5 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
8 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
9 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
10 # Perl 5 distribution).
12 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
13 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
14 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
15 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
16 # listing the modifications you have made.
18 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
19 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
21 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.240 2007/11/30 18:58:27 lstein Exp $';
22 $CGI::VERSION='3.33_02';
23 $CGI::VERSION=eval $CGI::VERSION;
26 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
27 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
28 # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
29 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires ebcdic2ascii ascii2ebcdic);
31 #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN',
32 # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd'];
34 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
35 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
39 $TAINTED = substr("$0$^X",0,0);
42 $MOD_PERL = 0; # no mod_perl by default
46 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
47 sub initialize_globals {
48 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
51 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
54 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
55 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
56 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
57 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
59 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
61 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
62 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
65 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
69 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
72 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
73 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
76 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
77 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
79 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
80 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
81 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
83 # Set this to 1 to generate automatic tab indexes
86 # Set this to 1 to cause files uploaded in multipart documents
87 # to be closed, instead of caching the file handle
89 # 1) use CGI qw(:close_upload_files)
90 # 2) $CGI::close_upload_files(1);
91 # Uploads with many files run out of file handles.
92 # Also, for performance, since the file is already on disk,
93 # it can just be renamed, instead of read and written.
94 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = 0;
96 # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing
97 # to a certain number of bytes:
100 # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely:
101 $DISABLE_UPLOADS = 0;
103 # Automatically determined -- don't change
106 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
109 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
110 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
112 # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string
113 # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params);
114 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS = 0;
116 # return everything as utf-8
119 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
122 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = "";
125 undef $QUERY_CHARSET;
126 undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES;
127 undef %QUERY_TMPFILES;
129 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
133 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
135 *end_form = \&endform;
138 initialize_globals();
140 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
141 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
142 # available then require() the Config library
146 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
149 if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) {
151 } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) {
153 } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) {
155 } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) {
157 } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) {
159 } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) {
161 } elsif ($OS =~ /^cygwin/i) {
167 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
168 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin|CYGWIN)/;
170 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
171 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
173 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
174 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
176 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
179 UNIX => '/', OS2 => '\\', EPOC => '/', CYGWIN => '/',
180 WINDOWS => '\\', DOS => '\\', MACINTOSH => ':', VMS => '/'
183 # This no longer seems to be necessary
184 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
185 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
186 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
188 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
189 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
190 # mod_perl handlers may run system() on scripts using CGI.pm;
191 # Make sure so we don't get fooled by inherited $ENV{MOD_PERL}
192 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} && $ENV{MOD_PERL_API_VERSION} == 2) {
194 require Apache2::Response;
195 require Apache2::RequestRec;
196 require Apache2::RequestUtil;
197 require Apache2::RequestIO;
205 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
206 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
208 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
209 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
210 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
211 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
212 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
214 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
223 if ($needs_binmode) {
224 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDOUT);
225 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDIN);
226 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDERR);
230 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
231 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
232 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
233 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
234 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param
235 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big Area Map/],
236 ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe
237 ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q
239 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
240 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
241 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
242 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
243 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
244 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated request_uri url self_url script_name
246 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
247 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol virtual_port
248 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http append
249 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
250 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
251 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
252 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
253 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
254 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/],
255 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/],
256 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/],
257 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/]
260 # Custom 'can' method for both autoloaded and non-autoloaded subroutines.
261 # Author: Cees Hek <cees@sitesuite.com.au>
264 my($class, $method) = @_;
266 # See if UNIVERSAL::can finds it.
268 if (my $func = $class -> SUPER::can($method) ){
272 # Try to compile the function.
275 # _compile looks at $AUTOLOAD for the function name.
277 local $AUTOLOAD = join "::", $class, $method;
281 # Now that the function is loaded (if it exists)
282 # just use UNIVERSAL::can again to do the work.
284 return $class -> SUPER::can($method);
287 # to import symbols into caller
291 # This causes modules to clash.
295 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
296 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
298 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
299 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
300 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
301 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
303 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
304 foreach $pck (@packages) {
305 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
310 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
316 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
321 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
323 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
324 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
325 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
331 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
332 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
335 my($class,@initializer) = @_;
338 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
340 # always use a tempfile
341 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = 1;
343 if (ref($initializer[0])
344 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache')
346 UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache2::RequestRec')
348 $self->r(shift @initializer);
350 if (ref($initializer[0])
351 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'CODE'))) {
352 $self->upload_hook(shift @initializer, shift @initializer);
353 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = shift @initializer if (@initializer > 0);
356 if ($MOD_PERL == 1) {
357 $self->r(Apache->request) unless $self->r;
359 $r->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
362 # XXX: once we have the new API
363 # will do a real PerlOptions -SetupEnv check
364 $self->r(Apache2::RequestUtil->request) unless $self->r;
366 $r->subprocess_env unless exists $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD};
367 $r->pool->cleanup_register(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
371 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
372 $self->init(@initializer);
376 # We provide a DESTROY method so that we can ensure that
377 # temporary files are closed (via Fh->DESTROY) before they
378 # are unlinked (via CGITempFile->DESTROY) because it is not
379 # possible to unlink an open file on Win32. We explicitly
380 # call DESTROY on each, rather than just undefing them and
381 # letting Perl DESTROY them by garbage collection, in case the
382 # user is still holding any reference to them as well.
385 if ($OS eq 'WINDOWS') {
386 foreach my $href (values %{$self->{'.tmpfiles'}}) {
387 $href->{hndl}->DESTROY if defined $href->{hndl};
388 $href->{name}->DESTROY if defined $href->{name};
395 my $r = $self->{'.r'};
396 $self->{'.r'} = shift if @_;
402 if (ref $_[0] eq 'CODE') {
403 $CGI::Q = $self = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
407 my ($hook,$data,$use_tempfile) = @_;
408 $self->{'.upload_hook'} = $hook;
409 $self->{'.upload_data'} = $data;
410 $self->{'use_tempfile'} = $use_tempfile if defined $use_tempfile;
414 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
415 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
416 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
417 # member of the list.
418 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
419 # the known parameters names available.
420 # If more than one argument is provided, the
421 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
422 # set the value of the parameter.
425 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
426 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
427 my($name,$value,@other);
429 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
430 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
432 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
435 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
436 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
438 foreach ($value,@other) {
439 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
442 # If values is provided, then we set it.
443 if (@values or defined $value) {
444 $self->add_parameter($name);
445 $self->{$name}=[@values];
451 return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
453 my @result = @{$self->{$name}};
456 eval "require Encode; 1;" unless Encode->can('decode'); # bring in these functions
457 @result = map {ref $_ ? $_ : Encode::decode(utf8=>$_) } @result;
460 return wantarray ? @result : $result[0];
463 sub self_or_default {
464 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
465 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
466 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
468 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
471 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
475 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
476 if (defined($_[0]) &&
477 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
478 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
481 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
485 ########################################
486 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
487 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
489 ########################################
491 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
492 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
493 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
494 # and the values are stored as lists
495 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
496 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
500 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
504 my $initializer = shift; # for backward compatibility
507 # set autoescaping on by default
508 $self->{'escape'} = 1;
510 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
511 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
512 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
513 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
514 for my $name (@QUERY_PARAM) {
515 my $val = $QUERY_PARAM{$name}; # always an arrayref;
516 $self->param('-name'=>$name,'-value'=> $val);
517 if (defined $val and ref $val eq 'ARRAY') {
518 for my $fh (grep {defined(fileno($_))} @$val) {
519 seek($fh,0,0); # reset the filehandle.
524 $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET);
525 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES};
526 $self->{'.tmpfiles'} = {%QUERY_TMPFILES};
530 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
531 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
533 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
535 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
536 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
540 # avoid unreasonably large postings
541 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
542 #discard the post, unread
543 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
547 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
550 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
551 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
552 && !defined($initializer)
554 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
555 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
559 # Process XForms postings. We know that we have XForms in the
561 # method eq 'POST' && content-type eq 'application/xml'
562 # method eq 'POST' && content-type =~ /multipart\/related.+start=/
563 # There are more cases, actually, but for now, we don't support other
564 # methods for XForm posts.
565 # In a XForm POST, the QUERY_STRING is parsed normally.
566 # If the content-type is 'application/xml', we just set the param
567 # XForms:Model (referring to the xml syntax) param containing the
569 # In the case of multipart/related we set XForms:Model as above, but
570 # the other parts are available as uploads with the Content-ID as the
572 # See the URL below for XForms specs on this issue.
573 # http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xforms-20060314/slice11.html#submit-options
574 if ($meth eq 'POST' && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})) {
575 if ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} eq 'application/xml') {
576 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
578 $self->add_parameter($param);
579 $self->read_from_client(\$value,$content_length,0)
580 if $content_length > 0;
581 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
583 } elsif ($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /multipart\/related.+boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?.+start=\"?\<?([^\"\>]+)\>?\"?/) {
584 my($boundary,$start) = ($1,$2);
585 my($param) = 'XForms:Model';
586 $self->add_parameter($param);
587 my($value) = $self->read_multipart_related($start,$boundary,$content_length,0);
588 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
590 $query_string = $self->r->args;
592 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
593 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
600 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
602 if (!$is_xforms && defined($initializer)) {
603 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
604 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
607 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
608 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
609 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
614 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
620 # massage back into standard format
621 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
622 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
624 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
629 # last chance -- treat it as a string
630 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
631 $query_string = $initializer;
636 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
638 if ($is_xforms || $meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
640 $query_string = $self->r->args;
642 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
643 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
648 if ($meth eq 'POST' || $meth eq 'PUT') {
649 $self->read_from_client(\$query_string,$content_length,0)
650 if $content_length > 0;
651 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
652 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
653 # APPENDED to the POST data.
654 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
658 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
659 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
660 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
661 # UN*X programmers expect.
664 my $cmdline_ret = read_from_cmdline();
665 $query_string = $cmdline_ret->{'query_string'};
666 if (defined($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'}))
668 $self->path_info($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'});
673 # YL: Begin Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
674 if (!$is_xforms && ($meth eq 'POST' || $meth eq 'PUT')
675 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
676 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^application/x-www-form-urlencoded|
677 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^multipart/form-data| ) {
678 my($param) = $meth . 'DATA' ;
679 $self->add_parameter($param) ;
680 push (@{$self->{$param}},$query_string);
681 undef $query_string ;
683 # YL: End Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
685 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
686 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
687 if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) {
688 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
689 $self->parse_params($query_string);
691 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
692 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
696 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
698 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
702 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
703 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
704 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
705 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
708 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
709 $self->delete('.submit');
710 $self->delete('.cgifields');
712 $self->save_request unless defined $initializer;
715 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
716 # Turn a string into a filehandle
719 return undef unless $thingy;
720 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
721 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
724 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
725 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
726 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
732 # send output to the browser
734 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
738 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
744 # get/set last cgi_error
746 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
747 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
748 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
753 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
754 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
755 # us to have several of these objects.
756 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
757 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
758 next unless defined $_;
759 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
761 $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset;
762 %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}};
763 %QUERY_TMPFILES = %{ $self->{'.tmpfiles'} || {} };
767 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
768 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
771 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
772 next unless defined $param;
773 next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value;
774 $value = '' unless defined $value;
775 $param = unescape($param);
776 $value = unescape($value);
777 $self->add_parameter($param);
778 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
784 return unless defined $param;
785 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
786 unless defined($self->{$param});
791 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
792 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
793 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
796 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
798 return unless defined($_[1]) && defined fileno($_[1]);
799 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
803 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
806 my (\$q,\$a,\@rest) = self_or_default(\@_);
808 if (ref(\$a) && ref(\$a) eq 'HASH') {
809 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(\$a,\$q->{'escape'});
810 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
812 unshift \@rest,\$a if defined \$a;
815 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
816 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
817 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
818 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
821 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@rest;
822 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
823 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
824 (ref(\$rest[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$rest[0]} : "\@rest";
832 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
833 my $func = &_compile;
838 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
839 my($pack,$func_name);
841 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
842 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
843 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
844 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
845 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
846 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
848 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
850 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
852 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
853 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@;
854 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
856 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
858 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
860 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
861 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
864 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
865 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
866 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
869 croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code;
871 eval "package $pack; $code";
874 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@");
877 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
878 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
884 return '' unless $value;
885 return $XHTML ? qq(selected="selected" ) : qq(selected );
891 return '' unless $value;
892 return $XHTML ? qq(checked="checked" ) : qq(checked );
895 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
901 # to avoid reexporting unwanted variables
905 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
906 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
907 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
908 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
909 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
910 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
911 $PARAM_UTF8++, next if /^[:-]utf8$/;
912 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
913 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
914 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
915 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
916 $TABINDEX++, next if /^[:-]tabindex$/;
917 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES++, next if /^[:-]close_upload_files$/;
918 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
919 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
920 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/;
922 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
923 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
924 my($pkg) = caller(1);
925 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
926 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
927 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
933 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
934 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
938 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
943 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
944 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
949 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
950 $self->{'.elid'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
951 sprintf('%010d',$self->{'.elid'}++);
955 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
956 $self->{'.etab'} ||= 1;
957 $self->{'.etab'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
958 my $tab = $self->{'.etab'}++;
959 return '' unless $TABINDEX or defined $new_value;
960 return qq(tabindex="$tab" );
963 ###############################################################################
964 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
965 ###############################################################################
966 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
967 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
971 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
972 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
975 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
976 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
979 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
980 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
983 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
984 # Create a new multipart buffer
985 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
986 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
987 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length);
991 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
992 # Read data from a file handle
993 sub read_from_client {
994 my($self, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
995 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
997 ? $self->r->read($$buff, $len, $offset)
998 : read(\*STDIN, $$buff, $len, $offset);
1002 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1004 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
1007 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1008 my(@names) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
1009 my @to_delete = ref($names[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$names[0] : @names;
1011 foreach my $name (@to_delete)
1013 CORE::delete $self->{$name};
1014 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
1015 $to_delete{$name}++;
1017 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep { !exists($to_delete{$_}) } $self->param();
1022 #### Method: import_names
1023 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
1024 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
1026 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1028 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
1029 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
1030 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
1031 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
1032 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
1033 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
1034 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
1040 my($param,@value,$var);
1041 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1042 # protect against silly names
1043 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
1044 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
1045 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
1046 @value = $self->param($param);
1048 $symbol = $value[0];
1053 #### Method: keywords
1054 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
1055 # returns the list of keywords.
