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
3955 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
3956 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
3960 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
3962 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
3963 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
3968 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
3969 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
3970 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
3971 those destined to be crunched by Malcom Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
3972 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
3974 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
3978 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
3980 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
3981 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
3982 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
3983 compile() method instead (see below).
3987 This makes CGI.pm not generating the hidden fields .submit
3988 and .cgifields. It is very useful if you don't want to
3989 have the hidden fields appear in the querystring in a GET method.
3990 For example, a search script generated this way will have
3991 a very nice url with search parameters for bookmarking.
3995 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
3996 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
3997 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4002 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4003 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4004 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4005 of NPH scripts below.
4007 =item -newstyle_urls
4009 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4010 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4012 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4014 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4015 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4016 pragma is specified.
4018 This became the default in version 2.64.
4020 =item -oldstyle_urls
4022 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4023 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4027 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4028 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4029 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4030 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4031 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4032 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4033 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4034 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4035 to the top of your script.
4039 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4040 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4041 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4042 then use this pragma:
4044 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4048 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4049 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4050 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4051 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4053 See the section on debugging for more details.
4055 =item -private_tempfiles
4057 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4058 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4059 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4060 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4061 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4062 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4063 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4064 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4065 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4066 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4067 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4069 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4070 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4071 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4073 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4075 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4076 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4078 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4081 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4082 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4084 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4085 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4089 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4091 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4092 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4095 print h1('Level 1 Header');
4099 <H1>Level 1 Header</H1>
4101 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
4102 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
4103 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
4105 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
4107 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
4108 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
4109 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
4110 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
4111 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
4112 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
4116 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
4118 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
4123 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <TABLE> tag)
4125 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </TABLE> tag)
4127 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <UL> tag)
4129 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </UL> tag)
4133 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4135 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
4136 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
4137 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
4138 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
4139 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
4141 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
4142 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
4143 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
4145 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4147 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
4148 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
4149 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
4150 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
4151 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
4154 print $query->header;
4158 print $query->header('image/gif');
4162 print $query->header('text/html','204 No response');
4166 print $query->header(-type=>'image/gif',
4168 -status=>'402 Payment required',
4172 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
4175 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
4176 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
4177 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
4178 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
4179 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
4181 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
4182 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
4183 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
4184 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
4185 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
4186 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
4188 print $query->header(-Content_length=>3002);
4190 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
4191 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
4192 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
4193 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
4194 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
4195 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
4198 +30s 30 seconds from now
4199 +10m ten minutes from now
4200 +1h one hour from now
4201 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
4204 +10y in ten years time
4205 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
4207 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
4208 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
4209 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
4210 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
4213 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
4214 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
4215 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
4217 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
4218 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
4219 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
4221 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
4222 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
4223 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
4224 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
4225 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
4227 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
4229 print $query->redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
4231 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
4232 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
4233 time of day or the identity of the user.
4235 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
4236 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
4239 One hint I can offer is that relative links may not work correctly
4240 when you generate a redirection to another document on your site.
4241 This is due to a well-intentioned optimization that some servers use.
4242 The solution to this is to use the full URL (including the http: part)
4243 of the document you are redirecting to.
4245 You can also use named arguments:
4247 print $query->redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
4250 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
4251 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
4252 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, which
4253 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
4255 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
4257 print $query->start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
4258 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
4261 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
4262 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
4263 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
4266 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
4267 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
4268 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
4269 page's appearance and behavior.
4271 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <BODY> tag.
4272 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
4273 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
4274 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
4275 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
4276 to the <BODY> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
4279 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <BASE> tag
4280 different from the current location, as in
4282 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
4284 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
4286 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
4287 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
4288 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
4289 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
4292 -target=>"answer_window"
4294 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
4295 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
4296 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
4297 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
4298 into a series of header <META> tags that look something like this:
4300 <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="pharaoh secret mummy">
4301 <META NAME="description" CONTENT="copyright 1996 King Tut">
4303 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <META> tag, use B<-head>, described
4306 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
4307 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
4310 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
4311 the <HTML> tag. The default if not specified is "en-US" for US
4312 English. For example:
4314 print $q->header(-lang=>'fr-CA');
4316 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <HEAD> section with the
4317 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <LINK> element in the
4318 head section, use this:
4320 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
4321 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));
4323 To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <HEAD> section, just pass an
4326 print start_html(-head=>[
4328 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
4329 Link({-rel=>'previous',
4330 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
4334 And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <META> tag:
4336 print header(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
4337 -content => 'text/html'}))
4340 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>,
4341 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used
4342 to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should
4343 point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions.
