5 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
8 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
9 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
10 # Perl 5 distribution).
12 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
13 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
14 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
15 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
16 # listing the modifications you have made.
18 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
19 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
21 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.229 2007/03/29 15:35:40 lstein Exp $';
24 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
25 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
26 # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
27 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires ebcdic2ascii ascii2ebcdic);
29 #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN',
30 # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd'];
32 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
33 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
37 $TAINTED = substr("$0$^X",0,0);
40 $MOD_PERL = 0; # no mod_perl by default
44 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
45 sub initialize_globals {
46 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
49 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
52 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
53 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
54 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
55 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
57 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
59 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
60 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
63 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
67 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
70 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
71 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
74 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
75 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
77 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
78 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
79 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
81 # Set this to 1 to generate automatic tab indexes
84 # Set this to 1 to cause files uploaded in multipart documents
85 # to be closed, instead of caching the file handle
87 # 1) use CGI qw(:close_upload_files)
88 # 2) $CGI::close_upload_files(1);
89 # Uploads with many files run out of file handles.
90 # Also, for performance, since the file is already on disk,
91 # it can just be renamed, instead of read and written.
92 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = 0;
94 # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing
95 # to a certain number of bytes:
98 # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely:
101 # Automatically determined -- don't change
104 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
107 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
108 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
110 # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string
111 # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params);
112 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS = 0;
114 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
117 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = "";
120 undef $QUERY_CHARSET;
121 undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES;
123 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
127 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
129 *end_form = \&endform;
132 initialize_globals();
134 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
135 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
136 # available then require() the Config library
140 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
143 if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) {
145 } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) {
147 } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) {
149 } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) {
151 } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) {
153 } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) {
155 } elsif ($OS =~ /^cygwin/i) {
161 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
162 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin|CYGWIN)/;
164 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
165 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
167 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
168 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
170 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
173 UNIX => '/', OS2 => '\\', EPOC => '/', CYGWIN => '/',
174 WINDOWS => '\\', DOS => '\\', MACINTOSH => ':', VMS => '/'
177 # This no longer seems to be necessary
178 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
179 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
180 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
182 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
183 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
184 # mod_perl handlers may run system() on scripts using CGI.pm;
185 # Make sure so we don't get fooled by inherited $ENV{MOD_PERL}
186 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} && $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} == 2) {
188 require Apache2::Response;
189 require Apache2::RequestRec;
190 require Apache2::RequestUtil;
191 require Apache2::RequestIO;
199 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
200 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
202 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
203 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
204 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
205 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
206 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
208 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
217 if ($needs_binmode) {
218 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDOUT);
219 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDIN);
220 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDERR);
224 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
225 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
226 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
227 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
228 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param
229 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big Area Map/],
230 ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe
231 ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q
233 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
234 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
235 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
236 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
237 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
238 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated request_uri url self_url script_name
240 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
241 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol virtual_port
242 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http append
243 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
244 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
245 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
246 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
247 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
248 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/],
249 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/],
250 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/],
251 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/]
254 # Custom 'can' method for both autoloaded and non-autoloaded subroutines.
255 # Author: Cees Hek <cees@sitesuite.com.au>
258 my($class, $method) = @_;
260 # See if UNIVERSAL::can finds it.
262 if (my $func = $class -> SUPER::can($method) ){
266 # Try to compile the function.
269 # _compile looks at $AUTOLOAD for the function name.
271 local $AUTOLOAD = join "::", $class, $method;
275 # Now that the function is loaded (if it exists)
276 # just use UNIVERSAL::can again to do the work.
278 return $class -> SUPER::can($method);
281 # to import symbols into caller
285 # This causes modules to clash.
289 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
290 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
292 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
293 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
294 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
295 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
297 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
298 foreach $pck (@packages) {
299 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
304 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
310 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
315 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
317 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
318 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
319 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
325 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
326 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
329 my($class,@initializer) = @_;
332 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
334 # always use a tempfile
335 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = 1;
337 if (ref($initializer[0])
338 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache')
340 UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache2::RequestRec')
342 $self->r(shift @initializer);
344 if (ref($initializer[0])
345 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'CODE'))) {
346 $self->upload_hook(shift @initializer, shift @initializer);
347 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = shift @initializer if (@initializer > 0);
350 if ($MOD_PERL == 1) {
351 $self->r(Apache->request) unless $self->r;
353 $r->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
356 # XXX: once we have the new API
357 # will do a real PerlOptions -SetupEnv check
358 $self->r(Apache2::RequestUtil->request) unless $self->r;
360 $r->subprocess_env unless exists $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD};
361 $r->pool->cleanup_register(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
365 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
366 $self->init(@initializer);
370 # We provide a DESTROY method so that we can ensure that
371 # temporary files are closed (via Fh->DESTROY) before they
372 # are unlinked (via CGITempFile->DESTROY) because it is not
373 # possible to unlink an open file on Win32. We explicitly
374 # call DESTROY on each, rather than just undefing them and
375 # letting Perl DESTROY them by garbage collection, in case the
376 # user is still holding any reference to them as well.
379 if ($OS eq 'WINDOWS') {
380 foreach my $href (values %{$self->{'.tmpfiles'}}) {
381 $href->{hndl}->DESTROY if defined $href->{hndl};
382 $href->{name}->DESTROY if defined $href->{name};
389 my $r = $self->{'.r'};
390 $self->{'.r'} = shift if @_;
396 if (ref $_[0] eq 'CODE') {
397 $CGI::Q = $self = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
401 my ($hook,$data,$use_tempfile) = @_;
402 $self->{'.upload_hook'} = $hook;
403 $self->{'.upload_data'} = $data;
404 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = $use_tempfile if defined $use_tempfile;
408 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
409 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
410 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
411 # member of the list.
412 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
413 # the known parameters names available.
414 # If more than one argument is provided, the
415 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
416 # set the value of the parameter.
419 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
420 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
421 my($name,$value,@other);
423 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
424 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
426 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
429 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
430 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
432 foreach ($value,@other) {
433 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
436 # If values is provided, then we set it.
437 if (@values or defined $value) {
438 $self->add_parameter($name);
439 $self->{$name}=[@values];
445 return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
447 my $charset = $self->charset || '';
448 my $utf8 = $charset eq 'utf-8';
450 eval "require Encode; 1;" if $utf8 && !Encode->can('decode'); # bring in these functions
451 return wantarray ? map {Encode::decode(utf8=>$_) } @{$self->{$name}}
452 : Encode::decode(utf8=>$self->{$name}->[0]);
454 return wantarray ? @{$self->{$name}} : $self->{$name}->[0];
458 sub self_or_default {
459 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
460 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
461 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
463 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
466 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
470 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
471 if (defined($_[0]) &&
472 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
473 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
476 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
480 ########################################
481 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
482 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
484 ########################################
486 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
487 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
488 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
489 # and the values are stored as lists
490 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
491 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
495 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
499 my $initializer = shift; # for backward compatibility
502 # set autoescaping on by default
503 $self->{'escape'} = 1;
505 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
506 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
507 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
508 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
509 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
510 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$QUERY_PARAM{$_});
512 $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET);
513 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES};
517 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
518 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
520 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
522 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
523 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
527 # avoid unreasonably large postings
528 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
529 #discard the post, unread
530 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
534 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
537 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
538 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
539 && !defined($initializer)
541 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
542 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
546 # Process XForms postings. We know that we have XForms in the
548 # method eq 'POST' && content-type eq 'application/xml'
549 # method eq 'POST' && content-type =~ /multipart\/related.+start=/
550 # There are more cases, actually, but for now, we don't support other
551 # methods for XForm posts.
552 # In a XForm POST, the QUERY_STRING is parsed normally.
553 # If the content-type is 'application/xml', we just set the param
554 # XForms:Model (referring to the xml syntax) param containing the
556 # In the case of multipart/related we set XForms:Model as above, but
557 # the other parts are available as uploads with the Content-ID as the
559 # See the URL below for XForms specs on this issue.
560 # http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xforms-20060314/slice11.html#submit-options
561 if ($meth eq 'POST' && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})) {
562 if ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} eq 'application/xml') {
563 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
565 $self->add_parameter($param);
566 $self->read_from_client(\$value,$content_length,0)
567 if $content_length > 0;
568 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
570 } elsif ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /multipart\/related.+boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?.+start=\"?\<?([^\"\>]+)\>?\"?/) {
571 my($boundary,$start) = ($1,$2);
572 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
573 $self->add_parameter($param);
574 my($value) = $self->read_multipart_related($start,$boundary,$content_length,0);
575 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
577 $query_string = $self->r->args;
579 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
580 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
587 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
589 if (!$is_xforms && defined($initializer)) {
590 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
591 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
594 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
595 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
596 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
601 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
607 # massage back into standard format
608 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
609 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
611 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
616 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
622 # massage back into standard format
623 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
624 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
626 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
631 # last chance -- treat it as a string
632 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
633 $query_string = $initializer;
638 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
640 if ($is_xforms || $meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
642 $query_string = $self->r->args;
644 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
645 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
650 if ($meth eq 'POST') {
651 $self->read_from_client(\$query_string,$content_length,0)
652 if $content_length > 0;
653 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
654 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
655 # APPENDED to the POST data.
656 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
660 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
661 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
662 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
663 # UN*X programmers expect.
666 my $cmdline_ret = read_from_cmdline();
667 $query_string = $cmdline_ret->{'query_string'};
668 if (defined($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'}))
670 $self->path_info($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'});
675 # YL: Begin Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
676 if (!$is_xforms && $meth eq 'POST'
677 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
678 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^application/x-www-form-urlencoded|
679 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^multipart/form-data| ) {
680 my($param) = 'POSTDATA' ;
681 $self->add_parameter($param) ;
682 push (@{$self->{$param}},$query_string);
683 undef $query_string ;
685 # YL: End Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
687 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
688 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
689 if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) {
690 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
691 $self->parse_params($query_string);
693 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
694 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
698 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
700 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
704 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
705 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
706 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
707 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
710 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
711 $self->delete('.submit');
712 $self->delete('.cgifields');
714 $self->save_request unless defined $initializer;
717 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
718 # Turn a string into a filehandle
721 return undef unless $thingy;
722 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
723 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
726 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
727 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
728 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
734 # send output to the browser
736 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
740 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
746 # get/set last cgi_error
748 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
749 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
750 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
755 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
756 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
757 # us to have several of these objects.
758 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
759 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
760 next unless defined $_;
761 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
763 $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset;
764 %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}};
768 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
769 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
772 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
773 next unless defined $param;
774 next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value;
775 $value = '' unless defined $value;
776 $param = unescape($param);
777 $value = unescape($value);
778 $self->add_parameter($param);
779 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
785 return unless defined $param;
786 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
787 unless defined($self->{$param});
792 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
793 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
794 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
797 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
799 return unless defined($_[1]) && defined fileno($_[1]);
800 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
804 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
807 my (\$q,\$a,\@rest) = self_or_default(\@_);
809 if (ref(\$a) && ref(\$a) eq 'HASH') {
810 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(\$a,\$q->{'escape'});
811 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
813 unshift \@rest,\$a if defined \$a;
816 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
817 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
818 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
819 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
822 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@rest;
823 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
824 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
825 (ref(\$rest[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$rest[0]} : "\@rest";
833 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
834 my $func = &_compile;
839 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
840 my($pack,$func_name);
842 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
843 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
844 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
845 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
846 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
847 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
849 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
851 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
853 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
854 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@;
855 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
857 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
859 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
861 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
862 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
865 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
866 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
867 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
870 croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code;
872 eval "package $pack; $code";
875 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@");
878 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
879 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
885 return '' unless $value;
886 return $XHTML ? qq(selected="selected" ) : qq(selected );
892 return '' unless $value;
893 return $XHTML ? qq(checked="checked" ) : qq(checked );
896 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
902 # to avoid reexporting unwanted variables
906 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
907 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
908 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
909 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
910 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
911 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
912 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
913 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
914 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
915 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
916 $TABINDEX++, next if /^[:-]tabindex$/;
917 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES++, next if /^[:-]close_upload_files$/;
918 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
919 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
920 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/;
922 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
923 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
924 my($pkg) = caller(1);
925 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
926 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
927 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
933 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
934 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
938 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
943 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
944 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
949 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
950 $self->{'.elid'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
951 sprintf('%010d',$self->{'.elid'}++);
955 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
956 $self->{'.etab'} ||= 1;
957 $self->{'.etab'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
958 my $tab = $self->{'.etab'}++;
959 return '' unless $TABINDEX or defined $new_value;
960 return qq(tabindex="$tab" );
963 ###############################################################################
964 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
965 ###############################################################################
966 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
967 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
971 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
972 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
975 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
976 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
979 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
980 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
983 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
984 # Create a new multipart buffer
985 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
986 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
987 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length);
991 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
992 # Read data from a file handle
993 sub read_from_client {
994 my($self, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
995 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
997 ? $self->r->read($$buff, $len, $offset)
998 : read(\*STDIN, $$buff, $len, $offset);
1002 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1004 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
1007 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1008 my(@names) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
1009 my @to_delete = ref($names[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$names[0] : @names;
1011 foreach my $name (@to_delete)
1013 CORE::delete $self->{$name};
1014 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
1015 $to_delete{$name}++;
1017 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep { !exists($to_delete{$_}) } $self->param();
1022 #### Method: import_names
1023 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
1024 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
1026 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1028 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
1029 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
1030 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
1031 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
1032 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
1033 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
1034 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
1040 my($param,@value,$var);
1041 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1042 # protect against silly names
1043 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
1044 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
1045 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
1046 @value = $self->param($param);
1048 $symbol = $value[0];
1053 #### Method: keywords
1054 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
1055 # returns the list of keywords.