1056 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
1058 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1060 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
1061 # If values is provided, then we set it.
1062 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
1063 my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : ();
1068 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1069 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1070 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1075 return %in if wantarray;
1080 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1081 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1082 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1089 *in=*{"${pkg}::in"};
1092 return scalar(keys %in);
1096 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1098 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1099 return $self->header();
1103 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1105 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1106 return $self->start_html(@p);
1110 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1112 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1113 return $self->end_html(@p);
1117 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1120 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
1121 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
1125 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1127 return request_method() eq 'GET';
1131 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1133 return request_method() eq 'POST';
1137 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1141 if (ref($arg) && UNIVERSAL::isa($arg,'CGI')) {
1144 return $Q ||= $class->new(@_);
1148 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1153 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
1154 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
1158 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1160 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
1161 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
1162 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
1166 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1168 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
1169 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1173 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1175 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1179 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1181 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
1185 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1187 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
1191 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1199 # Append a new value to an existing query
1201 'append' => <<'EOF',
1203 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1204 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
1205 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
1207 $self->add_parameter($name);
1208 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
1210 return $self->param($name);
1214 #### Method: delete_all
1215 # Delete all parameters
1217 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1219 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1220 my @param = $self->param();
1221 $self->delete(@param);
1225 'Delete' => <<'EOF',
1227 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1232 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1234 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1235 $self->delete_all(@p);
1239 #### Method: autoescape
1240 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
1241 # call this method with undef as the argument
1242 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1244 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
1245 my $d = $self->{'escape'};
1246 $self->{'escape'} = $escape;
1252 #### Method: version
1253 # Return the current version
1255 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1261 #### Method: url_param
1262 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
1263 # whether this was a POST or a GET
1265 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1267 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1268 my $name = shift(@p);
1269 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1270 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
1271 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
1272 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
1273 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1276 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
1277 $param = unescape($param);
1278 $value = unescape($value);
1279 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
1282 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
1285 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
1286 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
1287 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
1288 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1293 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1294 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1297 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1299 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1300 my($param,$value,@result);
1301 return '<ul></ul>' unless $self->param;
1302 push(@result,"<ul>");
1303 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1304 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1305 push(@result,"<li><strong>$param</strong></li>");
1306 push(@result,"<ul>");
1307 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1308 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1309 $value =~ s/\n/<br \/>\n/g;
1310 push(@result,"<li>$value</li>");
1312 push(@result,"</ul>");
1314 push(@result,"</ul>");
1315 return join("\n",@result);
1319 #### Method as_string
1321 # synonym for "dump"
1323 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1330 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1331 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1333 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1335 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1336 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1338 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1339 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1340 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1341 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1343 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1344 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1347 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
1348 print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n";
1350 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1355 #### Method: save_parameters
1356 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1357 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1359 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1360 sub save_parameters {
1362 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1366 #### Method: restore_parameters
1367 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1368 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1370 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1371 sub restore_parameters {
1372 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1376 #### Method: multipart_init
1377 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1378 # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1380 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1381 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1383 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1384 sub multipart_init {
1385 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1386 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1387 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1388 $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF";
1389 $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF";
1390 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1391 return $self->header(
1394 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1395 ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end;
1400 #### Method: multipart_start
1401 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1403 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1404 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1406 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1407 sub multipart_start {
1409 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1410 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1411 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1412 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type");
1414 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1415 # need to fix it up a little.
1417 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1418 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1419 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1421 push(@header,@other);
1422 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1428 #### Method: multipart_end
1429 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section
1431 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1434 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1436 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1437 return $self->{'separator'};
1442 #### Method: multipart_final
1443 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections
1445 # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1447 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1448 sub multipart_final {
1449 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1450 return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF;
1456 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1459 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1461 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1464 return "" if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1466 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,$p3p,@other) =
1467 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1468 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1469 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1470 'ATTACHMENT','P3P'],@p);
1474 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1476 if (defined $charset) {
1477 $self->charset($charset);
1479 $charset = $self->charset if $type =~ /^text\//;
1483 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1484 # need to fix it up a little.
1486 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1487 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1488 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/"\u$1\L$2" . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1491 $type .= "; charset=$charset"
1493 and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/
1494 and defined $charset
1497 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1498 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1499 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1500 push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph;
1502 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1503 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1505 $p3p = join ' ',@$p3p if ref($p3p) eq 'ARRAY';
1506 push(@header,qq(P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml", CP="$p3p"));
1508 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1510 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1512 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1513 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1516 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1517 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1519 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1521 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph;
1522 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1523 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1524 push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other);
1525 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1526 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1527 if (($MOD_PERL >= 1) && !$nph) {
1528 $self->r->send_cgi_header($header);
1537 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1540 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1542 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1543 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1544 if ($new_value ne '') {
1545 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1547 return $self->{'cache'};
1552 #### Method: redirect
1553 # Return a Location: style header
1556 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1558 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1559 my($url,$target,$status,$cookie,$nph,@other) =
1560 rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,STATUS,['COOKIE','COOKIES'],NPH],@p);
1561 $status = '302 Found' unless defined $status;
1562 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1564 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1566 '-Status' => $status,
1569 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1570 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1572 unshift(@unescaped,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1573 return $self->header((map {$self->unescapeHTML($_)} @o),@unescaped);
1578 #### Method: start_html
1579 # Canned HTML header
1582 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1583 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1584 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1585 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1586 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1587 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1588 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1589 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1590 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1591 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <head> tag
1592 # (a scalar or array ref)
1593 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1594 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1597 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1599 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1600 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,
1601 $target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,$encoding,$declare_xml,@other) =
1602 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,
1603 META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG,ENCODING,DECLARE_XML],@p);
1605 $self->element_id(0);
1606 $self->element_tab(0);
1608 $encoding = lc($self->charset) unless defined $encoding;
1610 # Need to sort out the DTD before it's okay to call escapeHTML().
1611 my(@result,$xml_dtd);
1613 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1614 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1616 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1619 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1622 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY' && $dtd->[0] =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1623 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq '' && $dtd =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1624 push @result,qq(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="$encoding"?>) if $xml_dtd && $declare_xml;
1626 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1627 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\t "$dtd->[1]">));
1628 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd->[0];
1630 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1631 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd;
1634 # Now that we know whether we're using the HTML 3.2 DTD or not, it's okay to
1635 # call escapeHTML(). Strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as
1636 # HTML while the author needs to be escaped as a URL.
1637 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1638 $author = $self->escape($author);
1640 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML (2\.0|3\.2)/i) {
1641 $lang = "" unless defined $lang;
1645 $lang = 'en-US' unless defined $lang;
1648 my $lang_bits = $lang ne '' ? qq( lang="$lang" xml:lang="$lang") : '';
1649 my $meta_bits = qq(<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=$encoding" />)
1650 if $XHTML && $encoding && !$declare_xml;
1652 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"$lang_bits>\n<head>\n<title>$title</title>)
1653 : ($lang ? qq(<html lang="$lang">) : "<html>")
1654 . "<head><title>$title</title>");
1655 if (defined $author) {
1656 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1657 : "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1660 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1661 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1662 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1663 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1666 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1667 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1668 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1671 push(@result,ref($head) ? @$head : $head) if $head;
1673 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1674 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1675 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1676 push(@result,$meta_bits) if defined $meta_bits;
1678 # handle -noscript parameter
1679 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1685 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1686 push(@result,"</head>\n<body$other>\n");
1687 return join("\n",@result);
1692 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1694 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1696 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1699 my $type = 'text/css';
1700 my $rel = 'stylesheet';
1703 my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n<!--/* <![CDATA[ */" : "\n<!-- ";
1704 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n/* ]]> */-->\n" : " -->\n";
1706 my @s = ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : $style;
1711 my($src,$code,$verbatim,$stype,$alternate,$foo,@other) =
1712 rearrange([qw(SRC CODE VERBATIM TYPE ALTERNATE FOO)],
1714 ref($s) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$s : %$s));
1715 my $type = defined $stype ? $stype : 'text/css';
1716 my $rel = $alternate ? 'alternate stylesheet' : 'stylesheet';
1717 $other = "@other" if @other;
1719 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1720 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one
1721 foreach $src (@$src)
1723 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1724 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)) if $src;
1728 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1729 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1730 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)
1734 my @v = ref($verbatim) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$verbatim : $verbatim;
1735 push(@result, "<style type=\"text/css\">\n$_\n</style>") foreach @v;
1737 my @c = ref($code) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$code : $code if $code;
1738 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$_\n$cdata_end")) foreach @c;
1742 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1743 : qq(<link rel="$rel" type="$type" href="$src"$other>));
1750 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1752 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1755 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1756 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1757 my($src,$code,$language);
1758 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1759 ($src,$code,$type) =
1760 rearrange(['SRC','CODE',['LANGUAGE','TYPE']],
1761 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1762 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1763 $type ||= 'text/javascript';
1764 unless ($type =~ m!\w+/\w+!) {
1765 $type =~ s/[\d.]+$//;
1766 $type = "text/$type";
1769 ($src,$code,$type) = ('',$script, 'text/javascript');
1772 my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default
1773 $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i;
1774 $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i;
1776 my ($cdata_start,$cdata_end);
1778 $cdata_start = "$comment<![CDATA[\n";
1779 $cdata_end .= "\n$comment]]>";
1781 $cdata_start = "\n<!-- Hide script\n";
1782 $cdata_end = $comment;
1783 $cdata_end .= " End script hiding -->\n";
1786 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1787 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1788 $code = $cdata_start . $code . $cdata_end if defined $code;
1789 push(@result,$self->script({@satts},$code || ''));
1795 #### Method: end_html
1796 # End an HTML document.
1797 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</body>"
1799 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1801 return "\n</body>\n</html>";
1806 ################################
1807 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1808 ################################
1810 #### Method: isindex
1811 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1813 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1815 # A string containing a <isindex> tag
1816 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1818 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1819 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1820 $action = qq/ action="$action"/ if $action;
1821 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1822 return $XHTML ? "<isindex$action$other />" : "<isindex$action$other>";
1827 #### Method: startform
1830 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1831 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1832 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1833 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1835 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1837 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1838 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1840 $method = $self->escapeHTML(lc($method) || 'post');
1841 $enctype = $self->escapeHTML($enctype || &URL_ENCODED);
1842 if (defined $action) {
1843 $action = $self->escapeHTML($action);
1846 $action = $self->escapeHTML($self->request_uri || $self->self_url);
1848 $action = qq(action="$action");
1849 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1850 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1851 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1856 #### Method: start_form
1857 # synonym for startform
1858 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1860 $XHTML ? &start_multipart_form : &startform;
1864 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1865 sub end_multipart_form {
1870 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1871 # synonym for startform
1872 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1873 sub start_multipart_form {
1874 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1875 if (defined($p[0]) && substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1876 return $self->startform(-enctype=>&MULTIPART,@p);
1878 my($method,$action,@other) =
1879 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1880 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1886 #### Method: endform
1888 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1890 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1892 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1894 if (my @fields = $self->get_fields) {
1895 return wantarray ? ("<div>",@fields,"</div>","</form>")
1896 : "<div>".(join '',@fields)."</div>\n</form>";
1905 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1907 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1908 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1909 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1911 my $current = $override ? $default :
1912 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1914 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : '';
1915 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1916 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : '';
1917 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : '';
1918 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1919 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1920 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1921 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1922 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1923 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $tabindex$value$s$m$other />)
1924 : qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>);
1928 #### Method: textfield
1930 # $name -> Name of the text field
1931 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1933 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1934 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1936 # A string containing a <input type="text"> field
1938 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1940 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1941 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1946 #### Method: filefield
1948 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1949 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1950 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1952 # A string containing a <input type="file"> field
1954 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1956 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1957 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1962 #### Method: password
1963 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1965 # $name -> Name of the field
1966 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1968 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1969 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1971 # A string containing a <input type="password"> field
1973 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1974 sub password_field {
1975 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1976 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1980 #### Method: textarea
1982 # $name -> Name of the text field
1983 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1985 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1986 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1988 # A string containing a <textarea></textarea> tag
1990 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1992 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1993 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1994 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1996 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1997 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1999 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
2000 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
2001 my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : '';
2002 my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : '';
2003 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2004 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2005 return qq{<textarea name="$name" $tabindex$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
2011 # Create a javascript button.
2013 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
2014 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
2015 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
2018 # A string containing a <input type="button"> tag
2020 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2022 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2024 my($label,$value,$script,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
2025 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT],TABINDEX],@p);
2027 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2028 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2029 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
2032 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label;
2033 $value = $value || $label;
2035 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
2036 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
2037 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2038 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2039 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button" $tabindex$name$val$script$other />)
2040 : qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>);
2046 # Create a "submit query" button.