4344 This block will be placed within a <SCRIPT> block inside the HTML (not
4345 HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in order to give your
4346 page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript functions in place
4347 even if the user presses the stop button before the page has loaded
4348 completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in such a way that
4349 JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code: unfortunately
4350 there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that get confused
4353 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
4354 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
4355 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
4359 print $query->header;
4361 // Ask a silly question
4362 function riddle_me_this() {
4363 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
4364 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
4365 "and three legs in the evening?");
4368 // Get a silly answer
4369 function response(answer) {
4370 if (answer == "man")
4371 alert("Right you are!");
4373 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
4376 print $query->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4379 Use the B<-noScript> parameter to pass some HTML text that will be displayed on
4380 browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where JavaScript is turned
4383 Netscape 3.0 recognizes several attributes of the <SCRIPT> tag,
4384 including LANGUAGE and SRC. The latter is particularly interesting,
4385 as it allows you to keep the JavaScript code in a file or CGI script
4386 rather than cluttering up each page with the source. To use these
4387 attributes pass a HASH reference in the B<-script> parameter containing
4388 one or more of -language, -src, or -code:
4390 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4391 -script=>{-language=>'JAVASCRIPT',
4392 -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
4395 print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4396 -script=>{-language=>'PERLSCRIPT',
4397 -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
4401 A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <SCRIPT> sections into the
4402 header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array reference.
4403 this allows you to specify different source files for different dialects
4404 of JavaScript. Example:
4406 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4408 { -language => 'JavaScript1.0',
4409 -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
4411 { -language => 'JavaScript1.1',
4412 -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
4414 { -language => 'JavaScript1.2',
4415 -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
4417 { -language => 'JavaScript28.2',
4418 -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
4424 If this looks a bit extreme, take my advice and stick with straight CGI scripting.
4428 http://home.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/handbook/javascript/
4430 for more information about JavaScript.
4432 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
4436 =item B<Parameters:>
4444 The author's e-mail address (will create a <LINK REV="MADE"> tag if present
4448 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <BASE> tag in the header. This
4449 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
4450 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
4454 Any other parameters you want to include in the <BODY> tag. This is a good
4455 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
4459 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
4461 print $query->end_html
4463 This ends an HTML document by printing the </BODY></HTML> tags.
4465 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
4467 $myself = $query->self_url;
4468 print q(<A HREF="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</A>);
4470 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
4471 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
4472 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
4473 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
4474 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
4476 $myself = $query->self_url;
4477 print "<A HREF=$myself#table1>See table 1</A>";
4478 print "<A HREF=$myself#table2>See table 2</A>";
4479 print "<A HREF=$myself#yourself>See for yourself</A>";
4481 If you want more control over what's returned, using the B<url()>
4484 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
4486 $the_string = $query->query_string;
4488 =head2 OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
4490 $full_url = $query->url();
4491 $full_url = $query->url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax
4492 $relative_url = $query->url(-relative=>1);
4493 $absolute_url = $query->url(-absolute=>1);
4494 $url_with_path = $query->url(-path_info=>1);
4495 $url_with_path_and_query = $query->url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
4497 B<url()> returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called
4498 without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including
4499 host name and port number
4501 http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi
4503 You can modify this format with the following named arguments:
4509 If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.
4515 Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
4516 script with different parameters. For example:
4522 Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
4523 This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.
4525 =item B<-path> (B<-path_info>)
4527 Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
4528 combined with B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-path_info>
4529 is provided as a synonym.
4531 =item B<-query> (B<-query_string>)
4533 Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with
4534 B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-query_string> is provided
4539 =head2 MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
4541 $color = $query->url_param('color');
4543 It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as
4544 well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
4545 containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
4546 B<param()> method will always return the contents of the POSTed
4547 fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL
4548 parameters, call the B<url_param()> method. Use it in the same way as
4549 B<param()>. The main difference is that it allows you to read the
4550 parameters, but not set them.
4553 Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
4554 interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
4555 try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET
4556 method, the results will not be what you expect.
4558 =head1 CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
4560 CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of
4561 the HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single
4562 HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then
4563 print or manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of
4564 HTML code that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most
4565 commonly, print out so that it displays in the browser window.
