4 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
7 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
8 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
9 # Perl 5 distribution).
11 # Copyright 1995-1997 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
12 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
13 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
14 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
15 # listing the modifications you have made.
17 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
18 # http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
19 # ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
21 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
24 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
28 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
31 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 2.32 1997/3/19 10:10 lstein Exp $';
32 $CGI::VERSION='2.3201';
34 # OVERRIDE THE OS HERE IF CGI.pm GUESSES WRONG
41 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
42 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
43 # $TempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
45 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
47 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
48 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
49 # available then require() the Config library
53 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
58 } elsif ($OS=~/vms/i) {
60 } elsif ($OS=~/Mac/i) {
62 } elsif ($OS=~/os2/i) {
68 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
69 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|VMS|OS2)/;
71 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
72 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
73 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
74 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
76 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
86 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
87 $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
89 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
90 if (defined($MOD_PERL = $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) &&
91 $MOD_PERL =~ /^CGI-Perl/)
98 # This is really "\r\n", but the meaning of \n is different
99 # in MacPerl, so we resort to octal here.
102 if ($needs_binmode) {
103 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDOUT);
104 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDIN);
105 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(main::STDERR);
108 # Cute feature, but it broke when the overload mechanism changed...
109 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
112 ':html2'=>[h1..h6,qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
113 tt i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
114 base body link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
115 input Select option/],
116 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr super sub strike applet PARAM embed basefont/],
117 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink frameset frame script font fontsize center/],
118 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
119 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
120 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
121 start_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
122 ':cgi'=>[qw/param path_info path_translated url self_url script_name cookie dump
123 raw_cookie request_method query_string accept user_agent remote_host
124 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol
125 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http
126 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put/],
127 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
128 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam/],
129 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape/],
130 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :form :cgi/],
131 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi/]
134 # to import symbols into caller
137 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
139 $NPH++, next if $_ eq ':nph';
140 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
141 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
145 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
146 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
147 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
148 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
150 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
151 foreach $pck (@packages) {
152 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
157 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
164 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
165 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
166 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
172 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
173 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
176 my($class,$initializer) = @_;
178 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
179 $CGI::DefaultClass->_reset_globals() if $MOD_PERL;
180 $initializer = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
181 $self->init($initializer);
185 # We provide a DESTROY method so that the autoloader
186 # doesn't bother trying to find it.
190 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
191 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
192 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
193 # member of the list.
194 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
195 # the known parameters names available.
196 # If more than one argument is provided, the
197 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
198 # set the value of the parameter.
201 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
202 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
203 my($name,$value,@other);
205 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
206 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
208 ($name,$value,@other) = $self->rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
211 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-' || $self->use_named_parameters) {
212 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
214 foreach ($value,@other) {
215 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
218 # If values is provided, then we set it.
220 $self->add_parameter($name);
221 $self->{$name}=[@values];
227 return () unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
228 return wantarray ? @{$self->{$name}} : $self->{$name}->[0];
232 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
235 my($self,$name) = self_or_default(@_);
236 delete $self->{$name};
237 delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
238 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep($_ ne $name,$self->param());
239 return wantarray ? () : undef;
242 sub self_or_default {
243 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && !ref($_[0]) && ($_[0] eq 'CGI');
244 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
246 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' ||
247 eval "\$_[0]->isaCGI()")) { # optimize for the common case
248 $CGI::DefaultClass->_reset_globals()
249 if defined($Q) && $MOD_PERL && $CGI::DefaultClass->_new_request();
250 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
257 return undef unless (defined(Apache->seqno()) or eval { require Apache });
258 if (Apache->seqno() != $SEQNO) {
259 $SEQNO = Apache->seqno();
272 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
273 if (defined($_[0]) &&
274 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
275 || eval "\$_[0]->isaCGI()")) {
278 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
286 #### Method: import_names
287 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
288 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
291 my($self,$namespace) = self_or_default(@_);
292 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
293 die "Can't import names into 'main'\n"
294 if $namespace eq 'main';
295 my($param,@value,$var);
296 foreach $param ($self->param) {
297 # protect against silly names
298 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
299 $var = "${namespace}::$var";
300 @value = $self->param($param);
306 #### Method: use_named_parameters
307 # Force CGI.pm to use named parameter-style method calls
308 # rather than positional parameters. The same effect
309 # will happen automatically if the first parameter
311 sub use_named_parameters {
312 my($self,$use_named) = self_or_default(@_);
313 return $self->{'.named'} unless defined ($use_named);
315 # stupidity to avoid annoying warnings
316 return $self->{'.named'}=$use_named;
319 ########################################
320 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
321 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
323 ########################################
325 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
326 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
327 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
328 # and the values are stored as lists
329 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
330 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
333 my($self,$initializer) = @_;
334 my($query_string,@lines);
337 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
338 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
339 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
340 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
342 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
343 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$QUERY_PARAM{$_});
348 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
350 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
353 if (defined($initializer)) {
355 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
356 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
357 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
362 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer);
363 if (defined(fileno($initializer))) {
364 while (<$initializer>) {
369 # massage back into standard format
370 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
371 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
373 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
377 $query_string = $initializer;
380 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
382 if ($meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
383 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
387 # If the method is POST, fetch the query from standard
389 if ($meth eq 'POST') {
391 if (defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
393 $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|) {
394 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~/boundary=(\S+)/;
395 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'});
399 $self->read_from_client(\*STDIN,\$query_string,$ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'},0)
400 if $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} > 0;
403 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
404 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
405 # APPENDED to the POST data.
406 # $query_string .= ($query_string ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
410 # If neither is set, assume we're being debugged offline.
411 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
412 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
413 # UN*X programmers expect.
414 $query_string = &read_from_cmdline;
417 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
418 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
420 if ($query_string =~ /=/) {
421 $self->parse_params($query_string);
423 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
424 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
428 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
430 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
434 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
435 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
436 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
437 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
440 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
441 $self->delete('.submit');
442 $self->delete('.cgifields');
443 $self->save_request unless $initializer;
448 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
450 # Turn a string into a filehandle
453 if ($string && !ref($string)) {
454 my($package) = caller(1);
455 my($tmp) = $string=~/[':]/ ? $string : "$package\:\:$string";
456 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
461 # Create a new multipart buffer
462 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
463 my($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_;
464 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length,$filehandle);
467 # Read data from a file handle
468 sub read_from_client {
469 my($self, $fh, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
470 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
471 return read($fh, $$buff, $len, $offset);
474 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
479 # send output to the browser
481 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
485 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
491 # unescape URL-encoded data
494 $todecode =~ tr/+/ /; # pluses become spaces
495 $todecode =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",hex($1))/ge;
502 $toencode=~s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_\-.])/uc sprintf("%%%02x",ord($1))/eg;
508 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
509 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
510 # us to have several of these objects.
511 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
512 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
513 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
517 sub parse_keywordlist {
518 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
519 $tosplit = &unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
520 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
521 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
526 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
527 my(@pairs) = split('&',$tosplit);
530 ($param,$value) = split('=');
531 $param = &unescape($param);
532 $value = &unescape($value);
533 $self->add_parameter($param);
534 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
540 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
541 unless defined($self->{$param});
546 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
547 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
548 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
553 #### Method as_string
562 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
563 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
564 my($pack,$func_name) = $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
565 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
566 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
568 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
570 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
571 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
574 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
576 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
578 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
579 $EXPORT{$func_name} ||
580 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
581 && $EXPORT_OK{$func_name}) {
582 $code = $sub->{'HTML_FUNC'};
583 $code=~s/func_name/$func_name/mg;
586 die "Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n" unless $code;
587 eval "package $pack; $code";
592 goto &{"$pack\:\:$func_name"};
596 # Smart rearrangement of parameters to allow named parameter
597 # calling. We do the rearangement if:
598 # 1. The first parameter begins with a -
599 # 2. The use_named_parameters() method returns true
601 my($self,$order,@param) = @_;
602 return () unless @param;
604 return @param unless (defined($param[0]) && substr($param[0],0,1) eq '-')
605 || $self->use_named_parameters;
608 for ($i=0;$i<@param;$i+=2) {
609 $param[$i]=~s/^\-//; # get rid of initial - if present
610 $param[$i]=~tr/a-z/A-Z/; # parameters are upper case
613 my(%param) = @param; # convert into associative array
617 foreach $key (@$order) {
619 # this is an awful hack to fix spurious warnings when the
621 if (ref($key) && ref($key) eq 'ARRAY') {
623 last if defined($value);
628 $value = $param{$key};
631 push(@return_array,$value);
633 push (@return_array,$self->make_attributes(\%param)) if %param;
634 return (@return_array);
637 ###############################################################################
638 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
639 ###############################################################################
640 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
641 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
645 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
646 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
649 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
650 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
653 'HTML_FUNC' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
656 # handle various cases in which we're called
657 # most of this bizarre stuff is to avoid -w errors
659 (!ref($_[0]) && $_[0] eq $CGI::DefaultClass) ||
661 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI' ||
662 eval "\$_[0]->isaCGI()"));
665 if (ref($_[0]) && ref($_[0]) eq 'HASH') {
666 my(@attr) = CGI::make_attributes('',shift);
667 $attr = " @attr" if @attr;
669 my($tag,$untag) = ("\U<func_name\E$attr>","\U</func_name>\E");
670 return $tag unless @_;
671 if (ref($_[0]) eq 'ARRAY') {
674 push(@r,"$tag$_$untag");
678 return "$tag@_$untag";
683 #### Method: keywords
684 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
685 # returns the list of keywords.