1056 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
1058 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1060 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
1061 # If values is provided, then we set it.
1062 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
1063 my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : ();
1068 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1069 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1070 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1075 return %in if wantarray;
1080 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1081 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1082 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1089 *in=*{"${pkg}::in"};
1092 return scalar(keys %in);
1096 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1098 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1099 return $self->header();
1103 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1105 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1106 return $self->start_html(@p);
1110 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1112 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1113 return $self->end_html(@p);
1117 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1120 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
1121 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
1125 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1127 return request_method() eq 'GET';
1131 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1133 return request_method() eq 'POST';
1137 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1141 if (ref($arg) && UNIVERSAL::isa($arg,'CGI')) {
1144 return $Q ||= $class->new(@_);
1148 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1153 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
1154 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
1158 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1160 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
1161 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
1162 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
1166 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1168 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
1169 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1173 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1175 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1179 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1181 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
1185 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1187 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
1191 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1199 # Append a new value to an existing query
1201 'append' => <<'EOF',
1203 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1204 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
1205 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
1207 $self->add_parameter($name);
1208 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
1210 return $self->param($name);
1214 #### Method: delete_all
1215 # Delete all parameters
1217 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1219 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1220 my @param = $self->param();
1221 $self->delete(@param);
1225 'Delete' => <<'EOF',
1227 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1232 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1234 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1235 $self->delete_all(@p);
1239 #### Method: autoescape
1240 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
1241 # call this method with undef as the argument
1242 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1244 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
1245 my $d = $self->{'escape'};
1246 $self->{'escape'} = $escape;
1252 #### Method: version
1253 # Return the current version
1255 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1261 #### Method: url_param
1262 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
1263 # whether this was a POST or a GET
1265 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1267 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1268 my $name = shift(@p);
1269 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1270 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
1271 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
1272 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
1273 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1276 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
1277 $param = unescape($param);
1278 $value = unescape($value);
1279 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
1282 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
1285 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
1286 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
1287 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
1288 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1293 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1294 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1297 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1299 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1300 my($param,$value,@result);
1301 return '<ul></ul>' unless $self->param;
1302 push(@result,"<ul>");
1303 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1304 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1305 push(@result,"<li><strong>$param</strong></li>");
1306 push(@result,"<ul>");
1307 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1308 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1309 $value =~ s/\n/<br \/>\n/g;
1310 push(@result,"<li>$value</li>");
1312 push(@result,"</ul>");
1314 push(@result,"</ul>");
1315 return join("\n",@result);
1319 #### Method as_string
1321 # synonym for "dump"
1323 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1330 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1331 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1333 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1335 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1336 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1338 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1339 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1340 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1341 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1343 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1344 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1347 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
1348 print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n";
1350 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1355 #### Method: save_parameters
1356 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1357 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1359 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1360 sub save_parameters {
1362 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1366 #### Method: restore_parameters
1367 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1368 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1370 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1371 sub restore_parameters {
1372 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1376 #### Method: multipart_init
1377 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1378 # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1380 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1381 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1383 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1384 sub multipart_init {
1385 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1386 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1387 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1388 $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF";
1389 $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF";
1390 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1391 return $self->header(
1394 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1395 ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end;
1400 #### Method: multipart_start
1401 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1403 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1404 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1406 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1407 sub multipart_start {
1409 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1410 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1411 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1412 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type");
1414 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1415 # need to fix it up a little.
1417 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1418 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1419 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1421 push(@header,@other);
1422 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1428 #### Method: multipart_end
1429 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section
1431 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1434 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1436 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1437 return $self->{'separator'};
1442 #### Method: multipart_final
1443 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections
1445 # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1447 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1448 sub multipart_final {
1449 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1450 return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF;
1456 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1459 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1461 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1464 return "" if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1466 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,$p3p,@other) =
1467 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1468 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1469 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1470 'ATTACHMENT','P3P'],@p);
1474 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1476 if (defined $charset) {
1477 $self->charset($charset);
1479 $charset = $self->charset if $type =~ /^text\//;
1483 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1484 # need to fix it up a little.
1486 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1487 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1488 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/"\u$1\L$2" . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1491 $type .= "; charset=$charset"
1493 and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/
1494 and defined $charset
1497 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1498 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1499 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1500 push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph;
1502 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1503 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1505 $p3p = join ' ',@$p3p if ref($p3p) eq 'ARRAY';
1506 push(@header,qq(P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml", CP="$p3p"));
1508 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1510 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1512 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1513 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1516 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1517 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1519 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1521 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph;
1522 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1523 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1524 push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other);
1525 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1526 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1527 if ($MOD_PERL and not $nph) {
1528 $self->r->send_cgi_header($header);
1537 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1540 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1542 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1543 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1544 if ($new_value ne '') {
1545 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1547 return $self->{'cache'};
1552 #### Method: redirect
1553 # Return a Location: style header
1556 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1558 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1559 my($url,$target,$status,$cookie,$nph,@other) =
1560 rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,STATUS,['COOKIE','COOKIES'],NPH],@p);
1561 $status = '302 Found' unless defined $status;
1562 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1564 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1566 '-Status' => $status,
1569 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1570 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1572 unshift(@unescaped,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1573 return $self->header((map {$self->unescapeHTML($_)} @o),@unescaped);
1578 #### Method: start_html
1579 # Canned HTML header
1582 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1583 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1584 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1585 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1586 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1587 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1588 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1589 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1590 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1591 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <head> tag
1592 # (a scalar or array ref)
1593 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1594 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1597 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1599 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1600 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,
1601 $target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,$encoding,$declare_xml,@other) =
1602 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,
1603 META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG,ENCODING,DECLARE_XML],@p);
1605 $self->element_id(0);
1606 $self->element_tab(0);
1608 $encoding = lc($self->charset) unless defined $encoding;
1610 # Need to sort out the DTD before it's okay to call escapeHTML().
1611 my(@result,$xml_dtd);
1613 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1614 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1616 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1619 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1622 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY' && $dtd->[0] =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1623 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq '' && $dtd =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1624 push @result,qq(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="$encoding"?>) if $xml_dtd && $declare_xml;
1626 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1627 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\t "$dtd->[1]">));
1628 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd->[0];
1630 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1631 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd;
1634 # Now that we know whether we're using the HTML 3.2 DTD or not, it's okay to
1635 # call escapeHTML(). Strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as
1636 # HTML while the author needs to be escaped as a URL.
1637 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1638 $author = $self->escape($author);
1640 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML (2\.0|3\.2)/i) {
1641 $lang = "" unless defined $lang;
1645 $lang = 'en-US' unless defined $lang;
1648 my $lang_bits = $lang ne '' ? qq( lang="$lang" xml:lang="$lang") : '';
1649 my $meta_bits = qq(<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=$encoding" />)
1650 if $XHTML && $encoding && !$declare_xml;
1652 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"$lang_bits>\n<head>\n<title>$title</title>)
1653 : ($lang ? qq(<html lang="$lang">) : "<html>")
1654 . "<head><title>$title</title>");
1655 if (defined $author) {
1656 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1657 : "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1660 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1661 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1662 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1663 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1666 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1667 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1668 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1671 push(@result,ref($head) ? @$head : $head) if $head;
1673 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1674 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1675 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1676 push(@result,$meta_bits) if defined $meta_bits;
1678 # handle -noscript parameter
1679 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1685 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1686 push(@result,"</head>\n<body$other>\n");
1687 return join("\n",@result);
1692 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1694 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1696 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1699 my $type = 'text/css';
1700 my $rel = 'stylesheet';
1703 my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n<!--/* <![CDATA[ */" : "\n<!-- ";
1704 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n/* ]]> */-->\n" : " -->\n";
1706 my @s = ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : $style;
1710 my($src,$code,$verbatim,$stype,$alternate,$foo,@other) =
1711 rearrange([qw(SRC CODE VERBATIM TYPE ALTERNATE FOO)],
1713 ref($s) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$s : %$s));
1714 my $type = defined $stype ? $stype : 'text/css';
1715 my $rel = $alternate ? 'alternate stylesheet' : 'stylesheet';
1716 my $other = @other ? join ' ',@other : '';
1718 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1719 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one
1720 foreach $src (@$src)
1722 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1723 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)) if $src;
1727 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1728 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1729 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)
1733 my @v = ref($verbatim) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$verbatim : $verbatim;
1734 push(@result, "<style type=\"text/css\">\n$_\n</style>") foreach @v;
1736 my @c = ref($code) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$code : $code if $code;
1737 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$_\n$cdata_end")) foreach @c;
1741 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1742 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>));
1749 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1751 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1754 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1755 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1756 my($src,$code,$language);
1757 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1758 ($src,$code,$type) =
1759 rearrange(['SRC','CODE',['LANGUAGE','TYPE']],
1760 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1761 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1762 $type ||= 'text/javascript';
1763 unless ($type =~ m!\w+/\w+!) {
1764 $type =~ s/[\d.]+$//;
1765 $type = "text/$type";
1768 ($src,$code,$type) = ('',$script, 'text/javascript');
1771 my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default
1772 $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i;
1773 $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i;
1775 my ($cdata_start,$cdata_end);
1777 $cdata_start = "$comment<![CDATA[\n";
1778 $cdata_end .= "\n$comment]]>";
1780 $cdata_start = "\n<!-- Hide script\n";
1781 $cdata_end = $comment;
1782 $cdata_end .= " End script hiding -->\n";
1785 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1786 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1787 $code = $cdata_start . $code . $cdata_end if defined $code;
1788 push(@result,$self->script({@satts},$code || ''));
1794 #### Method: end_html
1795 # End an HTML document.
1796 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</body>"
1798 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1800 return "\n</body>\n</html>";
1805 ################################
1806 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1807 ################################
1809 #### Method: isindex
1810 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1812 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1814 # A string containing a <isindex> tag
1815 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1817 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1818 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1819 $action = qq/ action="$action"/ if $action;
1820 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1821 return $XHTML ? "<isindex$action$other />" : "<isindex$action$other>";
1826 #### Method: startform
1829 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1830 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1831 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1832 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1834 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1836 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1837 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1839 $method = $self->escapeHTML(lc($method) || 'post');
1840 $enctype = $self->escapeHTML($enctype || &URL_ENCODED);
1841 if (defined $action) {
1842 $action = $self->escapeHTML($action);
1845 $action = $self->escapeHTML($self->request_uri || $self->self_url);
1847 $action = qq(action="$action");
1848 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1849 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1850 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1855 #### Method: start_form
1856 # synonym for startform
1857 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1859 $XHTML ? &start_multipart_form : &startform;
1863 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1864 sub end_multipart_form {
1869 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1870 # synonym for startform
1871 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1872 sub start_multipart_form {
1873 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1874 if (defined($p[0]) && substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1875 return $self->startform(-enctype=>&MULTIPART,@p);
1877 my($method,$action,@other) =
1878 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1879 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1885 #### Method: endform
1887 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1889 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1891 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1893 if (my @fields = $self->get_fields) {
1894 return wantarray ? ("<div>",@fields,"</div>","</form>")
1895 : "<div>".(join '',@fields)."</div>\n</form>";
1904 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1906 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1907 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1908 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1910 my $current = $override ? $default :
1911 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1913 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : '';
1914 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1915 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : '';
1916 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : '';
1917 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1918 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1919 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1920 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1921 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1922 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $tabindex$value$s$m$other />)
1923 : qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>);
1927 #### Method: textfield
1929 # $name -> Name of the text field
1930 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1932 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1933 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1935 # A string containing a <input type="text"> field
1937 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1939 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1940 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1945 #### Method: filefield
1947 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1948 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1949 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1951 # A string containing a <input type="file"> field
1953 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1955 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1956 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1961 #### Method: password
1962 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1964 # $name -> Name of the field
1965 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1967 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1968 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1970 # A string containing a <input type="password"> field
1972 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1973 sub password_field {
1974 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1975 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1979 #### Method: textarea
1981 # $name -> Name of the text field
1982 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1984 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1985 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1987 # A string containing a <textarea></textarea> tag
1989 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1991 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1992 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1993 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1995 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1996 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1998 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1999 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
2000 my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : '';
2001 my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : '';
2002 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2003 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2004 return qq{<textarea name="$name" $tabindex$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
2010 # Create a javascript button.
2012 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
2013 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
2014 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
2017 # A string containing a <input type="button"> tag
2019 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2021 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2023 my($label,$value,$script,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
2024 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT],TABINDEX],@p);
2026 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2027 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2028 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
2031 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label;
2032 $value = $value || $label;
2034 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
2035 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
2036 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2037 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2038 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button" $tabindex$name$val$script$other />)
2039 : qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>);
2045 # Create a "submit query" button.