4567 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
4570 print $q->blockquote(
4571 "Many years ago on the island of",
4572 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
4573 "there lived a Minotaur named",
4574 $q->strong("Fred."),
4578 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
4579 added for readability):
4582 Many years ago on the island of
4583 <a HREF="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
4584 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
4588 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
4589 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
4590 completely (see the next section for more details):
4592 use CGI ':standard';
4594 "Many years ago on the island of",
4595 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
4596 "there lived a minotaur named",
4601 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
4603 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
4604 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
4608 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
4609 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
4611 print h1("Chapter","1"); # <H1>Chapter 1</H1>"
4613 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
4614 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
4616 print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
4617 "Open a new frame");
4619 <A HREF="fred.html",TARGET="_new">Open a new frame</A>
4621 You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if
4624 print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
4626 <IMG ALIGN="LEFT" SRC="fred.gif">
4628 Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
4629 lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument that
4630 that points to an undef string:
4632 print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
4634 Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
4635 attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
4636 changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the form
4637 <IMG ALT="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:
4640 img({alt=>undef}) <IMG ALT>
4641 img({alt=>''}) <IMT ALT="">
4643 =head2 THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
4645 One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
4646 distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a
4647 B<reference> to a list, the tag will be distributed across each
4648 element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered
4652 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
4655 This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
4658 <LI TYPE="disc">Sneezy</LI>
4659 <LI TYPE="disc">Doc</LI>
4660 <LI TYPE="disc">Sleepy</LI>
4661 <LI TYPE="disc">Happy</LI>
4664 This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:
4666 print table({-border=>undef},
4667 caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
4668 Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
4670 th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
4671 td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
4672 td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),
4673 td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
4678 =head2 HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
4680 Consider this bit of code:
4682 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
4684 It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:
4686 <BLOCKQUOTE><EM>Hi</EM> mom!</BLOCKQUOTE>
4688 Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!".
4689 CGI.pm puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
4690 controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is
4691 not what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series
4692 of images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an
4697 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
4700 I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
4701 change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly
4704 =head2 NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
4706 A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various
4709 B<comment()> generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it
4712 print comment('here is my comment');
4714 Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following functions
4715 begin with initial caps:
4724 In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
4725 start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special.
4726 See their respective sections.
4728 =head2 AUTOESCAPING HTML
4730 By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions
4731 is passed through a function called escapeHTML():
4735 =item $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
4737 Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.
4741 Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
4742 default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
4743 character becomes "<", ">" becomes ">", "&" becomes "&", and
4744 the quote character becomes """. In addition, the hexadecimal
4745 0x8b and 0x9b characters, which many windows-based browsers interpret
4746 as the left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their
4747 numeric HTML entities ("‹" and "›"). If you manually change
4748 the charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by
4749 passing a -charset argument to header(), then B<all> characters will
4750 be replaced by their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup
4751 table for all the possible encodings.
4753 The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as
4754 h1(). You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in
4755 order to protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter
4756 into guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset().
4757 To turn autoescaping off completely, use autoescape():
4761 =item $charset = charset([$charset]);
4763 Get or set the current character set.
4765 =item $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
4767 Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.
4771 =head2 PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
4773 By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
4774 long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but
4775 it does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get
4776 pretty-printed output, please use L<CGI::Pretty>, a subclass
4777 contributed by Brian Paulsen.
4779 =head1 CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
4781 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
4782 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
4783 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
4784 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
4785 around the form elements.
4787 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
4788 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
4789 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
4790 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
4792 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
4795 (1) call the param() method to set it.
4797 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
4798 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
4800 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
4801 -default=>'starting value',
4806 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
4807 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
4808 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
4809 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
4810 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
4811 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
4814 $query->autoEscape(undef);
4816 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
4818 print $query->isindex(-action=>$action);
4822 print $query->isindex($action);
4824 Prints out an <ISINDEX> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
4825 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
4826 default is to process the query with the current script.
4828 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
4830 print $query->start_form(-method=>$method,
4832 -enctype=>$encoding);
4833 <... various form stuff ...>
4834 print $query->endform;
4838 print $query->start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
4839 <... various form stuff ...>
4840 print $query->endform;
4842 start_form() will return a <FORM> tag with the optional method,
4843 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
4847 enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
4849 endform() returns the closing </FORM> tag.
4851 Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the various
4852 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
4853 values are possible:
4855 B<Note:> This method was previously named startform(), and startform()
4856 is still recognized as an alias.
4860 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
4862 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
4863 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
4864 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
4865 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
4866 type in B<&CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
4868 =item B<multipart/form-data>
4870 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
4871 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
4872 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
4873 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
4874 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
4875 in B<&CGI::MULTIPART>
4877 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
4878 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
4883 For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
4884 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
4885 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
4888 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
4889 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
4890 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
4891 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
4892 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
4893 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
4894 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
4895 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
4896 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
4898 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <SCRIPT>
4899 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
4900 call. See start_html() for details.
