5 # See the bottom of this file for the POD documentation. Search for the
8 # You can run this file through either pod2man or pod2html to produce pretty
9 # documentation in manual or html file format (these utilities are part of the
10 # Perl 5 distribution).
12 # Copyright 1995-1998 Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
13 # It may be used and modified freely, but I do request that this copyright
14 # notice remain attached to the file. You may modify this module as you
15 # wish, but if you redistribute a modified version, please attach a note
16 # listing the modifications you have made.
18 # The most recent version and complete docs are available at:
19 # http://stein.cshl.org/WWW/software/CGI/
21 $CGI::revision = '$Id: CGI.pm,v 1.178 2005/03/14 16:30:20 lstein Exp $';
24 # HARD-CODED LOCATION FOR FILE UPLOAD TEMPORARY FILES.
25 # UNCOMMENT THIS ONLY IF YOU KNOW WHAT YOU'RE DOING.
26 # $CGITempFile::TMPDIRECTORY = '/usr/tmp';
27 use CGI::Util qw(rearrange make_attributes unescape escape expires ebcdic2ascii ascii2ebcdic);
29 #use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN',
30 # 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd'];
32 use constant XHTML_DTD => ['-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN',
33 'http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd'];
37 $TAINTED = substr("$0$^X",0,0);
40 $MOD_PERL = 0; # no mod_perl by default
43 # >>>>> Here are some globals that you might want to adjust <<<<<<
44 sub initialize_globals {
45 # Set this to 1 to enable copious autoloader debugging messages
48 # Set this to 1 to generate XTML-compatible output
51 # Change this to the preferred DTD to print in start_html()
52 # or use default_dtd('text of DTD to use');
53 $DEFAULT_DTD = [ '-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN',
54 'http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd' ] ;
56 # Set this to 1 to enable NOSTICKY scripts
58 # 1) use CGI qw(-nosticky)
59 # 2) $CGI::nosticky(1)
62 # Set this to 1 to enable NPH scripts
66 # 3) print header(-nph=>1)
69 # Set this to 1 to enable debugging from @ARGV
70 # Set to 2 to enable debugging from STDIN
73 # Set this to 1 to make the temporary files created
74 # during file uploads safe from prying eyes
76 # 1) use CGI qw(:private_tempfiles)
77 # 2) CGI::private_tempfiles(1);
78 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = 0;
80 # Set this to 1 to cause files uploaded in multipart documents
81 # to be closed, instead of caching the file handle
83 # 1) use CGI qw(:close_upload_files)
84 # 2) $CGI::close_upload_files(1);
85 # Uploads with many files run out of file handles.
86 # Also, for performance, since the file is already on disk,
87 # it can just be renamed, instead of read and written.
88 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = 0;
90 # Set this to a positive value to limit the size of a POSTing
91 # to a certain number of bytes:
94 # Change this to 1 to disable uploads entirely:
97 # Automatically determined -- don't change
100 # Change this to 1 to suppress redundant HTTP headers
103 # separate the name=value pairs by semicolons rather than ampersands
104 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS = 1;
106 # Do not include undefined params parsed from query string
107 # use CGI qw(-no_undef_params);
108 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS = 0;
110 # Other globals that you shouldn't worry about.
113 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = "";
116 undef $QUERY_CHARSET;
117 undef %QUERY_FIELDNAMES;
119 # prevent complaints by mod_perl
123 # ------------------ START OF THE LIBRARY ------------
125 *end_form = \&endform;
128 initialize_globals();
130 # FIGURE OUT THE OS WE'RE RUNNING UNDER
131 # Some systems support the $^O variable. If not
132 # available then require() the Config library
136 $OS = $Config::Config{'osname'};
139 if ($OS =~ /^MSWin/i) {
141 } elsif ($OS =~ /^VMS/i) {
143 } elsif ($OS =~ /^dos/i) {
145 } elsif ($OS =~ /^MacOS/i) {
147 } elsif ($OS =~ /^os2/i) {
149 } elsif ($OS =~ /^epoc/i) {
151 } elsif ($OS =~ /^cygwin/i) {
157 # Some OS logic. Binary mode enabled on DOS, NT and VMS
158 $needs_binmode = $OS=~/^(WINDOWS|DOS|OS2|MSWin|CYGWIN)/;
160 # This is the default class for the CGI object to use when all else fails.
161 $DefaultClass = 'CGI' unless defined $CGI::DefaultClass;
163 # This is where to look for autoloaded routines.
164 $AutoloadClass = $DefaultClass unless defined $CGI::AutoloadClass;
166 # The path separator is a slash, backslash or semicolon, depending
169 UNIX => '/', OS2 => '\\', EPOC => '/', CYGWIN => '/',
170 WINDOWS => '\\', DOS => '\\', MACINTOSH => ':', VMS => '/'
173 # This no longer seems to be necessary
174 # Turn on NPH scripts by default when running under IIS server!
175 # $NPH++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
176 $IIS++ if defined($ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}) && $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'}=~/IIS/;
178 # Turn on special checking for Doug MacEachern's modperl
179 if (exists $ENV{MOD_PERL}) {
180 eval "require mod_perl";
181 # mod_perl handlers may run system() on scripts using CGI.pm;
182 # Make sure so we don't get fooled by inherited $ENV{MOD_PERL}
183 if (defined $mod_perl::VERSION) {
184 if ($mod_perl::VERSION >= 1.99) {
186 require Apache::Response;
187 require Apache::RequestRec;
188 require Apache::RequestUtil;
197 # Turn on special checking for ActiveState's PerlEx
198 $PERLEX++ if defined($ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'}) && $ENV{'GATEWAY_INTERFACE'} =~ /^CGI-PerlEx/;
200 # Define the CRLF sequence. I can't use a simple "\r\n" because the meaning
201 # of "\n" is different on different OS's (sometimes it generates CRLF, sometimes LF
202 # and sometimes CR). The most popular VMS web server
203 # doesn't accept CRLF -- instead it wants a LR. EBCDIC machines don't
204 # use ASCII, so \015\012 means something different. I find this all
206 $EBCDIC = "\t" ne "\011";
215 if ($needs_binmode) {
216 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDOUT);
217 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDIN);
218 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode(\*main::STDERR);
222 ':html2'=>['h1'..'h6',qw/p br hr ol ul li dl dt dd menu code var strong em
223 tt u i b blockquote pre img a address cite samp dfn html head
224 base body Link nextid title meta kbd start_html end_html
225 input Select option comment charset escapeHTML/],
226 ':html3'=>[qw/div table caption th td TR Tr sup Sub strike applet Param
227 embed basefont style span layer ilayer font frameset frame script small big Area Map/],
228 ':html4'=>[qw/abbr acronym bdo col colgroup del fieldset iframe
229 ins label legend noframes noscript object optgroup Q
231 ':netscape'=>[qw/blink fontsize center/],
232 ':form'=>[qw/textfield textarea filefield password_field hidden checkbox checkbox_group
233 submit reset defaults radio_group popup_menu button autoEscape
234 scrolling_list image_button start_form end_form startform endform
235 start_multipart_form end_multipart_form isindex tmpFileName uploadInfo URL_ENCODED MULTIPART/],
236 ':cgi'=>[qw/param upload path_info path_translated url self_url script_name cookie Dump
237 raw_cookie request_method query_string Accept user_agent remote_host content_type
238 remote_addr referer server_name server_software server_port server_protocol virtual_port
239 virtual_host remote_ident auth_type http append
240 save_parameters restore_parameters param_fetch
241 remote_user user_name header redirect import_names put
242 Delete Delete_all url_param cgi_error/],
243 ':ssl' => [qw/https/],
244 ':cgi-lib' => [qw/ReadParse PrintHeader HtmlTop HtmlBot SplitParam Vars/],
245 ':html' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :netscape/],
246 ':standard' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :html4 :form :cgi/],
247 ':push' => [qw/multipart_init multipart_start multipart_end multipart_final/],
248 ':all' => [qw/:html2 :html3 :netscape :form :cgi :internal :html4/]
251 # Custom 'can' method for both autoloaded and non-autoloaded subroutines.
252 # Author: Cees Hek <cees@sitesuite.com.au>
255 my($class, $method) = @_;
257 # See if UNIVERSAL::can finds it.
259 if (my $func = $class -> SUPER::can($method) ){
263 # Try to compile the function.
266 # _compile looks at $AUTOLOAD for the function name.
268 local $AUTOLOAD = join "::", $class, $method;
272 # Now that the function is loaded (if it exists)
273 # just use UNIVERSAL::can again to do the work.
275 return $class -> SUPER::can($method);
278 # to import symbols into caller
282 # This causes modules to clash.
286 $self->_setup_symbols(@_);
287 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
289 # To allow overriding, search through the packages
290 # Till we find one in which the correct subroutine is defined.
291 my @packages = ($self,@{"$self\:\:ISA"});
292 foreach $sym (keys %EXPORT) {
294 my $def = ${"$self\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $DefaultClass;
295 foreach $pck (@packages) {
296 if (defined(&{"$pck\:\:$sym"})) {
301 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"$def\:\:$sym"};
307 $pack->_setup_symbols('-compile',@_);
312 return ("start_$1","end_$1") if $tag=~/^(?:\*|start_|end_)(.+)/;
314 return ($tag) unless $EXPORT_TAGS{$tag};
315 foreach (@{$EXPORT_TAGS{$tag}}) {
316 push(@r,&expand_tags($_));
322 # The new routine. This will check the current environment
323 # for an existing query string, and initialize itself, if so.
326 my($class,@initializer) = @_;
329 bless $self,ref $class || $class || $DefaultClass;
330 if (ref($initializer[0])
331 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache')
333 UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'Apache::RequestRec')
335 $self->r(shift @initializer);
337 if (ref($initializer[0])
338 && (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer[0],'CODE'))) {
339 $self->upload_hook(shift @initializer, shift @initializer);
342 $self->r(Apache->request) unless $self->r;
344 if ($MOD_PERL == 1) {
345 $r->register_cleanup(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
348 # XXX: once we have the new API
349 # will do a real PerlOptions -SetupEnv check
350 $r->subprocess_env unless exists $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD};
351 $r->pool->cleanup_register(\&CGI::_reset_globals);
355 $self->_reset_globals if $PERLEX;
356 $self->init(@initializer);
360 # We provide a DESTROY method so that we can ensure that
361 # temporary files are closed (via Fh->DESTROY) before they
362 # are unlinked (via CGITempFile->DESTROY) because it is not
363 # possible to unlink an open file on Win32. We explicitly
364 # call DESTROY on each, rather than just undefing them and
365 # letting Perl DESTROY them by garbage collection, in case the
366 # user is still holding any reference to them as well.
369 foreach my $href (values %{$self->{'.tmpfiles'}}) {
370 $href->{hndl}->DESTROY if defined $href->{hndl};
371 $href->{name}->DESTROY if defined $href->{name};
377 my $r = $self->{'.r'};
378 $self->{'.r'} = shift if @_;
383 my ($self,$hook,$data) = self_or_default(@_);
384 $self->{'.upload_hook'} = $hook;
385 $self->{'.upload_data'} = $data;
389 # Returns the value(s)of a named parameter.