2047 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2048 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
2049 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
2051 # A string containing a <input type="submit"> tag
2053 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2055 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2057 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],TABINDEX],@p);
2059 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2060 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2062 my $name = $NOSTICKY ? '' : 'name=".submit" ';
2063 $name = qq/name="$label" / if defined($label);
2064 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2066 $val = qq/value="$value" / if defined($value);
2067 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2068 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2069 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" $tabindex$name$val$other/>)
2070 : qq(<input type="submit" $name$val$other>);
2076 # Create a "reset" button.
2078 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2080 # A string containing a <input type="reset"> tag
2082 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2084 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2085 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange(['NAME',['VALUE','LABEL'],TABINDEX],@p);
2086 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2087 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2088 my ($name) = ' name=".reset"';
2089 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
2090 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2092 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
2093 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2094 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2095 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset" $tabindex$name$val$other />)
2096 : qq(<input type="reset"$name$val$other>);
2101 #### Method: defaults
2102 # Create a "defaults" button.
2104 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2106 # A string containing a <input type="submit" name=".defaults"> tag
2108 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
2109 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
2112 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2114 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2116 my($label,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE],TABINDEX],@p);
2118 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2119 $label = $label || "Defaults";
2120 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
2121 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2122 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2123 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" name=".defaults" $tabindex$value$other />)
2124 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
2129 #### Method: comment
2130 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
2131 # Parameters: a string
2132 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2134 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2135 return "<!-- @p -->";
2139 #### Method: checkbox
2140 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
2141 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
2143 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
2144 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
2145 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
2146 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
2147 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
2149 # A string containing a <input type="checkbox"> field
2151 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2153 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2155 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2156 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2158 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
2160 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2161 defined $self->param($name))) {
2162 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : '';
2164 $checked = $self->_checked($checked);
2166 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
2167 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
2168 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2169 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
2170 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2171 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2172 $self->register_parameter($name);
2173 return $XHTML ? CGI::label(qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value" $tabindex$checked$other/>$the_label})
2174 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
2180 # Escape HTML -- used internally
2181 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2183 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2184 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2185 my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2186 return undef unless defined($toencode);
2187 return $toencode if ref($self) && !$self->{'escape'};
2188 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
2189 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
2190 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
2191 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML 3\.2/i) {
2192 # $quot; was accidentally omitted from the HTML 3.2 DTD -- see
2193 # <http://validator.w3.org/docs/errors.html#bad-entity> /
2194 # <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/1997Mar/0003.html>.
2195 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2198 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2200 my $latin = uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'ISO-8859-1' ||
2201 uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'WINDOWS-1252';
2202 if ($latin) { # bug in some browsers
2203 $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso;
2204 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
2205 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
2206 if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) {
2207 $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso;
2208 $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso;
2215 # unescape HTML -- used internally
2216 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2218 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2219 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2220 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2221 return undef unless defined($string);
2222 my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i
2224 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
2225 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
2231 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
2232 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
2239 # Internal procedure - don't use
2240 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2242 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
2243 my @rowheaders = $rowheaders ? @$rowheaders : ();
2244 my @colheaders = $colheaders ? @$colheaders : ();
2247 if (defined($columns)) {
2248 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
2250 if (defined($rows)) {
2251 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
2254 # rearrange into a pretty table
2255 $result = "<table>";
2257 unshift(@colheaders,'') if @colheaders && @rowheaders;
2258 $result .= "<tr>" if @colheaders;
2259 foreach (@colheaders) {
2260 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
2262 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
2264 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders[$row]</th>" if @rowheaders;
2265 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
2266 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
2267 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
2271 $result .= "</table>";
2277 #### Method: radio_group
2278 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
2280 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
2281 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2282 # values for each button in the group.
2283 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
2284 # to turn _nothing_ on.
2285 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2286 # between the buttons.
2287 # $labels -> (optional)
2288 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2289 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2290 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2292 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="radio"> fields
2294 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2296 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2297 $self->_box_group('radio',@p);
2301 #### Method: checkbox_group
2302 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
2304 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
2305 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2306 # values for each checkbox in the group.
2307 # $defaults -> (optional)
2308 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
2309 # then this will be used to decide which
2310 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
2311 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
2312 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
2313 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2314 # between the buttons.
2315 # $labels -> (optional)
2316 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2317 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2318 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2320 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="checkbox"> fields
2323 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2324 sub checkbox_group {
2325 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2326 $self->_box_group('checkbox',@p);
2330 '_box_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2333 my $box_type = shift;
2335 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$attributes,
2336 $rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,
2337 $override,$nolabels,$tabindex,$disabled,@other) =
2338 rearrange([ NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LINEBREAK,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,
2339 ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],[ROWHEADERS,ROWHEADER],[COLHEADERS,COLHEADER],
2340 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS,TABINDEX,DISABLED
2343 my($result,$checked,@elements,@values);
2345 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2346 my %checked = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2348 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
2349 $checked{$values[0]}++ if $box_type eq 'radio' && !%checked;
2351 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2354 if ($TABINDEX && $tabindex) {
2355 if (!ref $tabindex) {
2356 $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2357 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'ARRAY') {
2358 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @$tabindex;
2359 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'HASH') {
2363 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @values unless %tabs;
2364 my $other = @other ? "@other " : '';
2367 # for disabling groups of radio/checkbox buttons
2369 foreach (@{$disabled}) {
2375 if ($disabled{$_}) {
2376 $disable="disabled='1'";
2379 my $checkit = $self->_checked($box_type eq 'radio' ? ($checked{$_} && !$radio_checked++)
2383 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
2389 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
2391 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2392 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2393 $label = "<span style=\"color:gray\">$label</span>" if $disabled{$_};
2395 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2396 my $tab = $tabs{$_};
2397 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2402 qq(<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_" $checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable/>$label)).${break};
2404 push(@elements,qq/<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable>${label}${break}/);
2407 $self->register_parameter($name);
2408 return wantarray ? @elements : "@elements"
2409 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
2410 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
2415 #### Method: popup_menu
2416 # Create a popup menu.
2418 # $name -> Name for all the menu
2419 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2420 # text of each menu item.
2421 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2422 # $labels -> (optional)
2423 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2424 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2425 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2427 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2429 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2431 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2433 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2434 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,
2435 ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2436 my($result,$selected);
2438 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2439 $selected = $self->param($name);
2441 $selected = $default;
2443 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2444 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2447 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2448 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2449 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$other>\n/;
2452 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2453 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2454 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2459 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2460 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? $self->_selected($selected eq $_) : '';
2462 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2463 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2464 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2465 $result .= "<option${attribs} ${selectit}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2469 $result .= "</select>";
2475 #### Method: optgroup
2476 # Create a optgroup.
2478 # $name -> Label for the group
2479 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2480 # values for each option line in the group.
2481 # $labels -> (optional)
2482 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each item
2483 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2484 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2485 # $labeled -> (optional)
2486 # A true value indicates the value should be used as the label attribute
2487 # in the option elements.
2488 # The label attribute specifies the option label presented to the user.
2489 # This defaults to the content of the <option> element, but the label
2490 # attribute allows authors to more easily use optgroup without sacrificing
2491 # compatibility with browsers that do not support option groups.
2492 # $novals -> (optional)
2493 # A true value indicates to suppress the val attribute in the option elements
2495 # A string containing the definition of an option group.
2497 'optgroup' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2499 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2500 my($name,$values,$attributes,$labeled,$noval,$labels,@other)
2501 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],ATTRIBUTES,LABELED,NOVALS,LABELS],@p);
2503 my($result,@values);
2504 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name,$labeled,$novals);
2505 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2507 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2508 $result = qq/<optgroup label="$name"$other>\n/;
2511 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2512 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2513 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2518 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2520 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2521 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2522 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2523 $result .= $labeled ? $novals ? "<option$attribs label=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2524 : "<option$attribs label=\"$value\" value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2525 : $novals ? "<option$attribs>$label</option>\n"
2526 : "<option$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2529 $result .= "</optgroup>";
2535 #### Method: scrolling_list
2536 # Create a scrolling list.
2538 # $name -> name for the list
2539 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2540 # values for each option line in the list.
2541 # $defaults -> (optional)
2542 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2543 # then this will be used to decide which
2544 # lines to turn on by default.
2545 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2546 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2547 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2548 # $labels -> (optional)
2549 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2550 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2551 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2553 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2555 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2556 sub scrolling_list {
2557 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2558 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other)
2559 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2560 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2562 my($result,@values);
2563 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2565 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2567 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2568 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : '';
2569 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2570 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2572 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2573 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2574 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2576 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2578 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2579 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2580 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2581 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2582 $result .= "<option ${selectit}${attribs}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2584 $result .= "</select>";
2585 $self->register_parameter($name);
2593 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2594 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2596 # $default->[initial values of field]
2598 # A string containing a <input type="hidden" name="name" value="value">
2600 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2602 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2604 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2605 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2607 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2608 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2610 my $do_override = 0;
2611 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2612 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2613 $do_override = $override;
2615 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2616 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2620 # use previous values if override is not set
2621 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2622 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2624 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2626 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : '';
2627 push @result,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other />)
2628 : qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other>);
2630 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2635 #### Method: image_button
2637 # $name -> Name of the button
2638 # $src -> URL of the image source
2639 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2641 # A string containing a <input type="image" name="name" src="url" align="alignment">
2643 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2645 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2647 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2648 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2650 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\L\"$alignment\"" : '';
2651 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2652 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2653 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2654 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2659 #### Method: self_url
2660 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2661 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2662 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2663 # script with all its state information preserved.
2665 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2667 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2668 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2673 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2674 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2675 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2683 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2686 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2688 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2689 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base,$rewrite) =
2690 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE','REWRITE'],@p);
2692 $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute);
2693 $rewrite++ unless defined $rewrite;
2695 my $path = $self->path_info;
2696 my $script_name = $self->script_name;
2697 my $request_uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2698 my $query_str = $self->query_string;
2700 my $rewrite_in_use = $request_uri && $request_uri !~ /^$script_name/;
2701 undef $path if $rewrite_in_use && $rewrite; # path not valid when rewriting active
2703 my $uri = $rewrite && $request_uri ? $request_uri : $script_name;
2704 $uri =~ s/\?.*$//; # remove query string
2705 $uri =~ s/\Q$path\E$// if defined $path; # remove path
2708 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2709 $url = "$protocol://";
2710 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || '';
2711 $vh =~ s/\:\d+$//; # some clients add the port number (incorrectly). Get rid of it.
2715 $url .= server_name();
2717 my $port = $self->server_port;
2719 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2720 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2721 return $url if $base;
2723 } elsif ($relative) {
2724 ($url) = $uri =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2725 } elsif ($absolute) {
2729 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2730 $url .= "?$query_str" if $query and $query_str ne '';
2731 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2738 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2739 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2740 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2742 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2743 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2744 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2745 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2746 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2747 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2749 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2751 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2752 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires,$httponly) =
2753 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES,HTTPONLY],@p);
2755 require CGI::Cookie;
2757 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2758 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2759 # cookies in our state variables.