4902 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
4904 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
4905 -default=>'starting value',
4910 print $query->textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
4912 textfield() will return a text input field.
4920 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
4924 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
4925 contents (-default).
4929 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
4934 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
4935 field will accept (-maxlength).
4939 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
4940 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
4941 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
4944 $value = $query->param('foo');
4946 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
4947 called once, you can do so like this:
4949 $query->param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
4951 NEW AS OF VERSION 2.15: If you don't want the field to take on its previous
4952 value, you can force its current value by using the -override (alias -force)
4955 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
4956 -default=>'starting value',
4961 JAVASCRIPTING: You can also provide B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>,
4962 B<-onBlur>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect>
4963 parameters to register JavaScript event handlers. The onChange
4964 handler will be called whenever the user changes the contents of the
4965 text field. You can do text validation if you like. onFocus and
4966 onBlur are called respectively when the insertion point moves into and
4967 out of the text field. onSelect is called when the user changes the
4968 portion of the text that is selected.
4970 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
4972 print $query->textarea(-name=>'foo',
4973 -default=>'starting value',
4979 print $query->textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
4981 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
4982 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
4983 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
4986 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur> ,
4987 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, and B<-onSelect> parameters are
4988 recognized. See textfield().
4990 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
4992 print $query->password_field(-name=>'secret',
4993 -value=>'starting value',
4998 print $query->password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
5000 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
5001 will be starred out on the web page.
5003 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
5004 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
5005 recognized. See textfield().
5007 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5009 print $query->filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
5010 -default=>'starting value',
5015 print $query->filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
5017 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
5018 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
5019 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
5020 by calling B<start_form()> with an encoding type of B<&CGI::MULTIPART>,
5021 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5022 vanilla B<start_form()>.
5030 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5034 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
5035 to be used as the default file name (-default).
5037 For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this field,
5038 and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the field
5039 loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents. The
5040 starting value field is called for in the HTML specification, however,
5041 and possibly some browser will eventually provide support for it.
5045 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5050 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5051 field will accept (-maxlength).
5055 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
5058 $filename = $query->param('uploaded_file');
5060 Different browsers will return slightly different things for the
5061 name. Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full
5062 path to the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine.
5063 Regardless, the name returned is always the name of the file on the
5064 I<user's> machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file
5065 that CGI.pm creates during upload spooling (see below).
5067 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
5068 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
5070 # Read a text file and print it out
5071 while (<$filename>) {
5075 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
5076 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
5077 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
5078 print OUTFILE $buffer;
5081 However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
5082 If you C<use strict>, then Perl will complain when you try to use a
5083 string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
5084 reading code in a block containing the C<no strict> pragma. More
5085 seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
5086 upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
5087 filehandle at all, but a string.
5089 To be safe, use the I<upload()> function (new in version 2.47). When
5090 called with the name of an upload field, I<upload()> returns a
5091 filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.
5093 $fh = $query->upload('uploaded_file');
5098 This is the recommended idiom.
5100 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
5101 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
5102 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
5103 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
5104 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
5105 an associative array containing all the document headers.
5107 $filename = $query->param('uploaded_file');
5108 $type = $query->uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
5109 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
5110 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
5113 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
5114 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
5115 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file
5118 There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
5119 This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
5120 finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
5121 uploaded file and set I<cgi_error()> to the string "400 Bad request
5122 (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that
5123 you can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
5126 $file = $query->upload('uploaded_file');
5127 if (!$file && $query->cgi_error) {
5128 print $query->header(-status=>$query->cgi_error);
5132 You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
5135 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
5136 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
5137 recognized. See textfield() for details.
5139 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
5141 print $query->popup_menu('menu_name',
5142 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5147 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
5148 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
5149 'minie'=>'your third choice');
5150 print $query->popup_menu('menu_name',
5151 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5154 -or (named parameter style)-
5156 print $query->popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
5157 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5161 popup_menu() creates a menu.
5167 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
5171 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
5172 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
5173 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
5174 a named array, such as "\@foo".
5178 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
5179 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
5180 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.
5184 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
5185 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
5186 popup menu nd the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
5187 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
5188 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
5189 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
5193 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
5196 $popup_menu_value = $query->param('menu_name');
5198 JAVASCRIPTING: popup_menu() recognizes the following event handlers:
5199 B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, and
5200 B<-onBlur>. See the textfield() section for details on when these
5201 handlers are called.
5203 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
5205 print $query->scrolling_list('list_name',
5206 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5207 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true');
5210 print $query->scrolling_list('list_name',
5211 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5212 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
5217 print $query->scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
5218 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5219 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
5224 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
5228 =item B<Parameters:>
5232 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
5233 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
5238 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
5239 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
5240 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
5241 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
5242 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
5247 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
5251 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
5252 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
5253 will be allowed at a time.
