5 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
8 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
9 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
10 # Perl 5 distribution).
12 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
13 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
14 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
15 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
16 # listing the modifications you have made.
18 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
19 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
21 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.58 2002/01/12 02:44:56 lstein Exp $';
24 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
25 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
26 # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
27 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires);
29 #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN',
30 # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd'];
32 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
33 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
35 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
36 sub initialize_globals {
37 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
40 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
43 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
44 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
45 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
46 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
48 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
50 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
51 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
54 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
58 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
61 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
62 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
65 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
66 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
68 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
69 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
70 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
72 # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing
73 # to a certain number of bytes:
76 # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely:
79 # Automatically determined -- don't change
82 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
85 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
86 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
88 # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string
89 # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params);
92 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
98 undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES;
100 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
104 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
107 initialize_globals();
109 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
110 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
111 # available then require() the Config library
115 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
118 if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) {
120 } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) {
122 } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) {
124 } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) {
126 } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) {
128 } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) {
134 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
135 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin)/;
137 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
138 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
140 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
141 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
143 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
146 UNIX=>'/', OS2=>'\\', EPOC=>'/',
147 WINDOWS=>'\\', DOS=>'\\', MACINTOSH=>':', VMS=>'/'
150 # This no longer seems to be necessary
151 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
152 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
153 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
155 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
156 if (exists $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}
158 ($MOD_PERL = $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-Perl\//))
163 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
164 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
166 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
167 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
168 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
169 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
170 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
172 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
181 if ($needs_binmode) {
182 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDOUT);
183 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDIN);
184 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDERR);
188 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
189 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
190 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
191 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
192 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param
193 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big/],
194 ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe
195 ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q
197 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
198 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
199 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
200 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
201 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
202 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated url self_url script_name cookie Dump
203 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
204 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol
205 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http
206 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
207 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
208 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
209 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
210 ':imagemap' => [qw/Area Map/],
211 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
212 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/],
213 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/],
214 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/],
215 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/]
218 # to import symbols into caller
222 # This causes modules to clash.
226 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
227 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
229 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
230 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
231 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
232 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
234 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
235 foreach $pck (@packages) {
236 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
241 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
247 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
252 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
254 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
255 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
256 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
262 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
263 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
266 my($class,$initializer) = @_;
268 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
269 if ($MOD_PERL && defined Apache->request) {
270 Apache->request->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
273 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
274 $self->init($initializer);
278 # We provide a DESTROY method so that the autoloader
279 # doesn't bother trying to find it.
283 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
284 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
285 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
286 # member of the list.
287 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
288 # the known parameters names available.
289 # If more than one argument is provided, the
290 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
291 # set the value of the parameter.
294 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
295 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
296 my($name,$value,@other);
298 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
299 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
301 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
304 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
305 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
307 foreach ($value,@other) {
308 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
311 # If values is provided, then we set it.
313 $self->add_parameter($name);
314 $self->{$name}=[@values];
320 return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
321 return wantarray ? @{$self->{$name}} : $self->{$name}->[0];
324 sub self_or_default {
325 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
326 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
327 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
329 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
332 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
336 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
337 if (defined($_[0]) &&
338 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
339 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
342 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
346 ########################################
347 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
348 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
350 ########################################
352 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
353 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
354 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
355 # and the values are stored as lists
356 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
357 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
360 my($self,$initializer) = @_;
361 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
364 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
365 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
366 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
367 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
368 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
369 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$QUERY_PARAM{$_});
371 $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET);
372 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES};
376 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
377 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
379 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
381 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
382 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
386 # avoid unreasonably large postings
387 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
388 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
392 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
395 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
396 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
397 && !defined($initializer)
399 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
400 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
404 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
406 if (defined($initializer)) {
407 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
408 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
411 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
412 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
413 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
418 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
424 # massage back into standard format
425 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
426 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
428 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
433 # last chance -- treat it as a string
434 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
435 $query_string = $initializer;
440 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
442 if ($meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
444 $query_string = Apache->request->args;
446 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
447 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
452 if ($meth eq 'POST') {
453 $self->read_from_client(\*STDIN,\$query_string,$content_length,0)
454 if $content_length > 0;
455 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
456 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
457 # APPENDED to the POST data.
458 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
462 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
463 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
464 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
465 # UN*X programmers expect.
466 $query_string = read_from_cmdline() if $DEBUG;
469 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
470 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
471 if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) {
472 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
473 $self->parse_params($query_string);
475 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
476 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
480 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
482 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
486 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
487 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
488 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
489 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
492 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
493 $self->delete('.submit');
494 $self->delete('.cgifields');
496 $self->save_request unless $initializer;
499 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
500 # Turn a string into a filehandle
503 return undef unless $thingy;
504 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
505 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
508 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
509 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
510 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
516 # send output to the browser
518 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
522 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
528 # get/set last cgi_error
530 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
531 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
532 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
537 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
538 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
539 # us to have several of these objects.
540 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
541 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
542 next unless defined $_;
543 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
545 $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset;
546 %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}};
550 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
551 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
554 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
555 next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value;
556 $value = '' unless defined $value;
557 $param = unescape($param);
558 $value = unescape($value);
559 $self->add_parameter($param);
560 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
566 return unless defined $param;
567 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
568 unless defined($self->{$param});
573 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
574 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
575 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
578 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
580 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
584 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
589 (substr(ref(\$_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI' ||
590 UNIVERSAL::isa(\$_[0],'CGI')));
592 if (ref(\$_[0]) && ref(\$_[0]) eq 'HASH') {
593 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(shift()||undef,1);
594 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
597 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
598 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
599 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
600 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
603 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@_;
604 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
605 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
606 (ref(\$_[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$_[0]} : "\@_";
614 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
615 my $func = &_compile;
620 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
621 my($pack,$func_name);
623 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
624 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
625 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
626 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
627 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
628 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
630 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
632 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
633 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
634 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@;
635 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
637 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
639 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
641 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
642 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
645 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
646 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
647 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
650 croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code;
651 eval "package $pack; $code";
654 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@");
657 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
658 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
664 return '' unless $value;
665 return $XHTML ? qq( selected="selected") : qq( selected);
671 return '' unless $value;
672 return $XHTML ? qq( checked="checked") : qq( checked);
675 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
681 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
682 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
683 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
684 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
685 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
686 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
687 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
688 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
689 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
690 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
691 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
692 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
693 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/;
695 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
696 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
697 my($pkg) = caller(1);
698 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
699 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
700 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
706 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
707 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
711 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
715 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
716 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
720 ###############################################################################
721 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
722 ###############################################################################
723 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
724 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
728 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
729 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
732 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
733 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
736 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
737 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
740 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
741 # Create a new multipart buffer
742 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
743 my($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_;
744 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle);
748 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
749 # Read data from a file handle
750 sub read_from_client {
751 my($self, $fh, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
752 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
753 return undef unless defined($fh);
754 return read($fh, $$buff, $len, $offset);
758 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
760 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
763 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
764 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
765 CORE::delete $self->{$name};
766 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
767 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep($_ ne $name,$self->param());
768 return wantarray ? () : undef;
772 #### Method: import_names
773 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
774 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
776 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
778 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
779 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
780 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
781 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
782 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
783 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
784 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
790 my($param,@value,$var);
791 foreach $param ($self->param) {
792 # protect against silly names
793 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
794 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
795 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
796 @value = $self->param($param);
803 #### Method: keywords
804 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
805 # returns the list of keywords.
806 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
808 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
810 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
811 # If values is provided, then we set it.
812 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
813 my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : ();
818 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
819 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
820 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
825 return %in if wantarray;
830 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
831 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
832 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
842 return scalar(keys %in);
846 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
848 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
849 return $self->header();
853 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
855 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
856 return $self->start_html(@p);
860 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
862 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
863 return $self->end_html(@p);
867 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
870 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
871 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
875 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
877 return request_method() eq 'GET';
881 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
883 return request_method() eq 'POST';
887 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
889 return $_[1] if defined $_[1];
890 return $Q ||= new shift;
894 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
899 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
900 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
904 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
906 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
907 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
908 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
912 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
914 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
915 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
919 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
921 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
925 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
927 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
931 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
933 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
937 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
945 # Append a new value to an existing query
950 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
951 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
953 $self->add_parameter($name);
954 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
956 return $self->param($name);
960 #### Method: delete_all
961 # Delete all parameters
963 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
965 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
972 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
977 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
979 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
980 $self->delete_all(@p);
984 #### Method: autoescape
985 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
986 # call this method with undef as the argument
987 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
989 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
990 $self->{'dontescape'}=!$escape;
996 # Return the current version
998 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1004 #### Method: url_param
1005 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
1006 # whether this was a POST or a GET
1008 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1010 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1011 my $name = shift(@p);
1012 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1013 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
1014 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
1015 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
1016 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1019 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
1020 $param = unescape($param);
1021 $value = unescape($value);
1022 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
1025 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
1028 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
1029 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
1030 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
1031 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1036 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1037 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1040 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1042 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1043 my($param,$value,@result);
1044 return '<ul></ul>' unless $self->param;
1045 push(@result,"<ul>");
1046 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1047 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1048 push(@result,"<li><strong>$param</strong>");
1049 push(@result,"<ul>");
1050 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1051 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1052 $value =~ s/\n/<br>\n/g;
1053 push(@result,"<li>$value");
1055 push(@result,"</ul>");
1057 push(@result,"</ul>");
1058 return join("\n",@result);
1062 #### Method as_string
1064 # synonym for "dump"
1066 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1073 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1074 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1076 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1078 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1079 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1081 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1082 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1083 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1084 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1086 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1087 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1090 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
1091 print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n";
1093 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1098 #### Method: save_parameters
1099 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1100 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1102 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1103 sub save_parameters {
1105 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1109 #### Method: restore_parameters
1110 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1111 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1113 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1114 sub restore_parameters {
1115 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1119 #### Method: multipart_init
1120 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1121 # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1123 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1124 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1126 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1127 sub multipart_init {
1128 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1129 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1130 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1131 $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF";
1132 $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF";
1133 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1134 return $self->header(
1137 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1138 ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end;
1143 #### Method: multipart_start
1144 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1146 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1147 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1149 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1150 sub multipart_start {
1152 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1153 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1154 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1155 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type");
1157 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1158 # need to fix it up a little.