2760 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2761 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2762 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2764 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2765 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2766 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2767 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2768 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2771 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2772 return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error
2775 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2776 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2777 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2778 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2779 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2780 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2781 push(@param,'-httponly'=>$httponly) if $httponly;
2783 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2787 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2788 sub parse_keywordlist {
2789 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2790 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2791 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2792 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2797 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2799 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2800 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2801 unless (exists($self->{$name})) {
2802 $self->add_parameter($name);
2803 $self->{$name} = [];
2806 return $self->{$name};
2810 ###############################################
2811 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2812 ###############################################
2814 #### Method: path_info
2815 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2816 # after the URL (if any)
2818 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2820 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2821 if (defined($info)) {
2822 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2823 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2824 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2825 my (undef,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env;
2826 $self->{'.path_info'} = $path_info || '';
2828 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2832 # WE USE THIS TO COMPENSATE FOR A BUG IN APACHE 2 PRESENT AT LEAST UP THROUGH 2.0.54
2833 '_name_and_path_from_env' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2834 sub _name_and_path_from_env {
2836 my $raw_script_name = $ENV{SCRIPT_NAME} || '';
2837 my $raw_path_info = $ENV{PATH_INFO} || '';
2838 my $uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2840 my $protected = quotemeta($raw_path_info);
2841 $raw_script_name =~ s/$protected$//;
2843 my @uri_double_slashes = $uri =~ m^(/{2,}?)^g;
2844 my @path_double_slashes = "$raw_script_name $raw_path_info" =~ m^(/{2,}?)^g;
2846 my $apache_bug = @uri_double_slashes != @path_double_slashes;
2847 return ($raw_script_name,$raw_path_info) unless $apache_bug;
2849 my $path_info_search = quotemeta($raw_path_info);
2850 $path_info_search =~ s!/!/+!g;
2851 if ($uri =~ m/^(.+)($path_info_search)/) {
2854 return ($raw_script_name,$raw_path_info);
2860 #### Method: request_method
2861 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2863 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2864 sub request_method {
2865 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2869 #### Method: content_type
2870 # Returns the content_type string
2872 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2874 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2878 #### Method: path_translated
2879 # Return the physical path information provided
2880 # by the URL (if any)
2882 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2883 sub path_translated {
2884 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2889 #### Method: request_uri
2890 # Return the literal request URI
2892 'request_uri' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2894 return $ENV{'REQUEST_URI'};
2899 #### Method: query_string
2900 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2903 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2905 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2906 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2907 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2908 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2909 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2910 $value = escape($value);
2911 next unless defined $value;
2912 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2915 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
2916 push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_"));
2918 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2924 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2925 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2926 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2927 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2928 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2929 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2930 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2931 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2932 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2934 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2936 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2937 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2939 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2942 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2943 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2945 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2948 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2950 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2951 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2952 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2953 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2955 # First return the preference for directly supported
2957 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2959 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2960 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2961 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2962 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2963 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2964 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2970 #### Method: user_agent
2971 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2972 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2973 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2975 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2977 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2978 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2979 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2984 #### Method: raw_cookie
2985 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
2986 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
2987 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
2988 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
2989 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
2992 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2994 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2996 require CGI::Cookie;
2998 if (defined($key)) {
2999 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
3000 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3002 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3003 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3004 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3006 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
3010 #### Method: virtual_host
3011 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
3012 # is not always the same as the server
3014 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3016 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || server_name();
3017 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
3022 #### Method: remote_host
3023 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
3024 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
3025 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
3028 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3030 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
3036 #### Method: remote_addr
3037 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
3039 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3041 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
3046 #### Method: script_name
3047 # Return the partial URL to this script for
3048 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
3049 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
3052 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3054 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
3056 $self->{'.script_name'} = shift @p;
3057 } elsif (!exists $self->{'.script_name'}) {
3058 my ($script_name,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env();
3059 $self->{'.script_name'} = $script_name;
3061 return $self->{'.script_name'};
3066 #### Method: referer
3067 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
3070 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3072 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3073 return $self->http('referer');
3078 #### Method: server_name
3079 # Return the name of the server
3081 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3083 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
3087 #### Method: server_software
3088 # Return the name of the server software
3090 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3091 sub server_software {
3092 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
3096 #### Method: virtual_port
3097 # Return the server port, taking virtual hosts into account
3099 'virtual_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3101 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
3102 my $vh = $self->http('x_forwarded_host') || $self->http('host');
3103 my $protocol = $self->protocol;
3105 return ($vh =~ /:(\d+)$/)[0] || ($protocol eq 'https' ? 443 : 80);
3107 return $self->server_port();
3112 #### Method: server_port
3113 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
3115 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3117 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
3121 #### Method: server_protocol
3122 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
3124 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3125 sub server_protocol {
3126 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
3131 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
3132 # the list of variables if none provided
3134 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3136 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3137 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
3138 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3139 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3141 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3142 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
3149 # Return the value of HTTPS
3151 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3154 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3155 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
3156 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
3157 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3158 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3160 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3161 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
3167 #### Method: protocol
3168 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
3170 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3174 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
3175 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
3176 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
3177 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
3178 return "\L$protocol\E";
3182 #### Method: remote_ident
3183 # Return the identity of the remote user
3184 # (but only if his host is running identd)
3186 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3188 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
3193 #### Method: auth_type
3194 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
3196 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3198 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
3203 #### Method: remote_user
3204 # Return the authorization name used for user
3207 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3209 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3214 #### Method: user_name
3215 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
3218 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3220 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3221 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3225 #### Method: nosticky
3226 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
3228 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3230 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3231 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
3232 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
3237 # Set or return the NPH global flag
3239 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3241 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3242 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
3247 #### Method: private_tempfiles
3248 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
3250 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3251 sub private_tempfiles {
3252 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3253 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
3254 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
3257 #### Method: close_upload_files
3258 # Set or return the close_upload_files global flag
3260 'close_upload_files' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3261 sub close_upload_files {
3262 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3263 $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = $param if defined($param);
3264 return $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3269 #### Method: default_dtd
3270 # Set or return the default_dtd global
3272 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3274 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3275 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
3276 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
3277 } elsif (defined $param) {
3278 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
3280 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
3284 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
3285 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3286 sub previous_or_default {
3287 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
3290 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
3291 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
3292 grep($selected{$_}++,$self->param($name));
3293 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
3294 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
3295 grep($selected{$_}++,@{$defaults});
3297 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
3304 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3305 sub register_parameter {
3306 my($self,$param) = @_;
3307 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
3311 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3314 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
3315 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
3320 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3321 sub read_from_cmdline {
3325 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
3327 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
3328 require "shellwords.pl";
3329 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input; press ^D or ^Z when done)\n";
3330 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
3331 $input = join(" ",@lines);
3332 @words = &shellwords($input);
3339 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
3340 $query_string = join('&',@words);
3342 $query_string = join('+',@words);
3344 if ($query_string =~ /^(.*?)\?(.*)$/)
3349 return { 'query_string' => $query_string, 'subpath' => $subpath };
3354 # subroutine: read_multipart
3356 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
3357 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
3358 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
3359 # caller can read from it if necessary.
3361 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3362 sub read_multipart {
3363 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3364 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3365 return unless $buffer;
3368 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3369 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3372 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3376 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="([^"]*)"/;
3379 # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
3380 my($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename="([^"]*)"/;
3381 # Test for Opera's multiple upload feature
3382 my($multipart) = ( defined( $header{'Content-Type'} ) &&
3383 $header{'Content-Type'} =~ /multipart\/mixed/ ) ?
3386 # add this parameter to our list
3387 $self->add_parameter($param);
3389 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
3390 # to our parameter list.
3391 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && !$multipart ) {
3392 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
3394 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
3398 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3400 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3401 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3402 # the file for reading.
3404 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3405 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3406 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3410 # set the filename to some recognizable value
3411 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && $multipart ) {
3412 $filename = "multipart/mixed";
3415 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3416 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3417 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3418 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3419 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3420 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3421 $seqno += int rand(100);
3423 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3424 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3425 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3427 # if this is an multipart/mixed attachment, save the header
3428 # together with the body for later parsing with an external
3429 # MIME parser module
3431 foreach ( keys %header ) {
3432 print $filehandle "$_: $header{$_}${CRLF}";
3434 print $filehandle "${CRLF}";
3440 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3441 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3443 $totalbytes += length($data);
3444 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($filename ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3446 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3449 # back up to beginning of file
3450 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3452 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3453 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3454 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3456 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3457 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3459 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3461 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3462 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3463 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3464 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3465 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3466 hndl => $filehandle,
3470 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3477 # subroutine: read_multipart_related
3479 # Read multipart/related data and store it into our parameters. The
3480 # first parameter sets the start of the data. The part identified by
3481 # this Content-ID will not be stored as a file upload, but will be
3482 # returned by this method. All other parts will be available as file
3483 # uploads accessible by their Content-ID
3485 'read_multipart_related' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3486 sub read_multipart_related {
3487 my($self,$start,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3488 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3489 return unless $buffer;
3493 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3494 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3497 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3501 my($param) = $header{'Content-ID'}=~/\<([^\>]*)\>/;
3504 # If this is the start part, then just read the data and assign it
3505 # to our return variable.
3506 if ( $param eq $start ) {
3507 $returnvalue = $buffer->readBody;
3508 $returnvalue .= $TAINTED;
3512 # add this parameter to our list
3513 $self->add_parameter($param);
3515 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3517 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3518 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3519 # the file for reading.
3521 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3522 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3523 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3527 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3528 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3529 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3530 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3531 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3532 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($param,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3533 $seqno += int rand(100);
3535 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3536 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3537 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3542 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3543 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3545 $totalbytes += length($data);
3546 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($param ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3548 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3551 # back up to beginning of file
3552 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3554 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3555 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3556 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3558 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3559 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3561 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3563 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3564 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3565 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3566 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3567 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3568 hndl => $filehandle,
3572 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3575 return $returnvalue;
3580 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
3582 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
3583 my @param = grep {ref($_) && defined(fileno($_))} $self->param($param_name);
3584 return unless @param;
3585 return wantarray ? @param : $param[0];
3589 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3591 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3592 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name} ?
3593 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name}->as_string
3598 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3600 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3601 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{info};
3605 # internal routine, don't use
3606 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3607 sub _set_values_and_labels {
3610 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
3611 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
3612 return $v if !ref($v);
3613 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
3617 # internal routine, don't use
3618 '_set_attributes' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3619 sub _set_attributes {
3621 my($element, $attributes) = @_;
3622 return '' unless defined($attributes->{$element});
3624 foreach my $attrib (keys %{$attributes->{$element}}) {
3625 (my $clean_attrib = $attrib) =~ s/^-//;
3626 $attribs .= "@{[lc($clean_attrib)]}=\"$attributes->{$element}{$attrib}\" ";
3633 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3636 next if defined(&$_);
3637 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
3647 #########################################################
3648 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
3649 #########################################################
3651 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
3660 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3667 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3668 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3670 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3673 # get rid of package name
3674 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
3675 $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg;
3676 return $i.$CGI::TAINTED;
3678 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
3679 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
3680 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
3681 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
3683 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
3688 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3692 return "$self" cmp $value;
3696 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3698 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
3699 _setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
3700 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
3701 (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg;
3702 my $fv = ++$FH . $safename;
3703 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
3704 $file =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3706 sysopen($ref,$safe,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
3707 unlink($safe) if $delete;
3708 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
3709 return bless $ref,$pack;
3716 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
3717 package MultipartBuffer;
3719 use constant DEBUG => 0;
3721 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
3722 # a 4K buffer by default.
3723 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
3724 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
3725 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3728 #reuse the autoload function
3729 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3731 # avoid autoloader warnings
3734 ###############################################################################
3735 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3736 ###############################################################################
3737 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3738 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3741 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3743 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3744 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3745 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN); # if $CGI::needs_binmode; # just do it always
3747 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3748 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3749 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3750 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3751 # by then, we return.
3753 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3754 # about providing boundary strings.
3755 my $boundary_read = 0;
3758 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3759 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3761 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3762 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3763 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport');
3765 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3767 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3768 $boundary = <STDIN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3769 $length -= length($boundary);
3770 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3771 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3775 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3776 CHUNKED=>!defined $length,
3777 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3778 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3782 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3783 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3785 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3787 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3788 unless ($boundary_read) {
3789 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3791 die "Malformed multipart POST: data truncated\n" if $self->eof;
3797 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3804 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS' || $CGI::EBCDIC;
3807 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3808 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3809 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3810 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3811 # this was a bad idea
3812 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3813 } until $ok || $bad;
3816 #EBCDIC NOTE: translate header into EBCDIC, but watch out for continuation lines!
3818 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3819 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3823 warn "untranslated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3824 $header = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($header);
3825 warn "translated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3828 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3829 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3830 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3832 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3833 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3835 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3836 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2);
3837 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3838 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3844 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3845 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3851 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate returnval into EBCDIC HERE
3853 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3854 $returnval .= $data;
3858 warn "untranslated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3859 $returnval = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($returnval);
3860 warn "translated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3866 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3867 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3868 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3869 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3871 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3873 # default number of bytes to read
3874 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3876 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3877 # is never split between reads.
3878 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3880 my $boundary_start = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}) : $self->{BOUNDARY};
3881 my $boundary_end = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}.'--') : $self->{BOUNDARY}.'--';
3883 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3884 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_start);
3886 warn "boundary=$self->{BOUNDARY} length=$self->{LENGTH} start=$start\n" if DEBUG;
3888 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3889 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless $self->{CHUNKED} || ($start >= 0 || $self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3891 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate boundary search into ASCII here.
3893 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3897 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3898 if (index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_end)==0) {
3904 # just remove the boundary.
3905 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($boundary_start))='';
3906 $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//;
3911 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3912 $bytesToReturn = $start-2 > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3913 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3914 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3915 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3917 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($boundary_start)+1);
3920 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3921 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3923 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3924 return ($bytesToReturn==$start)
3925 ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3930 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3931 # boundary is never split between reads
3932 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3934 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3935 return unless $self->{CHUNKED} || $self->{LENGTH};
3937 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3938 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3939 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3940 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
3942 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
3943 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client(\$self->{BUFFER},
3946 warn "bytesToRead=$bytesToRead, bufferLength=$bufferLength, buffer=$self->{BUFFER}\n" if DEBUG;
3947 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
3949 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
3950 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
3951 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
3952 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
3953 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
3954 if ($bytesRead <= 0) {
3955 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
3956 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
3958 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
3961 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $bytesRead;
3966 # Return true when we've finished reading
3967 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3970 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
3971 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
3979 ####################################################################################
3980 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
3981 ####################################################################################
3982 package CGITempFile;
3986 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
3987 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
3988 unless (defined $TMPDIRECTORY) {
3989 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
3990 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
3991 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
3992 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH",
3993 "C:${SL}system${SL}temp");
3994 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if defined $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
3996 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
3997 # it is problematic.