5257 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
5258 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
5259 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
5261 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
5262 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
5263 selected items can be retrieved with:
5265 @selected = $query->param('list_name');
5269 JAVASCRIPTING: scrolling_list() recognizes the following event
5270 handlers: B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>
5271 and B<-onBlur>. See textfield() for the description of when these
5272 handlers are called.
5274 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
5276 print $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
5277 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5278 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
5282 print $query->checkbox_group('group_name',
5283 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5284 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels);
5286 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
5288 print $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
5289 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5290 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
5293 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
5298 =item B<Parameters:>
5302 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
5303 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
5304 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
5305 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
5306 values passed to your script in the query string.
5310 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
5311 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
5312 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
5313 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
5317 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
5318 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
5319 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
5323 The optional fifth argument is a pointer to an associative array
5324 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will
5325 be printed next to them (-labels). If not provided, the values will
5326 be used as the default.
5330 B<HTML3-compatible browsers> (such as Netscape) can take advantage of
5331 the optional parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters
5332 cause checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing
5333 the checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows and
5334 columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish;
5335 checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows for you.
5337 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
5338 can use the B<-rowheaders> and B<-colheaders> parameters. Both
5339 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
5340 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
5341 interpretation of the checkboxes -- they're still a single named
5346 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
5347 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
5348 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
5350 @turned_on = $query->param('group_name');
5352 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
5353 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
5354 or in other creative ways:
5356 @h = $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
5357 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
5359 JAVASCRIPTING: checkbox_group() recognizes the B<-onClick>
5360 parameter. This specifies a JavaScript code fragment or
5361 function call to be executed every time the user clicks on
5362 any of the buttons in the group. You can retrieve the identity
5363 of the particular button clicked on using the "this" variable.
5365 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
5367 print $query->checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
5368 -checked=>'checked',
5370 -label=>'CLICK ME');
5374 print $query->checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
5376 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
5377 related to any others.
5381 =item B<Parameters:>
5385 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
5386 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
5391 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
5392 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
5396 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
5397 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
5402 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
5403 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
5408 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
5410 $turned_on = $query->param('checkbox_name');
5412 JAVASCRIPTING: checkbox() recognizes the B<-onClick>
5413 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
5415 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
5417 print $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
5418 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5425 print $query->radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5426 'meenie','true',\%labels);
5429 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
5431 print $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
5432 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5433 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
5435 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
5436 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
5440 =item B<Parameters:>
5444 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
5448 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
5449 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
5450 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
5451 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
5456 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
5457 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
5458 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
5459 start up with no buttons selected.
5463 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
5464 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
5468 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
5469 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
5470 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
5475 B<HTML3-compatible browsers> (such as Netscape) can take advantage
5477 parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause
5478 radio_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing
5479 the radio group formatted with the specified number of rows
5480 and columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you
5481 wish; radio_group will calculate the correct number of rows
5484 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
5485 can use the B<-rowheader> and B<-colheader> parameters. Both
5486 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
5487 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
5488 interpretation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
5493 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
5496 $which_radio_button = $query->param('group_name');
5498 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
5499 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
5500 or in other creative ways:
5502 @h = $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
5503 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
5505 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
5507 print $query->submit(-name=>'button_name',
5512 print $query->submit('button_name','value');
5514 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
5515 should have one of these.
5519 =item B<Parameters:>
5523 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
5524 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
5525 to distinguish between them. The name will also be used as the
5526 user-visible label. Be aware that a few older browsers don't deal with this correctly and
5527 B<never> send back a value from a button.
5531 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
5532 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string.
5536 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
5537 values for each one:
5539 $which_one = $query->param('button_name');
5541 JAVASCRIPTING: radio_group() recognizes the B<-onClick>
5542 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
5544 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
5548 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
5549 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
5550 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
5552 Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
5553 CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.
5555 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
5557 print $query->defaults('button_label')
5559 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
5560 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
5561 changes the user ever made.
5563 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
5565 print $query->hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
5566 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
5570 print $query->hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
5572 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
5573 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
5574 of the script to the next.