390 # If invoked in a list context, returns the
391 # entire list. Otherwise returns the first
392 # member of the list.
393 # If name is not provided, return a list of all
394 # the known parameters names available.
395 # If more than one argument is provided, the
396 # second and subsequent arguments are used to
397 # set the value of the parameter.
400 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
401 return $self->all_parameters unless @p;
402 my($name,$value,@other);
404 # For compatibility between old calling style and use_named_parameters() style,
405 # we have to special case for a single parameter present.
407 ($name,$value,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
410 if (substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
411 @values = defined($value) ? (ref($value) && ref($value) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
413 foreach ($value,@other) {
414 push(@values,$_) if defined($_);
417 # If values is provided, then we set it.
419 $self->add_parameter($name);
420 $self->{$name}=[@values];
426 return unless defined($name) && $self->{$name};
427 return wantarray ? @{$self->{$name}} : $self->{$name}->[0];
430 sub self_or_default {
431 return @_ if defined($_[0]) && (!ref($_[0])) &&($_[0] eq 'CGI');
432 unless (defined($_[0]) &&
433 (ref($_[0]) eq 'CGI' || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI')) # slightly optimized for common case
435 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new unless defined($Q);
438 return wantarray ? @_ : $Q;
442 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
443 if (defined($_[0]) &&
444 (substr(ref($_[0]),0,3) eq 'CGI'
445 || UNIVERSAL::isa($_[0],'CGI'))) {
448 return ($DefaultClass,@_);
452 ########################################
453 # THESE METHODS ARE MORE OR LESS PRIVATE
454 # GO TO THE __DATA__ SECTION TO SEE MORE
456 ########################################
458 # Initialize the query object from the environment.
459 # If a parameter list is found, this object will be set
460 # to an associative array in which parameter names are keys
461 # and the values are stored as lists
462 # If a keyword list is found, this method creates a bogus
463 # parameter list with the single parameter 'keywords'.
467 my($query_string,$meth,$content_length,$fh,@lines) = ('','','','');
469 my $initializer = shift; # for backward compatibility
472 # set autoescaping on by default
473 $self->{'escape'} = 1;
475 # if we get called more than once, we want to initialize
476 # ourselves from the original query (which may be gone
477 # if it was read from STDIN originally.)
478 if (defined(@QUERY_PARAM) && !defined($initializer)) {
479 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
480 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$QUERY_PARAM{$_});
482 $self->charset($QUERY_CHARSET);
483 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {%QUERY_FIELDNAMES};
487 $meth=$ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'} if defined($ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'});
488 $content_length = defined($ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'}) ? $ENV{'CONTENT_LENGTH'} : 0;
490 $fh = to_filehandle($initializer) if $initializer;
492 # set charset to the safe ISO-8859-1
493 $self->charset('ISO-8859-1');
497 # avoid unreasonably large postings
498 if (($POST_MAX > 0) && ($content_length > $POST_MAX)) {
499 # quietly read and discard the post
501 my $max = $content_length;
503 (my $bytes = $MOD_PERL
504 ? $self->r->read($buffer,$max < 10000 ? $max : 10000)
505 : read(STDIN,$buffer,$max < 10000 ? $max : 10000)
507 $self->cgi_error("413 Request entity too large");
512 # Process multipart postings, but only if the initializer is
515 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
516 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'}=~m|^multipart/form-data|
517 && !defined($initializer)
519 my($boundary) = $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} =~ /boundary=\"?([^\";,]+)\"?/;
520 $self->read_multipart($boundary,$content_length);
524 # If initializer is defined, then read parameters
526 if (defined($initializer)) {
527 if (UNIVERSAL::isa($initializer,'CGI')) {
528 $query_string = $initializer->query_string;
531 if (ref($initializer) && ref($initializer) eq 'HASH') {
532 foreach (keys %$initializer) {
533 $self->param('-name'=>$_,'-value'=>$initializer->{$_});
538 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
544 # massage back into standard format
545 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
546 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
548 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
553 if (defined($fh) && ($fh ne '')) {
559 # massage back into standard format
560 if ("@lines" =~ /=/) {
561 $query_string=join("&",@lines);
563 $query_string=join("+",@lines);
568 # last chance -- treat it as a string
569 $initializer = $$initializer if ref($initializer) eq 'SCALAR';
570 $query_string = $initializer;
575 # If method is GET or HEAD, fetch the query from
577 if ($meth=~/^(GET|HEAD)$/) {
579 $query_string = $self->r->args;
581 $query_string = $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
582 $query_string ||= $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'REDIRECT_QUERY_STRING'};
587 if ($meth eq 'POST') {
588 $self->read_from_client(\$query_string,$content_length,0)
589 if $content_length > 0;
590 # Some people want to have their cake and eat it too!
591 # Uncomment this line to have the contents of the query string
592 # APPENDED to the POST data.
593 # $query_string .= (length($query_string) ? '&' : '') . $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'} if defined $ENV{'QUERY_STRING'};
597 # If $meth is not of GET, POST or HEAD, assume we're being debugged offline.
598 # Check the command line and then the standard input for data.
599 # We use the shellwords package in order to behave the way that
600 # UN*X programmers expect.
603 my $cmdline_ret = read_from_cmdline();
604 $query_string = $cmdline_ret->{'query_string'};
605 if (defined($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'}))
607 $self->path_info($cmdline_ret->{'subpath'});
612 # YL: Begin Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
614 && defined($ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'})
615 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^application/x-www-form-urlencoded|
616 && $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'} !~ m|^multipart/form-data| ) {
617 my($param) = 'POSTDATA' ;
618 $self->add_parameter($param) ;
619 push (@{$self->{$param}},$query_string);
620 undef $query_string ;
622 # YL: End Change for XML handler 10/19/2001
624 # We now have the query string in hand. We do slightly
625 # different things for keyword lists and parameter lists.
626 if (defined $query_string && length $query_string) {
627 if ($query_string =~ /[&=;]/) {
628 $self->parse_params($query_string);
630 $self->add_parameter('keywords');
631 $self->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($query_string)];
635 # Special case. Erase everything if there is a field named
637 if ($self->param('.defaults')) {
641 # Associative array containing our defined fieldnames
642 $self->{'.fieldnames'} = {};
643 foreach ($self->param('.cgifields')) {
644 $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$_}++;
647 # Clear out our default submission button flag if present
648 $self->delete('.submit');
649 $self->delete('.cgifields');
651 $self->save_request unless defined $initializer;
654 # FUNCTIONS TO OVERRIDE:
655 # Turn a string into a filehandle
658 return undef unless $thingy;
659 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'GLOB');
660 return $thingy if UNIVERSAL::isa($thingy,'FileHandle');
663 while (my $package = caller($caller++)) {
664 my($tmp) = $thingy=~/[\':]/ ? $thingy : "$package\:\:$thingy";
665 return $tmp if defined(fileno($tmp));
671 # send output to the browser
673 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
677 # print to standard output (for overriding in mod_perl)
683 # get/set last cgi_error
685 my ($self,$err) = self_or_default(@_);
686 $self->{'.cgi_error'} = $err if defined $err;
687 return $self->{'.cgi_error'};
692 # We're going to play with the package globals now so that if we get called
693 # again, we initialize ourselves in exactly the same way. This allows
694 # us to have several of these objects.
695 @QUERY_PARAM = $self->param; # save list of parameters
696 foreach (@QUERY_PARAM) {
697 next unless defined $_;
698 $QUERY_PARAM{$_}=$self->{$_};
700 $QUERY_CHARSET = $self->charset;
701 %QUERY_FIELDNAMES = %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}};
705 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
706 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$tosplit);
709 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
710 next unless defined $param;
711 next if $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS and not defined $value;
712 $value = '' unless defined $value;
713 $param = unescape($param);
714 $value = unescape($value);
715 $self->add_parameter($param);
716 push (@{$self->{$param}},$value);
722 return unless defined $param;
723 push (@{$self->{'.parameters'}},$param)
724 unless defined($self->{$param});
729 return () unless defined($self) && $self->{'.parameters'};
730 return () unless @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
731 return @{$self->{'.parameters'}};
734 # put a filehandle into binary mode (DOS)
736 return unless defined($_[1]) && defined fileno($_[1]);
737 CORE::binmode($_[1]);
741 my ($self,$tagname) = @_;
744 my (\$q,\$a,\@rest) = self_or_default(\@_);
746 if (ref(\$a) && ref(\$a) eq 'HASH') {
747 my(\@attr) = make_attributes(\$a,\$q->{'escape'});
748 \$attr = " \@attr" if \@attr;
750 unshift \@rest,\$a if defined \$a;
753 if ($tagname=~/start_(\w+)/i) {
754 $func .= qq! return "<\L$1\E\$attr>";} !;
755 } elsif ($tagname=~/end_(\w+)/i) {
756 $func .= qq! return "<\L/$1\E>"; } !;
759 return \$XHTML ? "\L<$tagname\E\$attr />" : "\L<$tagname\E\$attr>" unless \@rest;
760 my(\$tag,\$untag) = ("\L<$tagname\E\$attr>","\L</$tagname>\E");
761 my \@result = map { "\$tag\$_\$untag" }
762 (ref(\$rest[0]) eq 'ARRAY') ? \@{\$rest[0]} : "\@rest";
770 print STDERR "CGI::AUTOLOAD for $AUTOLOAD\n" if $CGI::AUTOLOAD_DEBUG;
771 my $func = &_compile;
776 my($func) = $AUTOLOAD;
777 my($pack,$func_name);
779 local($1,$2); # this fixes an obscure variable suicide problem.
780 $func=~/(.+)::([^:]+)$/;
781 ($pack,$func_name) = ($1,$2);
782 $pack=~s/::SUPER$//; # fix another obscure problem
783 $pack = ${"$pack\:\:AutoloadClass"} || $CGI::DefaultClass
784 unless defined(${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"});
786 my($sub) = \%{"$pack\:\:SUBS"};
788 my($auto) = \${"$pack\:\:AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES"};
790 eval "package $pack; $$auto";
791 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@") if $@;
792 $$auto = ''; # Free the unneeded storage (but don't undef it!!!)
