5 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
8 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
9 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
10 # Perl 5 distribution).
12 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
13 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
14 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
15 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
16 # listing the modifications you have made.
18 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
19 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
21 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.240 2007/11/30 18:58:27 lstein Exp $';
22 $CGI::VERSION='3.33_01';
24 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
25 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
26 # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
27 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires ebcdic2ascii ascii2ebcdic);
29 #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN',
30 # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd'];
32 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
33 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
37 $TAINTED = substr("$0$^X",0,0);
40 $MOD_PERL = 0; # no mod_perl by default
44 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
45 sub initialize_globals {
46 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
49 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
52 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
53 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
54 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
55 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
57 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
59 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
60 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
63 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
67 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
70 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
71 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
74 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
75 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
77 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
78 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
79 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
81 # Set this to 1 to generate automatic tab indexes
84 # Set this to 1 to cause files uploaded in multipart documents
85 # to be closed, instead of caching the file handle
87 # 1) use CGI qw(:close_upload_files)
88 # 2) $CGI::close_upload_files(1);
89 # Uploads with many files run out of file handles.
90 # Also, for performance, since the file is already on disk,
91 # it can just be renamed, instead of read and written.
92 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = 0;
94 # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing
95 # to a certain number of bytes:
98 # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely:
101 # Automatically determined -- don't change
104 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
107 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
108 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
110 # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string
111 # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params);
112 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS = 0;
114 # return everything as utf-8
117 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
120 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = "";
123 undef $QUERY_CHARSET;
124 undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES;
125 undef %QUERY_TMPFILES;
127 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
131 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
133 *end_form = \&endform;
136 initialize_globals();
138 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
139 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
140 # available then require() the Config library
144 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
147 if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) {
149 } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) {
151 } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) {
153 } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) {
155 } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) {
157 } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) {
159 } elsif ($OS =~ /^cygwin/i) {
165 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
166 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin|CYGWIN)/;
168 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
169 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
171 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
172 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
174 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
177 UNIX => '/', OS2 => '\\', EPOC => '/', CYGWIN => '/',
178 WINDOWS => '\\', DOS => '\\', MACINTOSH => ':', VMS => '/'
181 # This no longer seems to be necessary
182 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
183 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
184 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
186 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
187 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
188 # mod_perl handlers may run system() on scripts using CGI.pm;
189 # Make sure so we don't get fooled by inherited $ENV{MOD_PERL}
190 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} && $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} == 2) {
192 require Apache2::Response;
193 require Apache2::RequestRec;
194 require Apache2::RequestUtil;
195 require Apache2::RequestIO;
203 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
204 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
206 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
207 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
208 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
209 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
210 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
212 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
221 if ($needs_binmode) {
222 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDOUT);
223 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDIN);
224 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDERR);
228 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
229 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
230 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
231 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
232 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param
233 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big Area Map/],
234 ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe
235 ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q
237 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
238 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
239 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
240 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
241 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
242 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated request_uri url self_url script_name
244 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
245 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol virtual_port
246 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http append
247 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
248 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
249 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
250 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
251 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
252 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/],
253 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/],
254 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/],
255 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/]
258 # Custom 'can' method for both autoloaded and non-autoloaded subroutines.
259 # Author: Cees Hek <cees@sitesuite.com.au>
262 my($class, $method) = @_;
264 # See if UNIVERSAL::can finds it.
266 if (my $func = $class -> SUPER::can($method) ){
270 # Try to compile the function.
273 # _compile looks at $AUTOLOAD for the function name.
275 local $AUTOLOAD = join "::", $class, $method;
279 # Now that the function is loaded (if it exists)
280 # just use UNIVERSAL::can again to do the work.
282 return $class -> SUPER::can($method);
285 # to import symbols into caller
289 # This causes modules to clash.
293 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
294 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
296 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
297 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
298 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
299 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
301 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
302 foreach $pck (@packages) {
303 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
308 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
314 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
319 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
321 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
322 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
323 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
329 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
330 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
333 my($class,@initializer) = @_;
336 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
338 # always use a tempfile
339 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = 1;
341 if (ref($initializer[0])
342 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache')
344 UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache2::RequestRec')
346 $self->r(shift @initializer);
348 if (ref($initializer[0])
349 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'CODE'))) {
350 $self->upload_hook(shift @initializer, shift @initializer);
351 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = shift @initializer if (@initializer > 0);
354 if ($MOD_PERL == 1) {
355 $self->r(Apache->request) unless $self->r;
357 $r->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
360 # XXX: once we have the new API
361 # will do a real PerlOptions -SetupEnv check
362 $self->r(Apache2::RequestUtil->request) unless $self->r;
364 $r->subprocess_env unless exists $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD};
365 $r->pool->cleanup_register(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
369 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
370 $self->init(@initializer);
374 # We provide a DESTROY method so that we can ensure that
375 # temporary files are closed (via Fh->DESTROY) before they
376 # are unlinked (via CGITempFile->DESTROY) because it is not
377 # possible to unlink an open file on Win32. We explicitly
378 # call DESTROY on each, rather than just undefing them and
379 # letting Perl DESTROY them by garbage collection, in case the
380 # user is still holding any reference to them as well.
383 if ($OS eq 'WINDOWS') {
384 foreach my $href (values %{$self->{'.tmpfiles'}}) {
385 $href->{hndl}->DESTROY if defined $href->{hndl};
386 $href->{name}->DESTROY if defined $href->{name};
393 my $r = $self->{'.r'};
394 $self->{'.r'} = shift if @_;
400 if (ref $_[0] eq 'CODE') {
401 $CGI::Q = $self = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
405 my ($hook,$data,$use_tempfile) = @_;
406 $self->{'.upload_hook'} = $hook;
407 $self->{'.upload_data'} = $data;
408 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = $use_tempfile if defined $use_tempfile;
412 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
413 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
414 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
415 # member of the list.
416 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
417 # the known parameters names available.
418 # If more than one argument is provided, the
419 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
420 # set the value of the parameter.
423 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
424 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
425 my($name,$value,@other);
427 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
428 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
430 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
433 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
434 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
436 foreach ($value,@other) {
437 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
440 # If values is provided, then we set it.
441 if (@values or defined $value) {
442 $self->add_parameter($name);
443 $self->{$name}=[@values];
449 return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
451 my @result = @{$self->{$name}};
454 eval "require Encode; 1;" unless Encode->can('decode'); # bring in these functions
455 @result = map {ref $_ ? $_ : Encode::decode(utf8=>$_) } @result;
458 return wantarray ? @result : $result[0];
461 sub self_or_default {
462 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
463 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
464 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
466 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
469 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
473 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
474 if (defined($_[0]) &&
475 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
476 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
479 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
483 ########################################
484 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
485 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
487 ########################################
489 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
490 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
491 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
492 # and the values are stored as lists
493 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
494 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
498 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
502 my $initializer = shift; # for backward compatibility
505 # set autoescaping on by default
506 $self->{'escape'} = 1;
508 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
509 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
510 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
511 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
512 for my $name (@QUERY_PARAM) {
513 my $val = $QUERY_PARAM{$name}; # always an arrayref;
514 $self->param('-name'=>$name,'-value'=> $val);
515 if (defined $val and ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
516 for my $fh (grep {defined(fileno($_))} @$val) {
517 seek($fh,0,0); # reset the filehandle.
522 $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET);
523 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES};
524 $self->{'.tmpfiles'} = {%QUERY_TMPFILES};
528 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
529 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
531 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
533 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
534 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
538 # avoid unreasonably large postings
539 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
540 #discard the post, unread
541 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
545 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
548 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
549 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
550 && !defined($initializer)
552 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
553 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
557 # Process XForms postings. We know that we have XForms in the
559 # method eq 'POST' && content-type eq 'application/xml'
560 # method eq 'POST' && content-type =~ /multipart\/related.+start=/
561 # There are more cases, actually, but for now, we don't support other
562 # methods for XForm posts.
563 # In a XForm POST, the QUERY_STRING is parsed normally.
564 # If the content-type is 'application/xml', we just set the param
565 # XForms:Model (referring to the xml syntax) param containing the
567 # In the case of multipart/related we set XForms:Model as above, but
568 # the other parts are available as uploads with the Content-ID as the
570 # See the URL below for XForms specs on this issue.
571 # http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xforms-20060314/slice11.html#submit-options
572 if ($meth eq 'POST' && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})) {
573 if ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} eq 'application/xml') {
574 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
576 $self->add_parameter($param);
577 $self->read_from_client(\$value,$content_length,0)
578 if $content_length > 0;
579 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
581 } elsif ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /multipart\/related.+boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?.+start=\"?\<?([^\"\>]+)\>?\"?/) {
582 my($boundary,$start) = ($1,$2);
583 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
584 $self->add_parameter($param);
585 my($value) = $self->read_multipart_related($start,$boundary,$content_length,0);
586 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
588 $query_string = $self->r->args;
590 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
591 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
598 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
600 if (!$is_xforms && defined($initializer)) {
601 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
602 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
605 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
606 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
607 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
612 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
618 # massage back into standard format
619 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
620 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
622 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
627 # last chance -- treat it as a string
628 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
629 $query_string = $initializer;
634 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
636 if ($is_xforms || $meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
638 $query_string = $self->r->args;
640 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
641 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
646 if ($meth eq 'POST' || $meth eq 'PUT') {
647 $self->read_from_client(\$query_string,$content_length,0)
648 if $content_length > 0;
649 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
650 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
651 # APPENDED to the POST data.
652 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
656 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
657 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
658 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
659 # UN*X programmers expect.
662 my $cmdline_ret = read_from_cmdline();
663 $query_string = $cmdline_ret->{'query_string'};
664 if (defined($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'}))
666 $self->path_info($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'});
671 # YL: Begin Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
672 if (!$is_xforms && ($meth eq 'POST' || $meth eq 'PUT')
673 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
674 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^application/x-www-form-urlencoded|
675 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^multipart/form-data| ) {
676 my($param) = $meth . 'DATA' ;
677 $self->add_parameter($param) ;
678 push (@{$self->{$param}},$query_string);
679 undef $query_string ;
681 # YL: End Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
683 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
684 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
685 if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) {
686 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
687 $self->parse_params($query_string);
689 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
690 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
694 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
696 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
700 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
701 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
702 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
703 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
706 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
707 $self->delete('.submit');
708 $self->delete('.cgifields');
710 $self->save_request unless defined $initializer;
713 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
714 # Turn a string into a filehandle
717 return undef unless $thingy;
718 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
719 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
722 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
723 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
724 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
730 # send output to the browser
732 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
736 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
742 # get/set last cgi_error
744 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
745 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
746 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
751 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
752 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
753 # us to have several of these objects.
754 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
755 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
756 next unless defined $_;
757 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
759 $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset;
760 %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}};
761 %QUERY_TMPFILES = %{ $self->{'.tmpfiles'} || {} };
765 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
766 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
769 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
770 next unless defined $param;
771 next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value;
772 $value = '' unless defined $value;
773 $param = unescape($param);
774 $value = unescape($value);
775 $self->add_parameter($param);
776 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
782 return unless defined $param;
783 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
784 unless defined($self->{$param});
789 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
790 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
791 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
794 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
796 return unless defined($_[1]) && defined fileno($_[1]);
797 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
801 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
804 my (\$q,\$a,\@rest) = self_or_default(\@_);
806 if (ref(\$a) && ref(\$a) eq 'HASH') {
807 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(\$a,\$q->{'escape'});
808 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
810 unshift \@rest,\$a if defined \$a;
813 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
814 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
815 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
816 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
819 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@rest;
820 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
821 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
822 (ref(\$rest[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$rest[0]} : "\@rest";
830 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
831 my $func = &_compile;
836 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
837 my($pack,$func_name);
839 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
840 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
841 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
842 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
843 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
844 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
846 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
848 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
850 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
851 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@;
852 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
854 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
856 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
858 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
859 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
862 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
863 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
864 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
867 croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code;
869 eval "package $pack; $code";
872 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@");
875 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
876 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
882 return '' unless $value;
883 return $XHTML ? qq(selected="selected" ) : qq(selected );
889 return '' unless $value;
890 return $XHTML ? qq(checked="checked" ) : qq(checked );
893 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
899 # to avoid reexporting unwanted variables
903 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
904 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
905 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
906 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
907 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
908 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
909 $PARAM_UTF8++, next if /^[:-]utf8$/;
910 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
911 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
912 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
913 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
914 $TABINDEX++, next if /^[:-]tabindex$/;
915 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES++, next if /^[:-]close_upload_files$/;
916 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
917 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
918 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/;
920 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
921 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
922 my($pkg) = caller(1);
923 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
924 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
925 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
931 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
932 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
936 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
941 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
942 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
947 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
948 $self->{'.elid'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
949 sprintf('%010d',$self->{'.elid'}++);
953 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
954 $self->{'.etab'} ||= 1;
955 $self->{'.etab'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
956 my $tab = $self->{'.etab'}++;
957 return '' unless $TABINDEX or defined $new_value;
958 return qq(tabindex="$tab" );
961 ###############################################################################
962 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
963 ###############################################################################
964 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
965 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
969 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
970 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
973 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
974 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
977 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
978 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
981 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
982 # Create a new multipart buffer
983 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
984 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
985 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length);
989 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
990 # Read data from a file handle
991 sub read_from_client {
992 my($self, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
993 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
995 ? $self->r->read($$buff, $len, $offset)
996 : read(\*STDIN, $$buff, $len, $offset);
1000 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1002 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
1005 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1006 my(@names) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
1007 my @to_delete = ref($names[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$names[0] : @names;
1009 foreach my $name (@to_delete)
1011 CORE::delete $self->{$name};
1012 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
1013 $to_delete{$name}++;
1015 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep { !exists($to_delete{$_}) } $self->param();
1020 #### Method: import_names
1021 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
1022 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
1024 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1026 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
1027 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
1028 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
1029 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
1030 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
1031 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
1032 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
1038 my($param,@value,$var);
1039 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1040 # protect against silly names
1041 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
1042 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
1043 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
1044 @value = $self->param($param);
1046 $symbol = $value[0];
1051 #### Method: keywords
1052 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
1053 # returns the list of keywords.