5578 =item B<Parameters:>
5582 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
5587 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
5588 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
5589 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
5593 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
5595 $hidden_value = $query->param('hidden_name');
5597 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
5598 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
5599 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
5602 $query->param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
5604 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
5606 print $query->image_button(-name=>'button_name',
5607 -src=>'/source/URL',
5612 print $query->image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
5614 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
5615 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
5616 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
5619 JAVASCRIPTING: image_button() recognizes the B<-onClick>
5620 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
5624 =item B<Parameters:>
5628 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
5633 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
5636 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
5637 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
5641 Fetch the value of the button this way:
5642 $x = $query->param('button_name.x');
5643 $y = $query->param('button_name.y');
5645 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
5647 print $query->button(-name=>'button_name',
5648 -value=>'user visible label',
5649 -onClick=>"do_something()");
5653 print $query->button('button_name',"do_something()");
5655 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
5656 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
5657 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
5658 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
5663 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
5664 Internet Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help
5665 maintain state within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods
5666 that support cookies.
5668 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
5669 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
5670 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
5671 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
5672 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
5674 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
5675 optional attributes:
5679 =item 1. an expiration time
5681 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
5682 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
5683 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
5684 the browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
5685 will remain active until the user quits the browser.
5689 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
5690 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
5691 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
5692 of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to
5693 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
5694 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
5695 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
5696 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
5697 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
5698 cookie originated from.
5702 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
5703 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
5704 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
5705 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
5706 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
5707 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
5708 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
5710 =item 4. a "secure" flag
5712 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
5713 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
5717 The interface to HTTP cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
5719 $cookie = $query->cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
5722 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
5723 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
5725 print $query->header(-cookie=>$cookie);
5727 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
5733 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
5734 Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
5735 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
5736 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
5740 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
5741 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
5742 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
5744 $cookie=$query->cookie(-name=>'family information',
5745 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
5749 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
5754 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
5759 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
5760 in the section on the B<header()> method:
5762 "+1h" one hour from now
5766 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
5771 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
5772 header within the string returned by the header() method:
5774 print $query->header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
5776 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
5778 $cookie1 = $query->cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
5779 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
5780 $cookie2 = $query->cookie(-name=>'answers',
5782 print $query->header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
5784 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie()
5785 method without the B<-value> parameter:
5789 %answers = $query->cookie(-name=>'answers');
5790 # $query->cookie('answers') will work too!
5792 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
5793 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
5794 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
5795 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
5797 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
5798 $c=$q->cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[$q->param('answers')]);
5800 $q->param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[$q->cookie('answers')]);
5802 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
5803 cookies effectively.
5805 =head1 WORKING WITH FRAMES
5807 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
5808 and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three
5809 techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
5813 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
5815 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
5816 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <FRAMESET>
5817 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
5818 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
5820 There is no specific support for creating <FRAMESET> sections
5821 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
5822 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
5824 http://home.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
5826 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
5828 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
5830 print $q->header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
5832 This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into the
5833 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't already
5834 exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your script's
5835 document into that. There are a number of magic names that you can
5836 use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home pages for
5839 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <FORM> tag
5841 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
5842 CGI.pm it looks like this:
5844 print $q->start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
5846 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
5847 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
5848 a new window will be created.
5852 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
5853 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
5854 side-by-side frames.
5856 =head1 LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
5858 CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css).
5859 To incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the
5860 start_html() method a B<-style> parameter. The value of this
5861 parameter may be a scalar, in which case it is incorporated directly
5862 into a <STYLE> section, or it may be a hash reference. In the latter
5863 case you should provide the hash with one or more of B<-src> or
5864 B<-code>. B<-src> points to a URL where an externally-defined
5865 stylesheet can be found. B<-code> points to a scalar value to be
5866 incorporated into a <STYLE> section. Style definitions in B<-code>
5867 override similarly-named ones in B<-src>, hence the name "cascading."
5869 You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
5870 B<-type> parameter to the hash pointed to by B<-style>. If not
5871 specified, the style defaults to 'text/css'.
5873 To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the
5874 B<-class> parameter to any HTML element:
5876 print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');
5878 Or define styles on the fly with the B<-style> parameter:
5880 print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');
5882 You may also use the new B<span()> element to apply a style to a
5885 print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
5886 h1('Welcome to Hell'),
5887 "Where did that handbasket get to?"
5890 Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the
5891 B<span()> method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using
5892 CSS's. See the CSS specification at
5893 http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for more information.
5895 use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;
5897 #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
5907 font-family: sans-serif;
5913 print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
5914 -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
5917 print h1('CGI with Style'),
5919 "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
5920 span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
5921 "Look Mom, no hands!",
5927 Pass an array reference to B<-style> in order to incorporate multiple
5928 stylesheets into your document.