2048 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2049 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
2050 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
2052 # A string containing a <input type="submit"> tag
2054 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2056 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2058 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],TABINDEX],@p);
2060 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2061 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2063 my $name = $NOSTICKY ? '' : 'name=".submit" ';
2064 $name = qq/name="$label" / if defined($label);
2065 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2067 $val = qq/value="$value" / if defined($value);
2068 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2069 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2070 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" $tabindex$name$val$other/>)
2071 : qq(<input type="submit" $name$val$other>);
2077 # Create a "reset" button.
2079 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2081 # A string containing a <input type="reset"> tag
2083 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2085 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2086 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange(['NAME',['VALUE','LABEL'],TABINDEX],@p);
2087 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2088 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2089 my ($name) = ' name=".reset"';
2090 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
2091 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2093 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
2094 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2095 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2096 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset" $tabindex$name$val$other />)
2097 : qq(<input type="reset"$name$val$other>);
2102 #### Method: defaults
2103 # Create a "defaults" button.
2105 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2107 # A string containing a <input type="submit" name=".defaults"> tag
2109 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
2110 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
2113 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2115 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2117 my($label,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE],TABINDEX],@p);
2119 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2120 $label = $label || "Defaults";
2121 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
2122 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2123 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2124 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" name=".defaults" $tabindex$value$other />)
2125 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
2130 #### Method: comment
2131 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
2132 # Parameters: a string
2133 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2135 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2136 return "<!-- @p -->";
2140 #### Method: checkbox
2141 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
2142 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
2144 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
2145 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
2146 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
2147 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
2148 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
2150 # A string containing a <input type="checkbox"> field
2152 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2154 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2156 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$labelattributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2157 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,LABELATTRIBUTES,
2158 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2160 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
2162 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2163 defined $self->param($name))) {
2164 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : '';
2166 $checked = $self->_checked($checked);
2168 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
2169 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
2170 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2171 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
2172 my($other) = @other ? "@other " : '';
2173 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2174 $self->register_parameter($name);
2175 return $XHTML ? CGI::label($labelattributes,
2176 qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value" $tabindex$checked$other/>$the_label})
2177 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
2183 # Escape HTML -- used internally
2184 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2186 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2187 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2188 my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2189 return undef unless defined($toencode);
2190 return $toencode if ref($self) && !$self->{'escape'};
2191 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
2192 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
2193 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
2194 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML 3\.2/i) {
2195 # $quot; was accidentally omitted from the HTML 3.2 DTD -- see
2196 # <http://validator.w3.org/docs/errors.html#bad-entity> /
2197 # <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/1997Mar/0003.html>.
2198 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2201 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2203 my $latin = uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'ISO-8859-1' ||
2204 uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'WINDOWS-1252';
2205 if ($latin) { # bug in some browsers
2206 $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso;
2207 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
2208 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
2209 if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) {
2210 $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso;
2211 $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso;
2218 # unescape HTML -- used internally
2219 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2221 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2222 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2223 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2224 return undef unless defined($string);
2225 my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i
2227 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
2228 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
2234 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
2235 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
2242 # Internal procedure - don't use
2243 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2245 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
2246 my @rowheaders = $rowheaders ? @$rowheaders : ();
2247 my @colheaders = $colheaders ? @$colheaders : ();
2250 if (defined($columns)) {
2251 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
2253 if (defined($rows)) {
2254 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
2257 # rearrange into a pretty table
2258 $result = "<table>";
2260 unshift(@colheaders,'') if @colheaders && @rowheaders;
2261 $result .= "<tr>" if @colheaders;
2262 foreach (@colheaders) {
2263 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
2265 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
2267 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders[$row]</th>" if @rowheaders;
2268 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
2269 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
2270 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
2274 $result .= "</table>";
2280 #### Method: radio_group
2281 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
2283 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
2284 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2285 # values for each button in the group.
2286 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
2287 # to turn _nothing_ on.
2288 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2289 # between the buttons.
2290 # $labels -> (optional)
2291 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2292 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2293 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2295 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="radio"> fields
2297 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2299 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2300 $self->_box_group('radio',@p);
2304 #### Method: checkbox_group
2305 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
2307 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
2308 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2309 # values for each checkbox in the group.
2310 # $defaults -> (optional)
2311 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
2312 # then this will be used to decide which
2313 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
2314 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
2315 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
2316 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2317 # between the buttons.
2318 # $labels -> (optional)
2319 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2320 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2321 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2323 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="checkbox"> fields
2326 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2327 sub checkbox_group {
2328 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2329 $self->_box_group('checkbox',@p);
2333 '_box_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2336 my $box_type = shift;
2338 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$labelattributes,
2339 $attributes,$rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,
2340 $override,$nolabels,$tabindex,$disabled,@other) =
2341 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LINEBREAK,LABELS,LABELATTRIBUTES,
2342 ATTRIBUTES,ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],[ROWHEADERS,ROWHEADER],[COLHEADERS,COLHEADER],
2343 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS,TABINDEX,DISABLED
2347 my($result,$checked,@elements,@values);
2349 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2350 my %checked = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2352 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
2353 $checked{$values[0]}++ if $box_type eq 'radio' && !%checked;
2355 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2358 if ($TABINDEX && $tabindex) {
2359 if (!ref $tabindex) {
2360 $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2361 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'ARRAY') {
2362 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @$tabindex;
2363 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'HASH') {
2367 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @values unless %tabs;
2368 my $other = @other ? "@other " : '';
2371 # for disabling groups of radio/checkbox buttons
2373 foreach (@{$disabled}) {
2379 if ($disabled{$_}) {
2380 $disable="disabled='1'";
2383 my $checkit = $self->_checked($box_type eq 'radio' ? ($checked{$_} && !$radio_checked++)
2387 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
2393 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
2395 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2396 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2397 $label = "<span style=\"color:gray\">$label</span>" if $disabled{$_};
2399 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2400 my $tab = $tabs{$_};
2401 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2405 CGI::label($labelattributes,
2406 qq(<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_" $checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable/>$label)).${break};
2408 push(@elements,qq/<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs$disable>${label}${break}/);
2411 $self->register_parameter($name);
2412 return wantarray ? @elements : "@elements"
2413 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
2414 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
2419 #### Method: popup_menu
2420 # Create a popup menu.
2422 # $name -> Name for all the menu
2423 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2424 # text of each menu item.
2425 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2426 # $labels -> (optional)
2427 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2428 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2429 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2431 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2433 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2435 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2437 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2438 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,
2439 ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2440 my($result,$selected);
2442 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2443 $selected = $self->param($name);
2445 $selected = $default;
2447 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2448 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2451 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2452 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2453 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$other>\n/;
2456 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2457 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2458 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2463 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2464 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? $self->_selected($selected eq $_) : '';
2466 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2467 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2468 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2469 $result .= "<option${attribs} ${selectit}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2473 $result .= "</select>";
2479 #### Method: optgroup
2480 # Create a optgroup.
2482 # $name -> Label for the group
2483 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2484 # values for each option line in the group.
2485 # $labels -> (optional)
2486 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each item
2487 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2488 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2489 # $labeled -> (optional)
2490 # A true value indicates the value should be used as the label attribute
2491 # in the option elements.
2492 # The label attribute specifies the option label presented to the user.
2493 # This defaults to the content of the <option> element, but the label
2494 # attribute allows authors to more easily use optgroup without sacrificing
2495 # compatibility with browsers that do not support option groups.
2496 # $novals -> (optional)
2497 # A true value indicates to suppress the val attribute in the option elements
2499 # A string containing the definition of an option group.
2501 'optgroup' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2503 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2504 my($name,$values,$attributes,$labeled,$noval,$labels,@other)
2505 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],ATTRIBUTES,LABELED,NOVALS,LABELS],@p);
2507 my($result,@values);
2508 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name,$labeled,$novals);
2509 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2511 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2512 $result = qq/<optgroup label="$name"$other>\n/;
2515 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2516 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2517 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2522 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2524 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2525 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2526 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2527 $result .= $labeled ? $novals ? "<option$attribs label=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2528 : "<option$attribs label=\"$value\" value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2529 : $novals ? "<option$attribs>$label</option>\n"
2530 : "<option$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2533 $result .= "</optgroup>";
2539 #### Method: scrolling_list
2540 # Create a scrolling list.
2542 # $name -> name for the list
2543 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2544 # values for each option line in the list.
2545 # $defaults -> (optional)
2546 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2547 # then this will be used to decide which
2548 # lines to turn on by default.
2549 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2550 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2551 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2552 # $labels -> (optional)
2553 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2554 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2555 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2557 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2559 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2560 sub scrolling_list {
2561 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2562 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other)
2563 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2564 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2566 my($result,@values);
2567 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2569 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2571 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2572 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : '';
2573 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2574 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2576 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2577 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2578 $result = qq/<select name="$name" $tabindex$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2580 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2582 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2583 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2584 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2585 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2586 $result .= "<option ${selectit}${attribs}value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2588 $result .= "</select>";
2589 $self->register_parameter($name);
2597 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2598 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2600 # $default->[initial values of field]
2602 # A string containing a <input type="hidden" name="name" value="value">
2604 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2606 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2608 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2609 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2611 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2612 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2614 my $do_override = 0;
2615 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2616 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2617 $do_override = $override;
2619 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2620 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2624 # use previous values if override is not set
2625 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2626 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2628 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2630 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : '';
2631 push @result,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other />)
2632 : qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other>);
2634 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2639 #### Method: image_button
2641 # $name -> Name of the button
2642 # $src -> URL of the image source
2643 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2645 # A string containing a <input type="image" name="name" src="url" align="alignment">
2647 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2649 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2651 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2652 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2654 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\L\"$alignment\"" : '';
2655 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2656 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2657 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2658 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2663 #### Method: self_url
2664 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2665 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2666 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2667 # script with all its state information preserved.
2669 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2671 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2672 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2677 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2678 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2679 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2687 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2690 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2692 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2693 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base,$rewrite) =
2694 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE','REWRITE'],@p);
2696 $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute);
2697 $rewrite++ unless defined $rewrite;
2699 my $path = $self->path_info;
2700 my $script_name = $self->script_name;
2701 my $request_uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2702 my $query_str = $self->query_string;
2704 my $rewrite_in_use = $request_uri && $request_uri !~ /^$script_name/;
2705 undef $path if $rewrite_in_use && $rewrite; # path not valid when rewriting active
2707 my $uri = $rewrite && $request_uri ? $request_uri : $script_name;
2708 $uri =~ s/\?.*$//; # remove query string
2709 $uri =~ s/\Q$path\E$// if defined $path; # remove path
2712 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2713 $url = "$protocol://";
2714 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || '';
2715 $vh =~ s/\:\d+$//; # some clients add the port number (incorrectly). Get rid of it.
2719 $url .= server_name();
2721 my $port = $self->server_port;
2723 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2724 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2725 return $url if $base;
2727 } elsif ($relative) {
2728 ($url) = $uri =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2729 } elsif ($absolute) {
2733 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2734 $url .= "?$query_str" if $query and $query_str ne '';
2736 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2743 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2744 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2745 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2747 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2748 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2749 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2750 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2751 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2752 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2754 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2756 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2757 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires,$httponly) =
2758 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES,HTTPONLY],@p);
2760 require CGI::Cookie;
2762 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2763 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2764 # cookies in our state variables.