794 my($code) = $sub->{$func_name};
796 $code = "sub $AUTOLOAD { }" if (!$code and $func_name eq 'DESTROY');
798 (my $base = $func_name) =~ s/^(start_|end_)//i;
799 if ($EXPORT{':any'} ||
802 (%EXPORT_OK || grep(++$EXPORT_OK{$_},&expand_tags(':html')))
803 && $EXPORT_OK{$base}) {
804 $code = $CGI::DefaultClass->_make_tag_func($func_name);
807 croak("Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD\n") unless $code;
809 eval "package $pack; $code";
812 croak("$AUTOLOAD: $@");
815 CORE::delete($sub->{$func_name}); #free storage
816 return "$pack\:\:$func_name";
822 return '' unless $value;
823 return $XHTML ? qq( selected="selected") : qq( selected);
829 return '' unless $value;
830 return $XHTML ? qq( checked="checked") : qq( checked);
833 sub _reset_globals { initialize_globals(); }
839 # to avoid reexporting unwanted variables
843 $HEADERS_ONCE++, next if /^[:-]unique_headers$/;
844 $NPH++, next if /^[:-]nph$/;
845 $NOSTICKY++, next if /^[:-]nosticky$/;
846 $DEBUG=0, next if /^[:-]no_?[Dd]ebug$/;
847 $DEBUG=2, next if /^[:-][Dd]ebug$/;
848 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS++, next if /^[:-]newstyle_urls$/;
849 $XHTML++, next if /^[:-]xhtml$/;
850 $XHTML=0, next if /^[:-]no_?xhtml$/;
851 $USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS=0, next if /^[:-]oldstyle_urls$/;
852 $PRIVATE_TEMPFILES++, next if /^[:-]private_tempfiles$/;
853 $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES++, next if /^[:-]close_upload_files$/;
854 $EXPORT{$_}++, next if /^[:-]any$/;
855 $compile++, next if /^[:-]compile$/;
856 $NO_UNDEF_PARAMS++, next if /^[:-]no_undef_params$/;
858 # This is probably extremely evil code -- to be deleted some day.
859 if (/^[-]autoload$/) {
860 my($pkg) = caller(1);
861 *{"${pkg}::AUTOLOAD"} = sub {
862 my($routine) = $AUTOLOAD;
863 $routine =~ s/^.*::/CGI::/;
869 foreach (&expand_tags($_)) {
870 tr/a-zA-Z0-9_//cd; # don't allow weird function names
874 _compile_all(keys %EXPORT) if $compile;
879 my ($self,$charset) = self_or_default(@_);
880 $self->{'.charset'} = $charset if defined $charset;
885 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
886 $self->{'.elid'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
887 sprintf('%010d',$self->{'.elid'}++);
891 my ($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
892 $self->{'.etab'} = $new_value if defined $new_value;
896 ###############################################################################
897 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
898 ###############################################################################
899 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # get rid of -w warning
900 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
904 'URL_ENCODED'=> <<'END_OF_FUNC',
905 sub URL_ENCODED { 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'; }
908 'MULTIPART' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
909 sub MULTIPART { 'multipart/form-data'; }
912 'SERVER_PUSH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
913 sub SERVER_PUSH { 'multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary="' . shift() . '"'; }
916 'new_MultipartBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
917 # Create a new multipart buffer
918 sub new_MultipartBuffer {
919 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
920 return MultipartBuffer->new($self,$boundary,$length);
924 'read_from_client' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
925 # Read data from a file handle
926 sub read_from_client {
927 my($self, $buff, $len, $offset) = @_;
928 local $^W=0; # prevent a warning
930 ? $self->r->read($$buff, $len, $offset)
931 : read(\*STDIN, $$buff, $len, $offset);
935 'delete' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
937 # Deletes the named parameter entirely.
940 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
941 my(@names) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
942 my @to_delete = ref($names[0]) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$names[0] : @names;
944 foreach my $name (@to_delete)
946 CORE::delete $self->{$name};
947 CORE::delete $self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name};
950 @{$self->{'.parameters'}}=grep { !exists($to_delete{$_}) } $self->param();
955 #### Method: import_names
956 # Import all parameters into the given namespace.
957 # Assumes namespace 'Q' if not specified
959 'import_names' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
961 my($self,$namespace,$delete) = self_or_default(@_);
962 $namespace = 'Q' unless defined($namespace);
963 die "Can't import names into \"main\"\n" if \%{"${namespace}::"} == \%::;
964 if ($delete || $MOD_PERL || exists $ENV{'FCGI_ROLE'}) {
965 # can anyone find an easier way to do this?
966 foreach (keys %{"${namespace}::"}) {
967 local *symbol = "${namespace}::${_}";
973 my($param,@value,$var);
974 foreach $param ($self->param) {
975 # protect against silly names
976 ($var = $param)=~tr/a-zA-Z0-9_/_/c;
977 $var =~ s/^(?=\d)/_/;
978 local *symbol = "${namespace}::$var";
979 @value = $self->param($param);
986 #### Method: keywords
987 # Keywords acts a bit differently. Calling it in a list context
988 # returns the list of keywords.
989 # Calling it in a scalar context gives you the size of the list.
991 'keywords' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
993 my($self,@values) = self_or_default(@_);
994 # If values is provided, then we set it.
995 $self->{'keywords'}=[@values] if @values;
996 my(@result) = defined($self->{'keywords'}) ? @{$self->{'keywords'}} : ();
1001 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1002 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1003 'Vars' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1008 return %in if wantarray;
1013 # These are some tie() interfaces for compatibility
1014 # with Steve Brenner's cgi-lib.pl routines
1015 'ReadParse' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1022 *in=*{"${pkg}::in"};
1025 return scalar(keys %in);
1029 'PrintHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1031 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1032 return $self->header();
1036 'HtmlTop' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1038 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1039 return $self->start_html(@p);
1043 'HtmlBot' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1045 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1046 return $self->end_html(@p);
1050 'SplitParam' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1053 my (@params) = split ("\0", $param);
1054 return (wantarray ? @params : $params[0]);
1058 'MethGet' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1060 return request_method() eq 'GET';
1064 'MethPost' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1066 return request_method() eq 'POST';
1070 'TIEHASH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1074 if (ref($arg) && UNIVERSAL::isa($arg,'CGI')) {
1077 return $Q ||= $class->new(@_);
1081 'STORE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1086 my @vals = index($vals,"\0")!=-1 ? split("\0",$vals) : $vals;
1087 $self->param(-name=>$tag,-value=>\@vals);
1091 'FETCH' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1093 return $_[0] if $_[1] eq 'CGI';
1094 return undef unless defined $_[0]->param($_[1]);
1095 return join("\0",$_[0]->param($_[1]));
1099 'FIRSTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1101 $_[0]->{'.iterator'}=0;
1102 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1106 'NEXTKEY' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1108 $_[0]->{'.parameters'}->[$_[0]->{'.iterator'}++];
1112 'EXISTS' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1114 exists $_[0]->{$_[1]};
1118 'DELETE' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1120 $_[0]->delete($_[1]);
1124 'CLEAR' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1132 # Append a new value to an existing query
1134 'append' => <<'EOF',
1137 my($name,$value) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES]],@p);
1138 my(@values) = defined($value) ? (ref($value) ? @{$value} : $value) : ();
1140 $self->add_parameter($name);
1141 push(@{$self->{$name}},@values);
1143 return $self->param($name);
1147 #### Method: delete_all
1148 # Delete all parameters
1150 'delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1152 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1153 my @param = $self->param();
1154 $self->delete(@param);
1158 'Delete' => <<'EOF',
1160 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1165 'Delete_all' => <<'EOF',
1167 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1168 $self->delete_all(@p);
1172 #### Method: autoescape
1173 # If you want to turn off the autoescaping features,
1174 # call this method with undef as the argument
1175 'autoEscape' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1177 my($self,$escape) = self_or_default(@_);
1178 my $d = $self->{'escape'};
1179 $self->{'escape'} = $escape;
1185 #### Method: version
1186 # Return the current version
1188 'version' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1194 #### Method: url_param
1195 # Return a parameter in the QUERY_STRING, regardless of
1196 # whether this was a POST or a GET
1198 'url_param' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1200 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1201 my $name = shift(@p);
1202 return undef unless exists($ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1203 unless (exists($self->{'.url_param'})) {
1204 $self->{'.url_param'}={}; # empty hash
1205 if ($ENV{QUERY_STRING} =~ /=/) {
1206 my(@pairs) = split(/[&;]/,$ENV{QUERY_STRING});
1209 ($param,$value) = split('=',$_,2);
1210 $param = unescape($param);
1211 $value = unescape($value);
1212 push(@{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$param}},$value);
1215 $self->{'.url_param'}->{'keywords'} = [$self->parse_keywordlist($ENV{QUERY_STRING})];
1218 return keys %{$self->{'.url_param'}} unless defined($name);
1219 return () unless $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name};
1220 return wantarray ? @{$self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}}
1221 : $self->{'.url_param'}->{$name}->[0];
1226 # Returns a string in which all the known parameter/value
1227 # pairs are represented as nested lists, mainly for the purposes
1230 'Dump' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1232 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
1233 my($param,$value,@result);
1234 return '<ul></ul>' unless $self->param;
1235 push(@result,"<ul>");
1236 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1237 my($name)=$self->escapeHTML($param);
1238 push(@result,"<li><strong>$param</strong></li>");
1239 push(@result,"<ul>");
1240 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1241 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value);
1242 $value =~ s/\n/<br \/>\n/g;
1243 push(@result,"<li>$value</li>");
1245 push(@result,"</ul>");
1247 push(@result,"</ul>");
1248 return join("\n",@result);
1252 #### Method as_string
1254 # synonym for "dump"
1256 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1263 # Write values out to a filehandle in such a way that they can
1264 # be reinitialized by the filehandle form of the new() method
1266 'save' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1268 my($self,$filehandle) = self_or_default(@_);
1269 $filehandle = to_filehandle($filehandle);
1271 local($,) = ''; # set print field separator back to a sane value
1272 local($\) = ''; # set output line separator to a sane value
1273 foreach $param ($self->param) {
1274 my($escaped_param) = escape($param);
1276 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
1277 print $filehandle "$escaped_param=",escape("$value"),"\n";
1280 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
1281 print $filehandle ".cgifields=",escape("$_"),"\n";
1283 print $filehandle "=\n"; # end of record
1288 #### Method: save_parameters
1289 # An alias for save() that is a better name for exportation.
1290 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1292 'save_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1293 sub save_parameters {
1295 return save(to_filehandle($fh));
1299 #### Method: restore_parameters
1300 # A way to restore CGI parameters from an initializer.
1301 # Only intended to be used with the function (non-OO) interface.
1303 'restore_parameters' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1304 sub restore_parameters {
1305 $Q = $CGI::DefaultClass->new(@_);
1309 #### Method: multipart_init
1310 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push
1311 # This has to be NPH on most web servers, and it is advisable to set $| = 1
1313 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1314 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1316 'multipart_init' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1317 sub multipart_init {
1318 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1319 my($boundary,@other) = rearrange([BOUNDARY],@p);
1320 $boundary = $boundary || '------- =_aaaaaaaaaa0';
1321 $self->{'separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary$CRLF";
1322 $self->{'final_separator'} = "$CRLF--$boundary--$CRLF";
1323 $type = SERVER_PUSH($boundary);
1324 return $self->header(
1327 (map { split "=", $_, 2 } @other),
1328 ) . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $self->multipart_end;
1333 #### Method: multipart_start
1334 # Return a Content-Type: style header for server-push, start of section
1336 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1337 # contribution, updated by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1339 'multipart_start' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1340 sub multipart_start {
1342 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1343 my($type,@other) = rearrange([TYPE],@p);
1344 $type = $type || 'text/html';
1345 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type");
1347 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1348 # need to fix it up a little.