1054 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
1056 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1058 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
1059 # If values is provided, then we set it.
1060 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
1061 my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : ();
1066 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1067 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1068 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1073 return %in if wantarray;
1078 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1079 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1080 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1087 *in=*{"${pkg}::in"};
1090 return scalar(keys %in);
1094 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1096 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1097 return $self->header();
1101 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1103 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1104 return $self->start_html(@p);
1108 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1110 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1111 return $self->end_html(@p);
1115 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1118 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
1119 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
1123 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1125 return request_method() eq 'GET';
1129 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1131 return request_method() eq 'POST';
1135 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1139 if (ref($arg) && UNIVERSAL::isa($arg,'CGI')) {
1142 return $Q ||= $class->new(@_);
1146 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1151 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
1152 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
1156 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1158 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
1159 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
1160 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
1164 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1166 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
1167 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1171 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1173 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1177 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1179 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
1183 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1185 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
1189 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1197 # Append a new value to an existing query
1199 'append' => <<'EOF',
1201 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1202 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
1203 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
1205 $self->add_parameter($name);
1206 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
1208 return $self->param($name);
1212 #### Method: delete_all
1213 # Delete all parameters
1215 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1217 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1218 my @param = $self->param();
1219 $self->delete(@param);
1223 'Delete' => <<'EOF',
1225 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1230 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1232 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1233 $self->delete_all(@p);
1237 #### Method: autoescape
1238 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
1239 # call this method with undef as the argument
1240 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1242 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
1243 my $d = $self->{'escape'};
1244 $self->{'escape'} = $escape;
1250 #### Method: version
1251 # Return the current version
1253 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1259 #### Method: url_param
1260 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
1261 # whether this was a POST or a GET
1263 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1265 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1266 my $name = shift(@p);
1267 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1268 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
1269 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
1270 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
1271 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1274 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
1275 $param = unescape($param);
1276 $value = unescape($value);
1277 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
1280 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
1283 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
1284 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
1285 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
1286 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1291 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1292 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1295 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1297 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1298 my($param,$value,@result);
1299 return '<ul></ul>' unless $self->param;
1300 push(@result,"<ul>");
1301 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1302 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1303 push(@result,"<li><strong>$param</strong></li>");
1304 push(@result,"<ul>");
1305 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1306 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1307 $value =~ s/\n/<br \/>\n/g;
1308 push(@result,"<li>$value</li>");
1310 push(@result,"</ul>");
1312 push(@result,"</ul>");
1313 return join("\n",@result);
1317 #### Method as_string
1319 # synonym for "dump"
1321 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1328 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1329 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1331 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1333 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1334 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1336 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1337 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1338 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1339 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1341 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1342 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1345 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
1346 print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n";
1348 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1353 #### Method: save_parameters
1354 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1355 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1357 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1358 sub save_parameters {
1360 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1364 #### Method: restore_parameters
1365 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1366 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1368 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1369 sub restore_parameters {
1370 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1374 #### Method: multipart_init
1375 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1376 # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1378 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1379 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1381 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1382 sub multipart_init {
1383 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1384 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1385 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1386 $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF";
1387 $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF";
1388 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1389 return $self->header(
1392 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1393 ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end;
1398 #### Method: multipart_start
1399 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1401 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1402 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1404 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1405 sub multipart_start {
1407 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1408 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1409 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1410 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type");
1412 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1413 # need to fix it up a little.
1415 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1416 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1417 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1419 push(@header,@other);
1420 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1426 #### Method: multipart_end
1427 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section
1429 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1432 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1434 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1435 return $self->{'separator'};
1440 #### Method: multipart_final
1441 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections
1443 # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1445 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1446 sub multipart_final {
1447 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1448 return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF;
1454 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1457 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1459 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1462 return "" if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1464 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,$p3p,@other) =
1465 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1466 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1467 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1468 'ATTACHMENT','P3P'],@p);
1472 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1474 if (defined $charset) {
1475 $self->charset($charset);
1477 $charset = $self->charset if $type =~ /^text\//;
1481 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1482 # need to fix it up a little.
1484 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1485 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1486 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/"\u$1\L$2" . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1489 $type .= "; charset=$charset"
1491 and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/
1492 and defined $charset
1495 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1496 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1497 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1498 push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph;
1500 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1501 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1503 $p3p = join ' ',@$p3p if ref($p3p) eq 'ARRAY';
1504 push(@header,qq(P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml", CP="$p3p"));
1506 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1508 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1510 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1511 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1514 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1515 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1517 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1519 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph;
1520 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1521 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1522 push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other);
1523 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1524 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1525 if (($MOD_PERL >= 1) && !$nph) {
1526 $self->r->send_cgi_header($header);
1535 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1538 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1540 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1541 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1542 if ($new_value ne '') {
1543 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1545 return $self->{'cache'};
1550 #### Method: redirect
1551 # Return a Location: style header
1554 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1556 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1557 my($url,$target,$status,$cookie,$nph,@other) =
1558 rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,STATUS,['COOKIE','COOKIES'],NPH],@p);
1559 $status = '302 Found' unless defined $status;
1560 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1562 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1564 '-Status' => $status,
1567 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1568 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1570 unshift(@unescaped,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1571 return $self->header((map {$self->unescapeHTML($_)} @o),@unescaped);
1576 #### Method: start_html
1577 # Canned HTML header
1580 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1581 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1582 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1583 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1584 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1585 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1586 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1587 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1588 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1589 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <head> tag
1590 # (a scalar or array ref)
1591 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1592 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1595 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1597 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1598 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,
1599 $target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,$encoding,$declare_xml,@other) =
1600 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,
1601 META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG,ENCODING,DECLARE_XML],@p);
1603 $self->element_id(0);
1604 $self->element_tab(0);
1606 $encoding = lc($self->charset) unless defined $encoding;
1608 # Need to sort out the DTD before it's okay to call escapeHTML().
1609 my(@result,$xml_dtd);
1611 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1612 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1614 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1617 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1620 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY' && $dtd->[0] =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1621 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq '' && $dtd =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1622 push @result,qq(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="$encoding"?>) if $xml_dtd && $declare_xml;
1624 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1625 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\t "$dtd->[1]">));
1626 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd->[0];
1628 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1629 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd;
1632 # Now that we know whether we're using the HTML 3.2 DTD or not, it's okay to
1633 # call escapeHTML(). Strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as
1634 # HTML while the author needs to be escaped as a URL.
1635 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1636 $author = $self->escape($author);
1638 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML (2\.0|3\.2)/i) {
1639 $lang = "" unless defined $lang;
1643 $lang = 'en-US' unless defined $lang;
1646 my $lang_bits = $lang ne '' ? qq( lang="$lang" xml:lang="$lang") : '';
1647 my $meta_bits = qq(<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=$encoding" />)
1648 if $XHTML && $encoding && !$declare_xml;
1650 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"$lang_bits>\n<head>\n<title>$title</title>)
1651 : ($lang ? qq(<html lang="$lang">) : "<html>")
1652 . "<head><title>$title</title>");
1653 if (defined $author) {
1654 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1655 : "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1658 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1659 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1660 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1661 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1664 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1665 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1666 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1669 push(@result,ref($head) ? @$head : $head) if $head;
1671 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1672 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1673 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1674 push(@result,$meta_bits) if defined $meta_bits;
1676 # handle -noscript parameter
1677 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1683 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1684 push(@result,"</head>\n<body$other>\n");
1685 return join("\n",@result);
1690 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1692 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1694 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1697 my $type = 'text/css';
1698 my $rel = 'stylesheet';
1701 my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n<!--/* <![CDATA[ */" : "\n<!-- ";
1702 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n/* ]]> */-->\n" : " -->\n";
1704 my @s = ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : $style;
1709 my($src,$code,$verbatim,$stype,$alternate,$foo,@other) =
1710 rearrange([qw(SRC CODE VERBATIM TYPE ALTERNATE FOO)],
1712 ref($s) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$s : %$s));
1713 my $type = defined $stype ? $stype : 'text/css';
1714 my $rel = $alternate ? 'alternate stylesheet' : 'stylesheet';
1715 $other = "@other" if @other;
1717 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1718 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one
1719 foreach $src (@$src)
1721 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1722 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)) if $src;
1726 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1727 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1728 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)
1732 my @v = ref($verbatim) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$verbatim : $verbatim;
1733 push(@result, "<style type=\"text/css\">\n$_\n</style>") foreach @v;
1735 my @c = ref($code) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$code : $code if $code;
1736 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$_\n$cdata_end")) foreach @c;
1740 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1741 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>));
1748 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1750 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1753 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1754 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1755 my($src,$code,$language);
1756 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1757 ($src,$code,$type) =
1758 rearrange(['SRC','CODE',['LANGUAGE','TYPE']],
1759 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1760 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1761 $type ||= 'text/javascript';
1762 unless ($type =~ m!\w+/\w+!) {
1763 $type =~ s/[\d.]+$//;
1764 $type = "text/$type";
1767 ($src,$code,$type) = ('',$script, 'text/javascript');
1770 my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default
1771 $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i;
1772 $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i;
1774 my ($cdata_start,$cdata_end);
1776 $cdata_start = "$comment<![CDATA[\n";
1777 $cdata_end .= "\n$comment]]>";
1779 $cdata_start = "\n<!-- Hide script\n";
1780 $cdata_end = $comment;
1781 $cdata_end .= " End script hiding -->\n";
1784 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1785 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1786 $code = $cdata_start . $code . $cdata_end if defined $code;
1787 push(@result,$self->script({@satts},$code || ''));
1793 #### Method: end_html
1794 # End an HTML document.
1795 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</body>"
1797 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1799 return "\n</body>\n</html>";
1804 ################################
1805 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1806 ################################
1808 #### Method: isindex
1809 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1811 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1813 # A string containing a <isindex> tag
1814 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1816 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1817 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1818 $action = qq/ action="$action"/ if $action;
1819 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1820 return $XHTML ? "<isindex$action$other />" : "<isindex$action$other>";
1825 #### Method: startform
1828 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1829 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1830 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1831 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1833 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1835 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1836 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1838 $method = $self->escapeHTML(lc($method) || 'post');
1839 $enctype = $self->escapeHTML($enctype || &URL_ENCODED);
1840 if (defined $action) {
1841 $action = $self->escapeHTML($action);
1844 $action = $self->escapeHTML($self->request_uri || $self->self_url);
1846 $action = qq(action="$action");
1847 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1848 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1849 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1854 #### Method: start_form
1855 # synonym for startform
1856 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1858 $XHTML ? &start_multipart_form : &startform;
1862 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1863 sub end_multipart_form {
1868 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1869 # synonym for startform
1870 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1871 sub start_multipart_form {
1872 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1873 if (defined($p[0]) && substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1874 return $self->startform(-enctype=>&MULTIPART,@p);
1876 my($method,$action,@other) =
1877 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1878 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1884 #### Method: endform
1886 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1888 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1890 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1892 if (my @fields = $self->get_fields) {
1893 return wantarray ? ("<div>",@fields,"</div>","</form>")
1894 : "<div>".(join '',@fields)."</div>\n</form>";
1903 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1905 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1906 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1907 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1909 my $current = $override ? $default :
1910 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1912 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : '';
1913 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1914 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : '';
1915 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : '';
1916 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1917 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1918 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1919 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1920 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1921 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $tabindex$value$s$m$other />)
1922 : qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>);
1926 #### Method: textfield
1928 # $name -> Name of the text field
1929 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1931 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1932 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1934 # A string containing a <input type="text"> field
1936 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1938 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1939 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1944 #### Method: filefield
1946 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1947 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1948 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1950 # A string containing a <input type="file"> field
1952 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1954 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1955 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1960 #### Method: password
1961 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1963 # $name -> Name of the field
1964 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1966 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1967 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1969 # A string containing a <input type="password"> field
1971 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1972 sub password_field {
1973 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1974 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1978 #### Method: textarea
1980 # $name -> Name of the text field
1981 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1983 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1984 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1986 # A string containing a <textarea></textarea> tag
1988 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1990 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1991 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1992 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1994 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1995 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1997 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1998 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1999 my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : '';
2000 my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : '';
2001 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2002 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2003 return qq{<textarea name="$name" $tabindex$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
2009 # Create a javascript button.
2011 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
2012 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
2013 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
2016 # A string containing a <input type="button"> tag
2018 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2020 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2022 my($label,$value,$script,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
2023 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT],TABINDEX],@p);
2025 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2026 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2027 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
2030 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label;
2031 $value = $value || $label;
2033 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
2034 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
2035 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2036 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2037 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button" $tabindex$name$val$script$other />)
2038 : qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>);
2044 # Create a "submit query" button.