5932 If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
5933 debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or
5934 parameter=value pairs on the command line or from standard input (you
5935 don't have to worry about tricking your script into reading from
5936 environment variables). You can pass keywords like this:
5938 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
5942 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
5946 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
5950 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
5952 To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.
5954 To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
5955 pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value
5956 pairs to the script on standard input.
5958 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
5959 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
5960 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
5963 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
5965 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
5967 The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
5968 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
5969 for debugging purposes:
5974 Produces something that looks like:
5988 As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
5989 and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:
5992 print "<H2>Current Values</H2> $query\n";
5994 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
5996 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
5997 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
6003 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
6004 give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as in
6005 $query->Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point value
6006 corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from 0.0
6007 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept
6008 list are handled correctly.
6010 Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44 in
6011 order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.
6013 =item B<raw_cookie()>
6015 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
6016 Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
6017 Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method call just
6018 returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for ways of
6019 setting and retrieving cooked cookies.
6021 Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
6022 structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
6023 on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
6024 retrieves the B<unescaped> form of the cookie. You can use the
6025 regular cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch()
6026 method from the CGI::Cookie module.
6028 =item B<user_agent()>
6030 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
6031 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
6032 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
6033 like $query->user_agent(netscape);
6035 =item B<path_info()>
6037 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
6038 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
6039 $query->path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".
6041 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
6042 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
6043 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
6044 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
6045 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
6046 path information will be present in the environment,
6047 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
6048 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
6050 =item B<path_translated()>
6052 As per path_info() but returns the additional
6053 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
6054 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
6056 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
6059 =item B<remote_host()>
6061 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
6062 if the former is unavailable.
6064 =item B<script_name()>
6065 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
6070 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
6071 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
6074 =item B<auth_type ()>
6076 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
6079 =item B<server_name ()>
6081 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
6084 =item B<virtual_host ()>
6086 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
6087 the browser attempted to contact
6089 =item B<server_software ()>
6091 Returns the server software and version number.
6093 =item B<remote_user ()>
6095 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
6096 verification, if this script is protected.
6098 =item B<user_name ()>
6100 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of different
6101 techniques. This only works with older browsers such as Mosaic.
6102 Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy reasons!
6104 =item B<request_method()>
6106 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
6107 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
6109 =item B<content_type()>
6111 Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
6112 multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded
6116 Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
6117 variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
6118 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
6119 like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name of
6120 an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the use
6121 of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.
6123 For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:
6125 $requested_language = $q->http('Accept-language');
6126 $requested_language = $q->http('Accept_language');
6127 $requested_language = $q->http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');
6131 The same as I<http()>, but operates on the HTTPS environment variables
6132 present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to determine
6133 whether SSL is turned on.
6137 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
6139 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
6140 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
6141 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
6142 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
6143 such as server push and PICS headers.
6145 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
6146 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
6147 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
6148 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
6149 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
6152 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
6153 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
6154 the header() and redirect() methods are
6157 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of version
6158 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is running under IIS
6159 and put itself into this mode. You do not need to do this manually, although
6160 it won't hurt anything if you do.
6162 There are a number of ways to put CGI.pm into NPH mode:
6166 =item In the B<use> statement
6168 Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported into
6171 use CGI qw(:standard -nph)
6173 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
6175 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
6179 =item By using B<-nph> parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
6181 print $q->header(-nph=>1);
6187 CGI.pm provides three simple functions for producing multipart
6188 documents of the type needed to implement server push. These
6189 functions were graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To
6190 import these into your namespace, you must import the ":push" set.
6191 You are also advised to put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to
6192 1 to avoid buffering problems.
6194 Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:
6196 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
6197 use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
6199 print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----------------here we go!');
6201 print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
6202 "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n",
6207 This script initializes server push by calling B<multipart_init()>.
6208 It then enters an infinite loop in which it begins a new multipart
6209 section by calling B<multipart_start()>, prints the current local time,
6210 and ends a multipart section with B<multipart_end()>. It then sleeps
6211 a second, and begins again.
6215 =item multipart_init()
6217 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);
6219 Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
6220 what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
6221 If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.
6223 =item multipart_start()
6225 multipart_start(-type=>$type)
6227 Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
6228 type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.
6230 =item multipart_end()
6234 End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
6239 Users interested in server push applications should also have a look
6240 at the CGI::Push module.
6242 =head1 Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
6244 A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
6245 process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker
6246 could attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many
6247 megabytes. CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a
6248 variable, growing hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While
6249 the script attempts to allocate the memory the system may slow down
6250 dramatically. This is a form of denial of service attack.
6252 Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to
6253 accept a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it
6254 in a temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive
6255 an uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
6256 terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
6257 server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.