1350 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1351 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1352 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/$1 . lc ($2) . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1354 push(@header,@other);
1355 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1361 #### Method: multipart_end
1362 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of section
1364 # Many thanks to Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net> for this
1367 'multipart_end' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1369 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1370 return $self->{'separator'};
1375 #### Method: multipart_final
1376 # Return a MIME boundary separator for server-push, end of all sections
1378 # Contributed by Andrew Benham (adsb@bigfoot.com)
1380 'multipart_final' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1381 sub multipart_final {
1382 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1383 return $self->{'final_separator'} . "WARNING: YOUR BROWSER DOESN'T SUPPORT THIS SERVER-PUSH TECHNOLOGY." . $CRLF;
1389 # Return a Content-Type: style header
1392 'header' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1394 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1397 return "" if $self->{'.header_printed'}++ and $HEADERS_ONCE;
1399 my($type,$status,$cookie,$target,$expires,$nph,$charset,$attachment,$p3p,@other) =
1400 rearrange([['TYPE','CONTENT_TYPE','CONTENT-TYPE'],
1401 'STATUS',['COOKIE','COOKIES'],'TARGET',
1402 'EXPIRES','NPH','CHARSET',
1403 'ATTACHMENT','P3P'],@p);
1406 if (defined $charset) {
1407 $self->charset($charset);
1409 $charset = $self->charset;
1412 # rearrange() was designed for the HTML portion, so we
1413 # need to fix it up a little.
1415 # Don't use \s because of perl bug 21951
1416 next unless my($header,$value) = /([^ \r\n\t=]+)=\"?(.+?)\"?$/;
1417 ($_ = $header) =~ s/^(\w)(.*)/"\u$1\L$2" . ': '.$self->unescapeHTML($value)/e;
1420 $type ||= 'text/html' unless defined($type);
1421 $type .= "; charset=$charset" if $type ne '' and $type =~ m!^text/! and $type !~ /\bcharset\b/ and $charset ne '';
1423 # Maybe future compatibility. Maybe not.
1424 my $protocol = $ENV{SERVER_PROTOCOL} || 'HTTP/1.0';
1425 push(@header,$protocol . ' ' . ($status || '200 OK')) if $nph;
1426 push(@header,"Server: " . &server_software()) if $nph;
1428 push(@header,"Status: $status") if $status;
1429 push(@header,"Window-Target: $target") if $target;
1431 $p3p = join ' ',@$p3p if ref($p3p) eq 'ARRAY';
1432 push(@header,qq(P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml", CP="$p3p"));
1434 # push all the cookies -- there may be several
1436 my(@cookie) = ref($cookie) && ref($cookie) eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$cookie} : $cookie;
1438 my $cs = UNIVERSAL::isa($_,'CGI::Cookie') ? $_->as_string : $_;
1439 push(@header,"Set-Cookie: $cs") if $cs ne '';
1442 # if the user indicates an expiration time, then we need
1443 # both an Expires and a Date header (so that the browser is
1445 push(@header,"Expires: " . expires($expires,'http'))
1447 push(@header,"Date: " . expires(0,'http')) if $expires || $cookie || $nph;
1448 push(@header,"Pragma: no-cache") if $self->cache();
1449 push(@header,"Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$attachment\"") if $attachment;
1450 push(@header,map {ucfirst $_} @other);
1451 push(@header,"Content-Type: $type") if $type ne '';
1452 my $header = join($CRLF,@header)."${CRLF}${CRLF}";
1453 if ($MOD_PERL and not $nph) {
1454 $self->r->send_cgi_header($header);
1463 # Control whether header() will produce the no-cache
1466 'cache' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1468 my($self,$new_value) = self_or_default(@_);
1469 $new_value = '' unless $new_value;
1470 if ($new_value ne '') {
1471 $self->{'cache'} = $new_value;
1473 return $self->{'cache'};
1478 #### Method: redirect
1479 # Return a Location: style header
1482 'redirect' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1484 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1485 my($url,$target,$status,$cookie,$nph,@other) =
1486 rearrange([[LOCATION,URI,URL],TARGET,STATUS,['COOKIE','COOKIES'],NPH],@p);
1487 $status = '302 Moved' unless defined $status;
1488 $url ||= $self->self_url;
1490 foreach (@other) { tr/\"//d; push(@o,split("=",$_,2)); }
1492 '-Status' => $status,
1495 unshift(@o,'-Target'=>$target) if $target;
1496 unshift(@o,'-Type'=>'');
1498 unshift(@unescaped,'-Cookie'=>$cookie) if $cookie;
1499 return $self->header((map {$self->unescapeHTML($_)} @o),@unescaped);
1504 #### Method: start_html
1505 # Canned HTML header
1508 # $title -> (optional) The title for this HTML document (-title)
1509 # $author -> (optional) e-mail address of the author (-author)
1510 # $base -> (optional) if set to true, will enter the BASE address of this document
1511 # for resolving relative references (-base)
1512 # $xbase -> (optional) alternative base at some remote location (-xbase)
1513 # $target -> (optional) target window to load all links into (-target)
1514 # $script -> (option) Javascript code (-script)
1515 # $no_script -> (option) Javascript <noscript> tag (-noscript)
1516 # $meta -> (optional) Meta information tags
1517 # $head -> (optional) any other elements you'd like to incorporate into the <head> tag
1518 # (a scalar or array ref)
1519 # $style -> (optional) reference to an external style sheet
1520 # @other -> (optional) any other named parameters you'd like to incorporate into
1523 'start_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1525 my($self,@p) = &self_or_default(@_);
1526 my($title,$author,$base,$xbase,$script,$noscript,
1527 $target,$meta,$head,$style,$dtd,$lang,$encoding,$declare_xml,@other) =
1528 rearrange([TITLE,AUTHOR,BASE,XBASE,SCRIPT,NOSCRIPT,TARGET,
1529 META,HEAD,STYLE,DTD,LANG,ENCODING,DECLARE_XML],@p);
1531 $self->element_id(0);
1532 $self->element_tab(0);
1534 $encoding = 'iso-8859-1' unless defined $encoding;
1536 # Need to sort out the DTD before it's okay to call escapeHTML().
1537 my(@result,$xml_dtd);
1539 if (defined(ref($dtd)) and (ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY')) {
1540 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd->[0] =~ m|^-//|;
1542 $dtd = $DEFAULT_DTD unless $dtd =~ m|^-//|;
1545 $dtd = $XHTML ? XHTML_DTD : $DEFAULT_DTD;
1548 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY' && $dtd->[0] =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1549 $xml_dtd++ if ref($dtd) eq '' && $dtd =~ /\bXHTML\b/i;
1550 push @result,qq(<?xml version="1.0" encoding="$encoding"?>) if $xml_dtd && $declare_xml;
1552 if (ref($dtd) && ref($dtd) eq 'ARRAY') {
1553 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd->[0]"\n\t "$dtd->[1]">));
1554 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd->[0];
1556 push(@result,qq(<!DOCTYPE html\n\tPUBLIC "$dtd">));
1557 $DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER = $dtd;
1560 # Now that we know whether we're using the HTML 3.2 DTD or not, it's okay to
1561 # call escapeHTML(). Strangely enough, the title needs to be escaped as
1562 # HTML while the author needs to be escaped as a URL.
1563 $title = $self->escapeHTML($title || 'Untitled Document');
1564 $author = $self->escape($author);
1566 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML (2\.0|3\.2)/i) {
1567 $lang = "" unless defined $lang;
1571 $lang = 'en-US' unless defined $lang;
1574 my $lang_bits = $lang ne '' ? qq( lang="$lang" xml:lang="$lang") : '';
1575 my $meta_bits = qq(<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=$encoding" />)
1576 if $XHTML && $encoding && !$declare_xml;
1578 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"$lang_bits>\n<head>\n<title>$title</title>)
1579 : ($lang ? qq(<html lang="$lang">) : "<html>")
1580 . "<head><title>$title</title>");
1581 if (defined $author) {
1582 push(@result,$XHTML ? "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\" />"
1583 : "<link rev=\"made\" href=\"mailto:$author\">");
1586 if ($base || $xbase || $target) {
1587 my $href = $xbase || $self->url('-path'=>1);
1588 my $t = $target ? qq/ target="$target"/ : '';
1589 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<base href="$href"$t />) : qq(<base href="$href"$t>));
1592 if ($meta && ref($meta) && (ref($meta) eq 'HASH')) {
1593 foreach (keys %$meta) { push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}" />)
1594 : qq(<meta name="$_" content="$meta->{$_}">)); }
1597 push(@result,ref($head) ? @$head : $head) if $head;
1599 # handle the infrequently-used -style and -script parameters
1600 push(@result,$self->_style($style)) if defined $style;
1601 push(@result,$self->_script($script)) if defined $script;
1602 push(@result,$meta_bits) if defined $meta_bits;
1604 # handle -noscript parameter
1605 push(@result,<<END) if $noscript;
1611 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1612 push(@result,"</head>\n<body$other>\n");
1613 return join("\n",@result);
1618 # internal method for generating a CSS style section
1620 '_style' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1622 my ($self,$style) = @_;
1624 my $type = 'text/css';
1626 my $cdata_start = $XHTML ? "\n<!--/* <![CDATA[ */" : "\n<!-- ";
1627 my $cdata_end = $XHTML ? "\n/* ]]> */-->\n" : " -->\n";
1629 my @s = ref($style) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$style : $style;
1633 my($src,$code,$verbatim,$stype,$foo,@other) =
1634 rearrange([qw(SRC CODE VERBATIM TYPE FOO)],
1636 ref($s) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$s : %$s));
1637 $type = $stype if $stype;
1638 my $other = @other ? join ' ',@other : '';
1640 if (ref($src) eq "ARRAY") # Check to see if the $src variable is an array reference
1641 { # If it is, push a LINK tag for each one
1642 foreach $src (@$src)
1644 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1645 : qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)) if $src;
1649 { # Otherwise, push the single -src, if it exists.