2046 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2047 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
2048 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
2050 # A string containing a <input type="submit"> tag
2052 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2054 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2056 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],TABINDEX],@p);
2058 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2059 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2061 my $name = $NOSTICKY ? '' : 'name=".submit" ';
2062 $name = qq/name="$label" / if defined($label);
2063 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2065 $val = qq/value="$value" / if defined($value);
2066 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2067 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2068 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" $tabindex$name$val$other/>)
2069 : qq(<input type="submit" $name$val$other>);
2075 # Create a "reset" button.
2077 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2079 # A string containing a <input type="reset"> tag
2081 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2083 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2084 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange(['NAME',['VALUE','LABEL'],TABINDEX],@p);
2085 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2086 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2087 my ($name) = ' name=".reset"';
2088 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
2089 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2091 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
2092 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2093 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2094 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset" $tabindex$name$val$other />)
2095 : qq(<input type="reset"$name$val$other>);
2100 #### Method: defaults
2101 # Create a "defaults" button.
2103 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2105 # A string containing a <input type="submit" name=".defaults"> tag
2107 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
2108 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
2111 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2113 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2115 my($label,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE],TABINDEX],@p);
2117 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2118 $label = $label || "Defaults";
2119 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
2120 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2121 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2122 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" name=".defaults" $tabindex$value$other />)
2123 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
2128 #### Method: comment
2129 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
2130 # Parameters: a string
2131 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2133 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2134 return "<!-- @p -->";
2138 #### Method: checkbox
2139 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
2140 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
2142 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
2143 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
2144 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
2145 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
2146 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
2148 # A string containing a <input type="checkbox"> field
2150 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2152 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2154 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$labelattributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2155 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,LABELATTRIBUTES,
2156 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2158 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
2160 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2161 defined $self->param($name))) {
2162 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : '';
2164 $checked = $self->_checked($checked);
2166 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
2167 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
2168 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2169 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
2170 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2171 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2172 $self->register_parameter($name);
2173 return $XHTML ? CGI::label($labelattributes,
2174 qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value" $tabindex$checked$other/>$the_label})
2175 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
2181 # Escape HTML -- used internally
2182 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2184 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2185 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2186 my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2187 return undef unless defined($toencode);
2188 return $toencode if ref($self) && !$self->{'escape'};
2189 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
2190 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
2191 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
2192 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML 3\.2/i) {
2193 # $quot; was accidentally omitted from the HTML 3.2 DTD -- see
2194 # <http://validator.w3.org/docs/errors.html#bad-entity> /
2195 # <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/1997Mar/0003.html>.
2196 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2199 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2201 my $latin = uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'ISO-8859-1' ||
2202 uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'WINDOWS-1252';
2203 if ($latin) { # bug in some browsers
2204 $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso;
2205 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
2206 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
2207 if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) {
2208 $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso;
2209 $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso;
2216 # unescape HTML -- used internally
2217 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2219 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2220 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2221 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2222 return undef unless defined($string);
2223 my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i
2225 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
2226 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
2232 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
2233 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
2240 # Internal procedure - don't use
2241 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2243 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
2244 my @rowheaders = $rowheaders ? @$rowheaders : ();
2245 my @colheaders = $colheaders ? @$colheaders : ();
2248 if (defined($columns)) {
2249 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
2251 if (defined($rows)) {
2252 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
2255 # rearrange into a pretty table
2256 $result = "<table>";
2258 unshift(@colheaders,'') if @colheaders && @rowheaders;
2259 $result .= "<tr>" if @colheaders;
2260 foreach (@colheaders) {
2261 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
2263 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
2265 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders[$row]</th>" if @rowheaders;
2266 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
2267 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
2268 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
2272 $result .= "</table>";
2278 #### Method: radio_group
2279 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
2281 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
2282 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2283 # values for each button in the group.
2284 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
2285 # to turn _nothing_ on.
2286 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2287 # between the buttons.
2288 # $labels -> (optional)
2289 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2290 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2291 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2293 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="radio"> fields
2295 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2297 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2298 $self->_box_group('radio',@p);
2302 #### Method: checkbox_group
2303 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
2305 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
2306 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2307 # values for each checkbox in the group.
2308 # $defaults -> (optional)
2309 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
2310 # then this will be used to decide which
2311 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
2312 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
2313 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
2314 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2315 # between the buttons.
2316 # $labels -> (optional)
2317 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2318 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2319 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2321 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="checkbox"> fields
2324 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2325 sub checkbox_group {
2326 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2327 $self->_box_group('checkbox',@p);
2331 '_box_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2334 my $box_type = shift;
2336 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$labelattributes,
2337 $attributes,$rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,
2338 $override,$nolabels,$tabindex,$disabled,@other) =
2339 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LINEBREAK,LABELS,LABELATTRIBUTES,
2340 ATTRIBUTES,ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],[ROWHEADERS,ROWHEADER],[COLHEADERS,COLHEADER],
2341 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS,TABINDEX,DISABLED
2345 my($result,$checked,@elements,@values);
2347 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2348 my %checked = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2350 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
2351 $checked{$values[0]}++ if $box_type eq 'radio' && !%checked;
2353 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2356 if ($TABINDEX && $tabindex) {
2357 if (!ref $tabindex) {
2358 $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2359 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'ARRAY') {
2360 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @$tabindex;
2361 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'HASH') {
2365 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @values unless %tabs;
2366 my $other = @other ? "@other " : '';
2369 # for disabling groups of radio/checkbox buttons
2371 foreach (@{$disabled}) {
2377 if ($disabled{$_}) {
2378 $disable="disabled='1'";
2381 my $checkit = $self->_checked($box_type eq 'radio' ? ($checked{$_} && !$radio_checked++)
2385 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
2391 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
2393 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2394 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2395 $label = "<span style=\"color:gray\">$label</span>" if $disabled{$_};
2397 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2398 my $tab = $tabs{$_};
2399 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2403 CGI::label($labelattributes,
2404 qq(<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_" $checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable/>$label)).${break};
2406 push(@elements,qq/<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable>${label}${break}/);
2409 $self->register_parameter($name);
2410 return wantarray ? @elements : "@elements"
2411 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
2412 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
2417 #### Method: popup_menu
2418 # Create a popup menu.
2420 # $name -> Name for all the menu
2421 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2422 # text of each menu item.
2423 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2424 # $labels -> (optional)
2425 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2426 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2427 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2429 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2431 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2433 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2435 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2436 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,
2437 ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2438 my($result,$selected);
2440 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2441 $selected = $self->param($name);
2443 $selected = $default;
2445 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2446 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2449 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2450 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2451 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$other>\n/;
2454 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2455 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2456 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2461 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2462 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? $self->_selected($selected eq $_) : '';
2464 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2465 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2466 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2467 $result .= "<option${attribs} ${selectit}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2471 $result .= "</select>";
2477 #### Method: optgroup
2478 # Create a optgroup.
2480 # $name -> Label for the group
2481 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2482 # values for each option line in the group.
2483 # $labels -> (optional)
2484 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each item
2485 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2486 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2487 # $labeled -> (optional)
2488 # A true value indicates the value should be used as the label attribute
2489 # in the option elements.
2490 # The label attribute specifies the option label presented to the user.
2491 # This defaults to the content of the <option> element, but the label
2492 # attribute allows authors to more easily use optgroup without sacrificing
2493 # compatibility with browsers that do not support option groups.
2494 # $novals -> (optional)
2495 # A true value indicates to suppress the val attribute in the option elements
2497 # A string containing the definition of an option group.
2499 'optgroup' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2501 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2502 my($name,$values,$attributes,$labeled,$noval,$labels,@other)
2503 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],ATTRIBUTES,LABELED,NOVALS,LABELS],@p);
2505 my($result,@values);
2506 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name,$labeled,$novals);
2507 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2509 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2510 $result = qq/<optgroup label="$name"$other>\n/;
2513 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2514 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2515 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2520 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2522 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2523 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2524 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2525 $result .= $labeled ? $novals ? "<option$attribs label=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2526 : "<option$attribs label=\"$value\" value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2527 : $novals ? "<option$attribs>$label</option>\n"
2528 : "<option$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2531 $result .= "</optgroup>";
2537 #### Method: scrolling_list
2538 # Create a scrolling list.
2540 # $name -> name for the list
2541 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2542 # values for each option line in the list.
2543 # $defaults -> (optional)
2544 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2545 # then this will be used to decide which
2546 # lines to turn on by default.
2547 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2548 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2549 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2550 # $labels -> (optional)
2551 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2552 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2553 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2555 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2557 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2558 sub scrolling_list {
2559 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2560 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other)
2561 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2562 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2564 my($result,@values);
2565 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2567 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2569 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2570 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : '';
2571 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2572 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2574 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2575 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2576 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2578 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2580 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2581 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2582 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2583 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2584 $result .= "<option ${selectit}${attribs}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2586 $result .= "</select>";
2587 $self->register_parameter($name);
2595 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2596 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2598 # $default->[initial values of field]
2600 # A string containing a <input type="hidden" name="name" value="value">
2602 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2604 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2606 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2607 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2609 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2610 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2612 my $do_override = 0;
2613 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2614 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2615 $do_override = $override;
2617 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2618 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2622 # use previous values if override is not set
2623 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2624 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2626 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2628 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : '';
2629 push @result,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other />)
2630 : qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other>);
2632 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2637 #### Method: image_button
2639 # $name -> Name of the button
2640 # $src -> URL of the image source
2641 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2643 # A string containing a <input type="image" name="name" src="url" align="alignment">
2645 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2647 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2649 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2650 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2652 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\L\"$alignment\"" : '';
2653 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2654 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2655 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2656 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2661 #### Method: self_url
2662 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2663 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2664 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2665 # script with all its state information preserved.
2667 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2669 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2670 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2675 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2676 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2677 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2685 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2688 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2690 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2691 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base,$rewrite) =
2692 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE','REWRITE'],@p);
2694 $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute);
2695 $rewrite++ unless defined $rewrite;
2697 my $path = $self->path_info;
2698 my $script_name = $self->script_name;
2699 my $request_uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2700 my $query_str = $self->query_string;
2702 my $rewrite_in_use = $request_uri && $request_uri !~ /^$script_name/;
2703 undef $path if $rewrite_in_use && $rewrite; # path not valid when rewriting active
2705 my $uri = $rewrite && $request_uri ? $request_uri : $script_name;
2706 $uri =~ s/\?.*$//; # remove query string
2707 $uri =~ s/\Q$path\E$// if defined $path; # remove path
2710 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2711 $url = "$protocol://";
2712 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || '';
2713 $vh =~ s/\:\d+$//; # some clients add the port number (incorrectly). Get rid of it.
2717 $url .= server_name();
2719 my $port = $self->server_port;
2721 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2722 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2723 return $url if $base;
2725 } elsif ($relative) {
2726 ($url) = $uri =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2727 } elsif ($absolute) {
2731 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2732 $url .= "?$query_str" if $query and $query_str ne '';
2734 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2741 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2742 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2743 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2745 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2746 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2747 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2748 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2749 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2750 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2752 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2754 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2755 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires,$httponly) =
2756 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES,HTTPONLY],@p);
2758 require CGI::Cookie;
2760 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2761 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2762 # cookies in our state variables.