686 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
688 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
690 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
691 # If values is provided, then we set it.
692 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
693 my(@result) = @{$self->{'keywords'}};
698 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
699 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
700 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
713 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
715 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
716 return $self->header();
720 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
722 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
723 return $self->start_html(@p);
727 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
729 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
730 return $self->end_html(@p);
734 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
737 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
738 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
742 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
744 return request_method() eq 'GET';
748 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
750 return request_method() eq 'POST';
754 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
760 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
762 $_[0]->param($_[1],split("\0",$_[2]));
766 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
768 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
769 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
770 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
774 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
776 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
777 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
781 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
783 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
787 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
789 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
793 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
795 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
799 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
807 # Append a new value to an existing query
812 my($name,$value) = $self->rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
813 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
815 $self->add_parameter($name);
816 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
818 return $self->param($name);
822 #### Method: delete_all
823 # Delete all parameters
825 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
827 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
832 #### Method: autoescape
833 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
834 # call this method with undef as the argument
835 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
837 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
838 $self->{'dontescape'}=!$escape;
844 # Return the current version
846 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
852 'make_attributes' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
853 sub make_attributes {
854 my($self,$attr) = @_;
855 return () unless $attr && ref($attr) && ref($attr) eq 'HASH';
857 foreach (keys %{$attr}) {
859 $key=~s/^\-//; # get rid of initial - if present
860 $key=~tr/a-z/A-Z/; # parameters are upper case
861 push(@att,$attr->{$_} ne '' ? qq/$key="$attr->{$_}"/ : qq/$key/);
868 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
869 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
872 'dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
874 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
875 my($param,$value,@result);
876 return '<UL></UL>' unless $self->param;
877 push(@result,"<UL>");
878 foreach $param ($self->param) {
879 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
880 push(@result,"<LI><STRONG>$param</STRONG>");
881 push(@result,"<UL>");
882 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
883 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
884 push(@result,"<LI>$value");
886 push(@result,"</UL>");
888 push(@result,"</UL>\n");
889 return join("\n",@result);
895 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
896 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
898 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
900 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
902 my($package) = caller;
903 # Check that this still works!
904 # $filehandle = $filehandle=~/[':]/ ? $filehandle : "$package\:\:$filehandle";
905 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
906 foreach $param ($self->param) {
907 my($escaped_param) = &escape($param);
909 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
910 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape($value),"\n";
913 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
919 # Return a Content-Type: style header
922 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
924 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
927 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,@other) =
928 $self->rearrange([TYPE,STATUS,[COOKIE,COOKIES],TARGET,EXPIRES,NPH],@p);
930 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
931 # need to fix it up a little.
933 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^\s=]+)=(.+)/;
934 substr($header,1,1000)=~tr/A-Z/a-z/;
935 ($value)=$value=~/^"(.*)"$/;
936 $_ = "$header: $value";
939 $type = $type || 'text/html';
941 push(@header,'HTTP/1.0 ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph || $NPH;
942 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
943 push(@header,"Window-target: $target") if $target;
944 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
946 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
948 push(@header,"Set-cookie: $_");
951 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
952 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
954 push(@header,"Expires: " . &expires($expires)) if $expires;
955 push(@header,"Date: " . &expires(0)) if $expires;
956 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
957 push(@header,@other);
958 push(@header,"Content-type: $type");
960 my $header = join($CRLF,@header);
961 return $header . "${CRLF}${CRLF}";
967 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
970 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
972 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
973 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
974 if ($new_value ne '') {
975 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
977 return $self->{'cache'};
982 #### Method: redirect
983 # Return a Location: style header
986 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
988 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
989 my($url,$target,$cookie,$nph,@other) = $self->rearrange([[URI,URL],TARGET,COOKIE,NPH],@p);
990 $url = $url || $self->self_url;
992 foreach (@other) { push(@o,split("=")); }
993 if($MOD_PERL or exists $self->{'.req'}) {
994 my $r = $self->{'.req'} || Apache->request;
995 $r->header_out(Location => $url);
996 $r->err_header_out(Location => $url);
1002 '-Status'=>'302 Found',
1004 '-nph'=>($nph||$NPH),
1007 push(@o, '-URI'=>$url);
1008 push(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1009 push(@o,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1010 return $self->header(@o);
1015 #### Method: start_html
1016 # Canned HTML header
1019 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1020 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1021 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1022 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1023 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1024 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1025 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1026 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1027 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1030 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1032 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1033 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$target,$meta,@other) =
1034 $self->rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,TARGET,META],@p);
1036 # strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as HTML
1037 # while the author needs to be escaped as a URL
1038 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1039 $author = $self->escapeHTML($author);
1041 push(@result,'<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">');
1042 push(@result,"<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>$title</TITLE>");
1043 push(@result,"<LINK REV=MADE HREF=\"mailto:$author\">") if $author;
1045 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1046 my $href = $xbase || $self->url();
1047 my $t = $target ? qq/ TARGET="$target"/ : '';
1048 push(@result,qq/<BASE HREF="$href"$t>/);
1051 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1052 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,qq(<META NAME="$_" CONTENT="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1054 push(@result,<<END) if $script;
1056 <!-- Hide script from HTML-compliant browsers
1058 // End script hiding. -->
1062 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1063 push(@result,"</HEAD><BODY$other>");
1064 return join("\n",@result);
1069 #### Method: end_html
1070 # End an HTML document.
1071 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</BODY>"
1073 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1075 return "</BODY></HTML>";
1080 ################################
1081 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1082 ################################
1084 #### Method: isindex
1085 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1087 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1089 # A string containing a <ISINDEX> tag
1090 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1092 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1093 my($action,@other) = $self->rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1094 $action = qq/ACTION="$action"/ if $action;
1095 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1096 return "<ISINDEX $action$other>";
1101 #### Method: startform
1104 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1105 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1106 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1107 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1109 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1111 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1112 $self->rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1114 $method = $method || 'POST';
1115 $enctype = $enctype || &URL_ENCODED;
1116 $action = $action ? qq/ACTION="$action"/ : $method eq 'GET' ?
1117 'ACTION="'.$self->script_name.'"' : '';
1118 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1119 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1120 return qq/<FORM METHOD="$method" $action ENCTYPE="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1125 #### Method: start_form
1126 # synonym for startform
1127 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1134 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1135 # synonym for startform
1136 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1137 sub start_multipart_form {
1138 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1139 if ($self->use_named_parameters ||
1140 (defined($param[0]) && substr($param[0],0,1) eq '-')) {
1142 $p{'-enctype'}=&MULTIPART;
1143 return $self->startform(%p);
1145 my($method,$action,@other) =
1146 $self->rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1147 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1153 #### Method: endform
1155 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1157 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1158 return ($self->get_fields,"</FORM>");
1163 #### Method: end_form
1164 # synonym for endform
1165 'end_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1172 #### Method: textfield
1174 # $name -> Name of the text field
1175 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1177 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1178 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1180 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="text"> field
1182 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1184 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1185 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,@other) =
1186 $self->rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1188 my $current = $override ? $default :
1189 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1191 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1192 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1193 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ SIZE=$size/ : '';
1194 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ MAXLENGTH=$maxlength/ : '';
1195 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1196 return qq/<INPUT TYPE="text" NAME="$name" VALUE="$current"$s$m$other>/;
1201 #### Method: filefield
1203 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1204 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1205 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1207 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="text"> field
1209 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1211 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1213 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,@other) =
1214 $self->rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1216 $current = $override ? $default :
1217 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1219 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1220 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ SIZE=$size/ : '';
1221 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ MAXLENGTH=$maxlength/ : '';
1222 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1223 $other = ' ' . join(" ",@other);
1224 return qq/<INPUT TYPE="file" NAME="$name" VALUE="$current"$s$m$other>/;
1229 #### Method: password
1230 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1232 # $name -> Name of the field
1233 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1235 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1236 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1238 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="password"> field
1240 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1241 sub password_field {
1242 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1244 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,@other) =
1245 $self->rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1247 my($current) = $override ? $default :
1248 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1250 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1251 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1252 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ SIZE=$size/ : '';
1253 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ MAXLENGTH=$maxlength/ : '';
1254 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1255 return qq/<INPUT TYPE="password" NAME="$name" VALUE="$current"$s$m$other>/;
1260 #### Method: textarea
1262 # $name -> Name of the text field
1263 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1265 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1266 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1268 # A string containing a <TEXTAREA></TEXTAREA> tag
1270 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1272 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1274 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,@other) =
1275 $self->rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1277 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1278 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1280 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1281 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1282 my($r) = $rows ? " ROWS=$rows" : '';
1283 my($c) = $cols ? " COLS=$cols" : '';
1284 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1285 return qq{<TEXTAREA NAME="$name"$r$c$other>$current</TEXTAREA>};
1291 # Create a javascript button.
1293 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
1294 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
1295 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
1298 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="button"> tag
1300 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1302 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1304 my($label,$value,$script,@other) = $self->rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
1305 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT]],@p);
1307 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1308 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value);
1309 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
1312 $name = qq/ NAME="$label"/ if $label;
1313 $value = $value || $label;
1315 $val = qq/ VALUE="$value"/ if $value;
1316 $script = qq/ ONCLICK="$script"/ if $script;
1317 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1318 return qq/<INPUT TYPE="button"$name$val$script$other>/;
1324 # Create a "submit query" button.