1650 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1651 : qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src"$other>)
1655 my @v = ref($verbatim) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$verbatim : $verbatim;
1656 push(@result, "<style type=\"text/css\">\n$_\n</style>") foreach @v;
1658 my @c = ref($code) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$code : $code if $code;
1659 push(@result,style({'type'=>$type},"$cdata_start\n$_\n$cdata_end")) foreach @c;
1663 push(@result,$XHTML ? qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src" $other/>)
1664 : qq(<link rel="stylesheet" type="$type" href="$src"$other>));
1671 '_script' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1673 my ($self,$script) = @_;
1676 my (@scripts) = ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : ($script);
1677 foreach $script (@scripts) {
1678 my($src,$code,$language);
1679 if (ref($script)) { # script is a hash
1680 ($src,$code,$language, $type) =
1681 rearrange([SRC,CODE,LANGUAGE,TYPE],
1682 '-foo'=>'bar', # a trick to allow the '-' to be omitted
1683 ref($script) eq 'ARRAY' ? @$script : %$script);
1684 # User may not have specified language
1685 $language ||= 'JavaScript';
1686 unless (defined $type) {
1687 $type = lc $language;
1688 # strip '1.2' from 'javascript1.2'
1689 $type =~ s/^(\D+).*$/text\/$1/;
1692 ($src,$code,$language, $type) = ('',$script,'JavaScript', 'text/javascript');
1695 my $comment = '//'; # javascript by default
1696 $comment = '#' if $type=~/perl|tcl/i;
1697 $comment = "'" if $type=~/vbscript/i;
1699 my ($cdata_start,$cdata_end);
1701 $cdata_start = "$comment<![CDATA[\n";
1702 $cdata_end .= "\n$comment]]>";
1704 $cdata_start = "\n<!-- Hide script\n";
1705 $cdata_end = $comment;
1706 $cdata_end .= " End script hiding -->\n";
1709 push(@satts,'src'=>$src) if $src;
1710 push(@satts,'language'=>$language) unless defined $type;
1711 push(@satts,'type'=>$type);
1712 $code = $cdata_start . $code . $cdata_end if defined $code;
1713 push(@result,$self->script({@satts},$code || ''));
1719 #### Method: end_html
1720 # End an HTML document.
1721 # Trivial method for completeness. Just returns "</body>"
1723 'end_html' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1725 return "\n</body>\n</html>";
1730 ################################
1731 # METHODS USED IN BUILDING FORMS
1732 ################################
1734 #### Method: isindex
1735 # Just prints out the isindex tag.
1737 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1739 # A string containing a <isindex> tag
1740 'isindex' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1742 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1743 my($action,@other) = rearrange([ACTION],@p);
1744 $action = qq/ action="$action"/ if $action;
1745 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1746 return $XHTML ? "<isindex$action$other />" : "<isindex$action$other>";
1751 #### Method: startform
1754 # $method -> optional submission method to use (GET or POST)
1755 # $action -> optional URL of script to run
1756 # $enctype ->encoding to use (URL_ENCODED or MULTIPART)
1757 'startform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1759 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1761 my($method,$action,$enctype,@other) =
1762 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION,ENCTYPE],@p);
1764 $method = $self->escapeHTML(lc($method) || 'post');
1765 $enctype = $self->escapeHTML($enctype || &URL_ENCODED);
1766 if (defined $action) {
1767 $action = $self->escapeHTML($action);
1770 $action = $self->escapeHTML($self->url(-absolute=>1,-path=>1));
1771 if (exists $ENV{QUERY_STRING} && length($ENV{QUERY_STRING})>0) {
1772 $action .= "?".$self->escapeHTML($ENV{QUERY_STRING},1);
1775 $action = qq(action="$action");
1776 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1777 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}={};
1778 return qq/<form method="$method" $action enctype="$enctype"$other>\n/;
1783 #### Method: start_form
1784 # synonym for startform
1785 'start_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1787 $XHTML ? &start_multipart_form : &startform;
1791 'end_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1792 sub end_multipart_form {
1797 #### Method: start_multipart_form
1798 # synonym for startform
1799 'start_multipart_form' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1800 sub start_multipart_form {
1801 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1802 if (defined($param[0]) && substr($param[0],0,1) eq '-') {
1804 $p{'-enctype'}=&MULTIPART;
1805 return $self->startform(%p);
1807 my($method,$action,@other) =
1808 rearrange([METHOD,ACTION],@p);
1809 return $self->startform($method,$action,&MULTIPART,@other);
1815 #### Method: endform
1817 'endform' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1819 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1821 return wantarray ? ("</form>") : "\n</form>";
1823 return wantarray ? ("<div>",$self->get_fields,"</div>","</form>") :
1824 "<div>".$self->get_fields ."</div>\n</form>";
1830 '_textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1832 my($self,$tag,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1833 my($name,$default,$size,$maxlength,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1834 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],SIZE,MAXLENGTH,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1836 my $current = $override ? $default :
1837 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1839 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current,1) : '';
1840 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1841 my($s) = defined($size) ? qq/ size="$size"/ : '';
1842 my($m) = defined($maxlength) ? qq/ maxlength="$maxlength"/ : '';
1843 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1844 # this entered at cristy's request to fix problems with file upload fields
1845 # and WebTV -- not sure it won't break stuff
1846 my($value) = $current ne '' ? qq(value="$current") : '';
1847 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1848 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" tabindex="$tabindex" $value$s$m$other />)
1849 : qq(<input type="$tag" name="$name" $value$s$m$other>);
1853 #### Method: textfield
1855 # $name -> Name of the text field
1856 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1858 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1859 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1861 # A string containing a <input type="text"> field
1863 'textfield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1865 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1866 $self->_textfield('text',@p);
1871 #### Method: filefield
1873 # $name -> Name of the file upload field
1874 # $size -> Optional width of field in characaters.
1875 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum number of characters.
1877 # A string containing a <input type="file"> field
1879 'filefield' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1881 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1882 $self->_textfield('file',@p);
1887 #### Method: password
1888 # Create a "secret password" entry field
1890 # $name -> Name of the field
1891 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1893 # $size -> Optional width of field in characters.
1894 # $maxlength -> Optional maximum characters that can be entered.
1896 # A string containing a <input type="password"> field
1898 'password_field' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1899 sub password_field {
1900 my ($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1901 $self->_textfield('password',@p);
1905 #### Method: textarea
1907 # $name -> Name of the text field
1908 # $default -> Optional default value of the field if not
1910 # $rows -> Optional number of rows in text area
1911 # $columns -> Optional number of columns in text area
1913 # A string containing a <textarea></textarea> tag
1915 'textarea' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1917 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1918 my($name,$default,$rows,$cols,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
1919 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE],ROWS,[COLS,COLUMNS],[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
1921 my($current)= $override ? $default :
1922 (defined($self->param($name)) ? $self->param($name) : $default);
1924 $name = defined($name) ? $self->escapeHTML($name) : '';
1925 $current = defined($current) ? $self->escapeHTML($current) : '';
1926 my($r) = $rows ? qq/ rows="$rows"/ : '';
1927 my($c) = $cols ? qq/ cols="$cols"/ : '';
1928 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1929 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1930 return qq{<textarea name="$name" tabindex="$tabindex"$r$c$other>$current</textarea>};
1936 # Create a javascript button.
1938 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button. (-name)
1939 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (and visible name) (-value)
1940 # $onclick -> (optional) Text of the JavaScript to run when the button is
1943 # A string containing a <input type="button"> tag
1945 'button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1947 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1949 my($label,$value,$script,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],
1950 [ONCLICK,SCRIPT],TABINDEX],@p);
1952 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1953 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
1954 $script=$self->escapeHTML($script);
1957 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if $label;
1958 $value = $value || $label;
1960 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if $value;
1961 $script = qq/ onclick="$script"/ if $script;
1962 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1963 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1964 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="button" tabindex="$tabindex"$name$val$script$other />)
1965 : qq(<input type="button"$name$val$script$other>);
1971 # Create a "submit query" button.
1973 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
1974 # $value -> (optional) Value of the button when selected (also doubles as label).
1975 # $label -> (optional) Label printed on the button(also doubles as the value).
1977 # A string containing a <input type="submit"> tag
1979 'submit' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
1981 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
1983 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,LABEL],TABINDEX],@p);
1985 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
1986 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
1988 my $name = $NOSTICKY ? '' : ' name=".submit"';
1989 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
1990 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
1992 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
1993 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
1994 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
1995 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" tabindex="$tabindex"$name$val$other />)
1996 : qq(<input type="submit"$name$val$other>);
2002 # Create a "reset" button.
2004 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2006 # A string containing a <input type="reset"> tag
2008 'reset' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2010 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2011 my($label,$value,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange(['NAME',['VALUE','LABEL'],TABINDEX],@p);
2012 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2013 $value=$self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2014 my ($name) = ' name=".reset"';
2015 $name = qq/ name="$label"/ if defined($label);
2016 $value = defined($value) ? $value : $label;
2018 $val = qq/ value="$value"/ if defined($value);
2019 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2020 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2021 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="reset" tabindex="$tabindex"$name$val$other />)
2022 : qq(<input type="reset"$name$val$other>);
2027 #### Method: defaults
2028 # Create a "defaults" button.
2030 # $name -> (optional) Name for the button.
2032 # A string containing a <input type="submit" name=".defaults"> tag
2034 # Note: this button has a special meaning to the initialization script,
2035 # and tells it to ERASE the current query string so that your defaults
2038 'defaults' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2040 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2042 my($label,$tabindex,@other) = rearrange([[NAME,VALUE],TABINDEX],@p);
2044 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2045 $label = $label || "Defaults";
2046 my($value) = qq/ value="$label"/;
2047 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2048 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2049 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="submit" name=".defaults" tabindex="$tabindex"$value$other />)
2050 : qq/<input type="submit" NAME=".defaults"$value$other>/;
2055 #### Method: comment
2056 # Create an HTML <!-- comment -->
2057 # Parameters: a string
2058 'comment' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2060 my($self,@p) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2061 return "<!-- @p -->";
2065 #### Method: checkbox
2066 # Create a checkbox that is not logically linked to any others.
2067 # The field value is "on" when the button is checked.
2069 # $name -> Name of the checkbox
2070 # $checked -> (optional) turned on by default if true
2071 # $value -> (optional) value of the checkbox, 'on' by default
2072 # $label -> (optional) a user-readable label printed next to the box.
2073 # Otherwise the checkbox name is used.
2075 # A string containing a <input type="checkbox"> field
2077 'checkbox' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2079 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2081 my($name,$checked,$value,$label,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2082 rearrange([NAME,[CHECKED,SELECTED,ON],VALUE,LABEL,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2084 $value = defined $value ? $value : 'on';
2086 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
2087 defined $self->param($name))) {
2088 $checked = grep($_ eq $value,$self->param($name)) ? $self->_checked(1) : '';
2090 $checked = $self->_checked($checked);
2092 my($the_label) = defined $label ? $label : $name;
2093 $name = $self->escapeHTML($name);
2094 $value = $self->escapeHTML($value,1);
2095 $the_label = $self->escapeHTML($the_label);
2096 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2097 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2098 $self->register_parameter($name);
2099 return $XHTML ? CGI::label(qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value" tabindex="$tabindex"$checked$other />$the_label})
2100 : qq{<input type="checkbox" name="$name" value="$value"$checked$other>$the_label};
2106 # Escape HTML -- used internally
2107 'escapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2109 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2110 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2111 my ($self,$toencode,$newlinestoo) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2112 return undef unless defined($toencode);
2113 return $toencode if ref($self) && !$self->{'escape'};
2114 $toencode =~ s{&}{&}gso;
2115 $toencode =~ s{<}{<}gso;
2116 $toencode =~ s{>}{>}gso;
2117 if ($DTD_PUBLIC_IDENTIFIER =~ /[^X]HTML 3\.2/i) {
2118 # $quot; was accidentally omitted from the HTML 3.2 DTD -- see
2119 # <http://validator.w3.org/docs/errors.html#bad-entity> /
2120 # <http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-html/1997Mar/0003.html>.