3998 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
3999 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
4000 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
4001 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
4002 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
4003 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
4006 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
4009 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
4016 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
4017 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
4018 *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
4022 $$self =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
4023 my $safe = $1; # untaint operation
4024 unlink $safe; # get rid of the file
4027 ###############################################################################
4028 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
4029 ###############################################################################
4030 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
4031 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
4034 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
4036 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
4038 find_tempdir() unless -w $TMPDIRECTORY;
4039 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
4040 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}CGItemp%d",$sequence++));
4042 # check that it is a more-or-less valid filename
4043 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$!;
4044 # this used to untaint, now it doesn't
4046 return bless \$filename;
4050 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
4062 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
4063 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
4064 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
4069 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
4070 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
4071 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
4072 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
4083 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4087 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
4088 # and echoes back its values.
4090 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4092 start_html('A Simple Example'),
4093 h1('A Simple Example'),
4095 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4096 "What's the combination?", p,
4097 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4098 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4099 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
4100 "What's your favorite color? ",
4101 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4102 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4108 my $name = param('name');
4109 my $keywords = join ', ',param('words');
4110 my $color = param('color');
4111 print "Your name is",em(escapeHTML($name)),p,
4112 "The keywords are: ",em(escapeHTML($keywords)),p,
4113 "Your favorite color is ",em(escapeHTML($color)),
4119 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
4120 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
4121 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
4122 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
4123 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
4124 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
4125 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
4126 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
4127 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
4128 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
4129 style sheets, server push, and frames.
4131 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
4132 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
4134 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
4136 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
4137 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
4141 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
4143 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
4144 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
4145 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
4146 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
4147 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
4148 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
4149 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
4150 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
4151 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
4152 script and restore it later.
4154 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
4155 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
4157 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
4158 use CGI; # load CGI routines
4159 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
4160 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
4161 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4162 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4163 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
4165 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
4166 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
4167 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
4168 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
4169 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
4170 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
4171 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
4172 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
4173 need to create the CGI object.
4175 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
4176 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
4177 print header, # create the HTTP header
4178 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4179 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4180 end_html; # end the HTML
4182 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
4183 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
4184 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
4186 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4188 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
4189 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
4190 argument calling style that looks like this:
4192 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
4194 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
4195 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
4196 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
4197 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
4198 dashes for the subsequent ones.
4200 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
4201 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
4202 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
4203 case, the single argument is the document type.
4205 print $q->header('text/html');
4207 Other such routines are documented below.
4209 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
4210 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
4211 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
4212 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
4213 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
4215 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
4216 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
4218 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
4219 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
4220 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
4221 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
4222 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
4223 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
4224 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
4225 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
4226 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
4232 h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>
4233 h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT">
4234 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1>
4236 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
4238 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
4239 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
4240 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
4241 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
4242 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
4243 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
4244 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
4247 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
4249 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
4250 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
4251 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
4252 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
4253 have several choices:
4259 Use another name for the argument, if one is available.
4260 For example, -value is an alias for -values.
4264 Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
4268 Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4272 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
4273 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
4274 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
4276 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
4277 -cost => 'Three smackers',
4278 -annoyance_level => 'high',
4279 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
4281 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
4284 Cost: Three smackers
4285 Annoyance-level: high
4286 Complaints-to: bit bucket
4287 Content-type: text/html
4289 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
4290 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
4293 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
4296 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4300 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
4301 it into a perl5 object called $query.
4303 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4305 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
4307 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
4308 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
4309 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
4310 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
4311 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
4312 can be saved and restored.
4314 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
4315 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
4316 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
4318 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
4320 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
4323 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
4324 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
4325 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
4326 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
4328 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
4329 restore_parameters(IN);
4332 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
4335 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
4336 'song'=>'I love you',
4337 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
4340 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
4342 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
4344 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
4345 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
4348 $old_query = new CGI;
4349 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
4351 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
4353 $empty_query = new CGI("");
4357 $empty_query = new CGI({});
4359 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4361 @keywords = $query->keywords
4363 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
4364 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
4366 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4368 @names = $query->param
4370 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
4371 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
4372 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
4373 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
4374 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
4375 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
4377 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
4378 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
4379 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
4380 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
4381 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
4383 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4385 @values = $query->param('foo');
4389 $value = $query->param('foo');
4391 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
4392 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
4393 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
4394 the method will return a single value.
4396 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
4397 "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
4398 string. This feature is new in 2.63.
4401 If the parameter does not exist at all, then param() will return undef
4402 in a scalar context, and the empty list in a list context.
4405 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4407 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
4409 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
4410 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
4411 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
4412 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
4415 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
4416 in more detail later:
4418 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
4422 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
4424 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4426 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
4428 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
4429 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
4430 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
4431 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
4433 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4435 $query->import_names('R');
4437 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
4438 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
4439 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
4440 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
4443 NOTE 1: Variable names are transformed as necessary into legal Perl
4444 variable names. All non-legal characters are transformed into
4445 underscores. If you need to keep the original names, you should use
4446 the param() method instead to access CGI variables by name.
4448 NOTE 2: In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
4449 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
4450 Perl module B<import> operator.
4452 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4454 $query->delete('foo','bar','baz');
4456 This completely clears a list of parameters. It sometimes useful for
4457 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between script
4460 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
4461 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
4463 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4465 $query->delete_all();
4467 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
4468 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
4470 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
4472 =head2 HANDLING NON-URLENCODED ARGUMENTS
4475 If POSTed data is not of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded or
4476 multipart/form-data, then the POSTed data will not be processed, but
4477 instead be returned as-is in a parameter named POSTDATA. To retrieve
4478 it, use code like this:
4480 my $data = $query->param('POSTDATA');
4482 (If you don't know what the preceding means, don't worry about it. It
4483 only affects people trying to use CGI for XML processing and other
4487 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4489 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
4490 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
4492 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
4493 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
4494 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
4495 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
4496 can manipulate in any way you like.
4498 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
4500 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4503 print $params->{'address'};
4504 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
4510 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
4511 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
4512 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
4513 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
4514 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
4515 CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the
4516 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
4517 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
4519 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
4520 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
4521 list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
4522 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
4523 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
4524 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
4525 module for Perl version 4.
4527 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
4528 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
4530 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4532 $query->save(\*FILEHANDLE)
4534 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
4535 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
4536 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
4539 The format of the saved file is:
4547 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
4548 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
4549 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
4550 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
4551 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
4552 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
4553 a short example of creating multiple session records:
4557 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
4559 foreach (0..$records) {
4561 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
4566 # reopen for reading
4567 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
4569 my $q = new CGI(\*IN);
4570 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
4573 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
4574 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
4575 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
4577 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
4579 for further details.
4581 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
4582 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
4584 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4586 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
4587 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
4588 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
4589 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
4590 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
4591 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
4594 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
4596 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
4597 $q->start_html('Problems'),
4598 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
4603 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
4604 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
4607 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4609 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
4610 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
4611 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
4614 use CGI <list of methods>;
4616 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
4617 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
4618 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
4619 methods, and then use them directly:
4621 use CGI 'param','header';
4622 print header('text/plain');
4623 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
4625 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
4626 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
4627 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
4629 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
4635 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
4640 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
4644 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
4648 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as
4649 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
4653 Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as
4654 <abbrev>, <acronym> and <thead>).
4658 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
4662 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
4667 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'.
4671 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
4672 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
4676 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
4677 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
4678 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
4679 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
4680 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <gradient> (which causes the
4681 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
4682 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
4683 to start using it immediately:
4685 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
4686 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
4688 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4689 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4690 change in the future.
4692 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4693 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4694 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4695 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4696 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4697 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4698 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4700 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4703 start_html('Simple Script'),
4704 h1('Simple Script'),
4706 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4707 "What's the combination?",
4708 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4709 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4710 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4711 "What's your favorite color?",
4712 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4713 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4720 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4721 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4722 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4728 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
4729 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
4730 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
4731 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
4732 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
4733 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
4736 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
4738 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
4744 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
4745 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
4746 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
4747 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
4751 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
4753 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
4754 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
4759 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
4760 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
4761 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
4762 those destined to be crunched by Malcolm Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
4763 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
4765 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
4769 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
4771 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
4772 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
4773 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
4774 compile() method instead:
4779 This is particularly useful in a mod_perl environment, in which you
4780 might want to precompile all CGI routines in a startup script, and
4781 then import the functions individually in each mod_perl script.
4785 By default the CGI module implements a state-preserving behavior
4786 called "sticky" fields. The way this works is that if you are
4787 regenerating a form, the methods that generate the form field values
4788 will interrogate param() to see if similarly-named parameters are
4789 present in the query string. If they find a like-named parameter, they
4790 will use it to set their default values.
4792 Sometimes this isn't what you want. The B<-nosticky> pragma prevents
4793 this behavior. You can also selectively change the sticky behavior in
4794 each element that you generate.
4798 Automatically add tab index attributes to each form field. With this
4799 option turned off, you can still add tab indexes manually by passing a
4800 -tabindex option to each field-generating method.
4802 =item -no_undef_params
4804 This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list.
4808 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
4809 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
4810 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4813 If start_html()'s -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD,
4814 XHTML will automatically be disabled without needing to use this
4819 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4820 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4821 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4822 of NPH scripts below.
4824 =item -newstyle_urls
4826 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4827 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4829 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4831 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4832 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4833 pragma is specified.
4835 This became the default in version 2.64.
4837 =item -oldstyle_urls
4839 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4840 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4844 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4845 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4846 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4847 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4848 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4849 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4850 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4851 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4852 to the top of your script.
4856 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4857 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4858 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4859 then use this pragma:
4861 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4865 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4866 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4867 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4868 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4870 See the section on debugging for more details.
4872 =item -private_tempfiles
4874 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4875 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4876 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4877 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4878 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4879 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4880 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4881 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4882 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4883 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4884 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4886 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4887 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4888 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4890 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4892 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4893 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4895 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4898 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4899 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4901 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4902 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4906 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4908 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4909 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4912 print h1('Level 1 Header');
4916 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>
4918 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
4919 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
4920 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
4922 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
4924 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
4925 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
4926 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
4927 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
4928 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
4929 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
4933 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
4935 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
4940 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag)
4942 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag)
4944 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag)
4946 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
4950 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4952 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
4953 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
4954 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
4955 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
4956 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
4958 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
4959 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
4960 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
4962 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4964 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
4965 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
4966 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
4967 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
4968 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
4975 print header('image/gif');
4979 print header('text/html','204 No response');
4983 print header(-type=>'image/gif',
4985 -status=>'402 Payment required',
4989 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
4992 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
4993 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
4994 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
4995 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
4996 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
4998 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
4999 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
5000 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
5001 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
5002 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
5003 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
5005 print header(-Content_length=>3002);
5007 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
5008 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
5009 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
5010 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
5011 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
5012 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
5015 +30s 30 seconds from now
5016 +10m ten minutes from now
5017 +1h one hour from now
5018 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
5021 +10y in ten years time
5022 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
5024 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
5025 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
5026 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
5027 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
5030 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5031 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5032 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5034 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
5035 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
5036 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
5038 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
5039 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
5040 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
5041 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
5042 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
5044 The B<-p3p> parameter will add a P3P tag to the outgoing header. The
5045 parameter can be an arrayref or a space-delimited string of P3P tags.
5048 print header(-p3p=>[qw(CAO DSP LAW CURa)]);
5049 print header(-p3p=>'CAO DSP LAW CURa');
5051 In either case, the outgoing header will be formatted as:
5053 P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml" cp="CAO DSP LAW CURa"
5055 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
5057 print redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
5059 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
5060 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
5061 time of day or the identity of the user.
5063 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
5064 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
5067 You should always use full URLs (including the http: or ftp: part) in
5068 redirection requests. Relative URLs will not work correctly.
5070 You can also use named arguments:
5072 print redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
5076 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5077 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5078 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft IIS, which
5079 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5081 The B<-status> parameter will set the status of the redirect. HTTP
5082 defines three different possible redirection status codes:
5084 301 Moved Permanently
5088 The default if not specified is 302, which means "moved temporarily."
5089 You may change the status to another status code if you wish. Be
5090 advised that changing the status to anything other than 301, 302 or
5091 303 will probably break redirection.
5093 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
5095 print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
5096 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
5099 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
5100 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
5101 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
5104 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
5105 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
5106 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
5107 page's appearance and behavior.
5109 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <body> tag.
5110 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
5111 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
5112 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
5113 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
5114 to the <body> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
5117 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <base> tag
5118 different from the current location, as in
5120 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
5122 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5124 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
5125 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
5126 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
5127 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
5130 -target=>"answer_window"
5132 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5133 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
5134 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
5135 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
5136 into a series of header <meta> tags that look something like this:
5138 <meta name="keywords" content="pharaoh secret mummy">
5139 <meta name="description" content="copyright 1996 King Tut">
5141 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <meta> tag, use B<-head>, described
5144 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
5145 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
5148 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
5149 the <html> tag. For example:
5151 print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');
5153 The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English, unless the
5154 -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD, in which case the
5155 lang attribute is left off. You can force the lang attribute to left
5156 off in other cases by passing an empty string (-lang=>'').
5158 The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for
5159 XHTML. It defaults to iso-8859-1 if not specified.
5161 The B<-declare_xml> argument, when used in conjunction with XHTML,
5162 will put a <?xml> declaration at the top of the HTML header. The sole
5163 purpose of this declaration is to declare the character set
5164 encoding. In the absence of -declare_xml, the output HTML will contain
5165 a <meta> tag that specifies the encoding, allowing the HTML to pass
5166 most validators. The default for -declare_xml is false.