1326 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1327 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
1328 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
1330 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="submit"> tag
1332 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1334 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1336 my($label,$value,@other) = $self->rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL]],@p);
1338 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1339 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value);
1341 my($name) = ' NAME=".submit"';
1342 $name = qq/ NAME="$label"/ if $label;
1343 $value = $value || $label;
1345 $val = qq/ VALUE="$value"/ if defined($value);
1346 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1347 return qq/<INPUT TYPE="submit"$name$val$other>/;
1353 # Create a "reset" button.
1355 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1357 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="reset"> tag
1359 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1361 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1362 my($label,@other) = $self->rearrange([NAME],@p);
1363 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1364 my($value) = defined($label) ? qq/ VALUE="$label"/ : '';
1365 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1366 return qq/<INPUT TYPE="reset"$value$other>/;
1371 #### Method: defaults
1372 # Create a "defaults" button.
1374 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1376 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="submit" NAME=".defaults"> tag
1378 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
1379 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
1382 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1384 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1386 my($label,@other) = $self->rearrange([[NAME,VALUE]],@p);
1388 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1389 $label = $label || "Defaults";
1390 my($value) = qq/ VALUE="$label"/;
1391 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1392 return qq/<INPUT TYPE="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
1397 #### Method: checkbox
1398 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
1399 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
1401 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
1402 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
1403 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
1404 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
1405 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
1407 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="checkbox"> field
1409 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1411 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1413 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$override,@other) =
1414 $self->rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1416 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
1417 $value = $self->param($name) unless defined $value;
1418 $checked = $self->param($name) eq $value ? ' CHECKED' : '';
1420 $checked = $checked ? ' CHECKED' : '';
1421 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
1423 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
1424 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
1425 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1426 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
1427 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1428 $self->register_parameter($name);
1430 <INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="$name" VALUE="$value"$checked$other>$the_label
1436 #### Method: checkbox_group
1437 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
1439 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
1440 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
1441 # values for each checkbox in the group.
1442 # $defaults -> (optional)
1443 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
1444 # then this will be used to decide which
1445 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
1446 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
1447 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
1448 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
1449 # between the buttons.
1450 # $labels -> (optional)
1451 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
1452 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
1453 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
1455 # An ARRAY containing a series of <INPUT TYPE="checkbox"> fields
1457 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1458 sub checkbox_group {
1459 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1461 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$rows,$columns,
1462 $rowheaders,$colheaders,$override,$nolabels,@other) =
1463 $self->rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
1464 LINEBREAK,LABELS,ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],
1465 ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS,
1466 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS],@p);
1468 my($checked,$break,$result,$label);
1470 my(%checked) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
1472 $break = $linebreak ? "<BR>" : '';
1473 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1475 # Create the elements
1477 my(@values) = $values ? @$values : $self->param($name);
1478 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1480 $checked = $checked{$_} ? ' CHECKED' : '';
1482 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
1484 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && $labels->{$_};
1485 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label);
1487 $_ = $self->escapeHTML($_);
1488 push(@elements,qq/<INPUT TYPE="checkbox" NAME="$name" VALUE="$_"$checked$other>${label} ${break}/);
1490 $self->register_parameter($name);
1491 return wantarray ? @elements : join('',@elements) unless $columns;
1492 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
1497 # Escape HTML -- used internally
1498 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1500 my($self,$toencode) = @_;
1501 return undef unless defined($toencode);
1502 return $toencode if $self->{'dontescape'};
1503 $toencode=~s/&/&/g;
1504 $toencode=~s/\"/"/g;
1505 $toencode=~s/>/>/g;
1506 $toencode=~s/</</g;
1512 # Internal procedure - don't use
1513 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1515 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
1518 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless $rows;
1519 # rearrange into a pretty table
1520 $result = "<TABLE>";
1522 unshift(@$colheaders,'') if @$colheaders && @$rowheaders;
1523 $result .= "<TR>" if @{$colheaders};
1524 foreach (@{$colheaders}) {
1525 $result .= "<TH>$_</TH>";
1527 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
1529 $result .= "<TH>$rowheaders->[$row]</TH>" if @$rowheaders;
1530 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
1531 $result .= "<TD>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</TD>";
1535 $result .= "</TABLE>";
1541 #### Method: radio_group
1542 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
1544 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
1545 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
1546 # values for each button in the group.
1547 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
1548 # to turn _nothing_ on.
1549 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
1550 # between the buttons.
1551 # $labels -> (optional)
1552 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
1553 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
1554 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
1556 # An ARRAY containing a series of <INPUT TYPE="radio"> fields
1558 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1560 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1562 my($name,$values,$default,$linebreak,$labels,
1563 $rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,$override,$nolabels,@other) =
1564 $self->rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],DEFAULT,LINEBREAK,LABELS,
1565 ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],
1566 ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS,
1567 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS],@p);
1568 my($result,$checked);
1570 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
1571 $checked = $self->param($name);
1573 $checked = $default;
1575 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
1576 $checked = $values->[0] unless $checked;
1577 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1580 my(@values) = $values ? @$values : $self->param($name);
1581 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1583 my($checkit) = $checked eq $_ ? ' CHECKED' : '';
1584 my($break) = $linebreak ? '<BR>' : '';
1586 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
1588 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && $labels->{$_};
1589 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label);
1591 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
1592 push(@elements,qq/<INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="$name" VALUE="$_"$checkit$other>${label} ${break}/);
1594 $self->register_parameter($name);
1595 return wantarray ? @elements : join('',@elements) unless $columns;
1596 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
1601 #### Method: popup_menu
1602 # Create a popup menu.
1604 # $name -> Name for all the menu
1605 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
1606 # text of each menu item.
1607 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
1608 # $labels -> (optional)
1609 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
1610 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
1611 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
1613 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
1615 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1617 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1619 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$override,@other) =
1620 $self->rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1621 my($result,$selected);
1623 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
1624 $selected = $self->param($name);
1626 $selected = $default;
1628 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1629 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1631 my(@values) = $values ? @$values : $self->param($name);
1632 $result = qq/<SELECT NAME="$name"$other>\n/;
1634 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? ($selected eq $_ ? 'SELECTED' : '' ) : '';
1636 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && $labels->{$_};
1637 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
1638 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1639 $result .= "<OPTION $selectit VALUE=\"$value\">$label\n";
1642 $result .= "</SELECT>\n";
1648 #### Method: scrolling_list
1649 # Create a scrolling list.
1651 # $name -> name for the list
1652 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
1653 # values for each option line in the list.
1654 # $defaults -> (optional)
1655 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
1656 # then this will be used to decide which
1657 # lines to turn on by default.
1658 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
1659 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
1660 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
1661 # $labels -> (optional)
1662 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
1663 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
1664 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
1666 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
1668 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1669 sub scrolling_list {
1670 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1671 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$override,@other)
1672 = $self->rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
1673 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1676 my(@values) = $values ? @$values : $self->param($name);
1677 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
1679 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
1680 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? ' MULTIPLE' : '';
1681 my($has_size) = $size ? " SIZE=$size" : '';
1682 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1684 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1685 $result = qq/<SELECT NAME="$name"$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
1687 my($selectit) = $selected{$_} ? 'SELECTED' : '';
1689 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && $labels->{$_};
1690 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1691 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_);
1692 $result .= "<OPTION $selectit VALUE=\"$value\">$label\n";
1694 $result .= "</SELECT>\n";
1695 $self->register_parameter($name);
1703 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
1704 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
1706 # $default->[initial values of field]
1708 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="hidden" NAME="name" VALUE="value">
1710 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1712 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1714 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
1715 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
1717 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
1718 $self->rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
1720 my $do_override = 0;
1721 if ( substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-' || $self->use_named_parameters ) {
1722 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
1723 $do_override = $override;
1725 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
1726 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
1730 # use previous values if override is not set
1731 my @prev = $self->param($name);
1732 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
1734 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1736 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
1737 push(@result,qq/<INPUT TYPE="hidden" NAME="$name" VALUE="$_">/);
1739 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
1744 #### Method: image_button
1746 # $name -> Name of the button
1747 # $src -> URL of the image source
1748 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
1750 # A string containing a <INPUT TYPE="image" NAME="name" SRC="url" ALIGN="alignment">
1752 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1754 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1756 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
1757 $self->rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
1759 my($align) = $alignment ? " ALIGN=\U$alignment" : '';
1760 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1761 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
1762 return qq/<INPUT TYPE="image" NAME="$name" SRC="$src"$align$other>/;
1767 #### Method: self_url
1768 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
1769 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
1770 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
1771 # script with all its state information preserved.
1773 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1775 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1776 my($query_string) = $self->query_string;
1777 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
1778 my $name = "$protocol://" . $self->server_name;
1779 $name .= ":" . $self->server_port
1780 unless $self->server_port == 80;
1781 $name .= $self->script_name;
1782 $name .= $self->path_info if $self->path_info;
1783 return $name unless $query_string;
1784 return "$name?$query_string";
1789 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
1790 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
1791 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1799 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
1802 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1804 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1805 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
1806 my $name = "$protocol://" . $self->server_name;
1807 $name .= ":" . $self->server_port
1808 unless $self->server_port == 80;
1809 $name .= $self->script_name;
1816 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
1817 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
1818 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
1820 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
1821 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
1822 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
1823 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
1824 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
1825 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
1827 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1828 # temporary, for debugging.