2121 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2124 $toencode =~ s{"}{"}gso;
2126 my $latin = uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'ISO-8859-1' ||
2127 uc $self->{'.charset'} eq 'WINDOWS-1252';
2128 if ($latin) { # bug in some browsers
2129 $toencode =~ s{'}{'}gso;
2130 $toencode =~ s{\x8b}{‹}gso;
2131 $toencode =~ s{\x9b}{›}gso;
2132 if (defined $newlinestoo && $newlinestoo) {
2133 $toencode =~ s{\012}{ }gso;
2134 $toencode =~ s{\015}{ }gso;
2141 # unescape HTML -- used internally
2142 'unescapeHTML' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2144 # hack to work around earlier hacks
2145 push @_,$_[0] if @_==1 && $_[0] eq 'CGI';
2146 my ($self,$string) = CGI::self_or_default(@_);
2147 return undef unless defined($string);
2148 my $latin = defined $self->{'.charset'} ? $self->{'.charset'} =~ /^(ISO-8859-1|WINDOWS-1252)$/i
2150 # thanks to Randal Schwartz for the correct solution to this one
2151 $string=~ s[&(.*?);]{
2157 /^#(\d+)$/ && $latin ? chr($1) :
2158 /^#x([0-9a-f]+)$/i && $latin ? chr(hex($1)) :
2165 # Internal procedure - don't use
2166 '_tableize' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2168 my($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements) = @_;
2169 my @rowheaders = $rowheaders ? @$rowheaders : ();
2170 my @colheaders = $colheaders ? @$colheaders : ();
2173 if (defined($columns)) {
2174 $rows = int(0.99 + @elements/$columns) unless defined($rows);
2176 if (defined($rows)) {
2177 $columns = int(0.99 + @elements/$rows) unless defined($columns);
2180 # rearrange into a pretty table
2181 $result = "<table>";
2183 unshift(@colheaders,'') if @colheaders && @rowheaders;
2184 $result .= "<tr>" if @colheaders;
2185 foreach (@colheaders) {
2186 $result .= "<th>$_</th>";
2188 for ($row=0;$row<$rows;$row++) {
2190 $result .= "<th>$rowheaders[$row]</th>" if @rowheaders;
2191 for ($column=0;$column<$columns;$column++) {
2192 $result .= "<td>" . $elements[$column*$rows + $row] . "</td>"
2193 if defined($elements[$column*$rows + $row]);
2197 $result .= "</table>";
2203 #### Method: radio_group
2204 # Create a list of logically-linked radio buttons.
2206 # $name -> Common name for all the buttons.
2207 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2208 # values for each button in the group.
2209 # $default -> (optional) Value of the button to turn on by default. Pass '-'
2210 # to turn _nothing_ on.
2211 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2212 # between the buttons.
2213 # $labels -> (optional)
2214 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2215 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2216 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2218 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="radio"> fields
2220 'radio_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2222 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2223 $self->_box_group('radio',@p);
2227 #### Method: checkbox_group
2228 # Create a list of logically-linked checkboxes.
2230 # $name -> Common name for all the check boxes
2231 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2232 # values for each checkbox in the group.
2233 # $defaults -> (optional)
2234 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of checkbox values,
2235 # then this will be used to decide which
2236 # checkboxes to turn on by default.
2237 # 2. If a scalar, will be assumed to hold the
2238 # value of a single checkbox in the group to turn on.
2239 # $linebreak -> (optional) Set to true to place linebreaks
2240 # between the buttons.
2241 # $labels -> (optional)
2242 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2243 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2244 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2246 # An ARRAY containing a series of <input type="checkbox"> fields
2249 'checkbox_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2250 sub checkbox_group {
2251 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2252 $self->_box_group('checkbox',@p);
2256 '_box_group' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2259 my $box_type = shift;
2261 my($name,$values,$defaults,$linebreak,$labels,$attributes,
2262 $rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,
2263 $override,$nolabels,$tabindex,@other) =
2264 rearrange([ NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LINEBREAK,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,
2265 ROWS,[COLUMNS,COLS],ROWHEADERS,COLHEADERS,
2266 [OVERRIDE,FORCE],NOLABELS,TABINDEX
2268 my($result,$checked);
2271 my(@elements,@values);
2272 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2273 my %checked = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2275 # If no check array is specified, check the first by default
2276 $checked{$values[0]}++ if $box_type eq 'radio' && !%checked;
2278 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2282 if (!ref $tabindex) {
2283 $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2284 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'ARRAY') {
2285 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @$tabindex;
2286 } elsif (ref $tabindex eq 'HASH') {
2290 %tabs = map {$_=>$self->element_tab} @values unless %tabs;
2292 my $other = @other ? " @other" : '';
2295 my $checkit = $self->_checked($box_type eq 'radio' ? ($checked{$_} && !$radio_checked++)
2299 $break = $XHTML ? "<br />" : "<br>";
2305 unless (defined($nolabels) && $nolabels) {
2307 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2308 $label = $self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2310 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2311 my $tab = qq( tabindex="$tabs{$_}") if exists $tabs{$_};
2312 $_=$self->escapeHTML($_);
2316 qq(<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs />$label)).${break};
2318 push(@elements,qq/<input type="$box_type" name="$name" value="$_"$checkit$other$tab$attribs>${label}${break}/);
2321 $self->register_parameter($name);
2322 return wantarray ? @elements : "@elements"
2323 unless defined($columns) || defined($rows);
2324 return _tableize($rows,$columns,$rowheaders,$colheaders,@elements);
2329 #### Method: popup_menu
2330 # Create a popup menu.
2332 # $name -> Name for all the menu
2333 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2334 # text of each menu item.
2335 # $default -> (optional) Default item to display
2336 # $labels -> (optional)
2337 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2338 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2339 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2341 # A string containing the definition of a popup menu.
2343 'popup_menu' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2345 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2347 my($name,$values,$default,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other) =
2348 rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULT,DEFAULTS],LABELS,
2349 ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2350 my($result,$selected);
2352 if (!$override && defined($self->param($name))) {
2353 $selected = $self->param($name);
2355 $selected = $default;
2357 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2358 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2361 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2362 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2363 $result = qq/<select name="$name" tabindex="$tabindex"$other>\n/;
2366 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2367 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2368 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2373 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2374 my($selectit) = defined($selected) ? $self->_selected($selected eq $_) : '';
2376 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2377 my($value) = $self->escapeHTML($_);
2378 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label,1);
2379 $result .= "<option$selectit$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2383 $result .= "</select>";
2389 #### Method: optgroup
2390 # Create a optgroup.
2392 # $name -> Label for the group
2393 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2394 # values for each option line in the group.
2395 # $labels -> (optional)
2396 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each item
2397 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2398 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2399 # $labeled -> (optional)
2400 # A true value indicates the value should be used as the label attribute
2401 # in the option elements.
2402 # The label attribute specifies the option label presented to the user.
2403 # This defaults to the content of the <option> element, but the label
2404 # attribute allows authors to more easily use optgroup without sacrificing
2405 # compatibility with browsers that do not support option groups.
2406 # $novals -> (optional)
2407 # A true value indicates to suppress the val attribute in the option elements
2409 # A string containing the definition of an option group.
2411 'optgroup' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2413 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2414 my($name,$values,$attributes,$labeled,$noval,$labels,@other)
2415 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],ATTRIBUTES,LABELED,NOVALS,LABELS],@p);
2417 my($result,@values);
2418 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name,$labeled,$novals);
2419 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2421 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2422 $result = qq/<optgroup label="$name"$other>\n/;
2425 foreach (split(/\n/)) {
2426 my $selectit = $XHTML ? 'selected="selected"' : 'selected';
2427 s/(value="$selected")/$selectit $1/ if defined $selected;
2432 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2434 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2435 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2436 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2437 $result .= $labeled ? $novals ? "<option$attribs label=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2438 : "<option$attribs label=\"$value\" value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n"
2439 : $novals ? "<option$attribs>$label</option>\n"
2440 : "<option$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2443 $result .= "</optgroup>";
2449 #### Method: scrolling_list
2450 # Create a scrolling list.
2452 # $name -> name for the list
2453 # $values -> A pointer to a regular array containing the
2454 # values for each option line in the list.
2455 # $defaults -> (optional)
2456 # 1. If a pointer to a regular array of options,
2457 # then this will be used to decide which
2458 # lines to turn on by default.
2459 # 2. Otherwise holds the value of the single line to turn on.
2460 # $size -> (optional) Size of the list.
2461 # $multiple -> (optional) If set, allow multiple selections.
2462 # $labels -> (optional)
2463 # A pointer to an associative array of labels to print next to each checkbox
2464 # in the form $label{'value'}="Long explanatory label".
2465 # Otherwise the provided values are used as the labels.
2467 # A string containing the definition of a scrolling list.
2469 'scrolling_list' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2470 sub scrolling_list {
2471 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2472 my($name,$values,$defaults,$size,$multiple,$labels,$attributes,$override,$tabindex,@other)
2473 = rearrange([NAME,[VALUES,VALUE],[DEFAULTS,DEFAULT],
2474 SIZE,MULTIPLE,LABELS,ATTRIBUTES,[OVERRIDE,FORCE],TABINDEX],@p);
2476 my($result,@values);
2477 @values = $self->_set_values_and_labels($values,\$labels,$name);
2479 $size = $size || scalar(@values);
2481 my(%selected) = $self->previous_or_default($name,$defaults,$override);
2482 my($is_multiple) = $multiple ? qq/ multiple="multiple"/ : '';
2483 my($has_size) = $size ? qq/ size="$size"/: '';
2484 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2486 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2487 $tabindex = $self->element_tab($tabindex);
2488 $result = qq/<select name="$name" tabindex="$tabindex"$has_size$is_multiple$other>\n/;
2490 my($selectit) = $self->_selected($selected{$_});
2492 $label = $labels->{$_} if defined($labels) && defined($labels->{$_});
2493 $label=$self->escapeHTML($label);
2494 my($value)=$self->escapeHTML($_,1);
2495 my $attribs = $self->_set_attributes($_, $attributes);
2496 $result .= "<option$selectit$attribs value=\"$value\">$label</option>\n";
2498 $result .= "</select>";
2499 $self->register_parameter($name);
2507 # $name -> Name of the hidden field
2508 # @default -> (optional) Initial values of field (may be an array)
2510 # $default->[initial values of field]
2512 # A string containing a <input type="hidden" name="name" value="value">
2514 'hidden' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2516 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2518 # this is the one place where we departed from our standard
2519 # calling scheme, so we have to special-case (darn)
2521 my($name,$default,$override,@other) =
2522 rearrange([NAME,[DEFAULT,VALUE,VALUES],[OVERRIDE,FORCE]],@p);
2524 my $do_override = 0;
2525 if ( ref($p[0]) || substr($p[0],0,1) eq '-') {
2526 @value = ref($default) ? @{$default} : $default;
2527 $do_override = $override;
2529 foreach ($default,$override,@other) {
2530 push(@value,$_) if defined($_);
2534 # use previous values if override is not set
2535 my @prev = $self->param($name);
2536 @value = @prev if !$do_override && @prev;
2538 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2540 $_ = defined($_) ? $self->escapeHTML($_,1) : '';
2541 push @result,$XHTML ? qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other />)
2542 : qq(<input type="hidden" name="$name" value="$_" @other>);
2544 return wantarray ? @result : join('',@result);
2549 #### Method: image_button
2551 # $name -> Name of the button
2552 # $src -> URL of the image source
2553 # $align -> Alignment style (TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE)
2555 # A string containing a <input type="image" name="name" src="url" align="alignment">
2557 'image_button' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2559 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2561 my($name,$src,$alignment,@other) =
2562 rearrange([NAME,SRC,ALIGN],@p);
2564 my($align) = $alignment ? " align=\U\"$alignment\"" : '';
2565 my($other) = @other ? " @other" : '';
2566 $name=$self->escapeHTML($name);
2567 return $XHTML ? qq(<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other />)
2568 : qq/<input type="image" name="$name" src="$src"$align$other>/;
2573 #### Method: self_url
2574 # Returns a URL containing the current script and all its
2575 # param/value pairs arranged as a query. You can use this
2576 # to create a link that, when selected, will reinvoke the
2577 # script with all its state information preserved.