2765 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2766 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2767 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2769 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2770 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2771 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2772 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2773 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2776 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2777 return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error
2780 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2781 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2782 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2783 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2784 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2785 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2786 push(@param,'-httponly'=>$httponly) if $httponly;
2788 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2792 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2793 sub parse_keywordlist {
2794 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2795 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2796 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2797 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2802 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2804 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2805 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2806 unless (exists($self->{$name})) {
2807 $self->add_parameter($name);
2808 $self->{$name} = [];
2811 return $self->{$name};
2815 ###############################################
2816 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2817 ###############################################
2819 #### Method: path_info
2820 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2821 # after the URL (if any)
2823 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2825 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2826 if (defined($info)) {
2827 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2828 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2829 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2830 my (undef,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env;
2831 $self->{'.path_info'} = $path_info || '';
2833 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2837 # WE USE THIS TO COMPENSATE FOR A BUG IN APACHE 2 PRESENT AT LEAST UP THROUGH 2.0.54
2838 '_name_and_path_from_env' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2839 sub _name_and_path_from_env {
2841 my $raw_script_name = $ENV{SCRIPT_NAME} || '';
2842 my $raw_path_info = $ENV{PATH_INFO} || '';
2843 my $uri = unescape($self->request_uri) || '';
2845 my $protected = quotemeta($raw_path_info);
2846 $raw_script_name =~ s/$protected$//;
2848 my @uri_double_slashes = $uri =~ m^(/{2,}?)^g;
2849 my @path_double_slashes = "$raw_script_name $raw_path_info" =~ m^(/{2,}?)^g;
2851 my $apache_bug = @uri_double_slashes != @path_double_slashes;
2852 return ($raw_script_name,$raw_path_info) unless $apache_bug;
2854 my $path_info_search = quotemeta($raw_path_info);
2855 $path_info_search =~ s!/!/+!g;
2856 if ($uri =~ m/^(.+)($path_info_search)/) {
2859 return ($raw_script_name,$raw_path_info);
2865 #### Method: request_method
2866 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2868 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2869 sub request_method {
2870 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2874 #### Method: content_type
2875 # Returns the content_type string
2877 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2879 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2883 #### Method: path_translated
2884 # Return the physical path information provided
2885 # by the URL (if any)
2887 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2888 sub path_translated {
2889 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2894 #### Method: request_uri
2895 # Return the literal request URI
2897 'request_uri' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2899 return $ENV{'REQUEST_URI'};
2904 #### Method: query_string
2905 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2908 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2910 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2911 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2912 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2913 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2914 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2915 $value = escape($value);
2916 next unless defined $value;
2917 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2920 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
2921 push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_"));
2923 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2929 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2930 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2931 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2932 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2933 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2934 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2935 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2936 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2937 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2939 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2941 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2942 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2944 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2947 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2948 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2950 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2953 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2955 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2956 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2957 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2958 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2960 # First return the preference for directly supported
2962 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2964 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2965 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2966 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2967 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2968 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2969 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2975 #### Method: user_agent
2976 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2977 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2978 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2980 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2982 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2983 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2984 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2989 #### Method: raw_cookie
2990 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
2991 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
2992 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
2993 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
2994 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
2997 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2999 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3001 require CGI::Cookie;
3003 if (defined($key)) {
3004 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
3005 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3007 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
3008 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3009 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
3011 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
3015 #### Method: virtual_host
3016 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
3017 # is not always the same as the server
3019 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3021 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || server_name();
3022 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
3027 #### Method: remote_host
3028 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
3029 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
3030 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
3033 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3035 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
3041 #### Method: remote_addr
3042 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
3044 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3046 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
3051 #### Method: script_name
3052 # Return the partial URL to this script for
3053 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
3054 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
3057 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3059 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
3061 $self->{'.script_name'} = shift @p;
3062 } elsif (!exists $self->{'.script_name'}) {
3063 my ($script_name,$path_info) = $self->_name_and_path_from_env();
3064 $self->{'.script_name'} = $script_name;
3066 return $self->{'.script_name'};
3071 #### Method: referer
3072 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
3075 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3077 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3078 return $self->http('referer');
3083 #### Method: server_name
3084 # Return the name of the server
3086 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3088 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
3092 #### Method: server_software
3093 # Return the name of the server software
3095 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3096 sub server_software {
3097 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
3101 #### Method: virtual_port
3102 # Return the server port, taking virtual hosts into account
3104 'virtual_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3106 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
3107 my $vh = $self->http('x_forwarded_host') || $self->http('host');
3108 my $protocol = $self->protocol;
3110 return ($vh =~ /:(\d+)$/)[0] || ($protocol eq 'https' ? 443 : 80);
3112 return $self->server_port();
3117 #### Method: server_port
3118 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
3120 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3122 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
3126 #### Method: server_protocol
3127 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
3129 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3130 sub server_protocol {
3131 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
3136 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
3137 # the list of variables if none provided
3139 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3141 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3142 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
3143 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3144 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3146 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3147 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
3154 # Return the value of HTTPS
3156 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3159 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3160 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
3161 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
3162 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3163 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3165 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3166 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
3172 #### Method: protocol
3173 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
3175 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3179 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
3180 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
3181 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
3182 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
3183 return "\L$protocol\E";
3187 #### Method: remote_ident
3188 # Return the identity of the remote user
3189 # (but only if his host is running identd)
3191 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3193 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
3198 #### Method: auth_type
3199 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
3201 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3203 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
3208 #### Method: remote_user
3209 # Return the authorization name used for user
3212 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3214 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3219 #### Method: user_name
3220 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
3223 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3225 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3226 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3230 #### Method: nosticky
3231 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
3233 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3235 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3236 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
3237 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
3242 # Set or return the NPH global flag
3244 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3246 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3247 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
3252 #### Method: private_tempfiles
3253 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
3255 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3256 sub private_tempfiles {
3257 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3258 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
3259 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
3262 #### Method: close_upload_files
3263 # Set or return the close_upload_files global flag
3265 'close_upload_files' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3266 sub close_upload_files {
3267 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3268 $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = $param if defined($param);
3269 return $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3274 #### Method: default_dtd
3275 # Set or return the default_dtd global
3277 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3279 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3280 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
3281 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
3282 } elsif (defined $param) {
3283 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
3285 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
3289 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
3290 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3291 sub previous_or_default {
3292 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
3295 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
3296 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
3297 $selected{$_}++ for $self->param($name);
3298 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
3299 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
3300 $selected{$_}++ for @{$defaults};
3302 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
3309 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3310 sub register_parameter {
3311 my($self,$param) = @_;
3312 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
3316 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3319 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
3320 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
3325 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3326 sub read_from_cmdline {
3330 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
3332 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
3333 require "shellwords.pl";
3334 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input; press ^D or ^Z when done)\n";
3335 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
3336 $input = join(" ",@lines);
3337 @words = &shellwords($input);
3344 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
3345 $query_string = join('&',@words);
3347 $query_string = join('+',@words);
3349 if ($query_string =~ /^(.*?)\?(.*)$/)
3354 return { 'query_string' => $query_string, 'subpath' => $subpath };
3359 # subroutine: read_multipart
3361 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
3362 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
3363 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
3364 # caller can read from it if necessary.
3366 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3367 sub read_multipart {
3368 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3369 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3370 return unless $buffer;
3373 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3374 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3377 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3381 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="([^"]*)"/;
3384 # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
3385 # See RFC 1867, 2183, 2045
3386 # NB: File content will be loaded into memory should
3387 # content-disposition parsing fail.
3388 my ($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename=(("[^"]*")|([a-z\d!\#'\*\+,\.^_\`\{\}\|\~]*))/i;
3389 $filename =~ s/^"([^"]*)"$/$1/;
3390 # Test for Opera's multiple upload feature
3391 my($multipart) = ( defined( $header{'Content-Type'} ) &&
3392 $header{'Content-Type'} =~ /multipart\/mixed/ ) ?
3395 # add this parameter to our list
3396 $self->add_parameter($param);
3398 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
3399 # to our parameter list.
3400 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && !$multipart ) {
3401 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
3403 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
3407 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3409 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3410 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3411 # the file for reading.
3413 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3414 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3415 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3419 # set the filename to some recognizable value
3420 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && $multipart ) {
3421 $filename = "multipart/mixed";
3424 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3425 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3426 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3427 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3428 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3429 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3430 $seqno += int rand(100);
3432 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3433 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3434 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3436 # if this is an multipart/mixed attachment, save the header
3437 # together with the body for later parsing with an external
3438 # MIME parser module
3440 foreach ( keys %header ) {
3441 print $filehandle "$_: $header{$_}${CRLF}";
3443 print $filehandle "${CRLF}";
3449 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3450 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3452 $totalbytes += length($data);
3453 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($filename ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3455 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3458 # back up to beginning of file
3459 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3461 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3462 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3463 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3465 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3466 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3468 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3470 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3471 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3472 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3473 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3474 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3475 hndl => $filehandle,
3479 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3486 # subroutine: read_multipart_related
3488 # Read multipart/related data and store it into our parameters. The
3489 # first parameter sets the start of the data. The part identified by
3490 # this Content-ID will not be stored as a file upload, but will be
3491 # returned by this method. All other parts will be available as file
3492 # uploads accessible by their Content-ID
3494 'read_multipart_related' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3495 sub read_multipart_related {
3496 my($self,$start,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3497 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3498 return unless $buffer;
3502 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3503 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3506 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3510 my($param) = $header{'Content-ID'}=~/\<([^\>]*)\>/;
3513 # If this is the start part, then just read the data and assign it
3514 # to our return variable.
3515 if ( $param eq $start ) {
3516 $returnvalue = $buffer->readBody;
3517 $returnvalue .= $TAINTED;
3521 # add this parameter to our list
3522 $self->add_parameter($param);
3524 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3526 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3527 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3528 # the file for reading.
3530 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3531 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3532 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3536 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3537 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3538 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3539 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3540 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3541 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($param,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3542 $seqno += int rand(100);
3544 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3545 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3546 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3551 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3552 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3554 $totalbytes += length($data);
3555 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($param ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3557 print $filehandle $data if ($self->{'use_tempfile'});
3560 # back up to beginning of file
3561 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3563 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3564 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3565 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3567 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3568 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3570 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3572 # Use the typeglob as the key, as this is guaranteed to be
3573 # unique for each filehandle. Don't use the file descriptor as
3574 # this will be re-used for each filehandle if the
3575 # close_upload_files feature is used.
3576 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filehandle}= {
3577 hndl => $filehandle,
3581 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3584 return $returnvalue;
3589 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
3591 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
3592 my @param = grep {ref($_) && defined(fileno($_))} $self->param($param_name);
3593 return unless @param;
3594 return wantarray ? @param : $param[0];
3598 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3600 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3601 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name} ?
3602 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{name}->as_string
3607 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3609 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3610 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$$filename}->{info};
3614 # internal routine, don't use
3615 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3616 sub _set_values_and_labels {
3619 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
3620 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
3621 return $v if !ref($v);
3622 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
3626 # internal routine, don't use
3627 '_set_attributes' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3628 sub _set_attributes {
3630 my($element, $attributes) = @_;
3631 return '' unless defined($attributes->{$element});
3633 foreach my $attrib (keys %{$attributes->{$element}}) {
3634 (my $clean_attrib = $attrib) =~ s/^-//;
3635 $attribs .= "@{[lc($clean_attrib)]}=\"$attributes->{$element}{$attrib}\" ";
3642 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3645 next if defined(&$_);
3646 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
3656 #########################################################
3657 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
3658 #########################################################
3660 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
3669 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3676 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3677 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3679 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3682 # get rid of package name
3683 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
3684 $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg;
3685 return $i.$CGI::TAINTED;
3687 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
3688 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
3689 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
3690 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
3692 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
3697 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3701 return "$self" cmp $value;
3705 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3707 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
3708 _setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
3709 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
3710 (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg;
3711 my $fv = ++$FH . $safename;
3712 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
3713 $file =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_\+ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3715 sysopen($ref,$safe,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
3716 unlink($safe) if $delete;
3717 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
3718 return bless $ref,$pack;
3725 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
3726 package MultipartBuffer;
3728 use constant DEBUG => 0;
3730 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
3731 # a 4K buffer by default.
3732 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
3733 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
3734 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3737 #reuse the autoload function
3738 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3740 # avoid autoloader warnings
3743 ###############################################################################
3744 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3745 ###############################################################################
3746 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3747 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3750 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3752 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3753 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3754 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN); # if $CGI::needs_binmode; # just do it always
3756 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3757 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3758 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3759 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3760 # by then, we return.
3762 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3763 # about providing boundary strings.
3764 my $boundary_read = 0;
3767 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3768 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3770 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3771 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3772 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport');
3774 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3776 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3777 $boundary = <STDIN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3778 $length -= length($boundary);
3779 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3780 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3784 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3785 CHUNKED=>!defined $length,
3786 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3787 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3791 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3792 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3794 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3796 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3797 unless ($boundary_read) {
3798 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3800 die "Malformed multipart POST: data truncated\n" if $self->eof;
3806 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3813 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS' || $CGI::EBCDIC;
3816 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3817 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3818 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3819 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3820 # this was a bad idea
3821 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3822 } until $ok || $bad;
3825 #EBCDIC NOTE: translate header into EBCDIC, but watch out for continuation lines!
3827 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3828 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3832 warn "untranslated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3833 $header = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($header);
3834 warn "translated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3837 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3838 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3839 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3841 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3842 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3844 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3845 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2);
3846 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3847 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3853 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3854 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3860 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate returnval into EBCDIC HERE
3862 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3863 $returnval .= $data;
3867 warn "untranslated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3868 $returnval = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($returnval);
3869 warn "translated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3875 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3876 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3877 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3878 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3880 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3882 # default number of bytes to read
3883 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3885 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3886 # is never split between reads.
3887 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3889 my $boundary_start = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}) : $self->{BOUNDARY};
3890 my $boundary_end = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}.'--') : $self->{BOUNDARY}.'--';
3892 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3893 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_start);
3895 warn "boundary=$self->{BOUNDARY} length=$self->{LENGTH} start=$start\n" if DEBUG;
3897 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3898 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless $self->{CHUNKED} || ($start >= 0 || $self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3900 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate boundary search into ASCII here.
3902 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3906 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3907 if (index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_end)==0) {
3913 # just remove the boundary.
3914 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($boundary_start))='';
3915 $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//;
3920 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3921 $bytesToReturn = $start-2 > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3922 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3923 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3924 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3926 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($boundary_start)+1);
3929 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3930 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3932 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3933 return ($bytesToReturn==$start)
3934 ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3939 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3940 # boundary is never split between reads
3941 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3943 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3944 return unless $self->{CHUNKED} || $self->{LENGTH};
3946 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3947 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3948 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3949 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
3951 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
3952 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client(\$self->{BUFFER},
3955 warn "bytesToRead=$bytesToRead, bufferLength=$bufferLength, buffer=$self->{BUFFER}\n" if DEBUG;
3956 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
3958 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
3959 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
3960 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
3961 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
3962 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
3963 if ($bytesRead <= 0) {
3964 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
3965 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
3967 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
3970 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $bytesRead;
3975 # Return true when we've finished reading
3976 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3979 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
3980 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
3988 ####################################################################################
3989 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
3990 ####################################################################################
3991 package CGITempFile;
3995 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
3996 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
3997 unless (defined $TMPDIRECTORY) {
3998 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
3999 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
4000 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
4001 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH",
4002 "C:${SL}system${SL}temp");
4003 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if defined $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
4005 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
4006 # it is problematic.