1160 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^\s=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1161 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1163 push(@header,@other);
1164 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1170 #### Method: multipart_end
1171 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section
1173 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1176 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1178 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1179 return $self->{'separator'};
1184 #### Method: multipart_final
1185 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections
1187 # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1189 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1190 sub multipart_final {
1191 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1192 return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF;
1198 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1201 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1203 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1206 return undef if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1208 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,@other) =
1209 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1210 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1211 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1215 if (defined $charset) {
1216 $self->charset($charset);
1218 $charset = $self->charset;
1221 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1222 # need to fix it up a little.
1224 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^\s=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1225 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1226 $header = ucfirst($header);
1229 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1230 $type .= "; charset=$charset" if $type ne '' and $type =~ m!^text/! and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/;
1232 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1233 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1234 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1235 push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph;
1237 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1238 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1239 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1241 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1243 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1244 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1247 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1248 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1250 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1252 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph;
1253 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1254 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1255 push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other);
1256 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1258 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1259 if ($MOD_PERL and not $nph) {
1260 my $r = Apache->request;
1261 $r->send_cgi_header($header);
1270 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1273 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1275 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1276 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1277 if ($new_value ne '') {
1278 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1280 return $self->{'cache'};
1285 #### Method: redirect
1286 # Return a Location: style header
1289 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1291 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1292 my($url,$target,$cookie,$nph,@other) = rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,COOKIE,NPH],@p);
1293 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1295 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1297 '-Status'=>'302 Moved',
1300 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1301 unshift(@o,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1302 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1303 return $self->header(@o);
1308 #### Method: start_html
1309 # Canned HTML header
1312 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1313 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1314 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1315 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1316 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1317 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1318 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1319 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1320 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1321 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <head> tag
1322 # (a scalar or array ref)
1323 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1324 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1327 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1329 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1330 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,
1331 $target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,$encoding,@other) =
1332 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG,ENCODING],@p);
1334 $encoding = 'utf-8' unless defined $encoding;
1336 # strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as HTML
1337 # while the author needs to be escaped as a URL
1338 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1339 $author = $self->escape($author);
1341 my(@result,$xml_dtd);
1343 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1344 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1346 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1349 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1352 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY' && $dtd->[0] =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1353 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq '' && $dtd =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1354 push @result,qq(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="$encoding"?>) if $xml_dtd;
1356 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1357 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\tSYSTEM "$dtd->[1]">));
1359 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1361 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="$lang"><head><title>$title</title>)
1362 : qq(<html lang="$lang"><head><title>$title</title>));
1363 if (defined $author) {
1364 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1365 : "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1368 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1369 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1370 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1371 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1374 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1375 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1376 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1379 push(@result,ref($head) ? @$head : $head) if $head;
1381 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1382 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1383 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1385 # handle -noscript parameter
1386 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1392 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1393 push(@result,"</head><body$other>");
1394 return join("\n",@result);
1399 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1401 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1403 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1405 my $type = 'text/css';
1407 my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n<!--/* <![CDATA[ */" : "\n<!-- ";
1408 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n/* ]]> */-->\n" : " -->\n";
1411 my($src,$code,$stype,@other) =
1412 rearrange([SRC,CODE,TYPE],
1413 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1414 ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : %$style);
1415 $type = $stype if $stype;
1416 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1417 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one.
1418 foreach $src (@$src)
1420 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src" />)
1421 : qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src">/)) if $src;
1425 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1426 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src" />)
1427 : qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src">)
1430 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$code\n$cdata_end")) if $code;
1432 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$style\n$cdata_end"));
1438 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1440 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1443 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1444 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1445 my($src,$code,$language);
1446 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1447 ($src,$code,$language, $type) =
1448 rearrange([SRC,CODE,LANGUAGE,TYPE],
1449 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1450 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1451 # User may not have specified language
1452 $language ||= 'JavaScript';
1453 unless (defined $type) {
1454 $type = lc $language;
1455 # strip '1.2' from 'javascript1.2'
1456 $type =~ s/^(\D+).*$/text\/$1/;
1459 ($src,$code,$language, $type) = ('',$script,'JavaScript', 'text/javascript');
1462 my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default
1463 $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i;
1464 $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i;
1466 my $cdata_start = "\n<!-- Hide script\n";
1467 $cdata_start .= "$comment<![CDATA[\n" if $XHTML;
1468 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n$comment]]>" : $comment;
1469 $cdata_end .= " End script hiding -->\n";
1472 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1473 push(@satts,'language'=>$language);
1474 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1475 $code = "$cdata_start$code$cdata_end" if defined $code;
1476 push(@result,script({@satts},$code || ''));
1482 #### Method: end_html
1483 # End an HTML document.
1484 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</body>"
1486 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1488 return "</body></html>";
1493 ################################
1494 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1495 ################################
1497 #### Method: isindex
1498 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1500 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1502 # A string containing a <ISINDEX> tag
1503 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1505 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1506 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1507 $action = qq/action="$action"/ if $action;
1508 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1509 return $XHTML ? "<isindex $action$other />" : "<isindex $action$other>";
1514 #### Method: startform
1517 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1518 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1519 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1520 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1522 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1524 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1525 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1527 $method = lc($method) || 'post';
1528 $enctype = $enctype || &URL_ENCODED;
1529 unless (defined $action) {
1530 $action = $self->url(-absolute=>1,-path=>1);
1531 $action .= "?$ENV{QUERY_STRING}" if $ENV{QUERY_STRING};
1533 $action = qq(action="$action");
1534 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1535 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1536 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1541 #### Method: start_form
1542 # synonym for startform
1543 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1549 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1550 sub end_multipart_form {
1555 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1556 # synonym for startform
1557 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1558 sub start_multipart_form {
1559 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1560 if (defined($param[0]) && substr($param[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1562 $p{'-enctype'}=&MULTIPART;
1563 return $self->startform(%p);
1565 my($method,$action,@other) =
1566 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1567 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1573 #### Method: endform
1575 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1577 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1579 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1581 return wantarray ? ($self->get_fields,"</form>") :
1582 $self->get_fields ."\n</form>";
1588 #### Method: end_form
1589 # synonym for endform
1590 'end_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1597 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1599 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1600 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,@other) =
1601 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1603 my $current = $override ? $default :
1604 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1606 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : '';
1607 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1608 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : '';
1609 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : '';
1610 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1611 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1612 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1613 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1614 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other />)
1615 : qq/<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>/;
1619 #### Method: textfield
1621 # $name -> Name of the text field
1622 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1624 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1625 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1627 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="text"> field
1629 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1631 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1632 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1637 #### Method: filefield
1639 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1640 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1641 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1643 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="text"> field
1645 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1647 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1648 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1653 #### Method: password
1654 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1656 # $name -> Name of the field
1657 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1659 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1660 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1662 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="password"> field
1664 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1665 sub password_field {
1666 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1667 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1671 #### Method: textarea
1673 # $name -> Name of the text field
1674 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1676 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1677 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1679 # A string containing a <textarea></textarea> tag
1681 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1683 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1685 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,@other) =
1686 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1688 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1689 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1691 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1692 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1693 my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : '';
1694 my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : '';
1695 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1696 return qq{<textarea name="$name"$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
1702 # Create a javascript button.
1704 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
1705 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
1706 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
1709 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="button"> tag
1711 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1713 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1715 my($label,$value,$script,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
1716 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT]],@p);
1718 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1719 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
1720 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
1723 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label;
1724 $value = $value || $label;
1726 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
1727 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
1728 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1729 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other />)
1730 : qq/<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>/;
1736 # Create a "submit query" button.
1738 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1739 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
1740 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
1742 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="submit"> tag
1744 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1746 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1748 my($label,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL]],@p);
1750 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1751 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
1753 my($name) = ' name=".submit"' unless $NOSTICKY;
1754 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
1755 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
1757 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
1758 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1759 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit"$name$val$other />)
1760 : qq/<input type="submit"$name$val$other>/;
1766 # Create a "reset" button.
1768 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1770 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="reset"> tag
1772 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1774 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1775 my($label,@other) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
1776 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1777 my($value) = defined($label) ? qq/ value="$label"/ : '';
1778 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1779 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset"$value$other />)
1780 : qq/<input type="reset"$value$other>/;
1785 #### Method: defaults
1786 # Create a "defaults" button.
1788 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1790 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="submit" NAME=".defaults"> tag
1792 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
1793 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
1796 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1798 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1800 my($label,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE]],@p);
1802 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
1803 $label = $label || "Defaults";
1804 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
1805 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1806 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" name=".defaults"$value$other />)
1807 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
1812 #### Method: comment
1813 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
1814 # Parameters: a string
1815 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1817 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
1818 return "<!-- @p -->";
1822 #### Method: checkbox
1823 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
1824 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
1826 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
1827 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
1828 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
1829 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
1830 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
1832 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="checkbox"> field
1834 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1836 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1838 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$override,@other) =
1839 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1841 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
1843 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
1844 defined $self->param($name))) {
1845 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : '';
1847 $checked = $self->_checked($checked);
1849 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
1850 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
1851 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1);
1852 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
1853 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1854 $self->register_parameter($name);
1855 return $XHTML ? qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other />$the_label}
1856 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
1861 #### Method: checkbox_group
1862 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
1864 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
1865 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
1866 # values for each checkbox in the group.
1867 # $defaults -> (optional)
1868 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
1869 # then this will be used to decide which
1870 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
1871 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
1872 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
1873 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
1874 # between the buttons.