2579 'self_url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2581 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2582 return $self->url('-path_info'=>1,'-query'=>1,'-full'=>1,@p);
2587 # This is provided as a synonym to self_url() for people unfortunate
2588 # enough to have incorporated it into their programs already!
2589 'state' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2597 # Like self_url, but doesn't return the query string part of
2600 'url' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2602 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2603 my ($relative,$absolute,$full,$path_info,$query,$base) =
2604 rearrange(['RELATIVE','ABSOLUTE','FULL',['PATH','PATH_INFO'],['QUERY','QUERY_STRING'],'BASE'],@p);
2606 $full++ if $base || !($relative || $absolute);
2608 my $path = $self->path_info;
2609 my $script_name = $self->script_name;
2611 # for compatibility with Apache's MultiViews
2612 if (exists($ENV{REQUEST_URI})) {
2614 $script_name = unescape($ENV{REQUEST_URI});
2615 $script_name =~ s/\?.+$//s; # strip query string
2617 if (exists($ENV{PATH_INFO})) {
2618 my $encoded_path = unescape($ENV{PATH_INFO});
2619 $script_name =~ s/\Q$encoded_path\E$//i;
2624 my $protocol = $self->protocol();
2625 $url = "$protocol://";
2626 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host');
2630 $url .= server_name();
2631 my $port = $self->server_port;
2633 unless (lc($protocol) eq 'http' && $port == 80)
2634 || (lc($protocol) eq 'https' && $port == 443);
2636 return $url if $base;
2637 $url .= $script_name;
2638 } elsif ($relative) {
2639 ($url) = $script_name =~ m!([^/]+)$!;
2640 } elsif ($absolute) {
2641 $url = $script_name;
2644 $url .= $path if $path_info and defined $path;
2645 $url .= "?" . $self->query_string if $query and $self->query_string;
2646 $url = '' unless defined $url;
2647 $url =~ s/([^a-zA-Z0-9_.%;&?\/\\:+=~-])/sprintf("%%%02X",ord($1))/eg;
2654 # Set or read a cookie from the specified name.
2655 # Cookie can then be passed to header().
2656 # Usual rules apply to the stickiness of -value.
2658 # -name -> name for this cookie (optional)
2659 # -value -> value of this cookie (scalar, array or hash)
2660 # -path -> paths for which this cookie is valid (optional)
2661 # -domain -> internet domain in which this cookie is valid (optional)
2662 # -secure -> if true, cookie only passed through secure channel (optional)
2663 # -expires -> expiry date in format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT (optional)
2665 'cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2667 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2668 my($name,$value,$path,$domain,$secure,$expires) =
2669 rearrange([NAME,[VALUE,VALUES],PATH,DOMAIN,SECURE,EXPIRES],@p);
2671 require CGI::Cookie;
2673 # if no value is supplied, then we retrieve the
2674 # value of the cookie, if any. For efficiency, we cache the parsed
2675 # cookies in our state variables.
2676 unless ( defined($value) ) {
2677 $self->{'.cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->fetch
2678 unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2680 # If no name is supplied, then retrieve the names of all our cookies.
2681 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'};
2682 return keys %{$self->{'.cookies'}} unless $name;
2683 return () unless $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name};
2684 return $self->{'.cookies'}->{$name}->value if defined($name) && $name ne '';
2687 # If we get here, we're creating a new cookie
2688 return undef unless defined($name) && $name ne ''; # this is an error
2691 push(@param,'-name'=>$name);
2692 push(@param,'-value'=>$value);
2693 push(@param,'-domain'=>$domain) if $domain;
2694 push(@param,'-path'=>$path) if $path;
2695 push(@param,'-expires'=>$expires) if $expires;
2696 push(@param,'-secure'=>$secure) if $secure;
2698 return new CGI::Cookie(@param);
2702 'parse_keywordlist' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2703 sub parse_keywordlist {
2704 my($self,$tosplit) = @_;
2705 $tosplit = unescape($tosplit); # unescape the keywords
2706 $tosplit=~tr/+/ /; # pluses to spaces
2707 my(@keywords) = split(/\s+/,$tosplit);
2712 'param_fetch' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2714 my($self,@p) = self_or_default(@_);
2715 my($name) = rearrange([NAME],@p);
2716 unless (exists($self->{$name})) {
2717 $self->add_parameter($name);
2718 $self->{$name} = [];
2721 return $self->{$name};
2725 ###############################################
2726 # OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE ENVIRONMENT
2727 ###############################################
2729 #### Method: path_info
2730 # Return the extra virtual path information provided
2731 # after the URL (if any)
2733 'path_info' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2735 my ($self,$info) = self_or_default(@_);
2736 if (defined($info)) {
2737 $info = "/$info" if $info ne '' && substr($info,0,1) ne '/';
2738 $self->{'.path_info'} = $info;
2739 } elsif (! defined($self->{'.path_info'}) ) {
2740 $self->{'.path_info'} = defined($ENV{'PATH_INFO'}) ?
2741 $ENV{'PATH_INFO'} : '';
2743 # hack to fix broken path info in IIS
2744 $self->{'.path_info'} =~ s/^\Q$ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'}\E// if $IIS;
2747 return $self->{'.path_info'};
2752 #### Method: request_method
2753 # Returns 'POST', 'GET', 'PUT' or 'HEAD'
2755 'request_method' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2756 sub request_method {
2757 return $ENV{'REQUEST_METHOD'};
2761 #### Method: content_type
2762 # Returns the content_type string
2764 'content_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2766 return $ENV{'CONTENT_TYPE'};
2770 #### Method: path_translated
2771 # Return the physical path information provided
2772 # by the URL (if any)
2774 'path_translated' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2775 sub path_translated {
2776 return $ENV{'PATH_TRANSLATED'};
2781 #### Method: query_string
2782 # Synthesize a query string from our current
2785 'query_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2787 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2788 my($param,$value,@pairs);
2789 foreach $param ($self->param) {
2790 my($eparam) = escape($param);
2791 foreach $value ($self->param($param)) {
2792 $value = escape($value);
2793 next unless defined $value;
2794 push(@pairs,"$eparam=$value");
2797 foreach (keys %{$self->{'.fieldnames'}}) {
2798 push(@pairs,".cgifields=".escape("$_"));
2800 return join($USE_PARAM_SEMICOLONS ? ';' : '&',@pairs);
2806 # Without parameters, returns an array of the
2807 # MIME types the browser accepts.
2808 # With a single parameter equal to a MIME
2809 # type, will return undef if the browser won't
2810 # accept it, 1 if the browser accepts it but
2811 # doesn't give a preference, or a floating point
2812 # value between 0.0 and 1.0 if the browser
2813 # declares a quantitative score for it.
2814 # This handles MIME type globs correctly.
2816 'Accept' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2818 my($self,$search) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2819 my(%prefs,$type,$pref,$pat);
2821 my(@accept) = split(',',$self->http('accept'));
2824 ($pref) = /q=(\d\.\d+|\d+)/;
2825 ($type) = m#(\S+/[^;]+)#;
2827 $prefs{$type}=$pref || 1;
2830 return keys %prefs unless $search;
2832 # if a search type is provided, we may need to
2833 # perform a pattern matching operation.
2834 # The MIME types use a glob mechanism, which
2835 # is easily translated into a perl pattern match
2837 # First return the preference for directly supported
2839 return $prefs{$search} if $prefs{$search};
2841 # Didn't get it, so try pattern matching.
2842 foreach (keys %prefs) {
2843 next unless /\*/; # not a pattern match
2844 ($pat = $_) =~ s/([^\w*])/\\$1/g; # escape meta characters
2845 $pat =~ s/\*/.*/g; # turn it into a pattern
2846 return $prefs{$_} if $search=~/$pat/;
2852 #### Method: user_agent
2853 # If called with no parameters, returns the user agent.
2854 # If called with one parameter, does a pattern match (case
2855 # insensitive) on the user agent.
2857 'user_agent' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2859 my($self,$match)=self_or_CGI(@_);
2860 return $self->http('user_agent') unless $match;
2861 return $self->http('user_agent') =~ /$match/i;
2866 #### Method: raw_cookie
2867 # Returns the magic cookies for the session.
2868 # The cookies are not parsed or altered in any way, i.e.
2869 # cookies are returned exactly as given in the HTTP
2870 # headers. If a cookie name is given, only that cookie's
2871 # value is returned, otherwise the entire raw cookie
2874 'raw_cookie' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2876 my($self,$key) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2878 require CGI::Cookie;
2880 if (defined($key)) {
2881 $self->{'.raw_cookies'} = CGI::Cookie->raw_fetch
2882 unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
2884 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'};
2885 return () unless $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
2886 return $self->{'.raw_cookies'}->{$key};
2888 return $self->http('cookie') || $ENV{'COOKIE'} || '';
2892 #### Method: virtual_host
2893 # Return the name of the virtual_host, which
2894 # is not always the same as the server
2896 'virtual_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2898 my $vh = http('x_forwarded_host') || http('host') || server_name();
2899 $vh =~ s/:\d+$//; # get rid of port number
2904 #### Method: remote_host
2905 # Return the name of the remote host, or its IP
2906 # address if unavailable. If this variable isn't
2907 # defined, it returns "localhost" for debugging
2910 'remote_host' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2912 return $ENV{'REMOTE_HOST'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'}
2918 #### Method: remote_addr
2919 # Return the IP addr of the remote host.