1830 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1831 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires) =
1832 $self->rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES],@p);
1835 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
1836 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
1837 # cookie in our state variables.
1838 unless (defined($value)) {
1839 unless ($self->{'.cookies'}) {
1840 my(@pairs) = split("; ",$self->raw_cookie);
1842 my($key,$value) = split("=");
1843 my(@values) = map unescape($_),split('&',$value);
1844 $self->{'.cookies'}->{unescape($key)} = [@values];
1848 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
1849 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
1850 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}} : $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->[0]
1851 if defined($name) && $name ne '';
1852 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}};
1856 # Pull out our parameters.
1858 if (ref($value) eq 'ARRAY') {
1860 } elsif (ref($value) eq 'HASH') {
1866 @values = map escape($_),@values;
1868 # I.E. requires the path to be present.
1869 ($path = $ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'})=~s![^/]+$!! unless $path;
1871 my(@constant_values);
1872 push(@constant_values,"domain=$domain") if $domain;
1873 push(@constant_values,"path=$path") if $path;
1874 push(@constant_values,"expires=".&expires($expires)) if $expires;
1875 push(@constant_values,'secure') if $secure;
1877 my($key) = &escape($name);
1878 my($cookie) = join("=",$key,join("&",@values));
1879 return join("; ",$cookie,@constant_values);
1884 # This internal routine creates an expires string exactly some number of
1885 # hours from the current time in GMT. This is the format
1886 # required by Netscape cookies, and I think it works for the HTTP
1887 # Expires: header as well.
1888 'expires' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1891 my(@MON)=qw/Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec/;
1892 my(@WDAY) = qw/Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday/;
1893 my(%mult) = ('s'=>1,
1899 # format for time can be in any of the forms...
1900 # "now" -- expire immediately
1901 # "+180s" -- in 180 seconds
1902 # "+2m" -- in 2 minutes
1903 # "+12h" -- in 12 hours
1905 # "+3M" -- in 3 months
1906 # "+2y" -- in 2 years
1907 # "-3m" -- 3 minutes ago(!)
1908 # If you don't supply one of these forms, we assume you are
1909 # specifying the date yourself
1911 if (!$time || ($time eq 'now')) {
1913 } elsif ($time=~/^([+-]?\d+)([mhdMy]?)/) {
1914 $offset = ($mult{$2} || 1)*$1;
1918 my($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year,$wday) = gmtime(time+$offset);
1919 $year += 1900 unless $year < 100;
1920 return sprintf("%s, %02d-%s-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT",
1921 $WDAY[$wday],$mday,$MON[$mon],$year,$hour,$min,$sec);
1926 ###############################################
1927 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
1928 ###############################################
1930 #### Method: path_info
1931 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
1932 # after the URL (if any)
1934 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1936 return $ENV{'PATH_INFO'};
1941 #### Method: request_method
1942 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
1944 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1945 sub request_method {
1946 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
1950 #### Method: path_translated
1951 # Return the physical path information provided
1952 # by the URL (if any)
1954 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1955 sub path_translated {
1956 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
1961 #### Method: query_string
1962 # Synthesize a query string from our current
1965 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1967 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1968 my($param,$value,@pairs);
1969 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1970 my($eparam) = &escape($param);
1971 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1972 $value = &escape($value);
1973 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
1976 return join("&",@pairs);
1982 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
1983 # MIME types the browser accepts.
1984 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
1985 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
1986 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
1987 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
1988 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
1989 # declares a quantitative score for it.
1990 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
1992 'accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1994 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
1995 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
1997 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2000 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2001 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2003 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2006 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2008 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2009 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2010 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2011 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2013 # First return the preference for directly supported
2015 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2017 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2018 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2019 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2020 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2021 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2022 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2028 #### Method: user_agent
2029 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2030 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2031 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2033 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2035 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2036 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2037 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2043 # Returns the magic cookie for the session.
2044 # To set the magic cookie for new transations,
2045 # try print $q->header('-Set-cookie'=>'my cookie')
2047 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2049 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2050 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
2054 #### Method: virtual_host
2055 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
2056 # is not always the same as the server
2058 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2060 return http('host') || server_name();
2064 #### Method: remote_host
2065 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
2066 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
2067 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
2070 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2072 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
2078 #### Method: remote_addr
2079 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
2081 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2083 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
2088 #### Method: script_name
2089 # Return the partial URL to this script for
2090 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
2091 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
2094 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2096 return $ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'} if $ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'};
2097 # These are for debugging
2098 return "/$0" unless $0=~/^\//;
2104 #### Method: referer
2105 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
2108 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2110 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2111 return $self->http('referer');
2116 #### Method: server_name
2117 # Return the name of the server
2119 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2121 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
2125 #### Method: server_software
2126 # Return the name of the server software
2128 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2129 sub server_software {
2130 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
2134 #### Method: server_port
2135 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
2137 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2139 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
2143 #### Method: server_protocol
2144 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
2146 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2147 sub server_protocol {
2148 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
2153 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
2154 # the list of variables if none provided
2156 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2158 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2159 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
2160 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
2162 foreach (keys %ENV) {
2163 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
2170 # Return the value of HTTPS
2172 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2175 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2176 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
2177 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
2178 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
2180 foreach (keys %ENV) {
2181 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
2187 #### Method: protocol
2188 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
2190 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2194 return 'https' if $self->https() eq 'ON';
2195 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
2196 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
2197 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
2198 return "\L$protocol\E";
2202 #### Method: remote_ident
2203 # Return the identity of the remote user
2204 # (but only if his host is running identd)
2206 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2208 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
2213 #### Method: auth_type
2214 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
2216 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2218 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
2223 #### Method: remote_user
2224 # Return the authorization name used for user
2227 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2229 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
2234 #### Method: user_name
2235 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
2238 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2240 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2241 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
2246 # Set or return the NPH global flag
2248 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2250 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2251 $CGI::nph = $param if defined($param);
2256 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
2257 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2258 sub previous_or_default {
2259 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
2262 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2263 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
2264 grep($selected{$_}++,$self->param($name));
2265 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
2266 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
2267 grep($selected{$_}++,@{$defaults});
2269 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
2276 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2277 sub register_parameter {
2278 my($self,$param) = @_;
2279 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
2283 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2286 return $self->hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
2287 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
2292 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2293 sub read_from_cmdline {
2294 require "shellwords.pl";
2298 $input = join(" ",@ARGV);
2300 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input)\n";
2301 chomp(@lines = <>); # remove newlines
2302 $input = join(" ",@lines);
2305 # minimal handling of escape characters
2306 $input=~s/\\=/%3D/g;
2307 $input=~s/\\&/%26/g;
2309 @words = &shellwords($input);
2310 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
2311 $query_string = join('&',@words);
2313 $query_string = join('+',@words);
2315 return $query_string;
2320 # subroutine: read_multipart
2322 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
2323 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
2324 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
2325 # caller can read from it if necessary.
2327 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2328 sub read_multipart {
2329 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
2330 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
2331 return unless $buffer;
2333 while (!$buffer->eof) {
2334 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
2336 # In beta1 it was "Content-disposition". In beta2 it's "Content-Disposition"
2338 my($key) = $header{'Content-disposition'} ? 'Content-disposition' : 'Content-Disposition';
2339 my($param)= $header{$key}=~/ name="([^\"]*)"/;
2341 # possible bug: our regular expression expects the filename= part to fall
2342 # at the end of the line. Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
2343 my($filename) = $header{$key}=~/ filename="(.*)"$/;
2345 # add this parameter to our list
2346 $self->add_parameter($param);
2348 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
2349 # to our parameter list.
2350 unless ($filename) {
2351 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
2352 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
2356 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
2357 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
2358 # the file for reading.
2359 my($tmpfile) = new TempFile;
2360 my $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
2362 open (OUT,">$tmp") || die "CGI open of $tmpfile: $!\n";
2363 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(OUT) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
2364 chmod 0666,$tmp; # make sure anyone can delete it.
2366 while ($data = $buffer->read) {
2371 # Now create a new filehandle in the caller's namespace.
2372 # The name of this filehandle just happens to be identical
2373 # to the original filename (NOT the name of the temporary
2374 # file, which is hidden!)
2376 if ($filename=~/^[a-zA-Z_]/) {
2378 do { $cp = caller($frame++); } until !eval("'$cp'->isaCGI()");
2379 $filehandle = "$cp\:\:$filename";
2381 $filehandle = "\:\:$filename";
2384 open($filehandle,$tmp) || die "CGI open of $tmp: $!\n";
2385 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
2387 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filename);
2389 # Under Unix, it would be safe to let the temporary file
2390 # be deleted immediately. However, I fear that other operating
2391 # systems are not so forgiving. Therefore we save a reference
2392 # to the temporary file in the CGI object so that the file
2393 # isn't unlinked until the CGI object itself goes out of
2394 # scope. This is a bit hacky, but it has the interesting side
2395 # effect that one can access the name of the tmpfile by
2396 # asking for $query->{$query->param('foo')}, where 'foo'
2397 # is the name of the file upload field.
2398 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$filename}= {
2406 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2408 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
2409 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$filename}->{name}->as_string;
2413 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
2415 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
2416 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{$filename}->{info};
2424 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use
2425 package MultipartBuffer;
2427 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
2428 # a 5K buffer by default.