2763 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2764 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2765 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2767 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2768 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2769 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2770 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2771 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2774 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2775 return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error
2778 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2779 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2780 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2781 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2782 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2783 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2784 push(@param,'-httponly'=>$httponly) if $httponly;
2786 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2790 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2791 sub parse_keywordlist {
2792 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2793 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2794 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2795 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2800 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2802 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2803 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2804 unless (exists($self->{$name})) {
2805 $self->add_parameter($name);
2806 $self->{$name} = [];
2809 return $self->{$name};
2813 ###############################################
2814 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2815 ###############################################
2817 #### Method: path_info
2818 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2819 # after the URL (if any)
2821 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2823 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2824 if (defined($info)) {
2825 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2826 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2827 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2828 my (undef,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env;
2829 $self->{'.path_info'} = $path_info || '';
2831 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2835 # WE USE THIS TO COMPENSATE FOR A BUG IN APACHE 2 PRESENT AT LEAST UP THROUGH 2.0.54
2836 '_name_and_path_from_env' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2837 sub _name_and_path_from_env {
2839 my $raw_script_name = $ENV{SCRIPT_NAME} || '';
2840 my $raw_path_info = $ENV{PATH_INFO} || '';
2841 my $uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2843 my $protected = quotemeta($raw_path_info);
2844 $raw_script_name =~ s/$protected$//;
2846 my @uri_double_slashes = $uri =~ m^(/{2,}?)^g;
2847 my @path_double_slashes = "$raw_script_name $raw_path_info" =~ m^(/{2,}?)^g;
2849 my $apache_bug = @uri_double_slashes != @path_double_slashes;
2850 return ($raw_script_name,$raw_path_info) unless $apache_bug;
2852 my $path_info_search = quotemeta($raw_path_info);
2853 $path_info_search =~ s!/!/+!g;
2854 if ($uri =~ m/^(.+)($path_info_search)/) {
2857 return ($raw_script_name,$raw_path_info);
2863 #### Method: request_method
2864 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2866 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2867 sub request_method {
2868 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2872 #### Method: content_type
2873 # Returns the content_type string
2875 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2877 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2881 #### Method: path_translated
2882 # Return the physical path information provided
2883 # by the URL (if any)
2885 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2886 sub path_translated {
2887 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2892 #### Method: request_uri
2893 # Return the literal request URI
2895 'request_uri' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2897 return $ENV{'REQUEST_URI'};
2902 #### Method: query_string
2903 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2906 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2908 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2909 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2910 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2911 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2912 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2913 $value = escape($value);
2914 next unless defined $value;
2915 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2918 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
2919 push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_"));
2921 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2927 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2928 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2929 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2930 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2931 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2932 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2933 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2934 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2935 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2937 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2939 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2940 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2942 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2945 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2946 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2948 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2951 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2953 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2954 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2955 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2956 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2958 # First return the preference for directly supported
2960 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2962 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2963 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2964 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2965 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2966 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2967 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2973 #### Method: user_agent
2974 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2975 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2976 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2978 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2980 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2981 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2982 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2987 #### Method: raw_cookie
2988 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
2989 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
2990 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
2991 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
2992 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
2995 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2997 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2999 require CGI::Cookie;
3001 if (defined($key)) {
3002 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
3003 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3005 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3006 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3007 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3009 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
3013 #### Method: virtual_host
3014 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
3015 # is not always the same as the server
3017 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3019 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || server_name();
3020 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
3025 #### Method: remote_host
3026 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
3027 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
3028 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
3031 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3033 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
3039 #### Method: remote_addr
3040 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
3042 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3044 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
3049 #### Method: script_name
3050 # Return the partial URL to this script for
3051 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
3052 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
3055 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3057 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
3059 $self->{'.script_name'} = shift @p;
3060 } elsif (!exists $self->{'.script_name'}) {
3061 my ($script_name,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env();
3062 $self->{'.script_name'} = $script_name;
3064 return $self->{'.script_name'};
3069 #### Method: referer
3070 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
3073 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3075 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3076 return $self->http('referer');
3081 #### Method: server_name
3082 # Return the name of the server
3084 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3086 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
3090 #### Method: server_software
3091 # Return the name of the server software
3093 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3094 sub server_software {
3095 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
3099 #### Method: virtual_port
3100 # Return the server port, taking virtual hosts into account
3102 'virtual_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3104 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
3105 my $vh = $self->http('x_forwarded_host') || $self->http('host');
3106 my $protocol = $self->protocol;
3108 return ($vh =~ /:(\d+)$/)[0] || ($protocol eq 'https' ? 443 : 80);
3110 return $self->server_port();
3115 #### Method: server_port
3116 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
3118 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3120 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
3124 #### Method: server_protocol
3125 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
3127 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3128 sub server_protocol {
3129 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
3134 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
3135 # the list of variables if none provided
3137 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3139 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3140 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
3141 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3142 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3144 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3145 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
3152 # Return the value of HTTPS
3154 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3157 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3158 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
3159 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
3160 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3161 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3163 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3164 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
3170 #### Method: protocol
3171 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
3173 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3177 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
3178 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
3179 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
3180 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
3181 return "\L$protocol\E";
3185 #### Method: remote_ident
3186 # Return the identity of the remote user
3187 # (but only if his host is running identd)
3189 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3191 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
3196 #### Method: auth_type
3197 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
3199 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3201 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
3206 #### Method: remote_user
3207 # Return the authorization name used for user
3210 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3212 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3217 #### Method: user_name
3218 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
3221 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3223 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3224 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3228 #### Method: nosticky
3229 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
3231 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3233 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3234 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
3235 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
3240 # Set or return the NPH global flag
3242 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3244 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3245 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
3250 #### Method: private_tempfiles
3251 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
3253 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3254 sub private_tempfiles {
3255 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3256 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
3257 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
3260 #### Method: close_upload_files
3261 # Set or return the close_upload_files global flag
3263 'close_upload_files' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3264 sub close_upload_files {
3265 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3266 $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = $param if defined($param);
3267 return $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3272 #### Method: default_dtd
3273 # Set or return the default_dtd global
3275 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3277 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3278 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
3279 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
3280 } elsif (defined $param) {
3281 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
3283 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
3287 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
3288 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3289 sub previous_or_default {
3290 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
3293 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
3294 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
3295 grep($selected{$_}++,$self->param($name));
3296 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
3297 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
3298 grep($selected{$_}++,@{$defaults});
3300 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
3307 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3308 sub register_parameter {
3309 my($self,$param) = @_;
3310 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
3314 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3317 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
3318 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
3323 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3324 sub read_from_cmdline {
3328 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
3330 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
3331 require "shellwords.pl";
3332 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input; press ^D or ^Z when done)\n";
3333 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
3334 $input = join(" ",@lines);
3335 @words = &shellwords($input);
3342 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
3343 $query_string = join('&',@words);
3345 $query_string = join('+',@words);
3347 if ($query_string =~ /^(.*?)\?(.*)$/)
3352 return { 'query_string' => $query_string, 'subpath' => $subpath };
3357 # subroutine: read_multipart
3359 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
3360 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
3361 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
3362 # caller can read from it if necessary.
3364 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3365 sub read_multipart {
3366 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3367 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3368 return unless $buffer;
3371 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3372 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3375 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3379 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="([^"]*)"/;
3382 # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
3383 # See RFC 1867, 2183, 2045
3384 # NB: File content will be loaded into memory should
3385 # content-disposition parsing fail.
3386 my ($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename=(("[^"]*")|([a-z\d!\#'\*\+,\.^_\`\{\}\|\~]*))/i;
3387 $filename =~ s/^"([^"]*)"$/$1/;
3388 # Test for Opera's multiple upload feature
3389 my($multipart) = ( defined( $header{'Content-Type'} ) &&
3390 $header{'Content-Type'} =~ /multipart\/mixed/ ) ?
3393 # add this parameter to our list
3394 $self->add_parameter($param);
3396 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
3397 # to our parameter list.
3398 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && !$multipart ) {
3399 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
3401 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
3405 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3407 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3408 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3409 # the file for reading.
3411 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3412 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3413 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3417 # set the filename to some recognizable value
3418 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && $multipart ) {
3419 $filename = "multipart/mixed";
3422 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3423 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3424 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3425 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3426 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3427 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3428 $seqno += int rand(100);
3430 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3431 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3432 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3434 # if this is an multipart/mixed attachment, save the header
3435 # together with the body for later parsing with an external
3436 # MIME parser module
3438 foreach ( keys %header ) {
3439 print $filehandle "$_: $header{$_}${CRLF}";
3441 print $filehandle "${CRLF}";
3447 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3448 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3450 $totalbytes += length($data);
3451 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($filename ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3453 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3456 # back up to beginning of file
3457 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3459 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3460 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3461 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3463 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3464 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3466 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3468 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3469 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3470 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3471 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3472 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3473 hndl => $filehandle,
3477 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3484 # subroutine: read_multipart_related
3486 # Read multipart/related data and store it into our parameters. The
3487 # first parameter sets the start of the data. The part identified by
3488 # this Content-ID will not be stored as a file upload, but will be
3489 # returned by this method. All other parts will be available as file
3490 # uploads accessible by their Content-ID
3492 'read_multipart_related' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3493 sub read_multipart_related {
3494 my($self,$start,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3495 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3496 return unless $buffer;
3500 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3501 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3504 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3508 my($param) = $header{'Content-ID'}=~/\<([^\>]*)\>/;
3511 # If this is the start part, then just read the data and assign it
3512 # to our return variable.
3513 if ( $param eq $start ) {
3514 $returnvalue = $buffer->readBody;
3515 $returnvalue .= $TAINTED;
3519 # add this parameter to our list
3520 $self->add_parameter($param);
3522 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3524 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3525 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3526 # the file for reading.
3528 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3529 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3530 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3534 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3535 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3536 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3537 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3538 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3539 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($param,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3540 $seqno += int rand(100);
3542 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3543 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3544 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3549 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3550 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3552 $totalbytes += length($data);
3553 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($param ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3555 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3558 # back up to beginning of file
3559 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3561 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3562 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3563 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3565 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3566 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3568 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3570 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3571 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3572 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3573 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3574 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3575 hndl => $filehandle,
3579 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3582 return $returnvalue;
3587 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
3589 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
3590 my @param = grep {ref($_) && defined(fileno($_))} $self->param($param_name);
3591 return unless @param;
3592 return wantarray ? @param : $param[0];
3596 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3598 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3599 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name} ?
3600 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name}->as_string
3605 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3607 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3608 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{info};
3612 # internal routine, don't use
3613 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3614 sub _set_values_and_labels {
3617 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
3618 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
3619 return $v if !ref($v);
3620 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
3624 # internal routine, don't use
3625 '_set_attributes' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3626 sub _set_attributes {
3628 my($element, $attributes) = @_;
3629 return '' unless defined($attributes->{$element});
3631 foreach my $attrib (keys %{$attributes->{$element}}) {
3632 (my $clean_attrib = $attrib) =~ s/^-//;
3633 $attribs .= "@{[lc($clean_attrib)]}=\"$attributes->{$element}{$attrib}\" ";
3640 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3643 next if defined(&$_);
3644 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
3654 #########################################################
3655 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
3656 #########################################################
3658 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
3667 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3674 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3675 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3677 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3680 # get rid of package name
3681 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
3682 $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg;
3683 return $i.$CGI::TAINTED;
3685 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
3686 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
3687 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
3688 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
3690 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
3695 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3699 return "$self" cmp $value;
3703 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3705 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
3706 _setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
3707 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
3708 (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg;
3709 my $fv = ++$FH . $safename;
3710 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
3711 $file =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_\+ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3713 sysopen($ref,$safe,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
3714 unlink($safe) if $delete;
3715 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
3716 return bless $ref,$pack;
3723 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
3724 package MultipartBuffer;
3726 use constant DEBUG => 0;
3728 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
3729 # a 4K buffer by default.
3730 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
3731 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
3732 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3735 #reuse the autoload function
3736 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3738 # avoid autoloader warnings
3741 ###############################################################################
3742 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3743 ###############################################################################
3744 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3745 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3748 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3750 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3751 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3752 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN); # if $CGI::needs_binmode; # just do it always
3754 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3755 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3756 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3757 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3758 # by then, we return.
3760 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3761 # about providing boundary strings.
3762 my $boundary_read = 0;
3765 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3766 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3768 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3769 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3770 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport');
3772 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3774 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3775 $boundary = <STDIN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3776 $length -= length($boundary);
3777 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3778 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3782 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3783 CHUNKED=>!defined $length,
3784 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3785 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3789 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3790 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3792 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3794 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3795 unless ($boundary_read) {
3796 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3798 die "Malformed multipart POST: data truncated\n" if $self->eof;
3804 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3811 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS' || $CGI::EBCDIC;
3814 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3815 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3816 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3817 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3818 # this was a bad idea
3819 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3820 } until $ok || $bad;
3823 #EBCDIC NOTE: translate header into EBCDIC, but watch out for continuation lines!
3825 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3826 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3830 warn "untranslated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3831 $header = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($header);
3832 warn "translated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3835 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3836 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3837 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3839 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3840 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3842 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3843 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2);
3844 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3845 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3851 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3852 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3858 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate returnval into EBCDIC HERE
3860 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3861 $returnval .= $data;
3865 warn "untranslated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3866 $returnval = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($returnval);
3867 warn "translated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3873 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3874 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3875 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3876 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3878 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3880 # default number of bytes to read
3881 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3883 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3884 # is never split between reads.
3885 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3887 my $boundary_start = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}) : $self->{BOUNDARY};
3888 my $boundary_end = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}.'--') : $self->{BOUNDARY}.'--';
3890 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3891 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_start);
3893 warn "boundary=$self->{BOUNDARY} length=$self->{LENGTH} start=$start\n" if DEBUG;
3895 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3896 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless $self->{CHUNKED} || ($start >= 0 || $self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3898 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate boundary search into ASCII here.
3900 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3904 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3905 if (index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_end)==0) {
3911 # just remove the boundary.
3912 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($boundary_start))='';
3913 $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//;
3918 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3919 $bytesToReturn = $start-2 > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3920 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3921 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3922 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3924 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($boundary_start)+1);
3927 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3928 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3930 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3931 return ($bytesToReturn==$start)
3932 ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3937 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3938 # boundary is never split between reads
3939 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3941 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3942 return unless $self->{CHUNKED} || $self->{LENGTH};
3944 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3945 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3946 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3947 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
3949 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
3950 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client(\$self->{BUFFER},
3953 warn "bytesToRead=$bytesToRead, bufferLength=$bufferLength, buffer=$self->{BUFFER}\n" if DEBUG;
3954 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
3956 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
3957 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
3958 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
3959 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
3960 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
3961 if ($bytesRead <= 0) {
3962 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
3963 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
3965 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
3968 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $bytesRead;
3973 # Return true when we've finished reading
3974 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3977 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
3978 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
3986 ####################################################################################
3987 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
3988 ####################################################################################
3989 package CGITempFile;
3993 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
3994 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
3995 unless (defined $TMPDIRECTORY) {
3996 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
3997 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
3998 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
3999 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH",
4000 "C:${SL}system${SL}temp");
4001 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if defined $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
4003 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
4004 # it is problematic.