1875 # $labels -> (optional)
1876 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
1877 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
1878 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
1880 # An ARRAY containing a series of <INPUT TYPE="checkbox"> fields
1882 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1883 sub checkbox_group {
1884 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1886 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$rows,$columns,
1887 $rowheaders,$colheaders,$override,$nolabels,@other) =
1888 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
1889 LINEBREAK,LABELS,ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],
1890 ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS,
1891 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS],@p);
1893 my($checked,$break,$result,$label);
1895 my(%checked) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
1898 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
1903 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1905 # Create the elements
1906 my(@elements,@values);
1908 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
1910 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1912 $checked = $self->_checked($checked{$_});
1914 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
1916 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
1917 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label);
1919 $_ = $self->escapeHTML($_,1);
1920 push(@elements,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$_"$checked$other />${label}${break})
1921 : qq/<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$_"$checked$other>${label}${break}/);
1923 $self->register_parameter($name);
1924 return wantarray ? @elements : join(' ',@elements)
1925 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
1926 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
1930 # Escape HTML -- used internally
1931 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1933 # hack to work around earlier hacks
1934 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
1935 my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
1936 return undef unless defined($toencode);
1937 return $toencode if ref($self) && $self->{'dontescape'};
1938 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
1939 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
1940 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
1941 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
1942 my $latin = uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'ISO-8859-1' ||
1943 uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'WINDOWS-1252';
1944 if ($latin) { # bug in some browsers
1945 $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso;
1946 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
1947 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
1948 if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) {
1949 $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso;
1950 $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso;
1957 # unescape HTML -- used internally
1958 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1960 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
1961 return undef unless defined($string);
1962 my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i
1964 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
1965 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
1971 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
1972 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
1979 # Internal procedure - don't use
1980 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1982 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
1983 $rowheaders = [] unless defined $rowheaders;
1984 $colheaders = [] unless defined $colheaders;
1987 if (defined($columns)) {
1988 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
1990 if (defined($rows)) {
1991 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
1994 # rearrange into a pretty table
1995 $result = "<table>";
1997 unshift(@$colheaders,'') if @$colheaders && @$rowheaders;
1998 $result .= "<tr>" if @{$colheaders};
1999 foreach (@{$colheaders}) {
2000 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
2002 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
2004 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders->[$row]</th>" if @$rowheaders;
2005 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
2006 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
2007 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
2011 $result .= "</table>";
2017 #### Method: radio_group
2018 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
2020 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
2021 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2022 # values for each button in the group.
2023 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
2024 # to turn _nothing_ on.
2025 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2026 # between the buttons.
2027 # $labels -> (optional)
2028 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2029 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2030 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2032 # An ARRAY containing a series of <INPUT TYPE="radio"> fields
2034 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2036 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2038 my($name,$values,$default,$linebreak,$labels,
2039 $rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,$override,$nolabels,@other) =
2040 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],DEFAULT,LINEBREAK,LABELS,
2041 ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],
2042 ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS,
2043 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS],@p);
2044 my($result,$checked);
2046 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2047 $checked = $self->param($name);
2049 $checked = $default;
2051 my(@elements,@values);
2052 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2054 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
2055 $checked = $values[0] unless defined($checked) && $checked ne '';
2056 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2058 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2060 my($checkit) = $checked eq $_ ? qq/ checked="checked"/ : '';
2063 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
2069 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
2071 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2072 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2074 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2075 push(@elements,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="radio" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other />${label}${break})
2076 : qq/<input type="radio" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other>${label}${break}/);
2078 $self->register_parameter($name);
2079 return wantarray ? @elements : join(' ',@elements)
2080 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
2081 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
2086 #### Method: popup_menu
2087 # Create a popup menu.
2089 # $name -> Name for all the menu
2090 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2091 # text of each menu item.
2092 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2093 # $labels -> (optional)
2094 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2095 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2096 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2098 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2100 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2102 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2104 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$override,@other) =
2105 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2106 my($result,$selected);
2108 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2109 $selected = $self->param($name);
2111 $selected = $default;
2113 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2114 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2117 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2119 $result = qq/<select name="$name"$other>\n/;
2121 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? $self->_selected($selected eq $_) : '';
2123 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2124 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2125 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2126 $result .= "<option$selectit value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2129 $result .= "</select>";
2135 #### Method: scrolling_list
2136 # Create a scrolling list.
2138 # $name -> name for the list
2139 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2140 # values for each option line in the list.
2141 # $defaults -> (optional)
2142 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2143 # then this will be used to decide which
2144 # lines to turn on by default.
2145 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2146 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2147 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2148 # $labels -> (optional)
2149 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2150 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2151 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2153 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2155 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2156 sub scrolling_list {
2157 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2158 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$override,@other)
2159 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2160 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2162 my($result,@values);
2163 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2165 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2167 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2168 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : '';
2169 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2170 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2172 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2173 $result = qq/<select name="$name"$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2175 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2177 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2178 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2179 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2180 $result .= "<option$selectit value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2182 $result .= "</select>";
2183 $self->register_parameter($name);
2191 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2192 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2194 # $default->[initial values of field]
2196 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="hidden" NAME="name" VALUE="value">
2198 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2200 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2202 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2203 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2205 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2206 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2208 my $do_override = 0;
2209 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2210 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2211 $do_override = $override;
2213 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2214 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2218 # use previous values if override is not set
2219 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2220 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2222 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2224 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : '';
2225 push @result,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" />)
2226 : qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_">);
2228 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2233 #### Method: image_button
2235 # $name -> Name of the button
2236 # $src -> URL of the image source
2237 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2239 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="image" NAME="name" SRC="url" ALIGN="alignment">
2241 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2243 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2245 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2246 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2248 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\U\"$alignment\"" : '';
2249 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2250 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2251 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2252 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2257 #### Method: self_url
2258 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2259 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2260 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2261 # script with all its state information preserved.
2263 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2265 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2266 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2271 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2272 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2273 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2281 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2284 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2286 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2287 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base) =
2288 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE'],@p);
2290 $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute);
2292 my $path = $self->path_info;
2293 my $script_name = $self->script_name;
2295 # for compatibility with Apache's MultiViews
2296 if (exists($ENV{REQUEST_URI})) {
2298 $script_name = $ENV{REQUEST_URI};
2299 $script_name =~ s/\?.+$//; # strip query string
2301 if (exists($ENV{PATH_INFO})) {
2302 (my $encoded_path = $ENV{PATH_INFO}) =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2303 $script_name =~ s/$encoded_path$//i;
2308 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2309 $url = "$protocol://";
2310 my $vh = http('host');
2314 $url .= server_name();
2315 my $port = $self->server_port;
2317 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2318 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2320 return $url if $base;
2321 $url .= $script_name;
2322 } elsif ($relative) {
2323 ($url) = $script_name =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2324 } elsif ($absolute) {
2325 $url = $script_name;
2328 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2329 $url .= "?" . $self->query_string if $query and $self->query_string;
2330 $url = '' unless defined $url;
2331 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2338 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2339 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2340 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2342 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2343 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2344 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2345 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2346 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2347 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2349 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2351 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2352 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires) =
2353 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES],@p);
2355 require CGI::Cookie;
2357 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2358 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2359 # cookies in our state variables.
2360 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2361 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2362 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2364 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2365 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2366 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2367 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2368 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2371 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2372 return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error
2375 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2376 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2377 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2378 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2379 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2380 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2382 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2386 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2387 sub parse_keywordlist {
2388 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2389 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2390 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2391 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2396 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2398 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2399 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2400 unless (exists($self->{$name})) {
2401 $self->add_parameter($name);
2402 $self->{$name} = [];
2405 return $self->{$name};
2409 ###############################################
2410 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2411 ###############################################
2413 #### Method: path_info
2414 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2415 # after the URL (if any)
2417 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2419 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2420 if (defined($info)) {
2421 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2422 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2423 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2424 $self->{'.path_info'} = defined($ENV{'PATH_INFO'}) ?
2425 $ENV{'PATH_INFO'} : '';
2427 # hack to fix broken path info in IIS
2428 $self->{'.path_info'} =~ s/^\Q$ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'}\E// if $IIS;
2431 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2436 #### Method: request_method
2437 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2439 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2440 sub request_method {
2441 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2445 #### Method: content_type
2446 # Returns the content_type string
2448 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2450 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2454 #### Method: path_translated
2455 # Return the physical path information provided
2456 # by the URL (if any)
2458 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2459 sub path_translated {
2460 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2465 #### Method: query_string
2466 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2469 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2471 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2472 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2473 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2474 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2475 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2476 $value = escape($value);
2477 next unless defined $value;
2478 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2481 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
2482 push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_"));
2484 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2490 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2491 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2492 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2493 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2494 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2495 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2496 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2497 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2498 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2500 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2502 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2503 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2505 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2508 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2509 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2511 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2514 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2516 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2517 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2518 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2519 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2521 # First return the preference for directly supported
2523 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2525 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2526 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2527 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2528 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2529 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2530 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2536 #### Method: user_agent
2537 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2538 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2539 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2541 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2543 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2544 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2545 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2550 #### Method: raw_cookie
2551 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
2552 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
2553 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
2554 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
2555 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
2558 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2560 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2562 require CGI::Cookie;
2564 if (defined($key)) {
2565 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
2566 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
2568 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
2569 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
2570 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
2572 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
2576 #### Method: virtual_host
2577 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
2578 # is not always the same as the server
2580 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2582 my $vh = http('host') || server_name();
2583 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
2588 #### Method: remote_host
2589 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
2590 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
2591 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
2594 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2596 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
2602 #### Method: remote_addr
2603 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
2605 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2607 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
2612 #### Method: script_name
2613 # Return the partial URL to this script for
2614 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
2615 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
2618 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2620 return $ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'} if defined($ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'});
2621 # These are for debugging
2622 return "/$0" unless $0=~/^\//;
2628 #### Method: referer
2629 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
2632 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2634 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2635 return $self->http('referer');
2640 #### Method: server_name
2641 # Return the name of the server
2643 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2645 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
2649 #### Method: server_software
2650 # Return the name of the server software
2652 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2653 sub server_software {
2654 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
2658 #### Method: server_port
2659 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
2661 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2663 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
2667 #### Method: server_protocol
2668 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
2670 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2671 sub server_protocol {
2672 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
2677 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
2678 # the list of variables if none provided
2680 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2682 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2683 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
2684 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
2685 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
2687 foreach (keys %ENV) {
2688 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
2695 # Return the value of HTTPS
2697 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2700 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2701 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
2702 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
2703 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
2704 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
2706 foreach (keys %ENV) {
2707 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
2713 #### Method: protocol
2714 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
2716 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2720 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
2721 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
2722 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
2723 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
2724 return "\L$protocol\E";
2728 #### Method: remote_ident
2729 # Return the identity of the remote user
2730 # (but only if his host is running identd)
2732 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2734 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
2739 #### Method: auth_type
2740 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
2742 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2744 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
2749 #### Method: remote_user
2750 # Return the authorization name used for user
2753 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2755 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
2760 #### Method: user_name
2761 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
2764 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2766 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2767 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
2771 #### Method: nosticky
2772 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
2774 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2776 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2777 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
2778 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
2783 # Set or return the NPH global flag
2785 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2787 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2788 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
2793 #### Method: private_tempfiles
2794 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
2796 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2797 sub private_tempfiles {
2798 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2799 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
2800 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
2804 #### Method: default_dtd
2805 # Set or return the default_dtd global
2807 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2809 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2810 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
2811 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
2812 } elsif (defined $param) {
2813 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
2815 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
2819 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
2820 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2821 sub previous_or_default {
2822 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
2825 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2826 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
2827 grep($selected{$_}++,$self->param($name));
2828 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
2829 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
2830 grep($selected{$_}++,@{$defaults});
2832 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
2839 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2840 sub register_parameter {
2841 my($self,$param) = @_;
2842 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
2846 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2849 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
2850 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
2855 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2856 sub read_from_cmdline {
2859 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
2861 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
2862 require "shellwords.pl";
2863 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input)\n";
2864 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
2865 $input = join(" ",@lines);
2866 @words = &shellwords($input);
2873 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
2874 $query_string = join('&',@words);
2876 $query_string = join('+',@words);
2878 return $query_string;
2883 # subroutine: read_multipart
2885 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
2886 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
2887 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
2888 # caller can read from it if necessary.