2429 $FILLUNIT = 1024 * 5;
2430 $TIMEOUT = 10*60; # 10 minute timeout
2431 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 1000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
2434 #reuse the autoload function
2435 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
2437 ###############################################################################
2438 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
2439 ###############################################################################
2440 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
2441 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
2444 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2446 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length,$filehandle) = @_;
2449 my($package) = caller;
2450 # force into caller's package if necessary
2451 $IN = $filehandle=~/[':]/ ? $filehandle : "$package\:\:$filehandle";
2453 $IN = "main::STDIN" unless $IN;
2455 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
2457 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
2458 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
2459 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
2460 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
2461 # by then, we return.
2463 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
2464 # about providing boundary strings.
2467 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
2468 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
2469 $boundary = "--$boundary";
2470 # Read the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF
2472 $length -= $interface->read_from_client($IN,\$null,length($boundary)+2,0);
2474 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
2476 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
2477 $boundary = <$IN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
2478 $length -= length($boundary);
2479 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
2480 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
2483 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
2484 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
2486 INTERFACE=>$interface,
2490 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
2491 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
2493 return bless $self,ref $package || $package;
2497 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2503 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
2504 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
2505 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
2506 $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
2509 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
2510 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
2512 while ($header=~/^([\w-]+): (.*)$CRLF/mog) {
2519 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
2520 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2525 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
2526 $returnval .= $data;
2532 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
2533 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
2534 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
2535 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2537 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
2539 # default number of bytes to read
2540 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
2542 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
2543 # is never split between reads.
2544 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
2546 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
2547 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$self->{BOUNDARY});
2549 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
2550 # and return undef. The +2 here is a fiendish plot to
2551 # remove the CR/LF pair at the end of the boundary.
2554 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
2555 if (index($self->{BUFFER},"$self->{BOUNDARY}--")==0) {
2561 # just remove the boundary.
2562 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($self->{BOUNDARY})+2)='';
2567 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
2568 $bytesToReturn = $start > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
2569 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
2570 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
2571 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
2573 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($self->{BOUNDARY})+1);
2576 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
2577 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
2579 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
2580 return ($start > 0) ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
2585 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
2586 # boundary is never split between reads
2587 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2589 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
2590 return unless $self->{LENGTH};
2592 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
2593 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
2594 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
2595 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
2597 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
2598 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client($self->{IN},
2603 # An apparent bug in the Netscape Commerce server causes the read()
2604 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
2605 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
2606 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
2607 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
2608 if ($bytesRead == 0) {
2609 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
2610 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
2612 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
2615 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead;
2620 # Return true when we've finished reading
2621 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
2624 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
2625 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
2633 ####################################################################################
2634 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
2635 ####################################################################################
2639 unless ($TMPDIRECTORY) {
2640 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp","${SL}Temporary Items");
2642 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
2646 $TMPDIRECTORY = "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
2647 $SEQUENCE="CGItemp${$}0000";
2649 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
2650 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
2651 *TempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
2653 ###############################################################################
2654 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
2655 ###############################################################################
2656 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
2657 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
2660 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2664 my $directory = "${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}${SEQUENCE}";
2665 return bless \$directory;
2669 'DESTROY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2672 unlink $$self; # get rid of the file
2676 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
2688 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
2689 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
2690 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
2695 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
2696 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
2697 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
2698 $MultipartBuffer::FILLUNIT;
2699 $TempFile::SEQUENCE;
2710 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
2715 # the rest is too complicated for a synopsis; keep reading
2719 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create
2720 Web fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package
2721 defines CGI objects, entities that contain the values of the
2722 current query string and other state variables.
2723 Using a CGI object's methods, you can examine keywords and parameters
2724 passed to your script, and create forms whose initial values
2725 are taken from the current query (thereby preserving state
2728 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
2730 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
2731 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
2733 =head1 INSTALLATION:
2735 To install this package, just change to the directory in which this
2736 file is found and type the following:
2742 This will copy CGI.pm to your perl library directory for use by all
2743 perl scripts. You probably must be root to do this. Now you can
2744 load the CGI routines in your Perl scripts with the line:
2748 If you don't have sufficient privileges to install CGI.pm in the Perl
2749 library directory, you can put CGI.pm into some convenient spot, such
2750 as your home directory, or in cgi-bin itself and prefix all Perl
2751 scripts that call it with something along the lines of the following
2754 use lib '/home/davis/lib';
2757 If you are using a version of perl earlier than 5.002 (such as NT perl), use
2761 unshift(@INC,'/home/davis/lib');
2765 The CGI distribution also comes with a cute module called L<CGI::Carp>.
2766 It redefines the die(), warn(), confess() and croak() error routines
2767 so that they write nicely formatted error messages into the server's
2768 error log (or to the output stream of your choice). This avoids long
2769 hours of groping through the error and access logs, trying to figure
2770 out which CGI script is generating error messages. If you choose,
2771 you can even have fatal error messages echoed to the browser to avoid
2772 the annoying and uninformative "Server Error" message.
2776 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT:
2780 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
2781 it into a perl5 object called $query.
2783 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
2785 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
2787 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it
2788 will read parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The
2789 file can be in any of the forms describing below under debugging
2790 (i.e. a series of newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work).
2791 Conveniently, this type of file is created by the save() method
2792 (see below). Multiple records can be saved and restored.
2794 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
2795 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
2796 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
2798 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
2800 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
2803 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
2804 'song'=>'I love you',
2805 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
2808 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
2810 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
2812 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
2814 $empty_query = new CGI("");
2816 $empty_query = new CGI({});
2818 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
2820 @keywords = $query->keywords
2822 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
2823 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
2825 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
2827 @names = $query->param
2829 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
2830 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param()
2831 method will return the parameter names as a list. If the
2832 script was invoked as an <ISINDEX> script, there will be a
2833 single parameter named 'keywords'.
2835 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
2836 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
2837 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
2838 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
2839 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
2841 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
2843 @values = $query->param('foo');
2847 $value = $query->param('foo');
2849 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
2850 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
2851 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
2852 the method will return a single value.
2854 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
2856 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
2858 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
2859 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
2860 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
2861 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
2864 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
2865 in more detail later:
2867 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
2871 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
2873 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
2875 $query->append(-name=>;'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
2877 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
2878 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
2879 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
2880 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
2882 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
2884 $query->import_names('R');
2886 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
2887 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
2888 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
2889 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
2892 In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
2893 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
2894 Perl module B<import> operator.
2896 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
2898 $query->delete('foo');
2900 This completely clears a parameter. It sometimes useful for
2901 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between
2904 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
2906 $query->delete_all();
2908 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
2909 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
2911 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE FORM TO A FILE:
2913 $query->save(FILEHANDLE)
2915 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
2916 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
2917 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
2920 The format of the saved file is:
2928 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
2929 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
2930 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
2931 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
2932 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
2933 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
2934 a short example of creating multiple session records:
2938 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
2940 foreach (0..$records) {
2942 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
2947 # reopen for reading
2948 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
2950 my $q = new CGI(IN);
2951 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
2954 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
2955 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
2956 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
2958 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/genome_software/other/boulder.html
2960 for further details.
2962 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
2964 $myself = $query->self_url;
2965 print "<A HREF=$myself>I'm talking to myself.</A>";
2967 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
2968 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
2969 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
2970 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
2971 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
2973 $myself = $query->self_url;
2974 print "<A HREF=$myself#table1>See table 1</A>";
2975 print "<A HREF=$myself#table2>See table 2</A>";
2976 print "<A HREF=$myself#yourself>See for yourself</A>";
2978 If you don't want to get the whole query string, call
2979 the method url() to return just the URL for the script:
2981 $myself = $query->url;
2982 print "<A HREF=$myself>No query string in this baby!</A>\n";
2984 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
2986 $the_string = $query->query_string;
2988 =head2 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
2990 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl
2991 the compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is
2995 require "cgi-lib.pl";
2997 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
3002 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
3004 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
3005 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
3006 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
3007 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
3008 variables, are not supported.
3010 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
3014 print $q->textfield(-name=>'wow',
3015 -value=>'does this really work?');
3017 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
3018 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
3020 =head2 CALLING CGI FUNCTIONS THAT TAKE MULTIPLE ARGUMENTS
3022 In versions of CGI.pm prior to 2.0, it could get difficult to remember
3023 the proper order of arguments in CGI function calls that accepted five
3024 or six different arguments. As of 2.0, there's a better way to pass
3025 arguments to the various CGI functions. In this style, you pass a
3026 series of name=>argument pairs, like this:
3028 $field = $query->radio_group(-name=>'OS',
3029 -values=>[Unix,Windows,Macintosh],
3032 The advantages of this style are that you don't have to remember the
3033 exact order of the arguments, and if you leave out a parameter, in
3034 most cases it will default to some reasonable value. If you provide
3035 a parameter that the method doesn't recognize, it will usually do
3036 something useful with it, such as incorporating it into the HTML form
3037 tag. For example if Netscape decides next week to add a new
3038 JUSTIFICATION parameter to the text field tags, you can start using
3039 the feature without waiting for a new version of CGI.pm:
3041 $field = $query->textfield(-name=>'State',
3042 -default=>'gaseous',
3043 -justification=>'RIGHT');
3045 This will result in an HTML tag that looks like this:
3047 <INPUT TYPE="textfield" NAME="State" VALUE="gaseous"
3048 JUSTIFICATION="RIGHT">
3050 Parameter names are case insensitive: you can use -name, or -Name or
3051 -NAME. You don't have to use the hyphen if you don't want to. After
3052 creating a CGI object, call the B<use_named_parameters()> method with
3053 a nonzero value. This will tell CGI.pm that you intend to use named
3054 parameters exclusively:
3057 $query->use_named_parameters(1);
3058 $field = $query->radio_group('name'=>'OS',
3059 'values'=>['Unix','Windows','Macintosh'],
3062 Actually, CGI.pm only looks for a hyphen in the first parameter. So
3063 you can leave it off subsequent parameters if you like. Something to
3064 be wary of is the potential that a string constant like "values" will
3065 collide with a keyword (and in fact it does!) While Perl usually
3066 figures out when you're referring to a function and when you're
3067 referring to a string, you probably should put quotation marks around
3068 all string constants just to play it safe.