4007 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
4008 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
4009 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
4010 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
4011 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
4012 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
4015 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
4018 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
4025 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
4026 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
4027 *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
4031 $$self =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
4032 my $safe = $1; # untaint operation
4033 unlink $safe; # get rid of the file
4036 ###############################################################################
4037 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
4038 ###############################################################################
4039 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
4040 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
4043 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
4045 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
4047 find_tempdir() unless -w $TMPDIRECTORY;
4048 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
4049 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}CGItemp%d",$sequence++));
4051 # check that it is a more-or-less valid filename
4052 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_\+ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$!;
4053 # this used to untaint, now it doesn't
4055 return bless \$filename;
4059 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
4071 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
4072 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
4073 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
4078 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
4079 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
4080 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
4081 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
4092 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
4096 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
4097 # and echoes back its values.
4099 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4101 start_html('A Simple Example'),
4102 h1('A Simple Example'),
4104 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4105 "What's the combination?", p,
4106 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4107 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4108 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
4109 "What's your favorite color? ",
4110 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4111 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4117 my $name = param('name');
4118 my $keywords = join ', ',param('words');
4119 my $color = param('color');
4120 print "Your name is",em(escapeHTML($name)),p,
4121 "The keywords are: ",em(escapeHTML($keywords)),p,
4122 "Your favorite color is ",em(escapeHTML($color)),
4128 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
4129 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
4130 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
4131 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
4132 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
4133 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
4134 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
4135 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
4136 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
4137 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
4138 style sheets, server push, and frames.
4140 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
4141 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
4143 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
4145 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
4146 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
4150 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
4152 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
4153 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
4154 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
4155 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
4156 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
4157 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
4158 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
4159 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
4160 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
4161 script and restore it later.
4163 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
4164 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
4166 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
4167 use CGI; # load CGI routines
4168 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
4169 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
4170 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4171 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4172 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
4174 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
4175 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
4176 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
4177 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
4178 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
4179 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
4180 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
4181 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
4182 need to create the CGI object.
4184 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
4185 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
4186 print header, # create the HTTP header
4187 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
4188 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
4189 end_html; # end the HTML
4191 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
4192 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
4193 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
4195 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
4197 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
4198 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
4199 argument calling style that looks like this:
4201 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
4203 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
4204 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
4205 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
4206 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
4207 dashes for the subsequent ones.
4209 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
4210 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
4211 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
4212 case, the single argument is the document type.
4214 print $q->header('text/html');
4216 Other such routines are documented below.
4218 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
4219 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
4220 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
4221 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
4222 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
4224 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
4225 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
4227 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
4228 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
4229 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
4230 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
4231 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
4232 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
4233 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
4234 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
4235 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
4241 h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>
4242 h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT">
4243 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1>
4245 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
4247 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
4248 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
4249 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
4250 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
4251 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
4252 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
4253 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
4256 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
4258 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
4259 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
4260 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
4261 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
4262 have several choices:
4268 Use another name for the argument, if one is available.
4269 For example, -value is an alias for -values.
4273 Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
4277 Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4281 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
4282 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
4283 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
4285 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
4286 -cost => 'Three smackers',
4287 -annoyance_level => 'high',
4288 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
4290 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
4293 Cost: Three smackers
4294 Annoyance-level: high
4295 Complaints-to: bit bucket
4296 Content-type: text/html
4298 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
4299 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
4302 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
4305 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4309 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
4310 it into a perl5 object called $query.
4312 Any filehandles from file uploads will have their position reset to
4313 the beginning of the file.
4315 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4317 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
4319 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
4320 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
4321 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
4322 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
4323 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
4324 can be saved and restored.
4326 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
4327 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
4328 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
4330 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
4332 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
4335 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
4336 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
4337 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
4338 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
4340 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
4341 restore_parameters(IN);
4344 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
4347 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
4348 'song'=>'I love you',
4349 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
4352 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
4354 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
4356 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
4357 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
4360 $old_query = new CGI;
4361 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
4363 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
4365 $empty_query = new CGI("");
4369 $empty_query = new CGI({});
4371 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4373 @keywords = $query->keywords
4375 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
4376 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
4378 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4380 @names = $query->param
4382 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
4383 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
4384 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
4385 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
4386 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
4387 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
4389 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
4390 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
4391 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
4392 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
4393 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
4395 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4397 @values = $query->param('foo');
4401 $value = $query->param('foo');
4403 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
4404 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
4405 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
4406 the method will return a single value.
4408 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
4409 "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
4410 string. This feature is new in 2.63.
4413 If the parameter does not exist at all, then param() will return undef
4414 in a scalar context, and the empty list in a list context.
4417 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4419 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
4421 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
4422 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
4423 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
4424 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
4427 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
4428 in more detail later:
4430 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
4434 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
4436 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4438 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
4440 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
4441 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
4442 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
4443 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
4445 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4447 $query->import_names('R');
4449 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
4450 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
4451 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
4452 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
4455 NOTE 1: Variable names are transformed as necessary into legal Perl
4456 variable names. All non-legal characters are transformed into
4457 underscores. If you need to keep the original names, you should use
4458 the param() method instead to access CGI variables by name.
4460 NOTE 2: In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
4461 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
4462 Perl module B<import> operator.
4464 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4466 $query->delete('foo','bar','baz');
4468 This completely clears a list of parameters. It sometimes useful for
4469 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between script
4472 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
4473 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
4475 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4477 $query->delete_all();
4479 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
4480 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
4482 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
4484 =head2 HANDLING NON-URLENCODED ARGUMENTS
4487 If POSTed data is not of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded or
4488 multipart/form-data, then the POSTed data will not be processed, but
4489 instead be returned as-is in a parameter named POSTDATA. To retrieve
4490 it, use code like this:
4492 my $data = $query->param('POSTDATA');
4494 Likewise if PUTed data can be retrieved with code like this:
4496 my $data = $query->param('PUTDATA');
4498 (If you don't know what the preceding means, don't worry about it. It
4499 only affects people trying to use CGI for XML processing and other
4503 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4505 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
4506 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
4508 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
4509 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
4510 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
4511 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
4512 can manipulate in any way you like.
4514 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
4516 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4519 print $params->{'address'};
4520 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
4526 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
4527 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
4528 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
4529 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
4530 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
4531 CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the
4532 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
4533 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
4535 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
4536 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
4537 list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
4538 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
4539 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
4540 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
4541 module for Perl version 4.
4543 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
4544 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
4546 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4548 $query->save(\*FILEHANDLE)
4550 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
4551 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
4552 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
4555 The format of the saved file is:
4563 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
4564 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
4565 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
4566 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
4567 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
4568 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
4569 a short example of creating multiple session records:
4573 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
4575 foreach (0..$records) {
4577 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
4582 # reopen for reading
4583 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
4585 my $q = new CGI(\*IN);
4586 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
4589 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
4590 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
4591 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
4593 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
4595 for further details.
4597 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
4598 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
4600 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4602 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
4603 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
4604 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
4605 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
4606 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
4607 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
4610 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
4612 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
4613 $q->start_html('Problems'),
4614 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
4619 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
4620 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
4623 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4625 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
4626 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
4627 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
4630 use CGI <list of methods>;
4632 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
4633 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
4634 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
4635 methods, and then use them directly:
4637 use CGI 'param','header';
4638 print header('text/plain');
4639 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
4641 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
4642 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
4643 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
4645 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
4651 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
4656 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
4660 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
4664 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as
4665 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
4669 Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as
4670 <abbrev>, <acronym> and <thead>).
4674 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
4678 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
4683 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'.
4687 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
4688 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
4692 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
4693 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
4694 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
4695 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
4696 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <gradient> (which causes the
4697 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
4698 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
4699 to start using it immediately:
4701 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
4702 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
4704 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4705 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4706 change in the future.
4708 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4709 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4710 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4711 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4712 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4713 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4714 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4716 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4719 start_html('Simple Script'),
4720 h1('Simple Script'),
4722 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4723 "What's the combination?",
4724 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4725 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4726 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4727 "What's your favorite color?",
4728 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4729 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4736 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4737 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4738 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4744 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
4745 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
4746 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
4747 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
4748 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
4749 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
4752 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
4754 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
4760 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
4761 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
4762 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
4763 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
4767 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
4769 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
4770 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
4775 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
4776 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
4777 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
4778 those destined to be crunched by Malcolm Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
4779 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
4781 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
4785 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
4787 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
4788 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
4789 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
4790 compile() method instead:
4795 This is particularly useful in a mod_perl environment, in which you
4796 might want to precompile all CGI routines in a startup script, and
4797 then import the functions individually in each mod_perl script.
4801 By default the CGI module implements a state-preserving behavior
4802 called "sticky" fields. The way this works is that if you are
4803 regenerating a form, the methods that generate the form field values
4804 will interrogate param() to see if similarly-named parameters are
4805 present in the query string. If they find a like-named parameter, they
4806 will use it to set their default values.
4808 Sometimes this isn't what you want. The B<-nosticky> pragma prevents
4809 this behavior. You can also selectively change the sticky behavior in
4810 each element that you generate.
4814 Automatically add tab index attributes to each form field. With this
4815 option turned off, you can still add tab indexes manually by passing a
4816 -tabindex option to each field-generating method.
4818 =item -no_undef_params
4820 This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list.
4824 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
4825 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
4826 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4829 If start_html()'s -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD,
4830 XHTML will automatically be disabled without needing to use this
4835 This makes CGI.pm treat all parameters as UTF-8 strings. Use this with
4836 care, as it will interfere with the processing of binary uploads. It
4837 is better to manually select which fields are expected to return utf-8
4838 strings and convert them using code like this:
4841 my $arg = decode utf8=>param('foo');
4845 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4846 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4847 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4848 of NPH scripts below.
4850 =item -newstyle_urls
4852 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4853 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4855 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4857 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4858 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4859 pragma is specified.
4861 This became the default in version 2.64.
4863 =item -oldstyle_urls
4865 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4866 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4870 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4871 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4872 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4873 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4874 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4875 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4876 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4877 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4878 to the top of your script.
4882 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4883 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4884 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4885 then use this pragma:
4887 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4891 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4892 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4893 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4894 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4896 See the section on debugging for more details.
4898 =item -private_tempfiles
4900 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4901 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4902 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4903 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4904 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4905 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4906 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4907 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4908 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4909 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4910 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4912 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4913 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4914 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4916 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4918 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4919 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4921 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4924 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4925 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4927 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4928 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4932 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4934 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4935 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4938 print h1('Level 1 Header');
4942 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>
4944 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
4945 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
4946 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
4948 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
4950 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
4951 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
4952 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
4953 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
4954 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
4955 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
4959 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
4961 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
4966 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag)
4968 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag)
4970 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag)
4972 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
4976 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4978 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
4979 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
4980 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
4981 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
4982 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
4984 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
4985 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
4986 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
4988 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4990 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
4991 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
4992 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
4993 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
4994 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
5001 print header('image/gif');
5005 print header('text/html','204 No response');
5009 print header(-type=>'image/gif',
5011 -status=>'402 Payment required',
5015 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
5018 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
5019 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
5020 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
5021 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
5022 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
5024 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
5025 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
5026 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
5027 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
5028 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
5029 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
5031 print header(-Content_length=>3002);
5033 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
5034 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
5035 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
5036 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
5037 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
5038 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
5041 +30s 30 seconds from now
5042 +10m ten minutes from now
5043 +1h one hour from now
5044 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
5047 +10y in ten years time
5048 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
5050 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
5051 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
5052 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
5053 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
5056 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5057 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5058 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5060 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
5061 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
5062 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
5064 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
5065 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
5066 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
5067 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
5068 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
5070 The B<-p3p> parameter will add a P3P tag to the outgoing header. The
5071 parameter can be an arrayref or a space-delimited string of P3P tags.
5074 print header(-p3p=>[qw(CAO DSP LAW CURa)]);
5075 print header(-p3p=>'CAO DSP LAW CURa');
5077 In either case, the outgoing header will be formatted as:
5079 P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml" cp="CAO DSP LAW CURa"
5081 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
5083 print redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
5085 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
5086 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
5087 time of day or the identity of the user.
5089 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
5090 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
5093 You should always use full URLs (including the http: or ftp: part) in
5094 redirection requests. Relative URLs will not work correctly.
5096 You can also use named arguments:
5098 print redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
5102 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
5103 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
5104 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft IIS, which
5105 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
5107 The B<-status> parameter will set the status of the redirect. HTTP
5108 defines three different possible redirection status codes:
5110 301 Moved Permanently
5114 The default if not specified is 302, which means "moved temporarily."
5115 You may change the status to another status code if you wish. Be
5116 advised that changing the status to anything other than 301, 302 or
5117 303 will probably break redirection.
5119 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
5121 print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
5122 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
5125 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
5126 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
5127 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
5130 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
5131 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
5132 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
5133 page's appearance and behavior.
5135 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <body> tag.
5136 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
5137 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
5138 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
5139 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
5140 to the <body> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
5143 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <base> tag
5144 different from the current location, as in
5146 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
5148 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5150 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
5151 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
5152 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
5153 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
5156 -target=>"answer_window"
5158 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
5159 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
5160 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
5161 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
5162 into a series of header <meta> tags that look something like this:
5164 <meta name="keywords" content="pharaoh secret mummy">
5165 <meta name="description" content="copyright 1996 King Tut">
5167 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <meta> tag, use B<-head>, described
5170 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
5171 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
5174 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
5175 the <html> tag. For example:
5177 print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');
5179 The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English, unless the
5180 -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD, in which case the
5181 lang attribute is left off. You can force the lang attribute to left
5182 off in other cases by passing an empty string (-lang=>'').