4005 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
4006 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
4007 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
4008 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
4009 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
4010 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
4013 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
4016 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
4023 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
4024 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
4025 *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
4029 $$self =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
4030 my $safe = $1; # untaint operation
4031 unlink $safe; # get rid of the file
4034 ###############################################################################
4035 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
4036 ###############################################################################
4037 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
4038 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
4041 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
4043 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
4045 find_tempdir() unless -w $TMPDIRECTORY;
4046 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
4047 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}CGItemp%d",$sequence++));
4049 # check that it is a more-or-less valid filename
4050 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_\+ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$!;
4051 # this used to untaint, now it doesn't
4053 return bless \$filename;
4057 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
4069 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
4070 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
4071 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
4076 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
4077 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
4078 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
4079 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
4090 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4094 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
4095 # and echoes back its values.
4097 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4099 start_html('A Simple Example'),
4100 h1('A Simple Example'),
4102 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4103 "What's the combination?", p,
4104 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4105 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4106 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
4107 "What's your favorite color? ",
4108 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4109 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4115 my $name = param('name');
4116 my $keywords = join ', ',param('words');
4117 my $color = param('color');
4118 print "Your name is",em(escapeHTML($name)),p,
4119 "The keywords are: ",em(escapeHTML($keywords)),p,
4120 "Your favorite color is ",em(escapeHTML($color)),
4126 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
4127 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
4128 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
4129 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
4130 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
4131 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
4132 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
4133 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
4134 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
4135 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
4136 style sheets, server push, and frames.
4138 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
4139 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
4141 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
4143 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
4144 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
4148 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
4150 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
4151 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
4152 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
4153 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
4154 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
4155 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
4156 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
4157 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
4158 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
4159 script and restore it later.
4161 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
4162 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
4164 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
4165 use CGI; # load CGI routines
4166 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
4167 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
4168 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4169 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4170 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
4172 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
4173 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
4174 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
4175 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
4176 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
4177 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
4178 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
4179 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
4180 need to create the CGI object.
4182 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
4183 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
4184 print header, # create the HTTP header
4185 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4186 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4187 end_html; # end the HTML
4189 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
4190 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
4191 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
4193 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4195 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
4196 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
4197 argument calling style that looks like this:
4199 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
4201 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
4202 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
4203 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
4204 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
4205 dashes for the subsequent ones.
4207 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
4208 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
4209 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
4210 case, the single argument is the document type.
4212 print $q->header('text/html');
4214 Other such routines are documented below.
4216 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
4217 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
4218 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
4219 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
4220 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
4222 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
4223 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
4225 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
4226 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
4227 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
4228 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
4229 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
4230 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
4231 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
4232 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
4233 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
4239 h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>
4240 h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT">
4241 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1>
4243 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
4245 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
4246 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
4247 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
4248 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
4249 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
4250 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
4251 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
4254 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
4256 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
4257 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
4258 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
4259 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
4260 have several choices:
4266 Use another name for the argument, if one is available.
4267 For example, -value is an alias for -values.
4271 Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
4275 Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4279 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
4280 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
4281 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
4283 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
4284 -cost => 'Three smackers',
4285 -annoyance_level => 'high',
4286 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
4288 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
4291 Cost: Three smackers
4292 Annoyance-level: high
4293 Complaints-to: bit bucket
4294 Content-type: text/html
4296 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
4297 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
4300 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
4303 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4307 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
4308 it into a perl5 object called $query.
4310 Any filehandles from file uploads will have their position reset to
4311 the beginning of the file.
4313 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4315 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
4317 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
4318 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
4319 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
4320 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
4321 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
4322 can be saved and restored.
4324 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
4325 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
4326 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
4328 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
4330 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
4333 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
4334 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
4335 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
4336 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
4338 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
4339 restore_parameters(IN);
4342 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
4345 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
4346 'song'=>'I love you',
4347 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
4350 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
4352 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
4354 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
4355 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
4358 $old_query = new CGI;
4359 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
4361 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
4363 $empty_query = new CGI("");
4367 $empty_query = new CGI({});
4369 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4371 @keywords = $query->keywords
4373 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
4374 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
4376 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4378 @names = $query->param
4380 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
4381 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
4382 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
4383 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
4384 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
4385 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
4387 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
4388 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
4389 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
4390 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
4391 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
4393 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4395 @values = $query->param('foo');
4399 $value = $query->param('foo');
4401 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
4402 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
4403 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
4404 the method will return a single value.
4406 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
4407 "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
4408 string. This feature is new in 2.63.
4411 If the parameter does not exist at all, then param() will return undef
4412 in a scalar context, and the empty list in a list context.
4415 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4417 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
4419 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
4420 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
4421 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
4422 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
4425 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
4426 in more detail later:
4428 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
4432 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
4434 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4436 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
4438 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
4439 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
4440 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
4441 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
4443 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4445 $query->import_names('R');
4447 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
4448 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
4449 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
4450 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
4453 NOTE 1: Variable names are transformed as necessary into legal Perl
4454 variable names. All non-legal characters are transformed into
4455 underscores. If you need to keep the original names, you should use
4456 the param() method instead to access CGI variables by name.
4458 NOTE 2: In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
4459 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
4460 Perl module B<import> operator.
4462 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4464 $query->delete('foo','bar','baz');
4466 This completely clears a list of parameters. It sometimes useful for
4467 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between script
4470 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
4471 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
4473 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4475 $query->delete_all();
4477 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
4478 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
4480 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
4482 =head2 HANDLING NON-URLENCODED ARGUMENTS
4485 If POSTed data is not of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded or
4486 multipart/form-data, then the POSTed data will not be processed, but
4487 instead be returned as-is in a parameter named POSTDATA. To retrieve
4488 it, use code like this:
4490 my $data = $query->param('POSTDATA');
4492 Likewise if PUTed data can be retrieved with code like this:
4494 my $data = $query->param('PUTDATA');
4496 (If you don't know what the preceding means, don't worry about it. It
4497 only affects people trying to use CGI for XML processing and other
4501 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4503 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
4504 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
4506 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
4507 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
4508 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
4509 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
4510 can manipulate in any way you like.
4512 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
4514 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4517 print $params->{'address'};
4518 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
4524 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
4525 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
4526 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
4527 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
4528 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
4529 CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the
4530 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
4531 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
4533 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
4534 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
4535 list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
4536 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
4537 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
4538 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
4539 module for Perl version 4.
4541 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
4542 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
4544 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4546 $query->save(\*FILEHANDLE)
4548 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
4549 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
4550 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
4553 The format of the saved file is:
4561 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
4562 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
4563 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
4564 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
4565 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
4566 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
4567 a short example of creating multiple session records:
4571 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
4573 foreach (0..$records) {
4575 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
4580 # reopen for reading
4581 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
4583 my $q = new CGI(\*IN);
4584 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
4587 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
4588 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
4589 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
4591 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
4593 for further details.
4595 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
4596 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
4598 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4600 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
4601 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
4602 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
4603 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
4604 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
4605 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
4608 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
4610 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
4611 $q->start_html('Problems'),
4612 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
4617 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
4618 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
4621 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4623 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
4624 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
4625 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
4628 use CGI <list of methods>;
4630 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
4631 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
4632 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
4633 methods, and then use them directly:
4635 use CGI 'param','header';
4636 print header('text/plain');
4637 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
4639 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
4640 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
4641 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
4643 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
4649 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
4654 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
4658 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
4662 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as
4663 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
4667 Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as
4668 <abbrev>, <acronym> and <thead>).
4672 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
4676 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
4681 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'.
4685 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
4686 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
4690 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
4691 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
4692 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
4693 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
4694 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <gradient> (which causes the
4695 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
4696 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
4697 to start using it immediately:
4699 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
4700 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
4702 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4703 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4704 change in the future.
4706 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4707 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4708 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4709 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4710 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4711 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4712 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4714 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4717 start_html('Simple Script'),
4718 h1('Simple Script'),
4720 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4721 "What's the combination?",
4722 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4723 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4724 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4725 "What's your favorite color?",
4726 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4727 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4734 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4735 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4736 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4742 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
4743 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
4744 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
4745 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
4746 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
4747 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
4750 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
4752 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
4758 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
4759 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
4760 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
4761 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
4765 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
4767 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
4768 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
4773 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
4774 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
4775 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
4776 those destined to be crunched by Malcolm Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
4777 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
4779 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
4783 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
4785 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
4786 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
4787 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
4788 compile() method instead:
4793 This is particularly useful in a mod_perl environment, in which you
4794 might want to precompile all CGI routines in a startup script, and
4795 then import the functions individually in each mod_perl script.
4799 By default the CGI module implements a state-preserving behavior
4800 called "sticky" fields. The way this works is that if you are
4801 regenerating a form, the methods that generate the form field values
4802 will interrogate param() to see if similarly-named parameters are
4803 present in the query string. If they find a like-named parameter, they
4804 will use it to set their default values.
4806 Sometimes this isn't what you want. The B<-nosticky> pragma prevents
4807 this behavior. You can also selectively change the sticky behavior in
4808 each element that you generate.
4812 Automatically add tab index attributes to each form field. With this
4813 option turned off, you can still add tab indexes manually by passing a
4814 -tabindex option to each field-generating method.
4816 =item -no_undef_params
4818 This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list.
4822 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
4823 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
4824 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4827 If start_html()'s -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD,
4828 XHTML will automatically be disabled without needing to use this
4833 This makes CGI.pm treat all parameters as UTF-8 strings. Use this with
4834 care, as it will interfere with the processing of binary uploads. It
4835 is better to manually select which fields are expected to return utf-8
4836 strings and convert them using code like this:
4839 my $arg = decode utf8=>param('foo');
4843 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4844 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4845 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4846 of NPH scripts below.
4848 =item -newstyle_urls
4850 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4851 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4853 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4855 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4856 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4857 pragma is specified.
4859 This became the default in version 2.64.
4861 =item -oldstyle_urls
4863 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4864 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4868 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4869 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4870 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4871 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4872 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4873 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4874 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4875 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4876 to the top of your script.
4880 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4881 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4882 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4883 then use this pragma:
4885 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4889 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4890 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4891 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4892 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4894 See the section on debugging for more details.
4896 =item -private_tempfiles
4898 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4899 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4900 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4901 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4902 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4903 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4904 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4905 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4906 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4907 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4908 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4910 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4911 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4912 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4914 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4916 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4917 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4919 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4922 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4923 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4925 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4926 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4930 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4932 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4933 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4936 print h1('Level 1 Header');
4940 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>
4942 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
4943 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
4944 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
4946 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
4948 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
4949 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
4950 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
4951 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
4952 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
4953 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
4957 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
4959 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
4964 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag)
4966 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag)
4968 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag)
4970 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
4974 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4976 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
4977 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
4978 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
4979 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
4980 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
4982 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
4983 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
4984 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
4986 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4988 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
4989 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
4990 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
4991 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
4992 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
4999 print header('image/gif');
5003 print header('text/html','204 No response');
5007 print header(-type=>'image/gif',
5009 -status=>'402 Payment required',
5013 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
5016 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
5017 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
5018 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
5019 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
5020 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
5022 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
5023 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
5024 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
5025 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
5026 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
5027 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
5029 print header(-Content_length=>3002);
5031 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
5032 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
5033 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
5034 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
5035 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
5036 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
5039 +30s 30 seconds from now
5040 +10m ten minutes from now
5041 +1h one hour from now
5042 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
5045 +10y in ten years time
5046 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
5048 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
5049 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
5050 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
5051 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
5054 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5055 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5056 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5058 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
5059 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
5060 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
5062 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
5063 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
5064 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
5065 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
5066 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
5068 The B<-p3p> parameter will add a P3P tag to the outgoing header. The
5069 parameter can be an arrayref or a space-delimited string of P3P tags.
5072 print header(-p3p=>[qw(CAO DSP LAW CURa)]);
5073 print header(-p3p=>'CAO DSP LAW CURa');
5075 In either case, the outgoing header will be formatted as:
5077 P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml" cp="CAO DSP LAW CURa"
5079 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
5081 print redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
5083 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
5084 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
5085 time of day or the identity of the user.
5087 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
5088 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
5091 You should always use full URLs (including the http: or ftp: part) in
5092 redirection requests. Relative URLs will not work correctly.
5094 You can also use named arguments:
5096 print redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
5100 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5101 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5102 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft IIS, which
5103 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5105 The B<-status> parameter will set the status of the redirect. HTTP
5106 defines three different possible redirection status codes:
5108 301 Moved Permanently
5112 The default if not specified is 302, which means "moved temporarily."
5113 You may change the status to another status code if you wish. Be
5114 advised that changing the status to anything other than 301, 302 or
5115 303 will probably break redirection.
5117 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
5119 print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
5120 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
5123 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
5124 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
5125 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
5128 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
5129 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
5130 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
5131 page's appearance and behavior.
5133 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <body> tag.
5134 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
5135 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
5136 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
5137 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
5138 to the <body> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
5141 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <base> tag
5142 different from the current location, as in
5144 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
5146 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5148 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
5149 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
5150 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
5151 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
5154 -target=>"answer_window"
5156 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5157 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
5158 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
5159 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
5160 into a series of header <meta> tags that look something like this:
5162 <meta name="keywords" content="pharaoh secret mummy">
5163 <meta name="description" content="copyright 1996 King Tut">
5165 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <meta> tag, use B<-head>, described
5168 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
5169 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
5172 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
5173 the <html> tag. For example:
5175 print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');
5177 The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English, unless the
5178 -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD, in which case the
5179 lang attribute is left off. You can force the lang attribute to left
5180 off in other cases by passing an empty string (-lang=>'').