3070 =head2 CREATING THE HTTP HEADER:
3072 print $query->header;
3076 print $query->header('image/gif');
3080 print $query->header('text/html','204 No response');
3084 print $query->header(-type=>'image/gif',
3086 -status=>'402 Payment required',
3091 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
3092 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
3093 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
3094 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
3095 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all. If you want to
3096 add additional fields to the header, just tack them on to the end:
3098 print $query->header('text/html','200 OK','Content-Length: 3002');
3100 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
3101 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
3102 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other
3103 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
3104 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
3106 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
3107 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
3108 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
3109 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
3110 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
3111 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
3114 +30s 30 seconds from now
3115 +10m ten minutes from now
3116 +1h one hour from now
3117 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
3120 +10y in ten years time
3121 Thursday, 25-Apr-96 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
3123 (CGI::expires() is the static function call used internally that turns
3124 relative time intervals into HTTP dates. You can call it directly if
3127 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
3128 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
3129 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
3130 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
3133 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
3134 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
3135 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, which
3136 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
3138 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION INSTRUCTION
3140 print $query->redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
3142 redirects the browser elsewhere. If you use redirection like this,
3143 you should B<not> print out a header as well. As of version 2.0, we
3144 produce both the unofficial Location: header and the official URI:
3145 header. This should satisfy most servers and browsers.
3147 One hint I can offer is that relative links may not work correctly
3148 when when you generate a redirection to another document on your site.
3149 This is due to a well-intentioned optimization that some servers use.
3150 The solution to this is to use the full URL (including the http: part)
3151 of the document you are redirecting to.
3153 You can use named parameters:
3155 print $query->redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
3158 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
3159 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
3160 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, which
3161 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
3164 =head2 CREATING THE HTML HEADER:
3166 print $query->start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
3167 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
3170 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
3171 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
3176 print $query->start_html('Secrets of the Pyramids',
3177 'fred@capricorn.org','true',
3180 This will return a canned HTML header and the opening <BODY> tag.
3181 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
3182 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase and -target (see below for the
3183 explanation). Any additional parameters you provide, such as the
3184 Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added to the <BODY> tag.
3186 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <BASE> tag
3187 different from the current location, as in
3189 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
3191 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
3193 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
3194 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. See the Netscape
3195 documentation on frames for details of how to manipulate this.
3197 -target=>"answer_window"
3199 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
3200 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
3201 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
3202 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
3203 into a series of header <META> tags that look something like this:
3205 <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="pharaoh secret mummy">
3206 <META NAME="description" CONTENT="copyright 1996 King Tut">
3208 There is no support for the HTTP-EQUIV type of <META> tag. This is
3209 because you can modify the HTTP header directly with the B<header()>
3212 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters
3213 are used to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script>
3214 should point to a block of text containing JavaScript function
3215 definitions. This block will be placed within a <SCRIPT> block inside
3216 the HTML (not HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in
3217 order to give your page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript
3218 functions in place even if the user presses the stop button before the
3219 page has loaded completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in
3220 such a way that JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code:
3221 unfortunately there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that
3222 get confused by it nevertheless.
3224 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
3225 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
3226 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
3230 print $query->header;
3232 // Ask a silly question
3233 function riddle_me_this() {
3234 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
3235 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
3236 "and three legs in the evening?");
3239 // Get a silly answer
3240 function response(answer) {
3241 if (answer == "man")
3242 alert("Right you are!");
3244 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
3247 print $query->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
3252 http://home.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/handbook/javascript/
3254 for more information about JavaScript.
3256 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
3260 =item B<Parameters:>
3268 The author's e-mail address (will create a <LINK REV="MADE"> tag if present
3272 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <BASE> tag in the header. This
3273 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
3274 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
3278 Any other parameters you want to include in the <BODY> tag. This is a good
3279 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
3283 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
3285 print $query->end_html
3287 This ends an HTML document by printing the </BODY></HTML> tags.
3289 =head1 CREATING FORMS:
3291 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
3292 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
3293 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
3294 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
3295 around the form elements.
3297 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
3298 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
3299 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
3300 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
3302 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
3305 (1) call the param() method to set it.
3307 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
3308 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
3310 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
3311 -default=>'starting value',
3316 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
3317 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
3318 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
3319 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
3320 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
3321 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
3324 $query->autoEscape(undef);
3327 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
3329 print $query->isindex(-action=>$action);
3333 print $query->isindex($action);
3335 Prints out an <ISINDEX> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
3336 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
3337 default is to process the query with the current script.
3339 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
3341 print $query->startform(-method=>$method,
3343 -encoding=>$encoding);
3344 <... various form stuff ...>
3345 print $query->endform;
3349 print $query->startform($method,$action,$encoding);
3350 <... various form stuff ...>
3351 print $query->endform;
3353 startform() will return a <FORM> tag with the optional method,
3354 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
3358 encoding: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
3360 endform() returns the closing </FORM> tag.
3362 Startform()'s encoding method tells the browser how to package the various
3363 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
3364 values are possible:
3368 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
3370 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
3371 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
3372 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
3373 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
3374 type in B<$CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
3376 =item B<multipart/form-data>
3378 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
3379 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
3380 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
3381 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
3382 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
3383 in B<$CGI::MULTIPART>
3385 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
3386 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
3391 For compatibility, the startform() method uses the older form of
3392 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
3393 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
3396 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
3397 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
3398 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
3399 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
3400 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
3401 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
3402 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
3403 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
3404 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
3406 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <SCRIPT>
3407 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
3408 call. See start_html() for details.
3410 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
3412 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
3413 -default=>'starting value',
3418 print $query->textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
3420 textfield() will return a text input field.
3428 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
3432 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
3433 contents (-default).
3437 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
3442 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
3443 field will accept (-maxlength).
3447 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
3448 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
3449 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
3452 $value = $query->param('foo');
3454 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
3455 called once, you can do so like this:
3457 $query->param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
3459 NEW AS OF VERSION 2.15: If you don't want the field to take on its previous
3460 value, you can force its current value by using the -override (alias -force)
3463 print $query->textfield(-name=>'field_name',
3464 -default=>'starting value',
3469 JAVASCRIPTING: You can also provide B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>
3470 and B<-onSelect> parameters to register JavaScript event handlers.
3471 The onChange handler will be called whenever the user changes the
3472 contents of the text field. You can do text validation if you like.
3473 onFocus and onBlur are called respectively when the insertion point
3474 moves into and out of the text field. onSelect is called when the
3475 user changes the portion of the text that is selected.
3477 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
3479 print $query->textarea(-name=>'foo',
3480 -default=>'starting value',
3486 print $query->textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
3488 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
3489 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
3490 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
3493 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>
3494 and B<-onSelect> parameters are recognized. See textfield().
3496 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
3498 print $query->password_field(-name=>'secret',
3499 -value=>'starting value',
3504 print $query->password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
3506 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
3507 will be starred out on the web page.
3509 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>
3510 and B<-onSelect> parameters are recognized. See textfield().
3512 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
3514 print $query->filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
3515 -default=>'starting value',
3520 print $query->filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
3522 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
3523 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
3524 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
3525 by calling B<startform()> with an encoding type of B<$CGI::MULTIPART>,
3526 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
3527 vanilla B<startform()>.
3535 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
3539 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
3540 to be used as the default file name (-default).
3542 The beta2 version of Netscape 2.0 currently doesn't pay any attention
3543 to this field, and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse,
3544 the field loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous
3545 contents. The starting value field is called for in the HTML
3546 specification, however, and possibly later versions of Netscape will
3551 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
3556 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
3557 field will accept (-maxlength).
3561 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
3564 $filename = $query->param('uploaded_file');
3566 In Netscape Gold, the filename that gets returned is the full local filename
3567 on the B<remote user's> machine. If the remote user is on a Unix
3568 machine, the filename will follow Unix conventions:
3572 On an MS-DOS/Windows and OS/2 machines, the filename will follow DOS conventions:
3574 C:\PATH\TO\THE\FILE.MSW
3576 On a Macintosh machine, the filename will follow Mac conventions:
3578 HD 40:Desktop Folder:Sort Through:Reminders
3580 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
3581 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
3583 # Read a text file and print it out
3584 while (<$filename>) {
3588 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
3589 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
3590 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
3591 print OUTFILE $buffer;
3594 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
3595 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
3596 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
3597 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
3598 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
3599 an associative array containing all the document headers.