5184 The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for
5185 XHTML. It defaults to iso-8859-1 if not specified.
5187 The B<-declare_xml> argument, when used in conjunction with XHTML,
5188 will put a <?xml> declaration at the top of the HTML header. The sole
5189 purpose of this declaration is to declare the character set
5190 encoding. In the absence of -declare_xml, the output HTML will contain
5191 a <meta> tag that specifies the encoding, allowing the HTML to pass
5192 most validators. The default for -declare_xml is false.
5194 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <head> section with the
5195 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <link> element in the
5196 head section, use this:
5198 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
5199 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));
5201 To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <head> section, just pass an
5204 print start_html(-head=>[
5206 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
5207 Link({-rel=>'previous',
5208 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
5212 And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <meta> tag:
5214 print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
5215 -content => 'text/html'}))
5218 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>,
5219 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used
5220 to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should
5221 point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions.
5222 This block will be placed within a <script> block inside the HTML (not
5223 HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in order to give your
5224 page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript functions in place
5225 even if the user presses the stop button before the page has loaded
5226 completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in such a way that
5227 JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code: unfortunately
5228 there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that get confused
5231 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
5232 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
5233 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
5239 // Ask a silly question
5240 function riddle_me_this() {
5241 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
5242 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
5243 "and three legs in the evening?");
5246 // Get a silly answer
5247 function response(answer) {
5248 if (answer == "man")
5249 alert("Right you are!");
5251 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
5254 print start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5257 Use the B<-noScript> parameter to pass some HTML text that will be displayed on
5258 browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where JavaScript is turned
5261 The <script> tag, has several attributes including "type" and src.
5262 The latter is particularly interesting, as it allows you to keep the
5263 JavaScript code in a file or CGI script rather than cluttering up each
5264 page with the source. To use these attributes pass a HASH reference
5265 in the B<-script> parameter containing one or more of -type, -src, or
5268 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5269 -script=>{-type=>'JAVASCRIPT',
5270 -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
5273 print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5274 -script=>{-type=>'PERLSCRIPT',
5275 -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
5279 A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <script> sections into the
5280 header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array reference.
5281 this allows you to specify different source files for different dialects
5282 of JavaScript. Example:
5284 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5286 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5287 -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
5289 { -type => 'text/javascript',
5290 -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
5292 { -type => 'text/jscript',
5293 -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
5295 { -type => 'text/ecmascript',
5296 -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
5301 The option "-language" is a synonym for -type, and is supported for
5302 backwad compatibility.
5304 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
5308 =item B<Parameters:>
5316 The author's e-mail address (will create a <link rev="MADE"> tag if present
5320 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <base> tag in the header. This
5321 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
5322 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
5326 Any other parameters you want to include in the <body> tag. This is a good
5327 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
5331 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5335 This ends an HTML document by printing the </body></html> tags.
5337 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5340 print q(<a href="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</a>);
5342 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
5343 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
5344 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
5345 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
5346 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
5349 print "<a href=\"$myself#table1\">See table 1</a>";
5350 print "<a href=\"$myself#table2\">See table 2</a>";
5351 print "<a href=\"$myself#yourself\">See for yourself</a>";
5353 If you want more control over what's returned, using the B<url()>
5356 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
5358 $the_string = query_string;
5360 =head2 OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5363 $full_url = url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax
5364 $relative_url = url(-relative=>1);
5365 $absolute_url = url(-absolute=>1);
5366 $url_with_path = url(-path_info=>1);
5367 $url_with_path_and_query = url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
5368 $netloc = url(-base => 1);
5370 B<url()> returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called
5371 without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including
5372 host name and port number
5374 http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi
5376 You can modify this format with the following named arguments:
5382 If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.
5388 Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
5389 script with different parameters. For example:
5395 Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
5396 This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.
5398 =item B<-path> (B<-path_info>)
5400 Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
5401 combined with B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-path_info>
5402 is provided as a synonym.
5404 =item B<-query> (B<-query_string>)
5406 Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with
5407 B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-query_string> is provided
5412 Generate just the protocol and net location, as in http://www.foo.com:8000
5416 If Apache's mod_rewrite is turned on, then the script name and path
5417 info probably won't match the request that the user sent. Set
5418 -rewrite=>1 (default) to return URLs that match what the user sent
5419 (the original request URI). Set -rewrite->0 to return URLs that match
5420 the URL after mod_rewrite's rules have run. Because the additional
5421 path information only makes sense in the context of the rewritten URL,
5422 -rewrite is set to false when you request path info in the URL.
5426 =head2 MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5428 $color = url_param('color');
5430 It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as
5431 well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
5432 containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
5433 B<param()> method will always return the contents of the POSTed
5434 fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL
5435 parameters, call the B<url_param()> method. Use it in the same way as
5436 B<param()>. The main difference is that it allows you to read the
5437 parameters, but not set them.
5440 Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
5441 interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
5442 try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET
5443 method, the results will not be what you expect.
5445 =head1 CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5447 CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of
5448 the HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single
5449 HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then
5450 print or manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of
5451 HTML code that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most
5452 commonly, print out so that it displays in the browser window.
5454 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
5456 print $q->blockquote(
5457 "Many years ago on the island of",
5458 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5459 "there lived a Minotaur named",
5460 $q->strong("Fred."),
5464 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
5465 added for readability):
5468 Many years ago on the island of
5469 <a href="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
5470 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
5474 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
5475 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
5476 completely (see the next section for more details):
5478 use CGI ':standard';
5480 "Many years ago on the island of",
5481 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5482 "there lived a minotaur named",
5487 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5489 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
5490 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
5494 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
5495 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
5497 print h1("Chapter","1"); # <h1>Chapter 1</h1>"
5499 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
5500 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
5502 print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
5503 "Open a new frame");
5505 <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>
5507 You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if
5510 print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
5512 <img align="LEFT" src="fred.gif">
5514 Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
5515 lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument that
5516 that points to an undef string:
5518 print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
5520 Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
5521 attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
5522 changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the form
5523 <img alt="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:
5526 img({alt=>undef}) <img alt>
5527 img({alt=>''}) <img alt="">
5529 =head2 THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5531 One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
5532 distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a
5533 B<reference> to a list, the tag will be distributed across each
5534 element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered
5538 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
5541 This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
5544 <li type="disc">Sneezy</li>
5545 <li type="disc">Doc</li>
5546 <li type="disc">Sleepy</li>
5547 <li type="disc">Happy</li>
5550 This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:
5552 print table({-border=>undef},
5553 caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
5554 Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
5556 th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
5557 td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
5558 td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),
5559 td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
5564 =head2 HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5566 Consider this bit of code:
5568 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5570 It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:
5572 <blockquote><em>Hi</em> mom!</blockquote>
5574 Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!".
5575 CGI.pm puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
5576 controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is
5577 not what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series
5578 of images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an
5583 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5586 I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
5587 change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly
5590 =head2 NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5592 A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various
5595 B<comment()> generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it
5598 print comment('here is my comment');
5600 Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following functions
5601 begin with initial caps:
5610 In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
5611 start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special.
5612 See their respective sections.
5614 =head2 AUTOESCAPING HTML
5616 By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions
5617 is passed through a function called escapeHTML():
5621 =item $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
5623 Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.
5627 Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
5628 default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
5629 character becomes "<", ">" becomes ">", "&" becomes "&", and
5630 the quote character becomes """. In addition, the hexadecimal
5631 0x8b and 0x9b characters, which some browsers incorrectly interpret
5632 as the left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their
5633 numeric character entities ("‹" and "›"). If you manually change
5634 the charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by
5635 passing a -charset argument to header(), then B<all> characters will
5636 be replaced by their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup
5637 table for all the possible encodings.
5639 The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as
5640 h1(). You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in
5641 order to protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter
5642 into guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset().
5643 To turn autoescaping off completely, use autoEscape(0):
5647 =item $charset = charset([$charset]);
5649 Get or set the current character set.
5651 =item $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
5653 Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.
5657 =head2 PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5659 By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
5660 long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but
5661 it does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get
5662 pretty-printed output, please use L<CGI::Pretty>, a subclass
5663 contributed by Brian Paulsen.
5665 =head1 CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5667 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
5668 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
5669 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
5670 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
5671 around the form elements.
5673 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
5674 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
5675 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
5676 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
5678 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
5681 (1) call the param() method to set it.
5683 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
5684 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
5686 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5687 -default=>'starting value',
5692 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
5693 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
5694 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
5695 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
5696 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
5697 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
5702 I<A Lurking Trap!> Some of the form-element generating methods return
5703 multiple tags. In a scalar context, the tags will be concatenated
5704 together with spaces, or whatever is the current value of the $"
5705 global. In a list context, the methods will return a list of
5706 elements, allowing you to modify them if you wish. Usually you will
5707 not notice this behavior, but beware of this:
5709 printf("%s\n",end_form())
5711 end_form() produces several tags, and only the first of them will be
5712 printed because the format only expects one value.
5717 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5719 print isindex(-action=>$action);
5723 print isindex($action);
5725 Prints out an <isindex> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
5726 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
5727 default is to process the query with the current script.
5729 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5731 print start_form(-method=>$method,
5733 -enctype=>$encoding);
5734 <... various form stuff ...>
5739 print start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
5740 <... various form stuff ...>
5743 start_form() will return a <form> tag with the optional method,
5744 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
5748 enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
5750 endform() returns the closing </form> tag.
5752 Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the various
5753 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
5754 values are possible:
5756 B<Note:> This method was previously named startform(), and startform()
5757 is still recognized as an alias.
5761 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
5763 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
5764 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
5765 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
5766 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
5767 type in B<&CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
5769 =item B<multipart/form-data>
5771 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
5772 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
5773 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
5774 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
5775 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
5776 in B<&CGI::MULTIPART>
5778 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
5779 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
5782 If XHTML is activated (the default), then forms will be automatically
5783 created using this type of encoding.
5787 For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
5788 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
5789 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5792 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
5793 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
5794 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
5795 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
5796 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
5797 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
5798 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
5799 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
5800 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
5802 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <script>
5803 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
5804 call. See start_html() for details.
5806 =head2 FORM ELEMENTS
5808 After starting a form, you will typically create one or more
5809 textfields, popup menus, radio groups and other form elements. Each
5810 of these elements takes a standard set of named arguments. Some
5811 elements also have optional arguments. The standard arguments are as
5818 The name of the field. After submission this name can be used to
5819 retrieve the field's value using the param() method.
5821 =item B<-value>, B<-values>
5823 The initial value of the field which will be returned to the script
5824 after form submission. Some form elements, such as text fields, take
5825 a single scalar -value argument. Others, such as popup menus, take a
5826 reference to an array of values. The two arguments are synonyms.
5830 A numeric value that sets the order in which the form element receives
5831 focus when the user presses the tab key. Elements with lower values
5832 receive focus first.
5836 A string identifier that can be used to identify this element to
5837 JavaScript and DHTML.
5841 A boolean, which, if true, forces the element to take on the value
5842 specified by B<-value>, overriding the sticky behavior described
5843 earlier for the B<-no_sticky> pragma.
5845 =item B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, B<-onSelect>
5847 These are used to assign JavaScript event handlers. See the
5848 JavaScripting section for more details.
5852 Other common arguments are described in the next section. In addition
5853 to these, all attributes described in the HTML specifications are
5856 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5858 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5859 -value=>'starting value',
5864 print textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
5866 textfield() will return a text input field.
5874 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5878 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
5879 contents (-value, formerly known as -default).
5883 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5888 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5889 field will accept (-maxlength).
5893 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
5894 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
5895 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
5898 $value = param('foo');
5900 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
5901 called once, you can do so like this:
5903 param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
5905 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5907 print textarea(-name=>'foo',
5908 -default=>'starting value',
5914 print textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
5916 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
5917 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
5918 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
5921 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5923 print password_field(-name=>'secret',
5924 -value=>'starting value',
5929 print password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
5931 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
5932 will be starred out on the web page.
5934 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5936 print filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
5937 -default=>'starting value',
5942 print filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
5944 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
5945 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
5946 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
5947 by calling B<start_form()> with an encoding type of B<&CGI::MULTIPART>,
5948 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5949 vanilla B<start_form()>.
5957 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5961 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
5962 to be used as the default file name (-default).
5964 For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this field,
5965 and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the field
5966 loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents. The
5967 starting value field is called for in the HTML specification, however,
5968 and possibly some browser will eventually provide support for it.
5972 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5977 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5978 field will accept (-maxlength).
5982 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
5985 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
5987 Different browsers will return slightly different things for the
5988 name. Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full
5989 path to the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine.
5990 Regardless, the name returned is always the name of the file on the
5991 I<user's> machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file
5992 that CGI.pm creates during upload spooling (see below).
5994 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
5995 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
5997 # Read a text file and print it out
5998 while (<$filename>) {
6002 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
6003 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
6004 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
6005 print OUTFILE $buffer;
6008 However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
6009 If you C<use strict>, then Perl will complain when you try to use a
6010 string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
6011 reading code in a block containing the C<no strict> pragma. More
6012 seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
6013 upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
6014 filehandle at all, but a string.
6016 To be safe, use the I<upload()> function (new in version 2.47). When
6017 called with the name of an upload field, I<upload()> returns a
6018 filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.