2890 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2891 sub read_multipart {
2892 my($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_;
2893 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length,$filehandle);
2894 return unless $buffer;
2897 while (!$buffer->eof) {
2898 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
2901 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
2905 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="?([^\";]*)"?/;
2907 # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
2908 my($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename="?([^\"]*)"?/;
2910 # add this parameter to our list
2911 $self->add_parameter($param);
2913 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
2914 # to our parameter list.
2915 if ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) {
2916 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
2917 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
2921 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
2923 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
2924 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
2925 # the file for reading.
2927 # skip the file if uploads disabled
2928 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
2929 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
2933 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
2934 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,values %ENV));
2935 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
2936 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
2937 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
2938 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
2939 $seqno += int rand(100);
2941 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
2942 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
2946 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
2947 print $filehandle $data;
2950 # back up to beginning of file
2951 seek($filehandle,0,0);
2952 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
2954 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
2956 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filehandle)}= {
2960 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
2966 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
2968 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
2969 my @param = grep(ref && fileno($_), $self->param($param_name));
2970 return unless @param;
2971 return wantarray ? @param : $param[0];
2975 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2977 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
2978 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name} ?
2979 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name}->as_string
2984 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2986 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
2987 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{info};
2991 # internal routine, don't use
2992 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2993 sub _set_values_and_labels {
2996 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
2997 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
2998 return $v if !ref($v);
2999 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
3003 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3006 next if defined(&$_);
3007 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
3017 #########################################################
3018 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
3019 #########################################################
3021 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
3030 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3032 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3033 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3035 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3038 # get rid of package name
3039 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
3040 $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg;
3043 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
3044 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
3045 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
3046 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
3048 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
3053 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3057 return "$self" cmp $value;
3061 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3063 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
3064 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
3065 (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg;
3066 my $fv = ++$FH . $safename;
3067 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
3068 sysopen($ref,$file,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
3069 unlink($file) if $delete;
3070 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
3071 return bless $ref,$pack;
3075 'DESTROY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3085 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
3086 package MultipartBuffer;
3088 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
3089 # a 4K buffer by default.
3090 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
3091 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
3092 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3095 #reuse the autoload function
3096 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3098 # avoid autoloader warnings
3101 ###############################################################################
3102 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3103 ###############################################################################
3104 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3105 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3108 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3110 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_;
3111 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3114 my($package) = caller;
3115 # force into caller's package if necessary
3116 $IN = $filehandle=~/[':]/ ? $filehandle : "$package\:\:$filehandle";
3118 $IN = "main::STDIN" unless $IN;
3120 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3122 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3123 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3124 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3125 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3126 # by then, we return.
3128 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3129 # about providing boundary strings.
3130 my $boundary_read = 0;
3133 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3134 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3136 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3137 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3138 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport');
3140 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3142 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3143 $boundary = <$IN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3144 $length -= length($boundary);
3145 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3146 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3150 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3151 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3153 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3157 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3158 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3160 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3162 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3163 unless ($boundary_read) {
3164 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3166 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" if $self->eof;
3172 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3179 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS';
3182 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3183 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3184 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3185 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3186 # this was a bad idea
3187 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3188 } until $ok || $bad;
3191 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3192 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3196 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3197 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3198 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3200 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3201 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3202 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3203 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2); # avoid taintedness
3204 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3205 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3211 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3212 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3217 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3218 $returnval .= $data;
3224 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3225 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3226 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3227 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3229 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3231 # default number of bytes to read
3232 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3234 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3235 # is never split between reads.
3236 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3238 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3239 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$self->{BOUNDARY});
3240 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3241 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless ($start >= 0) || ($self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3243 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3247 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3248 if (index($self->{BUFFER},"$self->{BOUNDARY}--")==0) {
3254 # just remove the boundary.
3255 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($self->{BOUNDARY}))='';
3256 $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//;
3261 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3262 $bytesToReturn = $start > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3263 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3264 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3265 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3267 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($self->{BOUNDARY})+1);
3270 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3271 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3273 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3274 return (($start > 0) && ($start <= $bytes))
3275 ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3280 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3281 # boundary is never split between reads
3282 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3284 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3285 return unless $self->{LENGTH};
3287 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3288 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3289 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3290 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
3292 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
3293 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client($self->{IN},
3297 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
3299 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
3300 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
3301 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
3302 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
3303 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
3304 if ($bytesRead == 0) {
3305 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
3306 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
3308 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
3311 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead;
3316 # Return true when we've finished reading
3317 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3320 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
3321 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
3329 ####################################################################################
3330 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
3331 ####################################################################################
3332 package CGITempFile;
3335 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
3336 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
3337 unless ($TMPDIRECTORY) {
3338 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
3339 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
3340 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
3341 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH",
3342 "C:${SL}system${SL}temp");
3343 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if exists $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
3345 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
3346 # it is problematic.
3347 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
3348 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
3349 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
3350 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
3351 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
3352 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
3355 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
3359 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
3362 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
3363 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
3364 *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3368 unlink $$self; # get rid of the file
3371 ###############################################################################
3372 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3373 ###############################################################################
3374 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3375 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3378 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3380 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
3382 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
3383 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}CGItemp%d",$sequence++));
3385 # untaint the darn thing
3386 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ '":/.\$\\-]+)$!;
3388 return bless \$filename;
3392 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3404 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
3405 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
3406 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
3411 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
3412 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
3413 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
3414 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3425 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
3429 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
3430 # and echoes back its values.
3432 use CGI qw/:standard/;
3434 start_html('A Simple Example'),
3435 h1('A Simple Example'),
3437 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
3438 "What's the combination?", p,
3439 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
3440 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3441 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
3442 "What's your favorite color? ",
3443 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
3444 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
3450 print "Your name is",em(param('name')),p,
3451 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
3452 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),
3458 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
3459 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
3460 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
3461 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
3462 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
3463 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
3464 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
3465 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
3466 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
3467 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
3468 style sheets, server push, and frames.
3470 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
3471 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
3473 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
3475 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
3476 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
3480 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
3482 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
3483 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
3484 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
3485 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
3486 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
3487 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
3488 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
3489 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
3490 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
3491 script and restore it later.
3493 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
3494 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
3496 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
3497 use CGI; # load CGI routines
3498 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
3499 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
3500 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
3501 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
3502 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
3504 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
3505 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
3506 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
3507 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
3508 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
3509 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
3510 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
3511 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
3512 need to create the CGI object.
3514 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
3515 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
3516 print header, # create the HTTP header
3517 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
3518 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
3519 end_html; # end the HTML
3521 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
3522 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
3523 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
3525 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
3527 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
3528 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
3529 argument calling style that looks like this:
3531 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
3533 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
3534 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
3535 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
3536 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
3537 dashes for the subsequent ones.
3539 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
3540 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
3541 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
3542 case, the single argument is the document type.
3544 print $q->header('text/html');
3546 Other such routines are documented below.
3548 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
3549 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
3550 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
3551 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
3552 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
3554 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
3555 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
3557 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
3558 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
3559 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
3560 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
3561 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
3562 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
3563 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
3564 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
3565 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
3571 h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>
3572 h1({-align=>left}); <h1 ALIGN="LEFT">
3573 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 ALIGN="LEFT">contents</h1>
3575 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
3577 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
3578 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
3579 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
3580 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
3581 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
3582 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
3583 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
3586 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
3588 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
3589 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
3590 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
3591 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
3592 have several choices:
3598 Use another name for the argument, if one is available.
3599 For example, -value is an alias for -values.
3603 Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
3607 Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
3611 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
3612 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
3613 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
3615 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
3616 -cost => 'Three smackers',
3617 -annoyance_level => 'high',
3618 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
3620 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
3623 Cost: Three smackers
3624 Annoyance-level: high
3625 Complaints-to: bit bucket
3626 Content-type: text/html
3628 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
3629 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
3632 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
3635 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
3639 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
3640 it into a perl5 object called $query.
3642 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
3644 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
3646 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
3647 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
3648 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
3649 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
3650 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
3651 can be saved and restored.