6259 The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
6260 of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
6261 servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
6262 cases, you can use the shell I<limit> or I<ulimit>
6263 commands to put ceilings on CGI resource usage.
6266 CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
6267 service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
6268 These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:
6272 =item B<$CGI::POST_MAX>
6274 If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling
6275 on the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST
6276 that is greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
6277 message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and
6278 multipart POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file
6279 uploads as well. You should set this to a reasonably high
6280 value, such as 1 megabyte.
6282 =item B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>
6284 If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
6285 completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.
6289 You can use these variables in either of two ways.
6293 =item B<1. On a script-by-script basis>
6295 Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use" statement:
6297 use CGI qw/:standard/;
6298 use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
6299 $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100; # max 100K posts
6300 $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1; # no uploads
6302 =item B<2. Globally for all scripts>
6304 Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
6305 $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll
6306 find them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
6307 initialize_globals().
6311 An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
6312 I<param()> to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for
6313 this event by checking I<cgi_error()>, either after you create the CGI
6314 object or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call
6315 <param()> for the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then
6316 cgi_error() will return the message "413 POST too large".
6318 This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
6319 designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status
6322 $uploaded_file = param('upload');
6323 if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
6324 print header(-status=>cgi_error());
6328 However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do
6329 with this status code. It might be better just to create an
6330 HTML page that warns the user of the problem.
6332 =head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
6334 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
6335 compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:
6338 require "cgi-lib.pl";
6340 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
6345 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
6347 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
6348 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
6349 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
6350 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
6351 variables, are not supported.
6353 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
6357 print $q->textfield(-name=>'wow',
6358 -value=>'does this really work?');
6360 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
6361 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
6363 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
6365 Copyright 1995-1998, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
6367 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
6368 it under the same terms as Perl itself.
6370 Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending
6371 bug reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of
6372 Perl, the name and version of your Web server, and the name and
6373 version of the operating system you are using. If the problem is even
6374 remotely browser dependent, please provide information about the
6375 affected browers as well.
6379 Thanks very much to:
6383 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
6385 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
6387 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
6389 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
6391 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
6393 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
6395 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
6397 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
6399 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
6401 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
6403 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
6405 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
6407 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
6409 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
6411 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
6413 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
6415 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
6417 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
6419 =item Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
6421 =item Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
6423 =item ...and many many more...
6425 for suggestions and bug fixes.
6429 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
6432 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
6438 print $query->header;
6439 print $query->start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
6440 print "<H1> Example CGI.pm Form</H1>\n";
6441 &print_prompt($query);
6444 print $query->end_html;
6449 print $query->start_form;
6450 print "<EM>What's your name?</EM><BR>";
6451 print $query->textfield('name');
6452 print $query->checkbox('Not my real name');
6454 print "<P><EM>Where can you find English Sparrows?</EM><BR>";
6455 print $query->checkbox_group(
6456 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
6457 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
6459 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
6461 print "<P><EM>How far can they fly?</EM><BR>",
6462 $query->radio_group(
6464 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
6465 -default=>'1 mile');
6467 print "<P><EM>What's your favorite color?</EM> ";
6468 print $query->popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
6469 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
6472 print $query->hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
6474 print "<P><EM>What have you got there?</EM><BR>";
6475 print $query->scrolling_list(
6476 -name=>'possessions',
6477 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
6478 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
6482 print "<P><EM>Any parting comments?</EM><BR>";
6483 print $query->textarea(-name=>'Comments',
6487 print "<P>",$query->reset;
6488 print $query->submit('Action','Shout');
6489 print $query->submit('Action','Scream');
6490 print $query->endform;
6498 print "<H2>Here are the current settings in this form</H2>";
6500 foreach $key ($query->param) {
6501 print "<STRONG>$key</STRONG> -> ";
6502 @values = $query->param($key);
6503 print join(", ",@values),"<BR>\n";
6510 <ADDRESS>Lincoln D. Stein</ADDRESS><BR>
6511 <A HREF="/">Home Page</A>
6517 This module has grown large and monolithic. Furthermore it's doing many
6518 things, such as handling URLs, parsing CGI input, writing HTML, etc., that
6519 are also done in the LWP modules. It should be discarded in favor of
6520 the CGI::* modules, but somehow I continue to work on it.
6522 Note that the code is truly contorted in order to avoid spurious
6523 warnings when programs are run with the B<-w> switch.
6527 L<CGI::Carp>, L<URI::URL>, L<CGI::Request>, L<CGI::MiniSvr>,
6528 L<CGI::Base>, L<CGI::Form>, L<CGI::Push>, L<CGI::Fast>,