6020 $fh = upload('uploaded_file');
6025 In an list context, upload() will return an array of filehandles.
6026 This makes it possible to create forms that use the same name for
6027 multiple upload fields.
6029 This is the recommended idiom.
6031 For robust code, consider reseting the file handle position to beginning of the
6032 file. Inside of larger frameworks, other code may have already used the query
6033 object and changed the filehandle postion:
6035 seek($fh,0,0); # reset postion to beginning of file.
6037 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
6038 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
6039 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
6040 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
6041 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
6042 an associative array containing all the document headers.
6044 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
6045 $type = uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
6046 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
6047 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
6050 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
6051 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
6052 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file
6055 There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
6056 This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
6057 finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
6058 uploaded file and set I<cgi_error()> to the string "400 Bad request
6059 (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that
6060 you can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
6063 $file = upload('uploaded_file');
6064 if (!$file && cgi_error) {
6065 print header(-status=>cgi_error);
6069 You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
6072 You can set up a callback that will be called whenever a file upload
6073 is being read during the form processing. This is much like the
6074 UPLOAD_HOOK facility available in Apache::Request, with the exception
6075 that the first argument to the callback is an Apache::Upload object,
6076 here it's the remote filename.
6078 $q = CGI->new(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6082 my ($filename, $buffer, $bytes_read, $data) = @_;
6083 print "Read $bytes_read bytes of $filename\n";
6086 The $data field is optional; it lets you pass configuration
6087 information (e.g. a database handle) to your hook callback.
6089 The $use_tempfile field is a flag that lets you turn on and off
6090 CGI.pm's use of a temporary disk-based file during file upload. If you
6091 set this to a FALSE value (default true) then param('uploaded_file')
6092 will no longer work, and the only way to get at the uploaded data is
6093 via the hook you provide.
6095 If using the function-oriented interface, call the CGI::upload_hook()
6096 method before calling param() or any other CGI functions:
6098 CGI::upload_hook(\&hook [,$data [,$use_tempfile]]);
6100 This method is not exported by default. You will have to import it
6101 explicitly if you wish to use it without the CGI:: prefix.
6103 If you are using CGI.pm on a Windows platform and find that binary
6104 files get slightly larger when uploaded but that text files remain the
6105 same, then you have forgotten to activate binary mode on the output
6106 filehandle. Be sure to call binmode() on any handle that you create
6107 to write the uploaded file to disk.
6109 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
6110 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
6111 recognized. See textfield() for details.
6113 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
6115 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6116 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6121 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
6122 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
6123 'minie'=>'your third choice');
6124 %attributes = ('eenie'=>{'class'=>'class of first choice'});
6125 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6126 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6127 'meenie',\%labels,\%attributes);
6129 -or (named parameter style)-
6131 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6132 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6135 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6137 popup_menu() creates a menu.
6143 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
6147 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
6148 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6149 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
6150 a named array, such as "\@foo".
6154 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6155 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
6156 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.
6160 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
6161 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
6162 popup menu and the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
6163 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
6164 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
6165 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
6169 The optional fifth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6170 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6171 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6172 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6173 attribute's value as the value.
6177 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
6180 $popup_menu_value = param('menu_name');
6182 =head2 CREATING AN OPTION GROUP
6184 Named parameter style
6186 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
6187 -values=>[qw/eenie meenie minie/,
6188 optgroup(-name=>'optgroup_name',
6189 -values => ['moe','catch'],
6190 -attributes=>{'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],
6191 -labels=>{'eenie'=>'one',
6194 -default=>'meenie');
6197 print popup_menu('menu_name',
6198 ['eenie','meenie','minie',
6199 optgroup('optgroup_name', ['moe', 'catch'],
6200 {'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],'meenie',
6201 {'eenie'=>'one','meenie'=>'two','minie'=>'three'});
6203 optgroup() creates an option group within a popup menu.
6209 The required first argument (B<-name>) is the label attribute of the
6210 optgroup and is B<not> inserted in the parameter list of the query.
6214 The required second argument (B<-values>) is an array reference
6215 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
6216 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference
6217 to a named array, such as \@foo. If you pass a HASH reference,
6218 the keys will be used for the menu values, and the values will be
6219 used for the menu labels (see -labels below).
6223 The optional third parameter (B<-labels>) allows you to pass a reference
6224 to an associative array containing user-visible labels for one or more
6225 of the menu items. You can use this when you want the user to see one
6226 menu string, but have the browser return your program a different one.
6227 If you don't specify this, the value string will be used instead
6228 ("eenie", "meenie" and "minie" in this example). This is equivalent
6229 to using a hash reference for the -values parameter.
6233 An optional fourth parameter (B<-labeled>) can be set to a true value
6234 and indicates that the values should be used as the label attribute
6235 for each option element within the optgroup.
6239 An optional fifth parameter (-novals) can be set to a true value and
6240 indicates to suppress the val attribute in each option element within
6243 See the discussion on optgroup at W3C
6244 (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#edef-OPTGROUP)
6249 An optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6250 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6251 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6252 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6253 attribute's value as the value.
6257 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
6259 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6260 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6261 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',{'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6264 print scrolling_list('list_name',
6265 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6266 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
6267 \%labels,%attributes);
6271 print scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
6272 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6273 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6277 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6279 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
6283 =item B<Parameters:>
6287 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
6288 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
6293 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6294 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
6295 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6296 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
6297 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
6302 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
6306 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
6307 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
6308 will be allowed at a time.
6312 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
6313 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
6314 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
6318 The optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6319 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6320 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6321 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6322 attribute's value as the value.
6324 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
6325 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
6326 selected items can be retrieved with:
6328 @selected = param('list_name');
6332 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
6334 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6335 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6336 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6338 -disabled => ['moe'],
6340 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6342 print checkbox_group('group_name',
6343 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6344 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels,
6345 {'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6347 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6349 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6350 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6351 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6354 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
6359 =item B<Parameters:>
6363 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
6364 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
6365 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
6366 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
6367 values passed to your script in the query string.
6371 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6372 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
6373 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6374 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
6378 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
6379 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
6380 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
6385 The optional b<-labels> argument is a pointer to an associative array
6386 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will be
6387 printed next to them. If not provided, the values will be used as the
6391 The optional parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns> cause
6392 checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing the
6393 checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows and
6394 columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you wish;
6395 checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows for you.
6397 The option b<-disabled> takes an array of checkbox values and disables
6398 them by greying them out (this may not be supported by all browsers).
6400 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6401 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6402 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6403 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6406 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6407 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6408 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6409 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6410 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6411 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6412 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6413 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6414 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6416 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6417 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6418 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6420 The optional B<-labelattributes> argument will contain attributes
6421 attached to the <label> element that surrounds each button.
6423 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
6424 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
6425 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
6427 @turned_on = param('group_name');
6429 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
6430 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6431 or in other creative ways:
6433 @h = checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6434 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6436 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
6438 print checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
6441 -label=>'CLICK ME');
6445 print checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
6447 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
6448 related to any others.
6452 =item B<Parameters:>
6456 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
6457 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
6462 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
6463 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
6467 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
6468 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
6473 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
6474 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
6479 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
6481 $turned_on = param('checkbox_name');
6483 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
6485 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6486 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6490 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6494 print radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6495 'meenie','true',\%labels,\%attributes);
6498 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6500 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6501 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6502 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6504 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
6505 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
6509 =item B<Parameters:>
6513 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
6517 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
6518 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
6519 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
6520 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
6525 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6526 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
6527 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
6528 start up with no buttons selected.
6532 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
6533 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
6537 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
6538 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
6539 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
6545 All modern browsers can take advantage of the optional parameters
6546 B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause radio_group() to
6547 return an HTML3 compatible table containing the radio group formatted
6548 with the specified number of rows and columns. You can provide just
6549 the -columns parameter if you wish; radio_group will calculate the
6550 correct number of rows for you.
6552 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
6553 can use the B<-rowheaders> and B<-colheaders> parameters. Both
6554 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
6555 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
6556 interpretation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
6559 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6560 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6561 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6562 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6563 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6564 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6565 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6566 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6567 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6569 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6570 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6571 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6574 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6575 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6576 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6577 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6580 The optional B<-labelattributes> argument will contain attributes
6581 attached to the <label> element that surrounds each button.
6583 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
6586 $which_radio_button = param('group_name');
6588 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
6589 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6590 or in other creative ways:
6592 @h = radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6593 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6595 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
6597 print submit(-name=>'button_name',
6602 print submit('button_name','value');
6604 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
6605 should have one of these.
6609 =item B<Parameters:>
6613 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
6614 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
6615 to distinguish between them.
6619 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
6620 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string. The
6621 name will also be used as the user-visible label.
6625 You can use -label as an alias for -value. I always get confused
6626 about which of -name and -value changes the user-visible label on the
6631 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
6632 values for each one:
6634 $which_one = param('button_name');
6636 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
6640 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
6641 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
6642 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
6644 Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
6645 CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.
6647 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
6649 print defaults('button_label')
6651 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
6652 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
6653 changes the user ever made.
6655 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
6657 print hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
6658 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
6662 print hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
6664 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
6665 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
6666 of the script to the next.
6670 =item B<Parameters:>
6674 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
6679 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
6680 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
6681 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
6685 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
6687 $hidden_value = param('hidden_name');
6689 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
6690 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
6691 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
6694 param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
6696 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
6698 print image_button(-name=>'button_name',
6699 -src=>'/source/URL',
6704 print image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
6706 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
6707 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
6708 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
6713 =item B<Parameters:>
6717 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
6722 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
6725 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
6726 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
6730 Fetch the value of the button this way:
6731 $x = param('button_name.x');
6732 $y = param('button_name.y');
6734 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
6736 print button(-name=>'button_name',
6737 -value=>'user visible label',
6738 -onClick=>"do_something()");
6742 print button('button_name',"do_something()");
6744 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
6745 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
6746 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
6747 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
6752 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
6753 Internet Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help
6754 maintain state within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods
6755 that support cookies.
6757 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
6758 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
6759 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
6760 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
6761 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
6763 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
6764 optional attributes:
6768 =item 1. an expiration time
6770 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
6771 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
6772 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
6773 the browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
6774 will remain active until the user quits the browser.
6778 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
6779 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
6780 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
6781 of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to
6782 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
6783 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
6784 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
6785 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
6786 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
6787 cookie originated from.
6791 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
6792 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
6793 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
6794 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
6795 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
6796 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
6797 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
6799 =item 4. a "secure" flag
6801 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
6802 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
6806 The interface to HTTP cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
6808 $cookie = cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
6811 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
6812 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
6814 print header(-cookie=>$cookie);
6816 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
6822 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
6823 Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
6824 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
6825 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
6829 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
6830 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
6831 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
6833 $cookie=cookie(-name=>'family information',
6834 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
6838 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6843 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6848 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
6849 in the section on the B<header()> method:
6851 "+1h" one hour from now
6855 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
6860 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
6861 header within the string returned by the header() method:
6863 use CGI ':standard';
6864 print header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
6866 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
6868 $cookie1 = cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
6869 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
6870 $cookie2 = cookie(-name=>'answers',
6872 print header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
6874 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie() method
6875 without the B<-value> parameter. This example uses the object-oriented
6880 $riddle = $query->cookie('riddle_name');
6881 %answers = $query->cookie('answers');
6883 Cookies created with a single scalar value, such as the "riddle_name"
6884 cookie, will be returned in that form. Cookies with array and hash
6885 values can also be retrieved.
6887 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
6888 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
6889 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
6890 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
6892 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
6893 $c=cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[param('answers')]);
6895 param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[cookie('answers')]);
6897 If you call cookie() without any parameters, it will return a list of
6898 the names of all cookies passed to your script:
6900 @cookies = cookie();
6902 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
6903 cookies effectively.
6905 =head1 WORKING WITH FRAMES
6907 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
6908 and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three
6909 techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
6913 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
6915 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
6916 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <frameset>
6917 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
6918 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
6920 There is no specific support for creating <frameset> sections
6921 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
6922 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
6924 http://wp.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
6926 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
6928 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
6930 print header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6932 This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into the
6933 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't already
6934 exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your script's
6935 document into that. There are a number of magic names that you can
6936 use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home pages for
6939 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <form> tag
6941 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
6942 CGI.pm it looks like this:
6944 print start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6946 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
6947 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
6948 a new window will be created.
6952 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
6953 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
6954 side-by-side frames.
6956 =head1 SUPPORT FOR JAVASCRIPT
6958 Netscape versions 2.0 and higher incorporate an interpreted language
6959 called JavaScript. Internet Explorer, 3.0 and higher, supports a
6960 closely-related dialect called JScript. JavaScript isn't the same as
6961 Java, and certainly isn't at all the same as Perl, which is a great
6962 pity. JavaScript allows you to programmatically change the contents of
6963 fill-out forms, create new windows, and pop up dialog box from within
6964 Netscape itself. From the point of view of CGI scripting, JavaScript
6965 is quite useful for validating fill-out forms prior to submitting
6968 You'll need to know JavaScript in order to use it. There are many good
6969 sources in bookstores and on the web.