3653 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
3654 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
3655 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
3657 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
3659 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
3662 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
3663 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
3664 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
3665 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
3667 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
3668 restore_parameters(IN);
3671 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
3674 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
3675 'song'=>'I love you',
3676 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
3679 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
3681 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
3683 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
3684 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
3687 $old_query = new CGI;
3688 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
3690 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
3692 $empty_query = new CGI("");
3696 $empty_query = new CGI({});
3698 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
3700 @keywords = $query->keywords
3702 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
3703 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
3705 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
3707 @names = $query->param
3709 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
3710 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
3711 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
3712 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
3713 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
3714 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
3716 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
3717 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
3718 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
3719 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
3720 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
3722 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
3724 @values = $query->param('foo');
3728 $value = $query->param('foo');
3730 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
3731 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
3732 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
3733 the method will return a single value.
3735 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
3736 "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
3737 string. This feature is new in 2.63.
3739 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
3741 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
3743 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
3744 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
3745 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
3746 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
3749 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
3750 in more detail later:
3752 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
3756 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
3758 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
3760 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
3762 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
3763 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
3764 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
3765 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
3767 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
3769 $query->import_names('R');
3771 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
3772 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
3773 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
3774 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
3777 In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
3778 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
3779 Perl module B<import> operator.
3781 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
3783 $query->delete('foo');
3785 This completely clears a parameter. It sometimes useful for
3786 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between
3789 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
3790 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
3792 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
3794 $query->delete_all();
3796 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
3797 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
3799 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
3801 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
3803 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
3804 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
3806 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
3807 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
3808 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
3809 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
3810 can manipulate in any way you like.
3812 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
3814 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
3817 print $params->{'address'};
3818 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
3824 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
3825 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
3826 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
3827 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
3828 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
3829 CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the
3830 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
3831 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
3833 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
3834 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
3835 list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
3836 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
3837 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
3838 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
3839 module for Perl version 4.
3841 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
3842 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
3844 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
3846 $query->save(FILEHANDLE)
3848 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
3849 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
3850 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
3853 The format of the saved file is:
3861 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
3862 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
3863 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
3864 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
3865 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
3866 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
3867 a short example of creating multiple session records:
3871 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
3873 foreach (0..$records) {
3875 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
3880 # reopen for reading
3881 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
3883 my $q = new CGI(IN);
3884 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
3887 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
3888 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
3889 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
3891 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
3893 for further details.
3895 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
3896 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
3898 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
3900 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
3901 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
3902 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
3903 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
3904 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
3905 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
3908 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
3910 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
3911 $q->start_html('Problems'),
3912 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
3917 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
3918 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
3921 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
3923 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
3924 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
3925 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
3928 use CGI <list of methods>;
3930 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
3931 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
3932 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
3933 methods, and then use them directly:
3935 use CGI 'param','header';
3936 print header('text/plain');
3937 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
3939 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
3940 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
3941 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
3943 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
3949 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
3954 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
3958 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
3962 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as
3963 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
3967 Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as
3968 <abbrev>, <acronym> and <thead>).
3972 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
3976 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
3981 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'.
3985 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
3986 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
3990 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
3991 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
3992 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
3993 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
3994 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <gradient> (which causes the
3995 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
3996 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
3997 to start using it immediately:
3999 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
4000 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
4002 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4003 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4004 change in the future.
4006 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4007 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4008 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4009 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4010 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4011 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4012 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4014 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4017 start_html('Simple Script'),
4018 h1('Simple Script'),
4020 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4021 "What's the combination?",
4022 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4023 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4024 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4025 "What's your favorite color?",
4026 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4027 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4034 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4035 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4036 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4042 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
4043 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
4044 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
4045 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
4046 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
4047 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
4050 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
4052 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
4058 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
4059 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
4060 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
4061 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
4065 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
4067 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
4068 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
4073 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
4074 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
4075 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
4076 those destined to be crunched by Malcom Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
4077 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
4079 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
4083 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
4085 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
4086 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
4087 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
4088 compile() method instead (see below).
4092 This makes CGI.pm not generating the hidden fields .submit
4093 and .cgifields. It is very useful if you don't want to
4094 have the hidden fields appear in the querystring in a GET method.
4095 For example, a search script generated this way will have
4096 a very nice url with search parameters for bookmarking.
4098 =item -no_undef_params
4100 This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list.
4104 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
4105 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
4106 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4111 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4112 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4113 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4114 of NPH scripts below.
4116 =item -newstyle_urls
4118 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4119 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4121 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4123 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4124 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4125 pragma is specified.
4127 This became the default in version 2.64.
4129 =item -oldstyle_urls
4131 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4132 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4136 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4137 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4138 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4139 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4140 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4141 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4142 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4143 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4144 to the top of your script.
4148 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4149 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4150 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4151 then use this pragma:
4153 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4157 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4158 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4159 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4160 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4162 See the section on debugging for more details.
4164 =item -private_tempfiles
4166 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4167 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4168 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4169 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4170 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4171 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4172 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4173 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4174 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4175 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4176 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4178 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4179 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4180 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4182 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4184 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4185 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4187 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4190 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4191 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4193 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4194 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4198 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4200 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4201 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4204 print h1('Level 1 Header');
4208 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>
4210 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
4211 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
4212 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
4214 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
4216 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
4217 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
4218 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
4219 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
4220 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
4221 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
4225 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
4227 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
4232 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag)
4234 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag)
4236 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag)
4238 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
4242 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4244 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
4245 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
4246 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
4247 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
4248 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
4250 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
4251 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
4252 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
4254 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4256 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
4257 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
4258 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
4259 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
4260 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
4263 print $query->header;
4267 print $query->header('image/gif');
4271 print $query->header('text/html','204 No response');
4275 print $query->header(-type=>'image/gif',
4277 -status=>'402 Payment required',
4281 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
4284 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
4285 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
4286 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
4287 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
4288 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
4290 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
4291 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
4292 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
4293 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
4294 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
4295 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
4297 print $query->header(-Content_length=>3002);
4299 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
4300 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
4301 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
4302 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
4303 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
4304 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
4307 +30s 30 seconds from now
4308 +10m ten minutes from now
4309 +1h one hour from now
4310 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
4313 +10y in ten years time
4314 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
4316 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
4317 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
4318 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
4319 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
4322 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
4323 headers to work with an NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
4324 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
4326 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
4327 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
4328 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
4330 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
4331 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
4332 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
4333 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
4334 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
4336 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
4338 print $query->redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
4340 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
4341 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
4342 time of day or the identity of the user.
4344 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
4345 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
4348 One hint I can offer is that relative links may not work correctly
4349 when you generate a redirection to another document on your site.
4350 This is due to a well-intentioned optimization that some servers use.
4351 The solution to this is to use the full URL (including the http: part)
4352 of the document you are redirecting to.
4354 You can also use named arguments:
4356 print $query->redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
4359 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
4360 headers to work with an NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
4361 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, which
4362 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
4364 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
4366 print $query->start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
4367 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
4370 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
4371 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
4372 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
4375 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
4376 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
4377 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
4378 page's appearance and behavior.
4380 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <body> tag.
4381 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
4382 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
4383 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
4384 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
4385 to the <body> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
4388 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <base> tag
4389 different from the current location, as in
4391 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
4393 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
4395 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
4396 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
4397 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
4398 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
4401 -target=>"answer_window"
4403 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
4404 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
4405 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
4406 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
4407 into a series of header <meta> tags that look something like this:
4409 <meta name="keywords" content="pharaoh secret mummy">
4410 <meta name="description" content="copyright 1996 King Tut">
4412 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <meta> tag, use B<-head>, described
4415 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
4416 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
4419 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
4420 the <html> tag. The default if not specified is "en-US" for US
4421 English. For example:
4423 print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');
4425 The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for
4426 XHTML. It defaults to UTF-8 if not specified.
4428 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <head> section with the
4429 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <link> element in the
4430 head section, use this:
4432 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
4433 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));
4435 To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <head> section, just pass an
4438 print start_html(-head=>[
4440 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
4441 Link({-rel=>'previous',
4442 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
4446 And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <meta> tag:
4448 print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
4449 -content => 'text/html'}))
4452 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>,
4453 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used
4454 to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should
4455 point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions.
4456 This block will be placed within a <script> block inside the HTML (not
4457 HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in order to give your
4458 page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript functions in place
4459 even if the user presses the stop button before the page has loaded
4460 completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in such a way that
4461 JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code: unfortunately
4462 there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that get confused
4465 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
4466 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
4467 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
4471 print $query->header;
4473 // Ask a silly question
4474 function riddle_me_this() {
4475 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
4476 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
4477 "and three legs in the evening?");
4480 // Get a silly answer
4481 function response(answer) {
4482 if (answer == "man")
4483 alert("Right you are!");
4485 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
4488 print $query->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4491 Use the B<-noScript> parameter to pass some HTML text that will be displayed on
4492 browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where JavaScript is turned
4495 Netscape 3.0 recognizes several attributes of the <script> tag,
4496 including LANGUAGE and SRC. The latter is particularly interesting,
4497 as it allows you to keep the JavaScript code in a file or CGI script
4498 rather than cluttering up each page with the source. To use these
4499 attributes pass a HASH reference in the B<-script> parameter containing
4500 one or more of -language, -src, or -code:
4502 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4503 -script=>{-language=>'JAVASCRIPT',
4504 -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
4507 print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4508 -script=>{-language=>'PERLSCRIPT',
4509 -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
4513 A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <script> sections into the
4514 header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array reference.
4515 this allows you to specify different source files for different dialects
4516 of JavaScript. Example:
4518 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4520 { -language => 'JavaScript1.0',
4521 -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
4523 { -language => 'JavaScript1.1',
4524 -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
4526 { -language => 'JavaScript1.2',
4527 -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
4529 { -language => 'JavaScript28.2',
4530 -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
4535 If this looks a bit extreme, take my advice and stick with straight CGI scripting.
4539 http://home.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/handbook/javascript/
4541 for more information about JavaScript.