3601 $filename = $query->param('uploaded_file');
3602 $type = $query->uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
3603 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
3604 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
3607 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
3608 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
3609 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file uploads.
3611 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>
3612 and B<-onSelect> parameters are recognized. See textfield()
3615 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
3617 print $query->popup_menu('menu_name',
3618 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
3623 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
3624 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
3625 'minie'=>'your third choice');
3626 print $query->popup_menu('menu_name',
3627 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
3630 -or (named parameter style)-
3632 print $query->popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
3633 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
3637 popup_menu() creates a menu.
3643 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
3647 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
3648 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
3649 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
3650 a named array, such as "\@foo".
3654 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
3655 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
3656 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.
3660 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
3661 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
3662 popup menu nd the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
3663 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
3664 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
3665 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
3669 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
3672 $popup_menu_value = $query->param('menu_name');
3674 JAVASCRIPTING: popup_menu() recognizes the following event handlers:
3675 B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, and B<-onBlur>. See the textfield()
3676 section for details on when these handlers are called.
3678 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
3680 print $query->scrolling_list('list_name',
3681 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3682 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true');
3685 print $query->scrolling_list('list_name',
3686 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3687 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
3692 print $query->scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
3693 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3694 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
3699 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
3703 =item B<Parameters:>
3707 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
3708 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
3713 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
3714 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
3715 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
3716 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
3717 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
3722 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
3726 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
3727 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
3728 will be allowed at a time.
3732 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
3733 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
3734 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
3736 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
3737 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
3738 selected items can be retrieved with:
3740 @selected = $query->param('list_name');
3744 JAVASCRIPTING: scrolling_list() recognizes the following event handlers:
3745 B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, and B<-onBlur>. See textfield() for
3746 the description of when these handlers are called.
3748 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
3750 print $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
3751 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3752 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
3756 print $query->checkbox_group('group_name',
3757 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3758 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels);
3760 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
3762 print $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
3763 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3764 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
3767 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
3772 =item B<Parameters:>
3776 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
3777 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
3778 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
3779 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
3780 values passed to your script in the query string.
3784 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
3785 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
3786 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
3787 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
3791 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
3792 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
3793 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
3797 The optional fifth argument is a pointer to an associative array
3798 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will will
3799 be printed next to them (-labels). If not provided, the values will
3800 be used as the default.
3804 B<HTML3-compatible browsers> (such as Netscape) can take advantage
3806 parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause
3807 checkbox_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing
3808 the checkbox group formatted with the specified number of rows
3809 and columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you
3810 wish; checkbox_group will calculate the correct number of rows
3813 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
3814 can use the B<-rowheader> and B<-colheader> parameters. Both
3815 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
3816 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
3817 interpretation of the checkboxes -- they're still a single named
3822 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
3823 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
3824 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
3826 @turned_on = $query->param('group_name');
3828 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
3829 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
3830 or in other creative ways:
3832 @h = $query->checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
3833 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
3835 JAVASCRIPTING: checkbox_group() recognizes the B<-onClick>
3836 parameter. This specifies a JavaScript code fragment or
3837 function call to be executed every time the user clicks on
3838 any of the buttons in the group. You can retrieve the identity
3839 of the particular button clicked on using the "this" variable.
3841 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
3843 print $query->checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
3844 -checked=>'checked',
3846 -label=>'CLICK ME');
3850 print $query->checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
3852 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
3853 related to any others.
3857 =item B<Parameters:>
3861 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
3862 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
3867 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
3868 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
3872 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
3873 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
3878 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
3879 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
3884 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
3886 $turned_on = $query->param('checkbox_name');
3888 JAVASCRIPTING: checkbox() recognizes the B<-onClick>
3889 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
3891 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
3893 print $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
3894 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
3901 print $query->radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
3902 'meenie','true',\%labels);
3905 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
3907 print $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
3908 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3909 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
3911 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
3912 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
3916 =item B<Parameters:>
3920 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
3924 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
3925 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
3926 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
3927 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
3932 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
3933 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
3934 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
3935 start up with no buttons selected.
3939 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
3940 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
3944 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
3945 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
3946 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
3951 B<HTML3-compatible browsers> (such as Netscape) can take advantage
3953 parameters B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause
3954 radio_group() to return an HTML3 compatible table containing
3955 the radio group formatted with the specified number of rows
3956 and columns. You can provide just the -columns parameter if you
3957 wish; radio_group will calculate the correct number of rows
3960 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
3961 can use the B<-rowheader> and B<-colheader> parameters. Both
3962 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
3963 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
3964 interpetation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
3969 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
3972 $which_radio_button = $query->param('group_name');
3974 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
3975 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
3976 or in other creative ways:
3978 @h = $query->radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
3979 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
3981 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
3983 print $query->submit(-name=>'button_name',
3988 print $query->submit('button_name','value');
3990 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
3991 should have one of these.
3995 =item B<Parameters:>
3999 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
4000 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
4001 to distinguish between them. The name will also be used as the
4002 user-visible label. Be aware that a few older browsers don't deal with this correctly and
4003 B<never> send back a value from a button.
4007 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
4008 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string.
4012 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
4013 values for each one:
4015 $which_one = $query->param('button_name');
4017 JAVASCRIPTING: radio_group() recognizes the B<-onClick>
4018 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
4020 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
4024 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
4025 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
4026 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
4028 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
4030 print $query->defaults('button_label')
4032 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
4033 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
4034 changes the user ever made.
4036 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
4038 print $query->hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
4039 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
4043 print $query->hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
4045 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
4046 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
4047 of the script to the next.
4051 =item B<Parameters:>
4055 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
4060 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
4061 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
4062 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
4066 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
4068 $hidden_value = $query->param('hidden_name');
4070 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
4071 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
4072 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
4075 $query->param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
4077 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
4079 print $query->image_button(-name=>'button_name',
4080 -src=>'/source/URL',
4085 print $query->image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
4087 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
4088 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
4089 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
4092 JAVASCRIPTING: image_button() recognizes the B<-onClick>
4093 parameter. See checkbox_group() for further details.
4097 =item B<Parameters:>
4101 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
4106 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
4109 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
4110 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
4114 Fetch the value of the button this way:
4115 $x = $query->param('button_name.x');
4116 $y = $query->param('button_name.y');
4118 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
4120 print $query->button(-name=>'button_name',
4121 -value=>'user visible label',
4122 -onClick=>"do_something()");
4126 print $query->button('button_name',"do_something()");
4128 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
4129 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
4130 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
4131 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
4134 =head1 NETSCAPE COOKIES
4136 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher support a so-called
4137 "cookie" designed to help maintain state within a browser session.
4138 CGI.pm has several methods that support cookies.
4140 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
4141 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
4142 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
4143 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
4144 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
4146 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
4147 optional attributes:
4151 =item 1. an expiration time
4153 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
4154 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
4155 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
4156 Netscape and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
4157 will remain active until the user quits Netscape.
4161 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
4162 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
4163 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
4164 of ".capricorn.com", then Netscape will return the cookie to
4165 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
4166 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
4167 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
4168 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
4169 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
4170 cookie originated from.
4174 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
4175 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
4176 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
4177 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
4178 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
4179 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
4180 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
4182 =item 4. a "secure" flag
4184 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
4185 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
4189 The interface to Netscape cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
4191 $cookie = $query->cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
4194 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
4195 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
4197 print $query->header(-cookie=>$cookie);
4199 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
4205 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
4206 Although Netscape limits its cookie names to non-whitespace
4207 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
4208 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
4212 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
4213 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
4214 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
4216 $cookie=$query->cookie(-name=>'family information',
4217 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
4221 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
4226 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
4231 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
4232 in the section on the B<header()> method:
4234 "+1h" one hour from now
4238 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
4243 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
4244 header within the string returned by the header() method:
4246 print $query->header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
4248 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
4250 $cookie1 = $query->cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
4251 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
4252 $cookie2 = $query->cookie(-name=>'answers',
4254 print $query->header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
4256 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie()
4257 method without the B<-value> parameter:
4261 %answers = $query->cookie(-name=>'answers');
4262 # $query->cookie('answers') will work too!
4264 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
4265 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
4266 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
4267 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
4269 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
4270 $c=$q->cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[$q->param('answers')]);
4272 $q->param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[$q->cookie('answers')]);
4274 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
4275 cookies effectively.
4277 B<NOTE:> There appear to be some (undocumented) restrictions on
4278 Netscape cookies. In Netscape 2.01, at least, I haven't been able to
4279 set more than three cookies at a time. There may also be limits on
4280 the length of cookies. If you need to store a lot of information,
4281 it's probably better to create a unique session ID, store it in a
4282 cookie, and use the session ID to locate an external file/database
4283 saved on the server's side of the connection.
4285 =head1 WORKING WITH NETSCAPE FRAMES
4287 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser
4288 panels and windows using Netscape's frame mechanism.
4289 There are three techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
4293 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
4295 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
4296 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <FRAMESET>
4297 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
4298 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
4300 There is no specific support for creating <FRAMESET> sections
4301 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
4302 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
4304 http://home.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
4306 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
4308 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
4310 print $q->header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
4312 This will tell Netscape to load the output of your script into the
4313 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't
4314 already exist, Netscape will pop up a new window and load your
4315 script's document into that. There are a number of magic names
4316 that you can use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's
4317 home pages for details.