5168 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <head> section with the
5169 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <link> element in the
5170 head section, use this:
5172 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
5173 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));
5175 To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <head> section, just pass an
5178 print start_html(-head=>[
5180 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
5181 Link({-rel=>'previous',
5182 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
5186 And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <meta> tag:
5188 print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
5189 -content => 'text/html'}))
5192 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>,
5193 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used
5194 to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should
5195 point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions.
5196 This block will be placed within a <script> block inside the HTML (not
5197 HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in order to give your
5198 page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript functions in place
5199 even if the user presses the stop button before the page has loaded
5200 completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in such a way that
5201 JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code: unfortunately
5202 there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that get confused
5205 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
5206 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
5207 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
5213 // Ask a silly question
5214 function riddle_me_this() {
5215 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
5216 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
5217 "and three legs in the evening?");
5220 // Get a silly answer
5221 function response(answer) {
5222 if (answer == "man")
5223 alert("Right you are!");
5225 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
5228 print start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5231 Use the B<-noScript> parameter to pass some HTML text that will be displayed on
5232 browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where JavaScript is turned
5235 The <script> tag, has several attributes including "type" and src.
5236 The latter is particularly interesting, as it allows you to keep the
5237 JavaScript code in a file or CGI script rather than cluttering up each
5238 page with the source. To use these attributes pass a HASH reference
5239 in the B<-script> parameter containing one or more of -type, -src, or
5242 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5243 -script=>{-type=>'JAVASCRIPT',
5244 -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
5247 print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5248 -script=>{-type=>'PERLSCRIPT',
5249 -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
5253 A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <script> sections into the
5254 header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array reference.
5255 this allows you to specify different source files for different dialects
5256 of JavaScript. Example:
5258 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5260 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5261 -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
5263 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5264 -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
5266 { -type => 'text/jscript',
5267 -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
5269 { -type => 'text/ecmascript',
5270 -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
5275 The option "-language" is a synonym for -type, and is supported for
5276 backwad compatibility.
5278 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
5282 =item B<Parameters:>
5290 The author's e-mail address (will create a <link rev="MADE"> tag if present
5294 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <base> tag in the header. This
5295 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
5296 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
5300 Any other parameters you want to include in the <body> tag. This is a good
5301 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
5305 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5309 This ends an HTML document by printing the </body></html> tags.
5311 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5314 print q(<a href="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</a>);
5316 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
5317 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
5318 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
5319 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
5320 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
5323 print "<a href=\"$myself#table1\">See table 1</a>";
5324 print "<a href=\"$myself#table2\">See table 2</a>";
5325 print "<a href=\"$myself#yourself\">See for yourself</a>";
5327 If you want more control over what's returned, using the B<url()>
5330 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
5332 $the_string = query_string;
5334 =head2 OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5337 $full_url = url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax
5338 $relative_url = url(-relative=>1);
5339 $absolute_url = url(-absolute=>1);
5340 $url_with_path = url(-path_info=>1);
5341 $url_with_path_and_query = url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
5342 $netloc = url(-base => 1);
5344 B<url()> returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called
5345 without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including
5346 host name and port number
5348 http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi
5350 You can modify this format with the following named arguments:
5356 If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.
5362 Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
5363 script with different parameters. For example:
5369 Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
5370 This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.
5372 =item B<-path> (B<-path_info>)
5374 Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
5375 combined with B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-path_info>
5376 is provided as a synonym.
5378 =item B<-query> (B<-query_string>)
5380 Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with
5381 B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-query_string> is provided
5386 Generate just the protocol and net location, as in http://www.foo.com:8000
5390 If Apache's mod_rewrite is turned on, then the script name and path
5391 info probably won't match the request that the user sent. Set
5392 -rewrite=>1 (default) to return URLs that match what the user sent
5393 (the original request URI). Set -rewrite->0 to return URLs that match
5394 the URL after mod_rewrite's rules have run. Because the additional
5395 path information only makes sense in the context of the rewritten URL,
5396 -rewrite is set to false when you request path info in the URL.
5400 =head2 MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5402 $color = url_param('color');
5404 It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as
5405 well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
5406 containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
5407 B<param()> method will always return the contents of the POSTed
5408 fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL
5409 parameters, call the B<url_param()> method. Use it in the same way as
5410 B<param()>. The main difference is that it allows you to read the
5411 parameters, but not set them.
5414 Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
5415 interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
5416 try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET
5417 method, the results will not be what you expect.
5419 =head1 CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5421 CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of
5422 the HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single
5423 HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then
5424 print or manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of
5425 HTML code that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most
5426 commonly, print out so that it displays in the browser window.
5428 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
5430 print $q->blockquote(
5431 "Many years ago on the island of",
5432 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5433 "there lived a Minotaur named",
5434 $q->strong("Fred."),
5438 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
5439 added for readability):
5442 Many years ago on the island of
5443 <a href="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
5444 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
5448 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
5449 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
5450 completely (see the next section for more details):
5452 use CGI ':standard';
5454 "Many years ago on the island of",
5455 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5456 "there lived a minotaur named",
5461 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5463 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
5464 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
5468 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
5469 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
5471 print h1("Chapter","1"); # <h1>Chapter 1</h1>"
5473 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
5474 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
5476 print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
5477 "Open a new frame");
5479 <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>
5481 You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if
5484 print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
5486 <img align="LEFT" src="fred.gif">
5488 Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
5489 lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument that
5490 that points to an undef string:
5492 print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
5494 Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
5495 attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
5496 changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the form
5497 <img alt="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:
5500 img({alt=>undef}) <img alt>
5501 img({alt=>''}) <img alt="">
5503 =head2 THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5505 One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
5506 distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a
5507 B<reference> to a list, the tag will be distributed across each
5508 element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered
5512 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
5515 This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
5518 <li type="disc">Sneezy</li>
5519 <li type="disc">Doc</li>
5520 <li type="disc">Sleepy</li>
5521 <li type="disc">Happy</li>
5524 This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:
5526 print table({-border=>undef},
5527 caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
5528 Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
5530 th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
5531 td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
5532 td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),
5533 td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
5538 =head2 HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5540 Consider this bit of code:
5542 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5544 It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:
5546 <blockquote><em>Hi</em> mom!</blockquote>
5548 Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!".
5549 CGI.pm puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
5550 controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is
5551 not what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series
5552 of images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an
5557 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5560 I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
5561 change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly
5564 =head2 NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5566 A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various
5569 B<comment()> generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it
5572 print comment('here is my comment');
5574 Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following functions
5575 begin with initial caps:
5584 In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
5585 start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special.
5586 See their respective sections.
5588 =head2 AUTOESCAPING HTML
5590 By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions
5591 is passed through a function called escapeHTML():
5595 =item $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
5597 Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.
5601 Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
5602 default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
5603 character becomes "<", ">" becomes ">", "&" becomes "&", and
5604 the quote character becomes """. In addition, the hexadecimal
5605 0x8b and 0x9b characters, which some browsers incorrectly interpret
5606 as the left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their
5607 numeric character entities ("‹" and "›"). If you manually change
5608 the charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by
5609 passing a -charset argument to header(), then B<all> characters will
5610 be replaced by their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup
5611 table for all the possible encodings.
5613 The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as
5614 h1(). You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in
5615 order to protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter
5616 into guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset().
5617 To turn autoescaping off completely, use autoEscape(0):
5621 =item $charset = charset([$charset]);
5623 Get or set the current character set.
5625 =item $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
5627 Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.
5631 =head2 PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5633 By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
5634 long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but
5635 it does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get
5636 pretty-printed output, please use L<CGI::Pretty>, a subclass
5637 contributed by Brian Paulsen.
5639 =head1 CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5641 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
5642 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
5643 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
5644 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
5645 around the form elements.
5647 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
5648 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
5649 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
5650 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
5652 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
5655 (1) call the param() method to set it.
5657 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
5658 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
5660 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5661 -default=>'starting value',
5666 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
5667 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
5668 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
5669 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
5670 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
5671 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
5676 I<A Lurking Trap!> Some of the form-element generating methods return
5677 multiple tags. In a scalar context, the tags will be concatenated
5678 together with spaces, or whatever is the current value of the $"
5679 global. In a list context, the methods will return a list of
5680 elements, allowing you to modify them if you wish. Usually you will
5681 not notice this behavior, but beware of this:
5683 printf("%s\n",end_form())
5685 end_form() produces several tags, and only the first of them will be
5686 printed because the format only expects one value.
5691 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5693 print isindex(-action=>$action);
5697 print isindex($action);
5699 Prints out an <isindex> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
5700 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
5701 default is to process the query with the current script.
5703 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5705 print start_form(-method=>$method,
5707 -enctype=>$encoding);
5708 <... various form stuff ...>
5713 print start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
5714 <... various form stuff ...>
5717 start_form() will return a <form> tag with the optional method,
5718 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
5722 enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
5724 endform() returns the closing </form> tag.
5726 Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the various
5727 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
5728 values are possible:
5730 B<Note:> This method was previously named startform(), and startform()
5731 is still recognized as an alias.
5735 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
5737 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
5738 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
5739 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
5740 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
5741 type in B<&CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
5743 =item B<multipart/form-data>
5745 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
5746 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
5747 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
5748 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
5749 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
5750 in B<&CGI::MULTIPART>
5752 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
5753 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
5756 If XHTML is activated (the default), then forms will be automatically
5757 created using this type of encoding.
5761 For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
5762 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
5763 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5766 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
5767 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
5768 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
5769 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
5770 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
5771 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
5772 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
5773 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
5774 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
5776 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <script>
5777 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
5778 call. See start_html() for details.
5780 =head2 FORM ELEMENTS
5782 After starting a form, you will typically create one or more
5783 textfields, popup menus, radio groups and other form elements. Each
5784 of these elements takes a standard set of named arguments. Some
5785 elements also have optional arguments. The standard arguments are as
5792 The name of the field. After submission this name can be used to
5793 retrieve the field's value using the param() method.
5795 =item B<-value>, B<-values>
5797 The initial value of the field which will be returned to the script
5798 after form submission. Some form elements, such as text fields, take
5799 a single scalar -value argument. Others, such as popup menus, take a
5800 reference to an array of values. The two arguments are synonyms.
5804 A numeric value that sets the order in which the form element receives
5805 focus when the user presses the tab key. Elements with lower values
5806 receive focus first.
5810 A string identifier that can be used to identify this element to
5811 JavaScript and DHTML.
5815 A boolean, which, if true, forces the element to take on the value
5816 specified by B<-value>, overriding the sticky behavior described
5817 earlier for the B<-no_sticky> pragma.
5819 =item B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, B<-onSelect>
5821 These are used to assign JavaScript event handlers. See the
5822 JavaScripting section for more details.
5826 Other common arguments are described in the next section. In addition
5827 to these, all attributes described in the HTML specifications are
5830 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5832 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5833 -value=>'starting value',
5838 print textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
5840 textfield() will return a text input field.
5848 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5852 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
5853 contents (-value, formerly known as -default).
5857 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5862 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5863 field will accept (-maxlength).
5867 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
5868 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
5869 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
5872 $value = param('foo');
5874 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
5875 called once, you can do so like this:
5877 param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
5879 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5881 print textarea(-name=>'foo',
5882 -default=>'starting value',
5888 print textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
5890 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
5891 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
5892 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
5895 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5897 print password_field(-name=>'secret',
5898 -value=>'starting value',
5903 print password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
5905 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
5906 will be starred out on the web page.
5908 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5910 print filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
5911 -default=>'starting value',
5916 print filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
5918 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
5919 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
5920 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
5921 by calling B<start_form()> with an encoding type of B<&CGI::MULTIPART>,
5922 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5923 vanilla B<start_form()>.
5931 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5935 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
5936 to be used as the default file name (-default).
5938 For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this field,
5939 and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the field
5940 loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents. The
5941 starting value field is called for in the HTML specification, however,
5942 and possibly some browser will eventually provide support for it.
5946 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5951 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5952 field will accept (-maxlength).
5956 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
5959 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
5961 Different browsers will return slightly different things for the
5962 name. Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full
5963 path to the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine.
5964 Regardless, the name returned is always the name of the file on the
5965 I<user's> machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file
5966 that CGI.pm creates during upload spooling (see below).
5968 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
5969 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
5971 # Read a text file and print it out
5972 while (<$filename>) {
5976 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
5977 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
5978 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
5979 print OUTFILE $buffer;
5982 However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
5983 If you C<use strict>, then Perl will complain when you try to use a
5984 string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
5985 reading code in a block containing the C<no strict> pragma. More
5986 seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
5987 upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
5988 filehandle at all, but a string.
5990 To be safe, use the I<upload()> function (new in version 2.47). When
5991 called with the name of an upload field, I<upload()> returns a
5992 filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.
5994 $fh = upload('uploaded_file');
5999 In an list context, upload() will return an array of filehandles.
6000 This makes it possible to create forms that use the same name for
6001 multiple upload fields.