5182 The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for
5183 XHTML. It defaults to iso-8859-1 if not specified.
5185 The B<-declare_xml> argument, when used in conjunction with XHTML,
5186 will put a <?xml> declaration at the top of the HTML header. The sole
5187 purpose of this declaration is to declare the character set
5188 encoding. In the absence of -declare_xml, the output HTML will contain
5189 a <meta> tag that specifies the encoding, allowing the HTML to pass
5190 most validators. The default for -declare_xml is false.
5192 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <head> section with the
5193 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <link> element in the
5194 head section, use this:
5196 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
5197 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));
5199 To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <head> section, just pass an
5202 print start_html(-head=>[
5204 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
5205 Link({-rel=>'previous',
5206 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
5210 And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <meta> tag:
5212 print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
5213 -content => 'text/html'}))
5216 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>,
5217 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used
5218 to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should
5219 point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions.
5220 This block will be placed within a <script> block inside the HTML (not
5221 HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in order to give your
5222 page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript functions in place
5223 even if the user presses the stop button before the page has loaded
5224 completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in such a way that
5225 JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code: unfortunately
5226 there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that get confused
5229 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
5230 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
5231 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
5237 // Ask a silly question
5238 function riddle_me_this() {
5239 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
5240 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
5241 "and three legs in the evening?");
5244 // Get a silly answer
5245 function response(answer) {
5246 if (answer == "man")
5247 alert("Right you are!");
5249 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
5252 print start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5255 Use the B<-noScript> parameter to pass some HTML text that will be displayed on
5256 browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where JavaScript is turned
5259 The <script> tag, has several attributes including "type" and src.
5260 The latter is particularly interesting, as it allows you to keep the
5261 JavaScript code in a file or CGI script rather than cluttering up each
5262 page with the source. To use these attributes pass a HASH reference
5263 in the B<-script> parameter containing one or more of -type, -src, or
5266 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5267 -script=>{-type=>'JAVASCRIPT',
5268 -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
5271 print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5272 -script=>{-type=>'PERLSCRIPT',
5273 -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
5277 A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <script> sections into the
5278 header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array reference.
5279 this allows you to specify different source files for different dialects
5280 of JavaScript. Example:
5282 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5284 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5285 -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
5287 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5288 -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
5290 { -type => 'text/jscript',
5291 -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
5293 { -type => 'text/ecmascript',
5294 -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
5299 The option "-language" is a synonym for -type, and is supported for
5300 backwad compatibility.
5302 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
5306 =item B<Parameters:>
5314 The author's e-mail address (will create a <link rev="MADE"> tag if present
5318 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <base> tag in the header. This
5319 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
5320 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
5324 Any other parameters you want to include in the <body> tag. This is a good
5325 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
5329 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5333 This ends an HTML document by printing the </body></html> tags.
5335 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5338 print q(<a href="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</a>);
5340 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
5341 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
5342 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
5343 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
5344 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
5347 print "<a href=\"$myself#table1\">See table 1</a>";
5348 print "<a href=\"$myself#table2\">See table 2</a>";
5349 print "<a href=\"$myself#yourself\">See for yourself</a>";
5351 If you want more control over what's returned, using the B<url()>
5354 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
5356 $the_string = query_string;
5358 =head2 OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5361 $full_url = url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax
5362 $relative_url = url(-relative=>1);
5363 $absolute_url = url(-absolute=>1);
5364 $url_with_path = url(-path_info=>1);
5365 $url_with_path_and_query = url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
5366 $netloc = url(-base => 1);
5368 B<url()> returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called
5369 without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including
5370 host name and port number
5372 http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi
5374 You can modify this format with the following named arguments:
5380 If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.
5386 Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
5387 script with different parameters. For example:
5393 Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
5394 This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.
5396 =item B<-path> (B<-path_info>)
5398 Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
5399 combined with B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-path_info>
5400 is provided as a synonym.
5402 =item B<-query> (B<-query_string>)
5404 Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with
5405 B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-query_string> is provided
5410 Generate just the protocol and net location, as in http://www.foo.com:8000
5414 If Apache's mod_rewrite is turned on, then the script name and path
5415 info probably won't match the request that the user sent. Set
5416 -rewrite=>1 (default) to return URLs that match what the user sent
5417 (the original request URI). Set -rewrite->0 to return URLs that match
5418 the URL after mod_rewrite's rules have run. Because the additional
5419 path information only makes sense in the context of the rewritten URL,
5420 -rewrite is set to false when you request path info in the URL.
5424 =head2 MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5426 $color = url_param('color');
5428 It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as
5429 well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
5430 containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
5431 B<param()> method will always return the contents of the POSTed
5432 fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL
5433 parameters, call the B<url_param()> method. Use it in the same way as
5434 B<param()>. The main difference is that it allows you to read the
5435 parameters, but not set them.
5438 Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
5439 interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
5440 try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET
5441 method, the results will not be what you expect.
5443 =head1 CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5445 CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of
5446 the HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single
5447 HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then
5448 print or manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of
5449 HTML code that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most
5450 commonly, print out so that it displays in the browser window.
5452 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
5454 print $q->blockquote(
5455 "Many years ago on the island of",
5456 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5457 "there lived a Minotaur named",
5458 $q->strong("Fred."),
5462 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
5463 added for readability):
5466 Many years ago on the island of
5467 <a href="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
5468 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
5472 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
5473 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
5474 completely (see the next section for more details):
5476 use CGI ':standard';
5478 "Many years ago on the island of",
5479 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5480 "there lived a minotaur named",
5485 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5487 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
5488 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
5492 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
5493 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
5495 print h1("Chapter","1"); # <h1>Chapter 1</h1>"
5497 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
5498 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
5500 print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
5501 "Open a new frame");
5503 <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>
5505 You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if
5508 print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
5510 <img align="LEFT" src="fred.gif">
5512 Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
5513 lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument that
5514 that points to an undef string:
5516 print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
5518 Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
5519 attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
5520 changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the form
5521 <img alt="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:
5524 img({alt=>undef}) <img alt>
5525 img({alt=>''}) <img alt="">
5527 =head2 THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5529 One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
5530 distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a
5531 B<reference> to a list, the tag will be distributed across each
5532 element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered
5536 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
5539 This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
5542 <li type="disc">Sneezy</li>
5543 <li type="disc">Doc</li>
5544 <li type="disc">Sleepy</li>
5545 <li type="disc">Happy</li>
5548 This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:
5550 print table({-border=>undef},
5551 caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
5552 Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
5554 th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
5555 td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
5556 td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),
5557 td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
5562 =head2 HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5564 Consider this bit of code:
5566 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5568 It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:
5570 <blockquote><em>Hi</em> mom!</blockquote>
5572 Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!".
5573 CGI.pm puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
5574 controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is
5575 not what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series
5576 of images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an
5581 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5584 I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
5585 change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly
5588 =head2 NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5590 A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various
5593 B<comment()> generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it
5596 print comment('here is my comment');
5598 Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following functions
5599 begin with initial caps:
5608 In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
5609 start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special.
5610 See their respective sections.
5612 =head2 AUTOESCAPING HTML
5614 By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions
5615 is passed through a function called escapeHTML():
5619 =item $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
5621 Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.
5625 Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
5626 default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
5627 character becomes "<", ">" becomes ">", "&" becomes "&", and
5628 the quote character becomes """. In addition, the hexadecimal
5629 0x8b and 0x9b characters, which some browsers incorrectly interpret
5630 as the left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their
5631 numeric character entities ("‹" and "›"). If you manually change
5632 the charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by
5633 passing a -charset argument to header(), then B<all> characters will
5634 be replaced by their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup
5635 table for all the possible encodings.
5637 The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as
5638 h1(). You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in
5639 order to protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter
5640 into guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset().
5641 To turn autoescaping off completely, use autoEscape(0):
5645 =item $charset = charset([$charset]);
5647 Get or set the current character set.
5649 =item $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
5651 Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.
5655 =head2 PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5657 By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
5658 long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but
5659 it does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get
5660 pretty-printed output, please use L<CGI::Pretty>, a subclass
5661 contributed by Brian Paulsen.
5663 =head1 CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5665 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
5666 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
5667 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
5668 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
5669 around the form elements.
5671 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
5672 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
5673 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
5674 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
5676 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
5679 (1) call the param() method to set it.
5681 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
5682 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
5684 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5685 -default=>'starting value',
5690 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
5691 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
5692 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
5693 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
5694 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
5695 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
5700 I<A Lurking Trap!> Some of the form-element generating methods return
5701 multiple tags. In a scalar context, the tags will be concatenated
5702 together with spaces, or whatever is the current value of the $"
5703 global. In a list context, the methods will return a list of
5704 elements, allowing you to modify them if you wish. Usually you will
5705 not notice this behavior, but beware of this:
5707 printf("%s\n",end_form())
5709 end_form() produces several tags, and only the first of them will be
5710 printed because the format only expects one value.
5715 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5717 print isindex(-action=>$action);
5721 print isindex($action);
5723 Prints out an <isindex> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
5724 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
5725 default is to process the query with the current script.
5727 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5729 print start_form(-method=>$method,
5731 -enctype=>$encoding);
5732 <... various form stuff ...>
5737 print start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
5738 <... various form stuff ...>
5741 start_form() will return a <form> tag with the optional method,
5742 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
5746 enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
5748 endform() returns the closing </form> tag.
5750 Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the various
5751 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
5752 values are possible:
5754 B<Note:> This method was previously named startform(), and startform()
5755 is still recognized as an alias.
5759 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
5761 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
5762 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
5763 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
5764 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
5765 type in B<&CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
5767 =item B<multipart/form-data>
5769 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
5770 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
5771 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
5772 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
5773 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
5774 in B<&CGI::MULTIPART>
5776 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
5777 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
5780 If XHTML is activated (the default), then forms will be automatically
5781 created using this type of encoding.
5785 For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
5786 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
5787 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5790 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
5791 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
5792 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
5793 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
5794 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
5795 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
5796 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
5797 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
5798 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
5800 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <script>
5801 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
5802 call. See start_html() for details.
5804 =head2 FORM ELEMENTS
5806 After starting a form, you will typically create one or more
5807 textfields, popup menus, radio groups and other form elements. Each
5808 of these elements takes a standard set of named arguments. Some
5809 elements also have optional arguments. The standard arguments are as
5816 The name of the field. After submission this name can be used to
5817 retrieve the field's value using the param() method.
5819 =item B<-value>, B<-values>
5821 The initial value of the field which will be returned to the script
5822 after form submission. Some form elements, such as text fields, take
5823 a single scalar -value argument. Others, such as popup menus, take a
5824 reference to an array of values. The two arguments are synonyms.
5828 A numeric value that sets the order in which the form element receives
5829 focus when the user presses the tab key. Elements with lower values
5830 receive focus first.
5834 A string identifier that can be used to identify this element to
5835 JavaScript and DHTML.
5839 A boolean, which, if true, forces the element to take on the value
5840 specified by B<-value>, overriding the sticky behavior described
5841 earlier for the B<-no_sticky> pragma.
5843 =item B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, B<-onSelect>
5845 These are used to assign JavaScript event handlers. See the
5846 JavaScripting section for more details.
5850 Other common arguments are described in the next section. In addition
5851 to these, all attributes described in the HTML specifications are
5854 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5856 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5857 -value=>'starting value',
5862 print textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
5864 textfield() will return a text input field.
5872 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5876 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
5877 contents (-value, formerly known as -default).
5881 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5886 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5887 field will accept (-maxlength).
5891 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
5892 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
5893 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
5896 $value = param('foo');
5898 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
5899 called once, you can do so like this:
5901 param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
5903 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5905 print textarea(-name=>'foo',
5906 -default=>'starting value',
5912 print textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
5914 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
5915 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
5916 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
5919 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5921 print password_field(-name=>'secret',
5922 -value=>'starting value',
5927 print password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
5929 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
5930 will be starred out on the web page.
5932 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5934 print filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
5935 -default=>'starting value',
5940 print filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
5942 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
5943 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
5944 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
5945 by calling B<start_form()> with an encoding type of B<&CGI::MULTIPART>,
5946 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5947 vanilla B<start_form()>.
5955 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5959 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
5960 to be used as the default file name (-default).
5962 For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this field,
5963 and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the field
5964 loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents. The
5965 starting value field is called for in the HTML specification, however,
5966 and possibly some browser will eventually provide support for it.
5970 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5975 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5976 field will accept (-maxlength).
5980 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
5983 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
5985 Different browsers will return slightly different things for the
5986 name. Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full
5987 path to the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine.
5988 Regardless, the name returned is always the name of the file on the
5989 I<user's> machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file
5990 that CGI.pm creates during upload spooling (see below).
5992 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
5993 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
5995 # Read a text file and print it out
5996 while (<$filename>) {
6000 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
6001 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
6002 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
6003 print OUTFILE $buffer;
6006 However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
6007 If you C<use strict>, then Perl will complain when you try to use a
6008 string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
6009 reading code in a block containing the C<no strict> pragma. More
6010 seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
6011 upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
6012 filehandle at all, but a string.
6014 To be safe, use the I<upload()> function (new in version 2.47). When
6015 called with the name of an upload field, I<upload()> returns a
6016 filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.
6018 $fh = upload('uploaded_file');
6023 In an list context, upload() will return an array of filehandles.
6024 This makes it possible to create forms that use the same name for
6025 multiple upload fields.