4543 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
4547 =item B<Parameters:>
4555 The author's e-mail address (will create a <link rev="MADE"> tag if present
4559 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <base> tag in the header. This
4560 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
4561 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
4565 Any other parameters you want to include in the <body> tag. This is a good
4566 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
4570 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
4572 print $query->end_html
4574 This ends an HTML document by printing the </body></html> tags.
4576 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
4578 $myself = $query->self_url;
4579 print q(<a href="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</a>);
4581 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
4582 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
4583 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
4584 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
4585 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
4587 $myself = $query->self_url;
4588 print "<a href=$myself#table1>See table 1</a>";
4589 print "<a href=$myself#table2>See table 2</a>";
4590 print "<a href=$myself#yourself>See for yourself</a>";
4592 If you want more control over what's returned, using the B<url()>
4595 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
4597 $the_string = $query->query_string;
4599 =head2 OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
4601 $full_url = $query->url();
4602 $full_url = $query->url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax
4603 $relative_url = $query->url(-relative=>1);
4604 $absolute_url = $query->url(-absolute=>1);
4605 $url_with_path = $query->url(-path_info=>1);
4606 $url_with_path_and_query = $query->url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
4607 $netloc = $query->url(-base => 1);
4609 B<url()> returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called
4610 without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including
4611 host name and port number
4613 http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi
4615 You can modify this format with the following named arguments:
4621 If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.
4627 Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
4628 script with different parameters. For example:
4634 Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
4635 This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.
4637 =item B<-path> (B<-path_info>)
4639 Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
4640 combined with B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-path_info>
4641 is provided as a synonym.
4643 =item B<-query> (B<-query_string>)
4645 Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with
4646 B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-query_string> is provided
4651 Generate just the protocol and net location, as in http://www.foo.com:8000
4655 =head2 MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
4657 $color = $query->url_param('color');
4659 It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as
4660 well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
4661 containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
4662 B<param()> method will always return the contents of the POSTed
4663 fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL
4664 parameters, call the B<url_param()> method. Use it in the same way as
4665 B<param()>. The main difference is that it allows you to read the
4666 parameters, but not set them.
4669 Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
4670 interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
4671 try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET
4672 method, the results will not be what you expect.
4674 =head1 CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
4676 CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of
4677 the HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single
4678 HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then
4679 print or manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of
4680 HTML code that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most
4681 commonly, print out so that it displays in the browser window.
4683 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
4686 print $q->blockquote(
4687 "Many years ago on the island of",
4688 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
4689 "there lived a Minotaur named",
4690 $q->strong("Fred."),
4694 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
4695 added for readability):
4698 Many years ago on the island of
4699 <a href="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
4700 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
4704 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
4705 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
4706 completely (see the next section for more details):
4708 use CGI ':standard';
4710 "Many years ago on the island of",
4711 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
4712 "there lived a minotaur named",
4717 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
4719 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
4720 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
4724 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
4725 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
4727 print h1("Chapter","1"); # <h1>Chapter 1</h1>"
4729 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
4730 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
4732 print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
4733 "Open a new frame");
4735 <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>
4737 You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if
4740 print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
4742 <img align="LEFT" src="fred.gif">
4744 Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
4745 lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument
4746 that points to an undef string:
4748 print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
4750 Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
4751 attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
4752 changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the form
4753 <img alt="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:
4756 img({alt=>undef}) <img alt>
4757 img({alt=>''}) <img alt="">
4759 =head2 THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
4761 One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
4762 distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a
4763 B<reference> to a list, the tag will be distributed across each
4764 element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered
4768 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
4771 This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
4774 <li type="disc">Sneezy</li>
4775 <li type="disc">Doc</li>
4776 <li type="disc">Sleepy</li>
4777 <li type="disc">Happy</li>
4780 This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:
4782 print table({-border=>undef},
4783 caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
4784 Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
4786 th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
4787 td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
4788 td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),
4789 td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
4794 =head2 HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
4796 Consider this bit of code:
4798 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
4800 It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:
4802 <blockquote><em>Hi</em> mom!</blockquote>
4804 Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!".
4805 CGI.pm puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
4806 controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is
4807 not what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series
4808 of images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an
4813 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
4816 I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
4817 change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly
4820 =head2 NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
4822 A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various
4825 B<comment()> generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it
4828 print comment('here is my comment');
4830 Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following functions
4831 begin with initial caps:
4840 In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
4841 start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special.
4842 See their respective sections.
4844 =head2 AUTOESCAPING HTML
4846 By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions
4847 is passed through a function called escapeHTML():
4851 =item $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
4853 Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.
4857 Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
4858 default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
4859 character becomes "<", ">" becomes ">", "&" becomes "&", and
4860 the quote character becomes """. In addition, the hexadecimal
4861 0x8b and 0x9b characters, which many windows-based browsers interpret
4862 as the left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their
4863 numeric HTML entities ("‹" and "›"). If you manually change
4864 the charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by
4865 passing a -charset argument to header(), then B<all> characters will
4866 be replaced by their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup
4867 table for all the possible encodings.
4869 The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as
4870 h1(). You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in
4871 order to protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter
4872 into guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset().
4873 To turn autoescaping off completely, use autoescape():
4877 =item $charset = charset([$charset]);
4879 Get or set the current character set.
4881 =item $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
4883 Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.
4887 =head2 PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
4889 By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
4890 long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but
4891 it does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get
4892 pretty-printed output, please use L<CGI::Pretty>, a subclass
4893 contributed by Brian Paulsen.
4895 =head1 CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
4897 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
4898 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
4899 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
4900 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
4901 around the form elements.
4903 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
4904 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
4905 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
4906 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
4908 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
4911 (1) call the param() method to set it.
4913 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
4914 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
4916 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
4917 -default=>'starting value',
4922 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
4923 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
4924 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
4925 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
4926 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
4927 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
4930 $query->autoEscape(undef);
4932 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
4934 print $query->isindex(-action=>$action);
4938 print $query->isindex($action);
4940 Prints out an <isindex> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
4941 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
4942 default is to process the query with the current script.
4944 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
4946 print $query->start_form(-method=>$method,
4948 -enctype=>$encoding);
4949 <... various form stuff ...>
4950 print $query->endform;
4954 print $query->start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
4955 <... various form stuff ...>
4956 print $query->endform;
4958 start_form() will return a <form> tag with the optional method,
4959 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
4963 enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
4965 endform() returns the closing </form> tag.
4967 Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the various
4968 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
4969 values are possible:
4971 B<Note:> This method was previously named startform(), and startform()
4972 is still recognized as an alias.
4976 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
4978 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
4979 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
4980 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
4981 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
4982 type in B<&CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
4984 =item B<multipart/form-data>
4986 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
4987 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
4988 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
4989 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
4990 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
4991 in B<&CGI::MULTIPART>
4993 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
4994 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
4999 For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
5000 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
5001 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5004 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
5005 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
5006 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
5007 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
5008 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
5009 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
5010 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
5011 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
5012 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
5014 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <script>
5015 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
5016 call. See start_html() for details.
5018 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5020 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5021 -default=>'starting value',
5026 print $query->textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
5028 textfield() will return a text input field.
5036 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5040 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
5041 contents (-default).
5045 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5050 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5051 field will accept (-maxlength).
5055 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
5056 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
5057 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
5060 $value = $query->param('foo');
5062 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
5063 called once, you can do so like this:
5065 $query->param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
5067 NEW AS OF VERSION 2.15: If you don't want the field to take on its previous
5068 value, you can force its current value by using the -override (alias -force)
5071 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5072 -default=>'starting value',
5077 JAVASCRIPTING: You can also provide B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>,
5078 B<-onBlur>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect>
5079 parameters to register JavaScript event handlers. The onChange
5080 handler will be called whenever the user changes the contents of the
5081 text field. You can do text validation if you like. onFocus and
5082 onBlur are called respectively when the insertion point moves into and
5083 out of the text field. onSelect is called when the user changes the
5084 portion of the text that is selected.
5086 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5088 print $query->textarea(-name=>'foo',
5089 -default=>'starting value',
5095 print $query->textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
5097 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
5098 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
5099 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
5102 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur> ,
5103 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, and B<-onSelect> parameters are
5104 recognized. See textfield().
5106 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5108 print $query->password_field(-name=>'secret',
5109 -value=>'starting value',
5114 print $query->password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
5116 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
5117 will be starred out on the web page.
5119 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
5120 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
5121 recognized. See textfield().
5123 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5125 print $query->filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
5126 -default=>'starting value',
5131 print $query->filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
5133 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
5134 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
5135 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
5136 by calling B<start_form()> with an encoding type of B<&CGI::MULTIPART>,
5137 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5138 vanilla B<start_form()>.
5146 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5150 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
5151 to be used as the default file name (-default).
5153 For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this field,
5154 and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the field
5155 loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents. The
5156 starting value field is called for in the HTML specification, however,
5157 and possibly some browser will eventually provide support for it.
5161 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5166 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5167 field will accept (-maxlength).
5171 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
5174 $filename = $query->param('uploaded_file');
5176 Different browsers will return slightly different things for the
5177 name. Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full
5178 path to the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine.
5179 Regardless, the name returned is always the name of the file on the
5180 I<user's> machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file
5181 that CGI.pm creates during upload spooling (see below).
5183 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
5184 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
5186 # Read a text file and print it out
5187 while (<$filename>) {
5191 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
5192 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
5193 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
5194 print OUTFILE $buffer;
5197 However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
5198 If you C<use strict>, then Perl will complain when you try to use a
5199 string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
5200 reading code in a block containing the C<no strict> pragma. More
5201 seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
5202 upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
5203 filehandle at all, but a string.
5205 To be safe, use the I<upload()> function (new in version 2.47). When
5206 called with the name of an upload field, I<upload()> returns a
5207 filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.
5209 $fh = $query->upload('uploaded_file');
5214 In an array context, upload() will return an array of filehandles.
5215 This makes it possible to create forms that use the same name for
5216 multiple upload fields.
5218 This is the recommended idiom.
5220 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
5221 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
5222 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
5223 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
5224 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
5225 an associative array containing all the document headers.
5227 $filename = $query->param('uploaded_file');
5228 $type = $query->uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
5229 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
5230 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
5233 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
5234 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
5235 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file
5238 There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
5239 This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
5240 finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
5241 uploaded file and set I<cgi_error()> to the string "400 Bad request
5242 (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that
5243 you can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
5246 $file = $query->upload('uploaded_file');
5247 if (!$file && $query->cgi_error) {
5248 print $query->header(-status=>$query->cgi_error);
5252 You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
5255 If you are using CGI.pm on a Windows platform and find that binary
5256 files get slightly larger when uploaded but that text files remain the
5257 same, then you have forgotten to activate binary mode on the output
5258 filehandle. Be sure to call binmode() on any handle that you create
5259 to write the uploaded file to disk.