6003 This is the recommended idiom.
6005 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
6006 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
6007 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
6008 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
6009 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
6010 an associative array containing all the document headers.
6012 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
6013 $type = uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
6014 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
6015 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
6018 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
6019 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
6020 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file
6023 There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
6024 This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
6025 finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
6026 uploaded file and set I<cgi_error()> to the string "400 Bad request
6027 (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that
6028 you can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
6031 $file = upload('uploaded_file');
6032 if (!$file && cgi_error) {
6033 print header(-status=>cgi_error);
6037 You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
6040 You can set up a callback that will be called whenever a file upload
6041 is being read during the form processing. This is much like the
6042 UPLOAD_HOOK facility available in Apache::Request, with the exception
6043 that the first argument to the callback is an Apache::Upload object,
6044 here it's the remote filename.
6046 $q = CGI->new(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6050 my ($filename, $buffer, $bytes_read, $data) = @_;
6051 print "Read $bytes_read bytes of $filename\n";
6054 The $data field is optional; it lets you pass configuration
6055 information (e.g. a database handle) to your hook callback.
6057 The $use_tempfile field is a flag that lets you turn on and off
6058 CGI.pm's use of a temporary disk-based file during file upload. If you
6059 set this to a FALSE value (default true) then param('uploaded_file')
6060 will no longer work, and the only way to get at the uploaded data is
6061 via the hook you provide.
6063 If using the function-oriented interface, call the CGI::upload_hook()
6064 method before calling param() or any other CGI functions:
6066 CGI::upload_hook(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6068 This method is not exported by default. You will have to import it
6069 explicitly if you wish to use it without the CGI:: prefix.
6071 If you are using CGI.pm on a Windows platform and find that binary
6072 files get slightly larger when uploaded but that text files remain the
6073 same, then you have forgotten to activate binary mode on the output
6074 filehandle. Be sure to call binmode() on any handle that you create
6075 to write the uploaded file to disk.
6077 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
6078 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
6079 recognized. See textfield() for details.
6081 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
6083 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6084 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6089 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
6090 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
6091 'minie'=>'your third choice');
6092 %attributes = ('eenie'=>{'class'=>'class of first choice'});
6093 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6094 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6095 'meenie',\%labels,\%attributes);
6097 -or (named parameter style)-
6099 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6100 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6103 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6105 popup_menu() creates a menu.
6111 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
6115 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
6116 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6117 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
6118 a named array, such as "\@foo".
6122 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6123 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
6124 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.
6128 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
6129 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
6130 popup menu and the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
6131 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
6132 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
6133 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
6137 The optional fifth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6138 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6139 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6140 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6141 attribute's value as the value.
6145 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
6148 $popup_menu_value = param('menu_name');
6150 =head2 CREATING AN OPTION GROUP
6152 Named parameter style
6154 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6155 -values=>[qw/eenie meenie minie/,
6156 optgroup(-name=>'optgroup_name',
6157 -values => ['moe','catch'],
6158 -attributes=>{'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],
6159 -labels=>{'eenie'=>'one',
6162 -default=>'meenie');
6165 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6166 ['eenie','meenie','minie',
6167 optgroup('optgroup_name', ['moe', 'catch'],
6168 {'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],'meenie',
6169 {'eenie'=>'one','meenie'=>'two','minie'=>'three'});
6171 optgroup() creates an option group within a popup menu.
6177 The required first argument (B<-name>) is the label attribute of the
6178 optgroup and is B<not> inserted in the parameter list of the query.
6182 The required second argument (B<-values>) is an array reference
6183 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6184 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference
6185 to a named array, such as \@foo. If you pass a HASH reference,
6186 the keys will be used for the menu values, and the values will be
6187 used for the menu labels (see -labels below).
6191 The optional third parameter (B<-labels>) allows you to pass a reference
6192 to an associative array containing user-visible labels for one or more
6193 of the menu items. You can use this when you want the user to see one
6194 menu string, but have the browser return your program a different one.
6195 If you don't specify this, the value string will be used instead
6196 ("eenie", "meenie" and "minie" in this example). This is equivalent
6197 to using a hash reference for the -values parameter.
6201 An optional fourth parameter (B<-labeled>) can be set to a true value
6202 and indicates that the values should be used as the label attribute
6203 for each option element within the optgroup.
6207 An optional fifth parameter (-novals) can be set to a true value and
6208 indicates to suppress the val attribute in each option element within
6211 See the discussion on optgroup at W3C
6212 (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#edef-OPTGROUP)
6217 An optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6218 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6219 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6220 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6221 attribute's value as the value.
6225 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
6227 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6228 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6229 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',{'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6232 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6233 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6234 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
6235 \%labels,%attributes);
6239 print scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
6240 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6241 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6245 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6247 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
6251 =item B<Parameters:>
6255 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
6256 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
6261 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6262 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
6263 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6264 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
6265 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
6270 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
6274 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
6275 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
6276 will be allowed at a time.
6280 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
6281 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
6282 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
6286 The optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6287 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6288 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6289 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6290 attribute's value as the value.
6292 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
6293 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
6294 selected items can be retrieved with:
6296 @selected = param('list_name');
6300 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
6302 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6303 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6304 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6306 -disabled => ['moe'],
6308 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6310 print checkbox_group('group_name',
6311 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6312 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels,
6313 {'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6315 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6317 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6318 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6319 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6322 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
6327 =item B<Parameters:>
6331 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
6332 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
6333 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
6334 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
6335 values passed to your script in the query string.
6339 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6340 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
6341 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6342 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
6346 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
6347 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
6348 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
6353 The optional b<-labels> argument is a pointer to an associative array
6354 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will be
6355 printed next to them. If not provided, the values will be used as the
6359 The optional parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns> cause
6360 checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing the
6361 checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows and
6362 columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish;
6363 checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows for you.
6365 The option b<-disabled> takes an array of checkbox values and disables
6366 them by greying them out (this may not be supported by all browsers).
6368 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6369 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6370 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6371 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6374 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6375 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6376 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6377 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6378 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6379 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6380 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6381 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6382 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6384 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6385 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6386 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6388 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
6389 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
6390 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
6392 @turned_on = param('group_name');
6394 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
6395 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6396 or in other creative ways:
6398 @h = checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6399 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6401 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
6403 print checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
6406 -label=>'CLICK ME');
6410 print checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
6412 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
6413 related to any others.
6417 =item B<Parameters:>
6421 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
6422 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
6427 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
6428 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
6432 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
6433 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
6438 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
6439 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
6444 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
6446 $turned_on = param('checkbox_name');
6448 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
6450 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6451 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6455 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6459 print radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6460 'meenie','true',\%labels,\%attributes);
6463 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6465 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6466 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6467 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6469 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
6470 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
6474 =item B<Parameters:>
6478 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
6482 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
6483 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
6484 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
6485 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
6490 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6491 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
6492 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
6493 start up with no buttons selected.
6497 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
6498 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
6502 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
6503 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
6504 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
6510 All modern browsers can take advantage of the optional parameters
6511 B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause radio_group() to
6512 return an HTML3 compatible table containing the radio group formatted
6513 with the specified number of rows and columns. You can provide just
6514 the -columns parameter if you wish; radio_group will calculate the
6515 correct number of rows for you.
6517 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
6518 can use the B<-rowheaders> and B<-colheaders> parameters. Both
6519 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
6520 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
6521 interpretation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
6524 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6525 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6526 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6527 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6528 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6529 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6530 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6531 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6532 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6534 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6535 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6536 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6539 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6540 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6541 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6542 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6545 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
6548 $which_radio_button = param('group_name');
6550 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
6551 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6552 or in other creative ways:
6554 @h = radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6555 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6557 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
6559 print submit(-name=>'button_name',
6564 print submit('button_name','value');
6566 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
6567 should have one of these.
6571 =item B<Parameters:>
6575 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
6576 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
6577 to distinguish between them.
6581 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
6582 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string. The
6583 name will also be used as the user-visible label.
6587 You can use -label as an alias for -value. I always get confused
6588 about which of -name and -value changes the user-visible label on the
6593 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
6594 values for each one:
6596 $which_one = param('button_name');
6598 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
6602 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
6603 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
6604 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
6606 Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
6607 CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.
6609 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
6611 print defaults('button_label')
6613 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
6614 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
6615 changes the user ever made.
6617 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
6619 print hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
6620 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
6624 print hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
6626 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
6627 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
6628 of the script to the next.
6632 =item B<Parameters:>
6636 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
6641 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
6642 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
6643 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
6647 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
6649 $hidden_value = param('hidden_name');
6651 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
6652 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
6653 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
6656 param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
6658 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
6660 print image_button(-name=>'button_name',
6661 -src=>'/source/URL',
6666 print image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
6668 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
6669 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
6670 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
6675 =item B<Parameters:>
6679 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
6684 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
6687 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
6688 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
6692 Fetch the value of the button this way:
6693 $x = param('button_name.x');
6694 $y = param('button_name.y');
6696 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
6698 print button(-name=>'button_name',
6699 -value=>'user visible label',
6700 -onClick=>"do_something()");
6704 print button('button_name',"do_something()");
6706 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
6707 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
6708 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
6709 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
6714 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
6715 Internet Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help
6716 maintain state within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods
6717 that support cookies.
6719 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
6720 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
6721 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
6722 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
6723 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
6725 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
6726 optional attributes:
6730 =item 1. an expiration time
6732 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
6733 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
6734 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
6735 the browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
6736 will remain active until the user quits the browser.
6740 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
6741 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
6742 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
6743 of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to
6744 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
6745 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
6746 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
6747 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
6748 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
6749 cookie originated from.
6753 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
6754 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
6755 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
6756 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
6757 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
6758 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
6759 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
6761 =item 4. a "secure" flag
6763 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
6764 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
6768 The interface to HTTP cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
6770 $cookie = cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
6773 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
6774 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
6776 print header(-cookie=>$cookie);
6778 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
6784 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
6785 Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
6786 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
6787 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
6791 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
6792 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
6793 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
6795 $cookie=cookie(-name=>'family information',
6796 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
6800 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6805 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6810 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
6811 in the section on the B<header()> method:
6813 "+1h" one hour from now
6817 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
6822 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
6823 header within the string returned by the header() method:
6825 use CGI ':standard';
6826 print header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
6828 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
6830 $cookie1 = cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
6831 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
6832 $cookie2 = cookie(-name=>'answers',
6834 print header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
6836 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie() method
6837 without the B<-value> parameter. This example uses the object-oriented
6842 $riddle = $query->cookie('riddle_name');
6843 %answers = $query->cookie('answers');
6845 Cookies created with a single scalar value, such as the "riddle_name"
6846 cookie, will be returned in that form. Cookies with array and hash
6847 values can also be retrieved.
6849 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
6850 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
6851 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
6852 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
6854 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
6855 $c=cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[param('answers')]);
6857 param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[cookie('answers')]);
6859 If you call cookie() without any parameters, it will return a list of
6860 the names of all cookies passed to your script:
6862 @cookies = cookie();
6864 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
6865 cookies effectively.
6867 =head1 WORKING WITH FRAMES
6869 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
6870 and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three
6871 techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
6875 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
6877 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
6878 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <frameset>
6879 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
6880 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
6882 There is no specific support for creating <frameset> sections
6883 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
6884 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
6886 http://wp.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
6888 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
6890 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
6892 print header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6894 This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into the
6895 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't already
6896 exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your script's
6897 document into that. There are a number of magic names that you can
6898 use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home pages for
6901 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <form> tag
6903 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
6904 CGI.pm it looks like this:
6906 print start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6908 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
6909 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
6910 a new window will be created.
6914 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
6915 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
6916 side-by-side frames.
6918 =head1 SUPPORT FOR JAVASCRIPT
6920 Netscape versions 2.0 and higher incorporate an interpreted language
6921 called JavaScript. Internet Explorer, 3.0 and higher, supports a
6922 closely-related dialect called JScript. JavaScript isn't the same as
6923 Java, and certainly isn't at all the same as Perl, which is a great
6924 pity. JavaScript allows you to programmatically change the contents of
6925 fill-out forms, create new windows, and pop up dialog box from within
6926 Netscape itself. From the point of view of CGI scripting, JavaScript
6927 is quite useful for validating fill-out forms prior to submitting
6930 You'll need to know JavaScript in order to use it. There are many good
6931 sources in bookstores and on the web.