6027 This is the recommended idiom.
6029 For robust code, consider reseting the file handle position to beginning of the
6030 file. Inside of larger frameworks, other code may have already used the query
6031 object and changed the filehandle postion:
6033 seek($fh,0,0); # reset postion to beginning of file.
6035 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
6036 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
6037 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
6038 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
6039 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
6040 an associative array containing all the document headers.
6042 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
6043 $type = uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
6044 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
6045 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
6048 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
6049 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
6050 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file
6053 There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
6054 This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
6055 finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
6056 uploaded file and set I<cgi_error()> to the string "400 Bad request
6057 (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that
6058 you can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
6061 $file = upload('uploaded_file');
6062 if (!$file && cgi_error) {
6063 print header(-status=>cgi_error);
6067 You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
6070 You can set up a callback that will be called whenever a file upload
6071 is being read during the form processing. This is much like the
6072 UPLOAD_HOOK facility available in Apache::Request, with the exception
6073 that the first argument to the callback is an Apache::Upload object,
6074 here it's the remote filename.
6076 $q = CGI->new(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6080 my ($filename, $buffer, $bytes_read, $data) = @_;
6081 print "Read $bytes_read bytes of $filename\n";
6084 The $data field is optional; it lets you pass configuration
6085 information (e.g. a database handle) to your hook callback.
6087 The $use_tempfile field is a flag that lets you turn on and off
6088 CGI.pm's use of a temporary disk-based file during file upload. If you
6089 set this to a FALSE value (default true) then param('uploaded_file')
6090 will no longer work, and the only way to get at the uploaded data is
6091 via the hook you provide.
6093 If using the function-oriented interface, call the CGI::upload_hook()
6094 method before calling param() or any other CGI functions:
6096 CGI::upload_hook(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6098 This method is not exported by default. You will have to import it
6099 explicitly if you wish to use it without the CGI:: prefix.
6101 If you are using CGI.pm on a Windows platform and find that binary
6102 files get slightly larger when uploaded but that text files remain the
6103 same, then you have forgotten to activate binary mode on the output
6104 filehandle. Be sure to call binmode() on any handle that you create
6105 to write the uploaded file to disk.
6107 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
6108 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
6109 recognized. See textfield() for details.
6111 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
6113 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6114 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6119 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
6120 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
6121 'minie'=>'your third choice');
6122 %attributes = ('eenie'=>{'class'=>'class of first choice'});
6123 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6124 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6125 'meenie',\%labels,\%attributes);
6127 -or (named parameter style)-
6129 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6130 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6133 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6135 popup_menu() creates a menu.
6141 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
6145 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
6146 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6147 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
6148 a named array, such as "\@foo".
6152 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6153 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
6154 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.
6158 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
6159 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
6160 popup menu and the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
6161 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
6162 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
6163 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
6167 The optional fifth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6168 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6169 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6170 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6171 attribute's value as the value.
6175 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
6178 $popup_menu_value = param('menu_name');
6180 =head2 CREATING AN OPTION GROUP
6182 Named parameter style
6184 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6185 -values=>[qw/eenie meenie minie/,
6186 optgroup(-name=>'optgroup_name',
6187 -values => ['moe','catch'],
6188 -attributes=>{'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],
6189 -labels=>{'eenie'=>'one',
6192 -default=>'meenie');
6195 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6196 ['eenie','meenie','minie',
6197 optgroup('optgroup_name', ['moe', 'catch'],
6198 {'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],'meenie',
6199 {'eenie'=>'one','meenie'=>'two','minie'=>'three'});
6201 optgroup() creates an option group within a popup menu.
6207 The required first argument (B<-name>) is the label attribute of the
6208 optgroup and is B<not> inserted in the parameter list of the query.
6212 The required second argument (B<-values>) is an array reference
6213 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6214 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference
6215 to a named array, such as \@foo. If you pass a HASH reference,
6216 the keys will be used for the menu values, and the values will be
6217 used for the menu labels (see -labels below).
6221 The optional third parameter (B<-labels>) allows you to pass a reference
6222 to an associative array containing user-visible labels for one or more
6223 of the menu items. You can use this when you want the user to see one
6224 menu string, but have the browser return your program a different one.
6225 If you don't specify this, the value string will be used instead
6226 ("eenie", "meenie" and "minie" in this example). This is equivalent
6227 to using a hash reference for the -values parameter.
6231 An optional fourth parameter (B<-labeled>) can be set to a true value
6232 and indicates that the values should be used as the label attribute
6233 for each option element within the optgroup.
6237 An optional fifth parameter (-novals) can be set to a true value and
6238 indicates to suppress the val attribute in each option element within
6241 See the discussion on optgroup at W3C
6242 (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#edef-OPTGROUP)
6247 An optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6248 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6249 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6250 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6251 attribute's value as the value.
6255 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
6257 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6258 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6259 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',{'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6262 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6263 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6264 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
6265 \%labels,%attributes);
6269 print scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
6270 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6271 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6275 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6277 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
6281 =item B<Parameters:>
6285 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
6286 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
6291 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6292 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
6293 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6294 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
6295 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
6300 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
6304 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
6305 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
6306 will be allowed at a time.
6310 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
6311 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
6312 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
6316 The optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6317 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6318 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6319 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6320 attribute's value as the value.
6322 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
6323 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
6324 selected items can be retrieved with:
6326 @selected = param('list_name');
6330 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
6332 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6333 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6334 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6336 -disabled => ['moe'],
6338 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6340 print checkbox_group('group_name',
6341 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6342 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels,
6343 {'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6345 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6347 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6348 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6349 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6352 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
6357 =item B<Parameters:>
6361 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
6362 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
6363 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
6364 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
6365 values passed to your script in the query string.
6369 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6370 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
6371 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6372 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
6376 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
6377 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
6378 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
6383 The optional b<-labels> argument is a pointer to an associative array
6384 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will be
6385 printed next to them. If not provided, the values will be used as the
6389 The optional parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns> cause
6390 checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing the
6391 checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows and
6392 columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish;
6393 checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows for you.
6395 The option b<-disabled> takes an array of checkbox values and disables
6396 them by greying them out (this may not be supported by all browsers).
6398 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6399 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6400 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6401 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6404 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6405 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6406 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6407 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6408 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6409 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6410 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6411 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6412 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6414 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6415 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6416 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6418 The optional B<-labelattributes> argument will contain attributes
6419 attached to the <label> element that surrounds each button.
6421 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
6422 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
6423 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
6425 @turned_on = param('group_name');
6427 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
6428 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6429 or in other creative ways:
6431 @h = checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6432 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6434 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
6436 print checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
6439 -label=>'CLICK ME');
6443 print checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
6445 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
6446 related to any others.
6450 =item B<Parameters:>
6454 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
6455 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
6460 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
6461 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
6465 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
6466 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
6471 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
6472 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
6477 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
6479 $turned_on = param('checkbox_name');
6481 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
6483 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6484 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6488 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6492 print radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6493 'meenie','true',\%labels,\%attributes);
6496 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6498 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6499 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6500 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6502 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
6503 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
6507 =item B<Parameters:>
6511 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
6515 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
6516 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
6517 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
6518 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
6523 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6524 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
6525 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
6526 start up with no buttons selected.
6530 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
6531 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
6535 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
6536 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
6537 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
6543 All modern browsers can take advantage of the optional parameters
6544 B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause radio_group() to
6545 return an HTML3 compatible table containing the radio group formatted
6546 with the specified number of rows and columns. You can provide just
6547 the -columns parameter if you wish; radio_group will calculate the
6548 correct number of rows for you.
6550 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
6551 can use the B<-rowheaders> and B<-colheaders> parameters. Both
6552 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
6553 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
6554 interpretation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
6557 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6558 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6559 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6560 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6561 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6562 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6563 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6564 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6565 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6567 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6568 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6569 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6572 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6573 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6574 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6575 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6578 The optional B<-labelattributes> argument will contain attributes
6579 attached to the <label> element that surrounds each button.
6581 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
6584 $which_radio_button = param('group_name');
6586 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
6587 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6588 or in other creative ways:
6590 @h = radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6591 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6593 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
6595 print submit(-name=>'button_name',
6600 print submit('button_name','value');
6602 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
6603 should have one of these.
6607 =item B<Parameters:>
6611 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
6612 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
6613 to distinguish between them.
6617 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
6618 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string. The
6619 name will also be used as the user-visible label.
6623 You can use -label as an alias for -value. I always get confused
6624 about which of -name and -value changes the user-visible label on the
6629 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
6630 values for each one:
6632 $which_one = param('button_name');
6634 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
6638 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
6639 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
6640 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
6642 Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
6643 CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.
6645 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
6647 print defaults('button_label')
6649 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
6650 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
6651 changes the user ever made.
6653 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
6655 print hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
6656 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
6660 print hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
6662 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
6663 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
6664 of the script to the next.
6668 =item B<Parameters:>
6672 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
6677 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
6678 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
6679 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
6683 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
6685 $hidden_value = param('hidden_name');
6687 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
6688 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
6689 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
6692 param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
6694 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
6696 print image_button(-name=>'button_name',
6697 -src=>'/source/URL',
6702 print image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
6704 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
6705 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
6706 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
6711 =item B<Parameters:>
6715 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
6720 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
6723 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
6724 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
6728 Fetch the value of the button this way:
6729 $x = param('button_name.x');
6730 $y = param('button_name.y');
6732 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
6734 print button(-name=>'button_name',
6735 -value=>'user visible label',
6736 -onClick=>"do_something()");
6740 print button('button_name',"do_something()");
6742 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
6743 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
6744 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
6745 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
6750 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
6751 Internet Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help
6752 maintain state within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods
6753 that support cookies.
6755 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
6756 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
6757 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
6758 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
6759 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
6761 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
6762 optional attributes:
6766 =item 1. an expiration time
6768 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
6769 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
6770 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
6771 the browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
6772 will remain active until the user quits the browser.
6776 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
6777 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
6778 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
6779 of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to
6780 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
6781 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
6782 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
6783 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
6784 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
6785 cookie originated from.
6789 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
6790 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
6791 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
6792 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
6793 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
6794 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
6795 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
6797 =item 4. a "secure" flag
6799 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
6800 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
6804 The interface to HTTP cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
6806 $cookie = cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
6809 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
6810 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
6812 print header(-cookie=>$cookie);
6814 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
6820 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
6821 Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
6822 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
6823 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
6827 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
6828 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
6829 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
6831 $cookie=cookie(-name=>'family information',
6832 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
6836 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6841 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6846 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
6847 in the section on the B<header()> method:
6849 "+1h" one hour from now
6853 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
6858 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
6859 header within the string returned by the header() method:
6861 use CGI ':standard';
6862 print header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
6864 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
6866 $cookie1 = cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
6867 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
6868 $cookie2 = cookie(-name=>'answers',
6870 print header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
6872 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie() method
6873 without the B<-value> parameter. This example uses the object-oriented
6878 $riddle = $query->cookie('riddle_name');
6879 %answers = $query->cookie('answers');
6881 Cookies created with a single scalar value, such as the "riddle_name"
6882 cookie, will be returned in that form. Cookies with array and hash
6883 values can also be retrieved.
6885 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
6886 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
6887 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
6888 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
6890 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
6891 $c=cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[param('answers')]);
6893 param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[cookie('answers')]);
6895 If you call cookie() without any parameters, it will return a list of
6896 the names of all cookies passed to your script:
6898 @cookies = cookie();
6900 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
6901 cookies effectively.
6903 =head1 WORKING WITH FRAMES
6905 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
6906 and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three
6907 techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
6911 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
6913 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
6914 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <frameset>
6915 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
6916 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
6918 There is no specific support for creating <frameset> sections
6919 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
6920 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
6922 http://wp.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
6924 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
6926 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
6928 print header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6930 This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into the
6931 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't already
6932 exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your script's
6933 document into that. There are a number of magic names that you can
6934 use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home pages for
6937 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <form> tag
6939 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
6940 CGI.pm it looks like this:
6942 print start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6944 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
6945 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
6946 a new window will be created.
6950 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
6951 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
6952 side-by-side frames.
6954 =head1 SUPPORT FOR JAVASCRIPT
6956 Netscape versions 2.0 and higher incorporate an interpreted language
6957 called JavaScript. Internet Explorer, 3.0 and higher, supports a
6958 closely-related dialect called JScript. JavaScript isn't the same as
6959 Java, and certainly isn't at all the same as Perl, which is a great
6960 pity. JavaScript allows you to programmatically change the contents of
6961 fill-out forms, create new windows, and pop up dialog box from within
6962 Netscape itself. From the point of view of CGI scripting, JavaScript
6963 is quite useful for validating fill-out forms prior to submitting
6966 You'll need to know JavaScript in order to use it. There are many good
6967 sources in bookstores and on the web.