5261 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
5262 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
5263 recognized. See textfield() for details.
5265 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
5267 print $query->popup_menu('menu_name',
5268 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5273 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
5274 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
5275 'minie'=>'your third choice');
5276 print $query->popup_menu('menu_name',
5277 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5280 -or (named parameter style)-
5282 print $query->popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
5283 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5287 popup_menu() creates a menu.
5293 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
5297 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
5298 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
5299 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
5300 a named array, such as "\@foo".
5304 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
5305 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
5306 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.
5310 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
5311 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
5312 popup menu nd the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
5313 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
5314 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
5315 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
5319 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
5322 $popup_menu_value = $query->param('menu_name');
5324 JAVASCRIPTING: popup_menu() recognizes the following event handlers:
5325 B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, and
5326 B<-onBlur>. See the textfield() section for details on when these
5327 handlers are called.
5329 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
5331 print $query->scrolling_list('list_name',
5332 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5333 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true');
5336 print $query->scrolling_list('list_name',
5337 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5338 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
5343 print $query->scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
5344 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5345 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
5350 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
5354 =item B<Parameters:>
5358 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
5359 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
5364 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
5365 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
5366 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
5367 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
5368 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
5373 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
5377 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
5378 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
5379 will be allowed at a time.
5383 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
5384 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
5385 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
5387 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
5388 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
5389 selected items can be retrieved with:
5391 @selected = $query->param('list_name');
5395 JAVASCRIPTING: scrolling_list() recognizes the following event
5396 handlers: B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>
5397 and B<-onBlur>. See textfield() for the description of when these
5398 handlers are called.
5400 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
5402 print $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
5403 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5404 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
5408 print $query->checkbox_group('group_name',
5409 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5410 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels);
5412 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
5414 print $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
5415 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5416 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
5419 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
5424 =item B<Parameters:>
5428 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
5429 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
5430 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
5431 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
5432 values passed to your script in the query string.
5436 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
5437 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
5438 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
5439 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
5443 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
5444 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
5445 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
5449 The optional fifth argument is a pointer to an associative array
5450 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will
5451 be printed next to them (-labels). If not provided, the values will
5452 be used as the default.
5456 B<HTML3-compatible browsers> (such as Netscape) can take advantage of
5457 the optional parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters
5458 cause checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing
5459 the checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows and
5460 columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish;
5461 checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows for you.
5463 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
5464 can use the B<-rowheaders> and B<-colheaders> parameters. Both
5465 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
5466 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
5467 interpretation of the checkboxes -- they're still a single named
5472 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
5473 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
5474 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
5476 @turned_on = $query->param('group_name');
5478 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
5479 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
5480 or in other creative ways:
5482 @h = $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
5483 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
5485 JAVASCRIPTING: checkbox_group() recognizes the B<-onClick>
5486 parameter. This specifies a JavaScript code fragment or
5487 function call to be executed every time the user clicks on
5488 any of the buttons in the group. You can retrieve the identity
5489 of the particular button clicked on using the "this" variable.
5491 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
5493 print $query->checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
5496 -label=>'CLICK ME');
5500 print $query->checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
5502 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
5503 related to any others.
5507 =item B<Parameters:>
5511 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
5512 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
5517 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
5518 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
5522 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
5523 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
5528 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
5529 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
5534 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
5536 $turned_on = $query->param('checkbox_name');
5538 JAVASCRIPTING: checkbox() recognizes the B<-onClick>
5539 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
5541 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
5543 print $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
5544 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5551 print $query->radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5552 'meenie','true',\%labels);
5555 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
5557 print $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
5558 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5559 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
5561 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
5562 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
5566 =item B<Parameters:>
5570 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
5574 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
5575 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
5576 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
5577 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
5582 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
5583 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
5584 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
5585 start up with no buttons selected.
5589 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
5590 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
5594 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
5595 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
5596 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
5601 B<HTML3-compatible browsers> (such as Netscape) can take advantage
5603 parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause
5604 radio_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing
5605 the radio group formatted with the specified number of rows
5606 and columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you
5607 wish; radio_group will calculate the correct number of rows
5610 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
5611 can use the B<-rowheader> and B<-colheader> parameters. Both
5612 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
5613 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
5614 interpretation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
5619 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
5622 $which_radio_button = $query->param('group_name');
5624 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
5625 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
5626 or in other creative ways:
5628 @h = $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
5629 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
5631 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
5633 print $query->submit(-name=>'button_name',
5638 print $query->submit('button_name','value');
5640 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
5641 should have one of these.
5645 =item B<Parameters:>
5649 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
5650 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
5651 to distinguish between them. The name will also be used as the
5652 user-visible label. Be aware that a few older browsers don't deal with this correctly and
5653 B<never> send back a value from a button.
5657 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
5658 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string.
5662 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
5663 values for each one:
5665 $which_one = $query->param('button_name');
5667 JAVASCRIPTING: radio_group() recognizes the B<-onClick>
5668 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
5670 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
5674 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
5675 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
5676 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
5678 Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
5679 CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.
5681 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
5683 print $query->defaults('button_label')
5685 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
5686 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
5687 changes the user ever made.
5689 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
5691 print $query->hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
5692 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
5696 print $query->hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
5698 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
5699 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
5700 of the script to the next.
5704 =item B<Parameters:>
5708 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
5713 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
5714 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
5715 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
5719 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
5721 $hidden_value = $query->param('hidden_name');
5723 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
5724 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
5725 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
5728 $query->param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
5730 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
5732 print $query->image_button(-name=>'button_name',
5733 -src=>'/source/URL',
5738 print $query->image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
5740 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
5741 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
5742 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
5745 JAVASCRIPTING: image_button() recognizes the B<-onClick>
5746 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
5750 =item B<Parameters:>
5754 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
5759 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
5762 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
5763 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
5767 Fetch the value of the button this way:
5768 $x = $query->param('button_name.x');
5769 $y = $query->param('button_name.y');
5771 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
5773 print $query->button(-name=>'button_name',
5774 -value=>'user visible label',
5775 -onClick=>"do_something()");
5779 print $query->button('button_name',"do_something()");
5781 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
5782 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
5783 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
5784 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
5789 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
5790 Internet Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help
5791 maintain state within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods
5792 that support cookies.
5794 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
5795 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
5796 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
5797 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
5798 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
5800 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
5801 optional attributes:
5805 =item 1. an expiration time
5807 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
5808 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
5809 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
5810 the browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
5811 will remain active until the user quits the browser.
5815 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
5816 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
5817 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
5818 of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to
5819 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
5820 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
5821 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
5822 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
5823 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
5824 cookie originated from.
5828 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
5829 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
5830 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
5831 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
5832 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
5833 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
5834 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
5836 =item 4. a "secure" flag
5838 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
5839 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
5843 The interface to HTTP cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
5845 $cookie = $query->cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
5848 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
5849 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
5851 print $query->header(-cookie=>$cookie);
5853 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
5859 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
5860 Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
5861 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
5862 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
5866 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
5867 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
5868 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
5870 $cookie=$query->cookie(-name=>'family information',
5871 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
5875 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
5880 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
5885 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
5886 in the section on the B<header()> method:
5888 "+1h" one hour from now
5892 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
5897 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
5898 header within the string returned by the header() method:
5900 print $query->header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
5902 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
5904 $cookie1 = $query->cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
5905 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
5906 $cookie2 = $query->cookie(-name=>'answers',
5908 print $query->header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
5910 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie() method
5911 without the B<-value> parameter:
5915 $riddle = $query->cookie('riddle_name');
5916 %answers = $query->cookie('answers');
5918 Cookies created with a single scalar value, such as the "riddle_name"
5919 cookie, will be returned in that form. Cookies with array and hash
5920 values can also be retrieved.
5922 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
5923 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
5924 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
5925 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
5927 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
5928 $c=$q->cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[$q->param('answers')]);
5930 $q->param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[$q->cookie('answers')]);
5932 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
5933 cookies effectively.
5935 =head1 WORKING WITH FRAMES
5937 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
5938 and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three
5939 techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
5943 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
5945 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
5946 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <frameset>
5947 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
5948 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
5950 There is no specific support for creating <frameset> sections
5951 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
5952 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
5954 http://home.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
5956 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
5958 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
5960 print $q->header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
5962 This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into the
5963 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't already
5964 exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your script's
5965 document into that. There are a number of magic names that you can
5966 use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home pages for
5969 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <form> tag
5971 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
5972 CGI.pm it looks like this:
5974 print $q->start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
5976 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
5977 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
5978 a new window will be created.
5982 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
5983 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
5984 side-by-side frames.
5986 =head1 LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
5988 CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css).
5989 To incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the
5990 start_html() method a B<-style> parameter. The value of this
5991 parameter may be a scalar, in which case it is incorporated directly
5992 into a <style> section, or it may be a hash reference. In the latter
5993 case you should provide the hash with one or more of B<-src> or
5994 B<-code>. B<-src> points to a URL where an externally-defined
5995 stylesheet can be found. B<-code> points to a scalar value to be
5996 incorporated into a <style> section. Style definitions in B<-code>
5997 override similarly-named ones in B<-src>, hence the name "cascading."
5999 You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
6000 B<-type> parameter to the hash pointed to by B<-style>. If not
6001 specified, the style defaults to 'text/css'.
6003 To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the
6004 B<-class> parameter to any HTML element:
6006 print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');
6008 Or define styles on the fly with the B<-style> parameter:
6010 print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');
6012 You may also use the new B<span()> element to apply a style to a
6015 print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
6016 h1('Welcome to Hell'),
6017 "Where did that handbasket get to?"
6020 Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the
6021 B<span()> method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using
6022 CSS's. See the CSS specification at
6023 http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for more information.