6933 The usual way to use JavaScript is to define a set of functions in a
6934 <SCRIPT> block inside the HTML header and then to register event
6935 handlers in the various elements of the page. Events include such
6936 things as the mouse passing over a form element, a button being
6937 clicked, the contents of a text field changing, or a form being
6938 submitted. When an event occurs that involves an element that has
6939 registered an event handler, its associated JavaScript code gets
6942 The elements that can register event handlers include the <BODY> of an
6943 HTML document, hypertext links, all the various elements of a fill-out
6944 form, and the form itself. There are a large number of events, and
6945 each applies only to the elements for which it is relevant. Here is a
6952 The browser is loading the current document. Valid in:
6954 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
6958 The browser is closing the current page or frame. Valid for:
6960 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
6964 The user has pressed the submit button of a form. This event happens
6965 just before the form is submitted, and your function can return a
6966 value of false in order to abort the submission. Valid for:
6972 The mouse has clicked on an item in a fill-out form. Valid for:
6974 + Buttons (including submit, reset, and image buttons)
6980 The user has changed the contents of a field. Valid for:
6991 The user has selected a field to work with. Valid for:
7002 The user has deselected a field (gone to work somewhere else). Valid
7014 The user has changed the part of a text field that is selected. Valid
7022 =item B<onMouseOver>
7024 The mouse has moved over an element.
7035 The mouse has moved off an element.
7046 In order to register a JavaScript event handler with an HTML element,
7047 just use the event name as a parameter when you call the corresponding
7048 CGI method. For example, to have your validateAge() JavaScript code
7049 executed every time the textfield named "age" changes, generate the
7052 print textfield(-name=>'age',-onChange=>"validateAge(this)");
7054 This example assumes that you've already declared the validateAge()
7055 function by incorporating it into a <SCRIPT> block. The CGI.pm
7056 start_html() method provides a convenient way to create this section.
7058 Similarly, you can create a form that checks itself over for
7059 consistency and alerts the user if some essential value is missing by
7060 creating it this way:
7061 print startform(-onSubmit=>"validateMe(this)");
7063 See the javascript.cgi script for a demonstration of how this all
7067 =head1 LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7069 CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css).
7070 To incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the
7071 start_html() method a B<-style> parameter. The value of this
7072 parameter may be a scalar, in which case it is treated as the source
7073 URL for the stylesheet, or it may be a hash reference. In the latter
7074 case you should provide the hash with one or more of B<-src> or
7075 B<-code>. B<-src> points to a URL where an externally-defined
7076 stylesheet can be found. B<-code> points to a scalar value to be
7077 incorporated into a <style> section. Style definitions in B<-code>
7078 override similarly-named ones in B<-src>, hence the name "cascading."
7080 You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
7081 B<-type> parameter to the hash pointed to by B<-style>. If not
7082 specified, the style defaults to 'text/css'.
7084 To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the
7085 B<-class> parameter to any HTML element:
7087 print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');
7089 Or define styles on the fly with the B<-style> parameter:
7091 print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');
7093 You may also use the new B<span()> element to apply a style to a
7096 print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
7097 h1('Welcome to Hell'),
7098 "Where did that handbasket get to?"
7101 Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the
7102 B<span()> method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using
7103 CSS's. See the CSS specification at
7104 http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for more information.
7106 use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;
7108 #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
7118 font-family: sans-serif;
7124 print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
7125 -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
7128 print h1('CGI with Style'),
7130 "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
7131 span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
7132 "Look Mom, no hands!",
7138 Pass an array reference to B<-code> or B<-src> in order to incorporate
7139 multiple stylesheets into your document.
7141 Should you wish to incorporate a verbatim stylesheet that includes
7142 arbitrary formatting in the header, you may pass a -verbatim tag to
7143 the -style hash, as follows:
7145 print start_html (-style => {-verbatim => '@import url("/server-common/css/'.$cssFile.'");',
7146 -src => '/server-common/css/core.css'});
7149 This will generate an HTML header that contains this:
7151 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/server-common/css/core.css">
7152 <style type="text/css">
7153 @import url("/server-common/css/main.css");
7156 Any additional arguments passed in the -style value will be
7157 incorporated into the <link> tag. For example:
7159 start_html(-style=>{-src=>['/styles/print.css','/styles/layout.css'],
7164 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/print.css" media="all"/>
7165 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/layout.css" media="all"/>
7169 To make more complicated <link> tags, use the Link() function
7170 and pass it to start_html() in the -head argument, as in:
7172 @h = (Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/ss.css',-media=>'all'}),
7173 Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/fred.css',-media=>'paper'}));
7174 print start_html({-head=>\@h})
7176 To create primary and "alternate" stylesheet, use the B<-alternate> option:
7178 start_html(-style=>{-src=>[
7179 {-src=>'/styles/print.css'},
7180 {-src=>'/styles/alt.css',-alternate=>1}
7186 If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
7187 debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or
7188 parameter=value pairs on the command line or from standard input (you
7189 don't have to worry about tricking your script into reading from
7190 environment variables). You can pass keywords like this:
7192 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
7196 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
7200 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
7204 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
7206 To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.
7208 To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
7209 pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value
7210 pairs to the script on standard input.
7212 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
7213 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
7214 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
7217 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
7219 Finally, you can set the path info for the script by prefixing the first
7220 name/value parameter with the path followed by a question mark (?):
7222 your_script.pl /your/path/here?name1=value1&name2=value2
7224 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7226 The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
7227 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
7228 for debugging purposes:
7233 Produces something that looks like:
7247 As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
7248 and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:
7251 print "<h2>Current Values</h2> $query\n";
7253 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7255 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
7256 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
7262 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
7263 give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as in
7264 Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point value
7265 corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from 0.0
7266 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept
7267 list are handled correctly.
7269 Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44 in
7270 order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.
7272 =item B<raw_cookie()>
7274 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
7275 Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
7276 Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method call just
7277 returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for ways of
7278 setting and retrieving cooked cookies.
7280 Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
7281 structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
7282 on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
7283 retrieves the B<unescaped> form of the cookie. You can use the
7284 regular cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch()
7285 method from the CGI::Cookie module.
7287 =item B<user_agent()>
7289 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
7290 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
7291 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
7292 like user_agent(netscape);
7294 =item B<path_info()>
7296 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
7297 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
7298 path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".
7300 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
7301 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
7302 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
7303 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
7304 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
7305 path information will be present in the environment,
7306 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
7307 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
7309 =item B<path_translated()>
7311 As per path_info() but returns the additional
7312 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
7313 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
7315 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
7318 =item B<remote_host()>
7320 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
7321 if the former is unavailable.
7323 =item B<script_name()>
7324 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
7329 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
7330 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
7333 =item B<auth_type ()>
7335 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
7338 =item B<server_name ()>
7340 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
7343 =item B<virtual_host ()>
7345 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
7346 the browser attempted to contact
7348 =item B<server_port ()>
7350 Return the port that the server is listening on.
7352 =item B<virtual_port ()>
7354 Like server_port() except that it takes virtual hosts into account.
7355 Use this when running with virtual hosts.
7357 =item B<server_software ()>
7359 Returns the server software and version number.
7361 =item B<remote_user ()>
7363 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
7364 verification, if this script is protected.
7366 =item B<user_name ()>
7368 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of different
7369 techniques. This only works with older browsers such as Mosaic.
7370 Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy reasons!
7372 =item B<request_method()>
7374 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
7375 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
7377 =item B<content_type()>
7379 Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
7380 multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded
7384 Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
7385 variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
7386 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
7387 like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name of
7388 an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the use
7389 of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.
7391 For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:
7393 $requested_language = http('Accept-language');
7394 $requested_language = http('Accept_language');
7395 $requested_language = http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');
7399 The same as I<http()>, but operates on the HTTPS environment variables
7400 present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to determine
7401 whether SSL is turned on.
7405 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
7407 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
7408 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
7409 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
7410 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
7411 such as server push and PICS headers.
7413 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
7414 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
7415 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
7416 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
7417 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
7420 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
7421 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
7422 the header() and redirect() methods are
7425 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of
7426 version 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is
7427 running under IIS and put itself into this mode. You do not need to
7428 do this manually, although it won't hurt anything if you do. However,
7429 note that if you have applied Service Pack 6, much of the
7430 functionality of NPH scripts, including the ability to redirect while
7431 setting a cookie, b<do not work at all> on IIS without a special patch
7433 http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q280/3/41.ASP:
7434 Non-Parsed Headers Stripped From CGI Applications That Have nph-
7439 =item In the B<use> statement
7441 Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported into
7444 use CGI qw(:standard -nph)
7446 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
7448 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
7452 =item By using B<-nph> parameters
7454 in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7456 print header(-nph=>1);
7462 CGI.pm provides four simple functions for producing multipart
7463 documents of the type needed to implement server push. These
7464 functions were graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To
7465 import these into your namespace, you must import the ":push" set.
7466 You are also advised to put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to
7467 1 to avoid buffering problems.
7469 Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:
7471 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7472 use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
7474 print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----here we go!');
7476 print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
7477 "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n";
7479 print multipart_end;
7481 print multipart_final;
7486 This script initializes server push by calling B<multipart_init()>.
7487 It then enters a loop in which it begins a new multipart section by
7488 calling B<multipart_start()>, prints the current local time,
7489 and ends a multipart section with B<multipart_end()>. It then sleeps
7490 a second, and begins again. On the final iteration, it ends the
7491 multipart section with B<multipart_final()> rather than with
7496 =item multipart_init()
7498 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);
7500 Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
7501 what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
7502 If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.
7504 =item multipart_start()
7506 multipart_start(-type=>$type)
7508 Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
7509 type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.
7511 =item multipart_end()
7515 End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
7516 multipart_start(), except at the end of the last part of the multipart
7517 document when multipart_final() should be called instead of multipart_end().
7519 =item multipart_final()
7523 End all parts. You should call multipart_final() rather than
7524 multipart_end() at the end of the last part of the multipart document.
7528 Users interested in server push applications should also have a look
7529 at the CGI::Push module.
7531 Only Netscape Navigator supports server push. Internet Explorer
7534 =head1 Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7536 A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
7537 process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker
7538 could attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many
7539 megabytes. CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a
7540 variable, growing hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While
7541 the script attempts to allocate the memory the system may slow down
7542 dramatically. This is a form of denial of service attack.
7544 Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to
7545 accept a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it
7546 in a temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive
7547 an uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
7548 terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
7549 server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.
7551 The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
7552 of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
7553 servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
7554 cases, you can use the shell I<limit> or I<ulimit>
7555 commands to put ceilings on CGI resource usage.
7558 CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
7559 service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
7560 These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:
7564 =item B<$CGI::POST_MAX>
7566 If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling
7567 on the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST
7568 that is greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
7569 message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and
7570 multipart POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file
7571 uploads as well. You should set this to a reasonably high
7572 value, such as 1 megabyte.
7574 =item B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>
7576 If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
7577 completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.
7581 You can use these variables in either of two ways.
7585 =item B<1. On a script-by-script basis>
7587 Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use" statement:
7589 use CGI qw/:standard/;
7590 use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
7591 $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100; # max 100K posts
7592 $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1; # no uploads
7594 =item B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7596 Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
7597 $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll
7598 find them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
7599 initialize_globals().
7603 An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
7604 I<param()> to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for
7605 this event by checking I<cgi_error()>, either after you create the CGI
7606 object or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call
7607 <param()> for the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then
7608 cgi_error() will return the message "413 POST too large".
7610 This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
7611 designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status
7614 $uploaded_file = param('upload');
7615 if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
7616 print header(-status=>cgi_error());
7620 However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do
7621 with this status code. It might be better just to create an
7622 HTML page that warns the user of the problem.
7624 =head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7626 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
7627 compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:
7630 require "cgi-lib.pl";
7632 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7637 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7639 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
7640 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
7641 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
7642 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
7643 variables, are not supported.
7645 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
7649 print textfield(-name=>'wow',
7650 -value=>'does this really work?');
7652 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
7653 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
7655 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
7657 Copyright 1995-1998, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
7659 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7660 it under the same terms as Perl itself.
7662 Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending
7663 bug reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of
7664 Perl, the name and version of your Web server, and the name and
7665 version of the operating system you are using. If the problem is even
7666 remotely browser dependent, please provide information about the
7667 affected browers as well.
7671 Thanks very much to:
7675 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
7677 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
7679 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
7681 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
7683 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
7685 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
7687 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
7689 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
7691 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
7693 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
7695 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
7697 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
7699 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
7701 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
7703 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
7705 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
7707 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
7709 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
7711 =item Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
7713 =item Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
7715 =item ...and many many more...
7717 for suggestions and bug fixes.
7721 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7724 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7726 use CGI ':standard';
7729 print start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
7730 print "<h1> Example CGI.pm Form</h1>\n";
7738 print "<em>What's your name?</em><br>";
7739 print textfield('name');
7740 print checkbox('Not my real name');
7742 print "<p><em>Where can you find English Sparrows?</em><br>";
7743 print checkbox_group(
7744 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
7745 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
7747 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
7749 print "<p><em>How far can they fly?</em><br>",
7752 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
7753 -default=>'1 mile');
7755 print "<p><em>What's your favorite color?</em> ";
7756 print popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
7757 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
7760 print hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
7762 print "<p><em>What have you got there?</em><br>";
7763 print scrolling_list(
7764 -name=>'possessions',
7765 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
7766 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
7770 print "<p><em>Any parting comments?</em><br>";
7771 print textarea(-name=>'Comments',
7776 print submit('Action','Shout');
7777 print submit('Action','Scream');
7785 print "<h2>Here are the current settings in this form</h2>";
7787 foreach $key (param) {
7788 print "<strong>$key</strong> -> ";
7789 @values = param($key);
7790 print join(", ",@values),"<br>\n";
7797 <address>Lincoln D. Stein</address><br>
7798 <a href="/">Home Page</a>
7808 L<CGI::Carp>, L<CGI::Fast>, L<CGI::Pretty>