6969 The usual way to use JavaScript is to define a set of functions in a
6970 <SCRIPT> block inside the HTML header and then to register event
6971 handlers in the various elements of the page. Events include such
6972 things as the mouse passing over a form element, a button being
6973 clicked, the contents of a text field changing, or a form being
6974 submitted. When an event occurs that involves an element that has
6975 registered an event handler, its associated JavaScript code gets
6978 The elements that can register event handlers include the <BODY> of an
6979 HTML document, hypertext links, all the various elements of a fill-out
6980 form, and the form itself. There are a large number of events, and
6981 each applies only to the elements for which it is relevant. Here is a
6988 The browser is loading the current document. Valid in:
6990 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
6994 The browser is closing the current page or frame. Valid for:
6996 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
7000 The user has pressed the submit button of a form. This event happens
7001 just before the form is submitted, and your function can return a
7002 value of false in order to abort the submission. Valid for:
7008 The mouse has clicked on an item in a fill-out form. Valid for:
7010 + Buttons (including submit, reset, and image buttons)
7016 The user has changed the contents of a field. Valid for:
7027 The user has selected a field to work with. Valid for:
7038 The user has deselected a field (gone to work somewhere else). Valid
7050 The user has changed the part of a text field that is selected. Valid
7058 =item B<onMouseOver>
7060 The mouse has moved over an element.
7071 The mouse has moved off an element.
7082 In order to register a JavaScript event handler with an HTML element,
7083 just use the event name as a parameter when you call the corresponding
7084 CGI method. For example, to have your validateAge() JavaScript code
7085 executed every time the textfield named "age" changes, generate the
7088 print textfield(-name=>'age',-onChange=>"validateAge(this)");
7090 This example assumes that you've already declared the validateAge()
7091 function by incorporating it into a <SCRIPT> block. The CGI.pm
7092 start_html() method provides a convenient way to create this section.
7094 Similarly, you can create a form that checks itself over for
7095 consistency and alerts the user if some essential value is missing by
7096 creating it this way:
7097 print startform(-onSubmit=>"validateMe(this)");
7099 See the javascript.cgi script for a demonstration of how this all
7103 =head1 LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7105 CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css).
7106 To incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the
7107 start_html() method a B<-style> parameter. The value of this
7108 parameter may be a scalar, in which case it is treated as the source
7109 URL for the stylesheet, or it may be a hash reference. In the latter
7110 case you should provide the hash with one or more of B<-src> or
7111 B<-code>. B<-src> points to a URL where an externally-defined
7112 stylesheet can be found. B<-code> points to a scalar value to be
7113 incorporated into a <style> section. Style definitions in B<-code>
7114 override similarly-named ones in B<-src>, hence the name "cascading."
7116 You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
7117 B<-type> parameter to the hash pointed to by B<-style>. If not
7118 specified, the style defaults to 'text/css'.
7120 To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the
7121 B<-class> parameter to any HTML element:
7123 print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');
7125 Or define styles on the fly with the B<-style> parameter:
7127 print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');
7129 You may also use the new B<span()> element to apply a style to a
7132 print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
7133 h1('Welcome to Hell'),
7134 "Where did that handbasket get to?"
7137 Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the
7138 B<span()> method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using
7139 CSS's. See the CSS specification at
7140 http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for more information.
7142 use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;
7144 #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
7154 font-family: sans-serif;
7160 print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
7161 -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
7164 print h1('CGI with Style'),
7166 "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
7167 span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
7168 "Look Mom, no hands!",
7174 Pass an array reference to B<-code> or B<-src> in order to incorporate
7175 multiple stylesheets into your document.
7177 Should you wish to incorporate a verbatim stylesheet that includes
7178 arbitrary formatting in the header, you may pass a -verbatim tag to
7179 the -style hash, as follows:
7181 print start_html (-style => {-verbatim => '@import url("/server-common/css/'.$cssFile.'");',
7182 -src => '/server-common/css/core.css'});
7185 This will generate an HTML header that contains this:
7187 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/server-common/css/core.css">
7188 <style type="text/css">
7189 @import url("/server-common/css/main.css");
7192 Any additional arguments passed in the -style value will be
7193 incorporated into the <link> tag. For example:
7195 start_html(-style=>{-src=>['/styles/print.css','/styles/layout.css'],
7200 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/print.css" media="all"/>
7201 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/layout.css" media="all"/>
7205 To make more complicated <link> tags, use the Link() function
7206 and pass it to start_html() in the -head argument, as in:
7208 @h = (Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/ss.css',-media=>'all'}),
7209 Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/fred.css',-media=>'paper'}));
7210 print start_html({-head=>\@h})
7212 To create primary and "alternate" stylesheet, use the B<-alternate> option:
7214 start_html(-style=>{-src=>[
7215 {-src=>'/styles/print.css'},
7216 {-src=>'/styles/alt.css',-alternate=>1}
7222 If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
7223 debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or
7224 parameter=value pairs on the command line or from standard input (you
7225 don't have to worry about tricking your script into reading from
7226 environment variables). You can pass keywords like this:
7228 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
7232 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
7236 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
7240 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
7242 To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.
7244 To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
7245 pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value
7246 pairs to the script on standard input.
7248 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
7249 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
7250 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
7253 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
7255 Finally, you can set the path info for the script by prefixing the first
7256 name/value parameter with the path followed by a question mark (?):
7258 your_script.pl /your/path/here?name1=value1&name2=value2
7260 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7262 The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
7263 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
7264 for debugging purposes:
7269 Produces something that looks like:
7283 As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
7284 and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:
7287 print "<h2>Current Values</h2> $query\n";
7289 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7291 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
7292 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
7298 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
7299 give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as in
7300 Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point value
7301 corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from 0.0
7302 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept
7303 list are handled correctly.
7305 Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44 in
7306 order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.
7308 =item B<raw_cookie()>
7310 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
7311 Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
7312 Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method call just
7313 returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for ways of
7314 setting and retrieving cooked cookies.
7316 Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
7317 structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
7318 on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
7319 retrieves the B<unescaped> form of the cookie. You can use the
7320 regular cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch()
7321 method from the CGI::Cookie module.
7323 =item B<user_agent()>
7325 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
7326 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
7327 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
7328 like user_agent(netscape);
7330 =item B<path_info()>
7332 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
7333 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
7334 path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".
7336 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
7337 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
7338 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
7339 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
7340 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
7341 path information will be present in the environment,
7342 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
7343 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
7345 =item B<path_translated()>
7347 As per path_info() but returns the additional
7348 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
7349 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
7351 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
7354 =item B<remote_host()>
7356 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
7357 if the former is unavailable.
7359 =item B<script_name()>
7360 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
7365 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
7366 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
7369 =item B<auth_type ()>
7371 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
7374 =item B<server_name ()>
7376 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
7379 =item B<virtual_host ()>
7381 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
7382 the browser attempted to contact
7384 =item B<server_port ()>
7386 Return the port that the server is listening on.
7388 =item B<virtual_port ()>
7390 Like server_port() except that it takes virtual hosts into account.
7391 Use this when running with virtual hosts.
7393 =item B<server_software ()>
7395 Returns the server software and version number.
7397 =item B<remote_user ()>
7399 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
7400 verification, if this script is protected.
7402 =item B<user_name ()>
7404 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of different
7405 techniques. This only works with older browsers such as Mosaic.
7406 Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy reasons!
7408 =item B<request_method()>
7410 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
7411 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
7413 =item B<content_type()>
7415 Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
7416 multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded
7420 Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
7421 variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
7422 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
7423 like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name of
7424 an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the use
7425 of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.
7427 For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:
7429 $requested_language = http('Accept-language');
7430 $requested_language = http('Accept_language');
7431 $requested_language = http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');
7435 The same as I<http()>, but operates on the HTTPS environment variables
7436 present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to determine
7437 whether SSL is turned on.
7441 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
7443 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
7444 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
7445 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
7446 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
7447 such as server push and PICS headers.
7449 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
7450 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
7451 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
7452 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
7453 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
7456 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
7457 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
7458 the header() and redirect() methods are
7461 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of
7462 version 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is
7463 running under IIS and put itself into this mode. You do not need to
7464 do this manually, although it won't hurt anything if you do. However,
7465 note that if you have applied Service Pack 6, much of the
7466 functionality of NPH scripts, including the ability to redirect while
7467 setting a cookie, b<do not work at all> on IIS without a special patch
7469 http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q280/3/41.ASP:
7470 Non-Parsed Headers Stripped From CGI Applications That Have nph-
7475 =item In the B<use> statement
7477 Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported into
7480 use CGI qw(:standard -nph)
7482 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
7484 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
7488 =item By using B<-nph> parameters
7490 in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7492 print header(-nph=>1);
7498 CGI.pm provides four simple functions for producing multipart
7499 documents of the type needed to implement server push. These
7500 functions were graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To
7501 import these into your namespace, you must import the ":push" set.
7502 You are also advised to put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to
7503 1 to avoid buffering problems.
7505 Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:
7507 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7508 use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
7510 print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----here we go!');
7512 print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
7513 "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n";
7515 print multipart_end;
7517 print multipart_final;
7522 This script initializes server push by calling B<multipart_init()>.
7523 It then enters a loop in which it begins a new multipart section by
7524 calling B<multipart_start()>, prints the current local time,
7525 and ends a multipart section with B<multipart_end()>. It then sleeps
7526 a second, and begins again. On the final iteration, it ends the
7527 multipart section with B<multipart_final()> rather than with
7532 =item multipart_init()
7534 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);
7536 Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
7537 what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
7538 If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.
7540 =item multipart_start()
7542 multipart_start(-type=>$type)
7544 Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
7545 type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.
7547 =item multipart_end()
7551 End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
7552 multipart_start(), except at the end of the last part of the multipart
7553 document when multipart_final() should be called instead of multipart_end().
7555 =item multipart_final()
7559 End all parts. You should call multipart_final() rather than
7560 multipart_end() at the end of the last part of the multipart document.
7564 Users interested in server push applications should also have a look
7565 at the CGI::Push module.
7567 Only Netscape Navigator supports server push. Internet Explorer
7570 =head1 Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7572 A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
7573 process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker
7574 could attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many
7575 megabytes. CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a
7576 variable, growing hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While
7577 the script attempts to allocate the memory the system may slow down
7578 dramatically. This is a form of denial of service attack.
7580 Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to
7581 accept a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it
7582 in a temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive
7583 an uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
7584 terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
7585 server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.
7587 The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
7588 of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
7589 servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
7590 cases, you can use the shell I<limit> or I<ulimit>
7591 commands to put ceilings on CGI resource usage.
7594 CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
7595 service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
7596 These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:
7600 =item B<$CGI::POST_MAX>
7602 If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling
7603 on the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST
7604 that is greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
7605 message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and
7606 multipart POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file
7607 uploads as well. You should set this to a reasonably high
7608 value, such as 1 megabyte.
7610 =item B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>
7612 If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
7613 completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.
7617 You can use these variables in either of two ways.
7621 =item B<1. On a script-by-script basis>
7623 Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use" statement:
7625 use CGI qw/:standard/;
7626 use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
7627 $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100; # max 100K posts
7628 $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1; # no uploads
7630 =item B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7632 Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
7633 $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll
7634 find them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
7635 initialize_globals().
7639 An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
7640 I<param()> to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for
7641 this event by checking I<cgi_error()>, either after you create the CGI
7642 object or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call
7643 <param()> for the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then
7644 cgi_error() will return the message "413 POST too large".
7646 This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
7647 designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status
7650 $uploaded_file = param('upload');
7651 if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
7652 print header(-status=>cgi_error());
7656 However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do
7657 with this status code. It might be better just to create an
7658 HTML page that warns the user of the problem.
7660 =head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7662 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
7663 compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:
7666 require "cgi-lib.pl";
7668 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7673 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7675 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
7676 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
7677 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
7678 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
7679 variables, are not supported.
7681 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
7685 print textfield(-name=>'wow',
7686 -value=>'does this really work?');
7688 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
7689 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
7691 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
7693 Copyright 1995-1998, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
7695 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7696 it under the same terms as Perl itself.
7698 Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending
7699 bug reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of
7700 Perl, the name and version of your Web server, and the name and
7701 version of the operating system you are using. If the problem is even
7702 remotely browser dependent, please provide information about the
7703 affected browers as well.
7707 Thanks very much to:
7711 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
7713 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
7715 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
7717 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
7719 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
7721 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
7723 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
7725 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
7727 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
7729 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
7731 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
7733 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
7735 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
7737 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
7739 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
7741 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
7743 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
7745 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
7747 =item Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
7749 =item Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
7751 =item ...and many many more...
7753 for suggestions and bug fixes.
7757 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7760 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7762 use CGI ':standard';
7765 print start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
7766 print "<h1> Example CGI.pm Form</h1>\n";
7774 print "<em>What's your name?</em><br>";
7775 print textfield('name');
7776 print checkbox('Not my real name');
7778 print "<p><em>Where can you find English Sparrows?</em><br>";
7779 print checkbox_group(
7780 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
7781 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
7783 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
7785 print "<p><em>How far can they fly?</em><br>",
7788 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
7789 -default=>'1 mile');
7791 print "<p><em>What's your favorite color?</em> ";
7792 print popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
7793 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
7796 print hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
7798 print "<p><em>What have you got there?</em><br>";
7799 print scrolling_list(
7800 -name=>'possessions',
7801 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
7802 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
7806 print "<p><em>Any parting comments?</em><br>";
7807 print textarea(-name=>'Comments',
7812 print submit('Action','Shout');
7813 print submit('Action','Scream');
7821 print "<h2>Here are the current settings in this form</h2>";
7823 foreach $key (param) {
7824 print "<strong>$key</strong> -> ";
7825 @values = param($key);
7826 print join(", ",@values),"<br>\n";
7833 <address>Lincoln D. Stein</address><br>
7834 <a href="/">Home Page</a>
7844 L<CGI::Carp>, L<CGI::Fast>, L<CGI::Pretty>