6025 use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;
6027 #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
6037 font-family: sans-serif;
6043 print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
6044 -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
6047 print h1('CGI with Style'),
6049 "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
6050 span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
6051 "Look Mom, no hands!",
6057 Pass an array reference to B<-style> in order to incorporate multiple
6058 stylesheets into your document.
6062 If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
6063 debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or
6064 parameter=value pairs on the command line or from standard input (you
6065 don't have to worry about tricking your script into reading from
6066 environment variables). You can pass keywords like this:
6068 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
6072 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
6076 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
6080 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
6082 To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.
6084 To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
6085 pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value
6086 pairs to the script on standard input.
6088 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
6089 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
6090 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
6093 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
6095 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
6097 The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
6098 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
6099 for debugging purposes:
6104 Produces something that looks like:
6118 As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
6119 and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:
6122 print "<h2>Current Values</h2> $query\n";
6124 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
6126 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
6127 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
6133 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
6134 give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as in
6135 $query->Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point value
6136 corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from 0.0
6137 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept
6138 list are handled correctly.
6140 Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44 in
6141 order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.
6143 =item B<raw_cookie()>
6145 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
6146 Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
6147 Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method call just
6148 returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for ways of
6149 setting and retrieving cooked cookies.
6151 Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
6152 structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
6153 on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
6154 retrieves the B<unescaped> form of the cookie. You can use the
6155 regular cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch()
6156 method from the CGI::Cookie module.
6158 =item B<user_agent()>
6160 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
6161 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
6162 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
6163 like $query->user_agent(netscape);
6165 =item B<path_info()>
6167 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
6168 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
6169 $query->path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".
6171 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
6172 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
6173 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
6174 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
6175 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
6176 path information will be present in the environment,
6177 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
6178 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
6180 =item B<path_translated()>
6182 As per path_info() but returns the additional
6183 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
6184 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
6186 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
6189 =item B<remote_host()>
6191 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
6192 if the former is unavailable.
6194 =item B<script_name()>
6195 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
6200 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
6201 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
6204 =item B<auth_type ()>
6206 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
6209 =item B<server_name ()>
6211 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
6214 =item B<virtual_host ()>
6216 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
6217 the browser attempted to contact
6219 =item B<server_port ()>
6221 Return the port that the server is listening on.
6223 =item B<server_software ()>
6225 Returns the server software and version number.
6227 =item B<remote_user ()>
6229 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
6230 verification, if this script is protected.
6232 =item B<user_name ()>
6234 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of different
6235 techniques. This only works with older browsers such as Mosaic.
6236 Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy reasons!
6238 =item B<request_method()>
6240 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
6241 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
6243 =item B<content_type()>
6245 Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
6246 multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded
6250 Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
6251 variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
6252 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
6253 like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name of
6254 an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the use
6255 of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.
6257 For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:
6259 $requested_language = $q->http('Accept-language');
6260 $requested_language = $q->http('Accept_language');
6261 $requested_language = $q->http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');
6265 The same as I<http()>, but operates on the HTTPS environment variables
6266 present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to determine
6267 whether SSL is turned on.
6271 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
6273 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
6274 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
6275 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
6276 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
6277 such as server push and PICS headers.
6279 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
6280 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
6281 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
6282 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
6283 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
6286 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
6287 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
6288 the header() and redirect() methods are
6291 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of
6292 version 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is
6293 running under IIS and put itself into this mode. You do not need to
6294 do this manually, although it won't hurt anything if you do. However,
6295 note that if you have applied Service Pack 6, much of the
6296 functionality of NPH scripts, including the ability to redirect while
6297 setting a cookie, b<do not work at all> on IIS without a special patch
6299 http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q280/3/41.ASP:
6300 Non-Parsed Headers Stripped From CGI Applications That Have nph-
6305 =item In the B<use> statement
6307 Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported into
6310 use CGI qw(:standard -nph)
6312 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
6314 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
6318 =item By using B<-nph> parameters
6320 in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
6322 print $q->header(-nph=>1);
6328 CGI.pm provides four simple functions for producing multipart
6329 documents of the type needed to implement server push. These
6330 functions were graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To
6331 import these into your namespace, you must import the ":push" set.
6332 You are also advised to put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to
6333 1 to avoid buffering problems.
6335 Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:
6337 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
6338 use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
6340 print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----here we go!');
6342 print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
6343 "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n";
6345 print multipart_end;
6347 print multipart_final;
6352 This script initializes server push by calling B<multipart_init()>.
6353 It then enters a loop in which it begins a new multipart section by
6354 calling B<multipart_start()>, prints the current local time,
6355 and ends a multipart section with B<multipart_end()>. It then sleeps
6356 a second, and begins again. On the final iteration, it ends the
6357 multipart section with B<multipart_final()> rather than with
6362 =item multipart_init()
6364 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);
6366 Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
6367 what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
6368 If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.
6370 =item multipart_start()
6372 multipart_start(-type=>$type)
6374 Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
6375 type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.
6377 =item multipart_end()
6381 End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
6382 multipart_start(), except at the end of the last part of the multipart
6383 document when multipart_final() should be called instead of multipart_end().
6385 =item multipart_final()
6389 End all parts. You should call multipart_final() rather than
6390 multipart_end() at the end of the last part of the multipart document.
6394 Users interested in server push applications should also have a look
6395 at the CGI::Push module.
6397 Only Netscape Navigator supports server push. Internet Explorer
6400 =head1 Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
6402 A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
6403 process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker
6404 could attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many
6405 megabytes. CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a
6406 variable, growing hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While
6407 the script attempts to allocate the memory the system may slow down
6408 dramatically. This is a form of denial of service attack.
6410 Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to
6411 accept a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it
6412 in a temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive
6413 an uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
6414 terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
6415 server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.
6417 The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
6418 of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
6419 servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
6420 cases, you can use the shell I<limit> or I<ulimit>
6421 commands to put ceilings on CGI resource usage.
6424 CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
6425 service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
6426 These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:
6430 =item B<$CGI::POST_MAX>
6432 If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling
6433 on the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST
6434 that is greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
6435 message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and
6436 multipart POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file
6437 uploads as well. You should set this to a reasonably high
6438 value, such as 1 megabyte.
6440 =item B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>
6442 If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
6443 completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.
6447 You can use these variables in either of two ways.
6451 =item B<1. On a script-by-script basis>
6453 Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use" statement:
6455 use CGI qw/:standard/;
6456 use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
6457 $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100; # max 100K posts
6458 $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1; # no uploads
6460 =item B<2. Globally for all scripts>
6462 Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
6463 $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll
6464 find them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
6465 initialize_globals().
6469 An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
6470 I<param()> to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for
6471 this event by checking I<cgi_error()>, either after you create the CGI
6472 object or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call
6473 <param()> for the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then
6474 cgi_error() will return the message "413 POST too large".
6476 This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
6477 designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status
6480 $uploaded_file = param('upload');
6481 if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
6482 print header(-status=>cgi_error());
6486 However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do
6487 with this status code. It might be better just to create an
6488 HTML page that warns the user of the problem.
6490 =head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
6492 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
6493 compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:
6496 require "cgi-lib.pl";
6498 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
6503 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
6505 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
6506 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
6507 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
6508 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
6509 variables, are not supported.
6511 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
6515 print $q->textfield(-name=>'wow',
6516 -value=>'does this really work?');
6518 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
6519 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
6521 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
6523 Copyright 1995-1998, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
6525 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
6526 it under the same terms as Perl itself.
6528 Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending
6529 bug reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of
6530 Perl, the name and version of your Web server, and the name and
6531 version of the operating system you are using. If the problem is even
6532 remotely browser dependent, please provide information about the
6533 affected browers as well.
6537 Thanks very much to:
6541 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
6543 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
6545 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
6547 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
6549 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
6551 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
6553 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
6555 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
6557 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
6559 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
6561 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
6563 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
6565 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
6567 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
6569 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
6571 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
6573 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
6575 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
6577 =item Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
6579 =item Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
6581 =item ...and many many more...
6583 for suggestions and bug fixes.
6587 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
6590 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
6596 print $query->header;
6597 print $query->start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
6598 print "<h1> Example CGI.pm Form</h1>\n";
6599 &print_prompt($query);
6602 print $query->end_html;
6607 print $query->start_form;
6608 print "<em>What's your name?</em><br>";
6609 print $query->textfield('name');
6610 print $query->checkbox('Not my real name');
6612 print "<p><em>Where can you find English Sparrows?</em><br>";
6613 print $query->checkbox_group(
6614 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
6615 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
6617 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
6619 print "<p><em>How far can they fly?</em><br>",
6620 $query->radio_group(
6622 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
6623 -default=>'1 mile');
6625 print "<p><em>What's your favorite color?</em> ";
6626 print $query->popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
6627 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
6630 print $query->hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
6632 print "<p><em>What have you got there?</em><br>";
6633 print $query->scrolling_list(
6634 -name=>'possessions',
6635 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
6636 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
6640 print "<p><em>Any parting comments?</em><br>";
6641 print $query->textarea(-name=>'Comments',
6645 print "<p>",$query->reset;
6646 print $query->submit('Action','Shout');
6647 print $query->submit('Action','Scream');
6648 print $query->endform;
6656 print "<h2>Here are the current settings in this form</h2>";
6658 foreach $key ($query->param) {
6659 print "<strong>$key</strong> -> ";
6660 @values = $query->param($key);
6661 print join(", ",@values),"<br>\n";
6668 <address>Lincoln D. Stein</address><br>
6669 <a href="/">Home Page</a>
6675 This module has grown large and monolithic. Furthermore it's doing many
6676 things, such as handling URLs, parsing CGI input, writing HTML, etc., that
6677 are also done in the LWP modules. It should be discarded in favor of
6678 the CGI::* modules, but somehow I continue to work on it.
6680 Note that the code is truly contorted in order to avoid spurious
6681 warnings when programs are run with the B<-w> switch.
6685 L<CGI::Carp>, L<URI::URL>, L<CGI::Request>, L<CGI::MiniSvr>,
6686 L<CGI::Base>, L<CGI::Form>, L<CGI::Push>, L<CGI::Fast>,