6971 The usual way to use JavaScript is to define a set of functions in a
6972 <SCRIPT> block inside the HTML header and then to register event
6973 handlers in the various elements of the page. Events include such
6974 things as the mouse passing over a form element, a button being
6975 clicked, the contents of a text field changing, or a form being
6976 submitted. When an event occurs that involves an element that has
6977 registered an event handler, its associated JavaScript code gets
6980 The elements that can register event handlers include the <BODY> of an
6981 HTML document, hypertext links, all the various elements of a fill-out
6982 form, and the form itself. There are a large number of events, and
6983 each applies only to the elements for which it is relevant. Here is a
6990 The browser is loading the current document. Valid in:
6992 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
6996 The browser is closing the current page or frame. Valid for:
6998 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
7002 The user has pressed the submit button of a form. This event happens
7003 just before the form is submitted, and your function can return a
7004 value of false in order to abort the submission. Valid for:
7010 The mouse has clicked on an item in a fill-out form. Valid for:
7012 + Buttons (including submit, reset, and image buttons)
7018 The user has changed the contents of a field. Valid for:
7029 The user has selected a field to work with. Valid for:
7040 The user has deselected a field (gone to work somewhere else). Valid
7052 The user has changed the part of a text field that is selected. Valid
7060 =item B<onMouseOver>
7062 The mouse has moved over an element.
7073 The mouse has moved off an element.
7084 In order to register a JavaScript event handler with an HTML element,
7085 just use the event name as a parameter when you call the corresponding
7086 CGI method. For example, to have your validateAge() JavaScript code
7087 executed every time the textfield named "age" changes, generate the
7090 print textfield(-name=>'age',-onChange=>"validateAge(this)");
7092 This example assumes that you've already declared the validateAge()
7093 function by incorporating it into a <SCRIPT> block. The CGI.pm
7094 start_html() method provides a convenient way to create this section.
7096 Similarly, you can create a form that checks itself over for
7097 consistency and alerts the user if some essential value is missing by
7098 creating it this way:
7099 print startform(-onSubmit=>"validateMe(this)");
7101 See the javascript.cgi script for a demonstration of how this all
7105 =head1 LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
7107 CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css).
7108 To incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the
7109 start_html() method a B<-style> parameter. The value of this
7110 parameter may be a scalar, in which case it is treated as the source
7111 URL for the stylesheet, or it may be a hash reference. In the latter
7112 case you should provide the hash with one or more of B<-src> or
7113 B<-code>. B<-src> points to a URL where an externally-defined
7114 stylesheet can be found. B<-code> points to a scalar value to be
7115 incorporated into a <style> section. Style definitions in B<-code>
7116 override similarly-named ones in B<-src>, hence the name "cascading."
7118 You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
7119 B<-type> parameter to the hash pointed to by B<-style>. If not
7120 specified, the style defaults to 'text/css'.
7122 To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the
7123 B<-class> parameter to any HTML element:
7125 print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');
7127 Or define styles on the fly with the B<-style> parameter:
7129 print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');
7131 You may also use the new B<span()> element to apply a style to a
7134 print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
7135 h1('Welcome to Hell'),
7136 "Where did that handbasket get to?"
7139 Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the
7140 B<span()> method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using
7141 CSS's. See the CSS specification at
7142 http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for more information.
7144 use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;
7146 #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
7156 font-family: sans-serif;
7162 print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
7163 -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
7166 print h1('CGI with Style'),
7168 "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
7169 span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
7170 "Look Mom, no hands!",
7176 Pass an array reference to B<-code> or B<-src> in order to incorporate
7177 multiple stylesheets into your document.
7179 Should you wish to incorporate a verbatim stylesheet that includes
7180 arbitrary formatting in the header, you may pass a -verbatim tag to
7181 the -style hash, as follows:
7183 print start_html (-style => {-verbatim => '@import url("/server-common/css/'.$cssFile.'");',
7184 -src => '/server-common/css/core.css'});
7187 This will generate an HTML header that contains this:
7189 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/server-common/css/core.css">
7190 <style type="text/css">
7191 @import url("/server-common/css/main.css");
7194 Any additional arguments passed in the -style value will be
7195 incorporated into the <link> tag. For example:
7197 start_html(-style=>{-src=>['/styles/print.css','/styles/layout.css'],
7202 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/print.css" media="all"/>
7203 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/layout.css" media="all"/>
7207 To make more complicated <link> tags, use the Link() function
7208 and pass it to start_html() in the -head argument, as in:
7210 @h = (Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/ss.css',-media=>'all'}),
7211 Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/fred.css',-media=>'paper'}));
7212 print start_html({-head=>\@h})
7214 To create primary and "alternate" stylesheet, use the B<-alternate> option:
7216 start_html(-style=>{-src=>[
7217 {-src=>'/styles/print.css'},
7218 {-src=>'/styles/alt.css',-alternate=>1}
7224 If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
7225 debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or
7226 parameter=value pairs on the command line or from standard input (you
7227 don't have to worry about tricking your script into reading from
7228 environment variables). You can pass keywords like this:
7230 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
7234 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
7238 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
7242 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
7244 To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.
7246 To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
7247 pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value
7248 pairs to the script on standard input.
7250 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
7251 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
7252 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
7255 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
7257 Finally, you can set the path info for the script by prefixing the first
7258 name/value parameter with the path followed by a question mark (?):
7260 your_script.pl /your/path/here?name1=value1&name2=value2
7262 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
7264 The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
7265 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
7266 for debugging purposes:
7271 Produces something that looks like:
7285 As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
7286 and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:
7289 print "<h2>Current Values</h2> $query\n";
7291 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
7293 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
7294 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
7300 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
7301 give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as in
7302 Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point value
7303 corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from 0.0
7304 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept
7305 list are handled correctly.
7307 Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44 in
7308 order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.
7310 =item B<raw_cookie()>
7312 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
7313 Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
7314 Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method call just
7315 returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for ways of
7316 setting and retrieving cooked cookies.
7318 Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
7319 structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
7320 on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
7321 retrieves the B<unescaped> form of the cookie. You can use the
7322 regular cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch()
7323 method from the CGI::Cookie module.
7325 =item B<user_agent()>
7327 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
7328 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
7329 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
7330 like user_agent(netscape);
7332 =item B<path_info()>
7334 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
7335 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
7336 path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".
7338 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
7339 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
7340 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
7341 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
7342 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
7343 path information will be present in the environment,
7344 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
7345 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
7347 =item B<path_translated()>
7349 As per path_info() but returns the additional
7350 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
7351 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
7353 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
7356 =item B<remote_host()>
7358 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
7359 if the former is unavailable.
7361 =item B<script_name()>
7362 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
7367 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
7368 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
7371 =item B<auth_type ()>
7373 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
7376 =item B<server_name ()>
7378 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
7381 =item B<virtual_host ()>
7383 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
7384 the browser attempted to contact
7386 =item B<server_port ()>
7388 Return the port that the server is listening on.
7390 =item B<virtual_port ()>
7392 Like server_port() except that it takes virtual hosts into account.
7393 Use this when running with virtual hosts.
7395 =item B<server_software ()>
7397 Returns the server software and version number.
7399 =item B<remote_user ()>
7401 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
7402 verification, if this script is protected.
7404 =item B<user_name ()>
7406 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of different
7407 techniques. This only works with older browsers such as Mosaic.
7408 Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy reasons!
7410 =item B<request_method()>
7412 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
7413 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
7415 =item B<content_type()>
7417 Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
7418 multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded
7422 Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
7423 variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
7424 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
7425 like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name of
7426 an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the use
7427 of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.
7429 For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:
7431 $requested_language = http('Accept-language');
7432 $requested_language = http('Accept_language');
7433 $requested_language = http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');
7437 The same as I<http()>, but operates on the HTTPS environment variables
7438 present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to determine
7439 whether SSL is turned on.
7443 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
7445 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
7446 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
7447 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
7448 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
7449 such as server push and PICS headers.
7451 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
7452 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
7453 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
7454 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
7455 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
7458 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
7459 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
7460 the header() and redirect() methods are
7463 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of
7464 version 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is
7465 running under IIS and put itself into this mode. You do not need to
7466 do this manually, although it won't hurt anything if you do. However,
7467 note that if you have applied Service Pack 6, much of the
7468 functionality of NPH scripts, including the ability to redirect while
7469 setting a cookie, b<do not work at all> on IIS without a special patch
7471 http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q280/3/41.ASP:
7472 Non-Parsed Headers Stripped From CGI Applications That Have nph-
7477 =item In the B<use> statement
7479 Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported into
7482 use CGI qw(:standard -nph)
7484 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
7486 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
7490 =item By using B<-nph> parameters
7492 in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7494 print header(-nph=>1);
7500 CGI.pm provides four simple functions for producing multipart
7501 documents of the type needed to implement server push. These
7502 functions were graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To
7503 import these into your namespace, you must import the ":push" set.
7504 You are also advised to put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to
7505 1 to avoid buffering problems.
7507 Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:
7509 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7510 use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
7512 print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----here we go!');
7514 print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
7515 "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n";
7517 print multipart_end;
7519 print multipart_final;
7524 This script initializes server push by calling B<multipart_init()>.
7525 It then enters a loop in which it begins a new multipart section by
7526 calling B<multipart_start()>, prints the current local time,
7527 and ends a multipart section with B<multipart_end()>. It then sleeps
7528 a second, and begins again. On the final iteration, it ends the
7529 multipart section with B<multipart_final()> rather than with
7534 =item multipart_init()
7536 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);
7538 Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
7539 what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
7540 If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.
7542 =item multipart_start()
7544 multipart_start(-type=>$type)
7546 Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
7547 type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.
7549 =item multipart_end()
7553 End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
7554 multipart_start(), except at the end of the last part of the multipart
7555 document when multipart_final() should be called instead of multipart_end().
7557 =item multipart_final()
7561 End all parts. You should call multipart_final() rather than
7562 multipart_end() at the end of the last part of the multipart document.
7566 Users interested in server push applications should also have a look
7567 at the CGI::Push module.
7569 Only Netscape Navigator supports server push. Internet Explorer
7572 =head1 Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7574 A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
7575 process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker
7576 could attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many
7577 megabytes. CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a
7578 variable, growing hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While
7579 the script attempts to allocate the memory the system may slow down
7580 dramatically. This is a form of denial of service attack.
7582 Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to
7583 accept a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it
7584 in a temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive
7585 an uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
7586 terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
7587 server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.
7589 The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
7590 of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
7591 servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
7592 cases, you can use the shell I<limit> or I<ulimit>
7593 commands to put ceilings on CGI resource usage.
7596 CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
7597 service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
7598 These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:
7602 =item B<$CGI::POST_MAX>
7604 If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling
7605 on the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST
7606 that is greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
7607 message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and
7608 multipart POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file
7609 uploads as well. You should set this to a reasonably high
7610 value, such as 1 megabyte.
7612 =item B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>
7614 If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
7615 completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.
7619 You can use these variables in either of two ways.
7623 =item B<1. On a script-by-script basis>
7625 Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use" statement:
7627 use CGI qw/:standard/;
7628 use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
7629 $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100; # max 100K posts
7630 $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1; # no uploads
7632 =item B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7634 Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
7635 $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll
7636 find them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
7637 initialize_globals().
7641 An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
7642 I<param()> to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for
7643 this event by checking I<cgi_error()>, either after you create the CGI
7644 object or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call
7645 <param()> for the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then
7646 cgi_error() will return the message "413 POST too large".
7648 This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
7649 designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status
7652 $uploaded_file = param('upload');
7653 if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
7654 print header(-status=>cgi_error());
7658 However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do
7659 with this status code. It might be better just to create an
7660 HTML page that warns the user of the problem.
7662 =head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7664 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
7665 compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:
7668 require "cgi-lib.pl";
7670 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7675 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7677 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
7678 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
7679 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
7680 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
7681 variables, are not supported.
7683 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
7687 print textfield(-name=>'wow',
7688 -value=>'does this really work?');
7690 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
7691 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
7693 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
7695 Copyright 1995-1998, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
7697 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7698 it under the same terms as Perl itself.
7700 Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending
7701 bug reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of
7702 Perl, the name and version of your Web server, and the name and
7703 version of the operating system you are using. If the problem is even
7704 remotely browser dependent, please provide information about the
7705 affected browers as well.
7709 Thanks very much to:
7713 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
7715 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
7717 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
7719 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
7721 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
7723 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
7725 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
7727 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
7729 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
7731 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
7733 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
7735 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
7737 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
7739 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
7741 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
7743 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
7745 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
7747 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
7749 =item Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
7751 =item Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
7753 =item ...and many many more...
7755 for suggestions and bug fixes.
7759 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7762 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7764 use CGI ':standard';
7767 print start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
7768 print "<h1> Example CGI.pm Form</h1>\n";
7776 print "<em>What's your name?</em><br>";
7777 print textfield('name');
7778 print checkbox('Not my real name');
7780 print "<p><em>Where can you find English Sparrows?</em><br>";
7781 print checkbox_group(
7782 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
7783 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
7785 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
7787 print "<p><em>How far can they fly?</em><br>",
7790 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
7791 -default=>'1 mile');
7793 print "<p><em>What's your favorite color?</em> ";
7794 print popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
7795 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
7798 print hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
7800 print "<p><em>What have you got there?</em><br>";
7801 print scrolling_list(
7802 -name=>'possessions',
7803 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
7804 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
7808 print "<p><em>Any parting comments?</em><br>";
7809 print textarea(-name=>'Comments',
7814 print submit('Action','Shout');
7815 print submit('Action','Scream');
7823 print "<h2>Here are the current settings in this form</h2>";
7825 foreach $key (param) {
7826 print "<strong>$key</strong> -> ";
7827 @values = param($key);
7828 print join(", ",@values),"<br>\n";
7835 <address>Lincoln D. Stein</address><br>
7836 <a href="/">Home Page</a>
7846 L<CGI::Carp>, L<CGI::Fast>, L<CGI::Pretty>