4319 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <FORM> tag
4321 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
4322 CGI.pm it looks like this:
4324 print $q->startform(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
4326 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
4327 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
4328 a new window will be created.
4332 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
4333 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
4334 side-by-side frames.
4338 If you are running the script
4339 from the command line or in the perl debugger, you can pass the script
4340 a list of keywords or parameter=value pairs on the command line or
4341 from standard input (you don't have to worry about tricking your
4342 script into reading from environment variables).
4343 You can pass keywords like this:
4345 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
4349 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
4353 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
4357 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
4359 or even as newline-delimited parameters on standard input.
4361 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
4362 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
4363 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
4366 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
4368 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
4370 The dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
4371 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
4372 for debugging purposes:
4377 Produces something that looks like:
4391 You can pass a value of 'true' to dump() in order to get it to
4392 print the results out as plain text, suitable for incorporating
4393 into a <PRE> section.
4395 As a shortcut, as of version 1.56 you can interpolate the entire
4396 CGI object into a string and it will be replaced with the
4397 the a nice HTML dump shown above:
4400 print "<H2>Current Values</H2> $query\n";
4402 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
4404 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
4405 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
4411 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser
4412 accepts. If you give this method a single argument
4413 corresponding to a MIME type, as in
4414 $query->accept('text/html'), it will return a
4415 floating point value corresponding to the browser's
4416 preference for this type from 0.0 (don't want) to 1.0.
4417 Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept list
4418 are handled correctly.
4420 =item B<raw_cookie()>
4422 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension
4423 implemented by Netscape browsers version 1.1
4424 and higher. Cookies have a special format, and this
4425 method call just returns the raw form (?cookie dough).
4426 See cookie() for ways of setting and retrieving
4429 =item B<user_agent()>
4431 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
4432 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
4433 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
4434 like $query->user_agent(netscape);
4436 =item B<path_info()>
4438 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
4439 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will
4440 result in $query->path_info() returning
4443 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
4444 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
4445 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
4446 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
4447 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
4448 path information will be present in the environment,
4449 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
4450 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
4452 =item B<path_translated()>
4454 As per path_info() but returns the additional
4455 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
4456 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
4458 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
4461 =item B<remote_host()>
4463 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
4464 if the former is unavailable.
4466 =item B<script_name()>
4467 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
4472 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
4473 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
4476 =item B<auth_type ()>
4478 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
4481 =item B<server_name ()>
4483 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
4486 =item B<virtual_host ()>
4488 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
4489 the browser attempted to contact
4491 =item B<server_software ()>
4493 Returns the server software and version number.
4495 =item B<remote_user ()>
4497 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
4498 verification, if this script is protected.
4500 =item B<user_name ()>
4502 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety
4503 of different techniques. This only works with older browsers
4504 such as Mosaic. Netscape does not reliably report the user
4507 =item B<request_method()>
4509 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
4510 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
4514 =head1 CREATING HTML ELEMENTS:
4516 In addition to its shortcuts for creating form elements, CGI.pm
4517 defines general HTML shortcut methods as well. HTML shortcuts are
4518 named after a single HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text
4519 that you can then print or manipulate as you like.
4521 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
4524 print $q->blockquote(
4525 "Many years ago on the island of",
4526 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
4527 "there lived a minotaur named",
4528 $q->strong("Fred."),
4532 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
4533 added for readability):
4536 Many years ago on the island of
4537 <a HREF="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
4538 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
4542 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
4543 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
4544 completely (see the next section for more details):
4546 use CGI shortcuts; # IMPORT HTML SHORTCUTS
4548 "Many years ago on the island of",
4549 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
4550 "there lived a minotaur named",
4555 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
4557 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
4558 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
4563 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
4564 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
4566 print h1("Chapter","1");
4567 # gives "<h1>Chapter 1</h1>"
4569 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
4570 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
4572 print a({href=>'fred.html',target=>'_new'},
4573 "Open a new frame");
4574 # gives <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>
4576 You are free to use CGI.pm-style dashes in front of the attribute
4577 names if you prefer:
4579 print img {-src=>'fred.gif',-align=>'LEFT'};
4580 # gives <img ALIGN="LEFT" SRC="fred.gif">
4582 =head2 Generating new HTML tags
4584 Since no mere mortal can keep up with Netscape and Microsoft as they
4585 battle it out for control of HTML, the code that generates HTML tags
4586 is general and extensible. You can create new HTML tags freely just
4587 by referring to them on the import line:
4589 use CGI shortcuts,winkin,blinkin,nod;
4591 Now, in addition to the standard CGI shortcuts, you've created HTML
4592 tags named "winkin", "blinkin" and "nod". You can use them like this:
4594 print blinkin {color=>'blue',rate=>'fast'},"Yahoo!";
4595 # <blinkin COLOR="blue" RATE="fast">Yahoo!</blinkin>
4597 =head1 IMPORTING CGI METHOD CALLS INTO YOUR NAME SPACE
4599 As a convenience, you can import most of the CGI method calls directly
4600 into your name space. The syntax for doing this is:
4602 use CGI <list of methods>;
4604 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
4605 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
4606 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
4607 methods, and then use them directly:
4609 use CGI param,header;
4610 print header('text/plain');
4611 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
4613 You can import groups of methods by referring to a number of special
4620 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
4625 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
4629 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
4633 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 proposed elements (such as
4634 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
4638 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
4642 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
4647 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'form' and 'cgi'.
4651 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
4652 code, where the variable %TAGS is defined.
4656 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4657 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4658 change in the future.
4660 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4661 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4662 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4663 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4664 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4665 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4666 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4668 use CGI standard,html2;
4671 start_html('Simple Script'),
4672 h1('Simple Script'),
4674 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4675 "What's the combination?",
4676 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4677 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4678 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4679 "What's your favorite color?",
4680 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4681 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4688 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4689 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4690 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4694 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
4696 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
4697 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
4698 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
4699 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
4700 such as server push and PICS headers.
4702 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
4703 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
4704 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
4705 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
4706 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
4709 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
4710 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
4711 the header() and redirect() methods are
4714 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of version
4715 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is running under IIS
4716 and put itself into this mode. You do not need to do this manually, although
4717 it won't hurt anything if you do.
4719 There are a number of ways to put CGI.pm into NPH mode:
4723 =item In the B<use> statement
4724 Simply add ":nph" to the list of symbols to be imported into your script:
4726 use CGI qw(:standard :nph)
4728 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
4730 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
4734 =item By using B<-nph> parameters in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
4736 print $q->header(-nph=>1);
4740 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
4742 Copyright 1995,1996, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved. It may
4743 be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
4744 notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
4745 wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
4746 listing the modifications you have made.
4748 Address bug reports and comments to:
4749 lstein@genome.wi.mit.edu
4753 Thanks very much to:
4757 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
4759 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
4761 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
4763 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
4765 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
4767 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
4769 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@csgrad1.cs.wvu.edu)
4771 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
4773 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
4775 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
4777 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
4779 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
4781 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
4783 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
4785 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
4787 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
4789 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
4791 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
4793 =item ...and many many more...
4795 for suggestions and bug fixes.
4799 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
4802 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
4808 print $query->header;
4809 print $query->start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
4810 print "<H1> Example CGI.pm Form</H1>\n";
4811 &print_prompt($query);
4814 print $query->end_html;
4819 print $query->startform;
4820 print "<EM>What's your name?</EM><BR>";
4821 print $query->textfield('name');
4822 print $query->checkbox('Not my real name');
4824 print "<P><EM>Where can you find English Sparrows?</EM><BR>";
4825 print $query->checkbox_group(
4826 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
4827 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
4829 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
4831 print "<P><EM>How far can they fly?</EM><BR>",
4832 $query->radio_group(
4834 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
4835 -default=>'1 mile');
4837 print "<P><EM>What's your favorite color?</EM> ";
4838 print $query->popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
4839 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
4842 print $query->hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
4844 print "<P><EM>What have you got there?</EM><BR>";
4845 print $query->scrolling_list(
4846 -name=>'possessions',
4847 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
4848 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
4852 print "<P><EM>Any parting comments?</EM><BR>";
4853 print $query->textarea(-name=>'Comments',
4857 print "<P>",$query->reset;
4858 print $query->submit('Action','Shout');
4859 print $query->submit('Action','Scream');
4860 print $query->endform;
4868 print "<H2>Here are the current settings in this form</H2>";
4870 foreach $key ($query->param) {
4871 print "<STRONG>$key</STRONG> -> ";
4872 @values = $query->param($key);
4873 print join(", ",@values),"<BR>\n";
4880 <ADDRESS>Lincoln D. Stein</ADDRESS><BR>
4881 <A HREF="/">Home Page</A>
4887 This module has grown large and monolithic. Furthermore it's doing many
4888 things, such as handling URLs, parsing CGI input, writing HTML, etc., that
4889 are also done in the LWP modules. It should be discarded in favor of
4890 the CGI::* modules, but somehow I continue to work on it.
4892 Note that the code is truly contorted in order to avoid spurious
4893 warnings when programs are run with the B<-w> switch.
4897 L<CGI::Carp>, L<URI::URL>, L<CGI::Request>, L<CGI::MiniSvr>,
4898 L<CGI::Base>, L<CGI::Form>, L<CGI::Apache>, L<CGI::Switch>,
4899 L<CGI::Push>, L<CGI::Fast>