2921 'remote_addr' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2923 return $ENV{'REMOTE_ADDR'} || '127.0.0.1';
2928 #### Method: script_name
2929 # Return the partial URL to this script for
2930 # self-referencing scripts. Also see
2931 # self_url(), which returns a URL with all state information
2934 'script_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2936 return $ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'} if defined($ENV{'SCRIPT_NAME'});
2937 # These are for debugging
2938 return "/$0" unless $0=~/^\//;
2944 #### Method: referer
2945 # Return the HTTP_REFERER: useful for generating
2948 'referer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2950 my($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
2951 return $self->http('referer');
2956 #### Method: server_name
2957 # Return the name of the server
2959 'server_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2961 return $ENV{'SERVER_NAME'} || 'localhost';
2965 #### Method: server_software
2966 # Return the name of the server software
2968 'server_software' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2969 sub server_software {
2970 return $ENV{'SERVER_SOFTWARE'} || 'cmdline';
2974 #### Method: virtual_port
2975 # Return the server port, taking virtual hosts into account
2977 'virtual_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2979 my($self) = self_or_default(@_);
2980 my $vh = $self->http('x_forwarded_host') || $self->http('host');
2982 return ($vh =~ /:(\d+)$/)[0] || '80';
2984 return $self->server_port();
2989 #### Method: server_port
2990 # Return the tcp/ip port the server is running on
2992 'server_port' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
2994 return $ENV{'SERVER_PORT'} || 80; # for debugging
2998 #### Method: server_protocol
2999 # Return the protocol (usually HTTP/1.0)
3001 'server_protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3002 sub server_protocol {
3003 return $ENV{'SERVER_PROTOCOL'} || 'HTTP/1.0'; # for debugging
3008 # Return the value of an HTTP variable, or
3009 # the list of variables if none provided
3011 'http' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3013 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3014 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTP/;
3015 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3016 return $ENV{"HTTP_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3018 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3019 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTP/;
3026 # Return the value of HTTPS
3028 'https' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3031 my ($self,$parameter) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3032 return $ENV{HTTPS} unless $parameter;
3033 return $ENV{$parameter} if $parameter=~/^HTTPS/;
3034 $parameter =~ tr/-/_/;
3035 return $ENV{"HTTPS_\U$parameter\E"} if $parameter;
3037 foreach (keys %ENV) {
3038 push(@p,$_) if /^HTTPS/;
3044 #### Method: protocol
3045 # Return the protocol (http or https currently)
3047 'protocol' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3051 return 'https' if uc($self->https()) eq 'ON';
3052 return 'https' if $self->server_port == 443;
3053 my $prot = $self->server_protocol;
3054 my($protocol,$version) = split('/',$prot);
3055 return "\L$protocol\E";
3059 #### Method: remote_ident
3060 # Return the identity of the remote user
3061 # (but only if his host is running identd)
3063 'remote_ident' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3065 return $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'};
3070 #### Method: auth_type
3071 # Return the type of use verification/authorization in use, if any.
3073 'auth_type' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3075 return $ENV{'AUTH_TYPE'};
3080 #### Method: remote_user
3081 # Return the authorization name used for user
3084 'remote_user' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3086 return $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3091 #### Method: user_name
3092 # Try to return the remote user's name by hook or by
3095 'user_name' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3097 my ($self) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3098 return $self->http('from') || $ENV{'REMOTE_IDENT'} || $ENV{'REMOTE_USER'};
3102 #### Method: nosticky
3103 # Set or return the NOSTICKY global flag
3105 'nosticky' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3107 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3108 $CGI::NOSTICKY = $param if defined($param);
3109 return $CGI::NOSTICKY;
3114 # Set or return the NPH global flag
3116 'nph' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3118 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3119 $CGI::NPH = $param if defined($param);
3124 #### Method: private_tempfiles
3125 # Set or return the private_tempfiles global flag
3127 'private_tempfiles' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3128 sub private_tempfiles {
3129 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3130 $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES = $param if defined($param);
3131 return $CGI::PRIVATE_TEMPFILES;
3134 #### Method: close_upload_files
3135 # Set or return the close_upload_files global flag
3137 'close_upload_files' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3138 sub close_upload_files {
3139 my ($self,$param) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3140 $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES = $param if defined($param);
3141 return $CGI::CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3146 #### Method: default_dtd
3147 # Set or return the default_dtd global
3149 'default_dtd' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3151 my ($self,$param,$param2) = self_or_CGI(@_);
3152 if (defined $param2 && defined $param) {
3153 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = [ $param, $param2 ];
3154 } elsif (defined $param) {
3155 $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD = $param;
3157 return $CGI::DEFAULT_DTD;
3161 # -------------- really private subroutines -----------------
3162 'previous_or_default' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3163 sub previous_or_default {
3164 my($self,$name,$defaults,$override) = @_;
3167 if (!$override && ($self->{'.fieldnames'}->{$name} ||
3168 defined($self->param($name)) ) ) {
3169 grep($selected{$_}++,$self->param($name));
3170 } elsif (defined($defaults) && ref($defaults) &&
3171 (ref($defaults) eq 'ARRAY')) {
3172 grep($selected{$_}++,@{$defaults});
3174 $selected{$defaults}++ if defined($defaults);
3181 'register_parameter' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3182 sub register_parameter {
3183 my($self,$param) = @_;
3184 $self->{'.parametersToAdd'}->{$param}++;
3188 'get_fields' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3191 return $self->CGI::hidden('-name'=>'.cgifields',
3192 '-values'=>[keys %{$self->{'.parametersToAdd'}}],
3197 'read_from_cmdline' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3198 sub read_from_cmdline {
3202 if ($DEBUG && @ARGV) {
3204 } elsif ($DEBUG > 1) {
3205 require "shellwords.pl";
3206 print STDERR "(offline mode: enter name=value pairs on standard input; press ^D or ^Z when done)\n";
3207 chomp(@lines = <STDIN>); # remove newlines
3208 $input = join(" ",@lines);
3209 @words = &shellwords($input);
3216 if ("@words"=~/=/) {
3217 $query_string = join('&',@words);
3219 $query_string = join('+',@words);
3221 if ($query_string =~ /^(.*?)\?(.*)$/)
3226 return { 'query_string' => $query_string, 'subpath' => $subpath };
3231 # subroutine: read_multipart
3233 # Read multipart data and store it into our parameters.
3234 # An interesting feature is that if any of the parts is a file, we
3235 # create a temporary file and open up a filehandle on it so that the
3236 # caller can read from it if necessary.
3238 'read_multipart' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3239 sub read_multipart {
3240 my($self,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3241 my($buffer) = $self->new_MultipartBuffer($boundary,$length);
3242 return unless $buffer;
3245 while (!$buffer->eof) {
3246 %header = $buffer->readHeader;
3249 $self->cgi_error("400 Bad request (malformed multipart POST)");
3253 my($param)= $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ name="([^;]*)"/;
3256 # Bug: Netscape doesn't escape quotation marks in file names!!!
3257 my($filename) = $header{'Content-Disposition'}=~/ filename="([^;]*)"/;
3258 # Test for Opera's multiple upload feature
3259 my($multipart) = ( defined( $header{'Content-Type'} ) &&
3260 $header{'Content-Type'} =~ /multipart\/mixed/ ) ?
3263 # add this parameter to our list
3264 $self->add_parameter($param);
3266 # If no filename specified, then just read the data and assign it
3267 # to our parameter list.
3268 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && !$multipart ) {
3269 my($value) = $buffer->readBody;
3271 push(@{$self->{$param}},$value);
3275 my ($tmpfile,$tmp,$filehandle);
3277 # If we get here, then we are dealing with a potentially large
3278 # uploaded form. Save the data to a temporary file, then open
3279 # the file for reading.
3281 # skip the file if uploads disabled
3282 if ($DISABLE_UPLOADS) {
3283 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) { }
3287 # set the filename to some recognizable value
3288 if ( ( !defined($filename) || $filename eq '' ) && $multipart ) {
3289 $filename = "multipart/mixed";
3292 # choose a relatively unpredictable tmpfile sequence number
3293 my $seqno = unpack("%16C*",join('',localtime,grep {defined $_} values %ENV));
3294 for (my $cnt=10;$cnt>0;$cnt--) {
3295 next unless $tmpfile = new CGITempFile($seqno);
3296 $tmp = $tmpfile->as_string;
3297 last if defined($filehandle = Fh->new($filename,$tmp,$PRIVATE_TEMPFILES));
3298 $seqno += int rand(100);
3300 die "CGI open of tmpfile: $!\n" unless defined $filehandle;
3301 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode
3302 && defined fileno($filehandle);
3304 # if this is an multipart/mixed attachment, save the header
3305 # together with the body for later parsing with an external
3306 # MIME parser module
3308 foreach ( keys %header ) {
3309 print $filehandle "$_: $header{$_}${CRLF}";
3311 print $filehandle "${CRLF}";
3317 while (defined($data = $buffer->read)) {
3318 if (defined $self->{'.upload_hook'})
3320 $totalbytes += length($data);
3321 &{$self->{'.upload_hook'}}($filename ,$data, $totalbytes, $self->{'.upload_data'});
3323 print $filehandle $data;
3326 # back up to beginning of file
3327 seek($filehandle,0,0);
3329 ## Close the filehandle if requested this allows a multipart MIME
3330 ## upload to contain many files, and we won't die due to too many
3331 ## open file handles. The user can access the files using the hash
3333 close $filehandle if $CLOSE_UPLOAD_FILES;
3334 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($filehandle) if $CGI::needs_binmode;
3336 # Save some information about the uploaded file where we can get
3338 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filehandle)}= {
3339 hndl => $filehandle,
3343 push(@{$self->{$param}},$filehandle);
3349 'upload' =><<'END_OF_FUNC',
3351 my($self,$param_name) = self_or_default(@_);
3352 my @param = grep(ref && fileno($_), $self->param($param_name));
3353 return unless @param;
3354 return wantarray ? @param : $param[0];
3358 'tmpFileName' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3360 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3361 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name} ?
3362 $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{name}->as_string
3367 'uploadInfo' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3369 my($self,$filename) = self_or_default(@_);
3370 return $self->{'.tmpfiles'}->{fileno($filename)}->{info};
3374 # internal routine, don't use
3375 '_set_values_and_labels' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3376 sub _set_values_and_labels {
3379 $$l = $v if ref($v) eq 'HASH' && !ref($$l);
3380 return $self->param($n) if !defined($v);
3381 return $v if !ref($v);
3382 return ref($v) eq 'HASH' ? keys %$v : @$v;
3386 # internal routine, don't use
3387 '_set_attributes' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3388 sub _set_attributes {
3390 my($element, $attributes) = @_;
3391 return '' unless defined($attributes->{$element});
3393 foreach my $attrib (keys %{$attributes->{$element}}) {
3394 (my $clean_attrib = $attrib) =~ s/^-//;
3395 $attribs .= "@{[lc($clean_attrib)]}=\"$attributes->{$element}{$attrib}\" ";
3402 '_compile_all' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3405 next if defined(&$_);
3406 $AUTOLOAD = "CGI::$_";
3416 #########################################################
3417 # Globals and stubs for other packages that we use.
3418 #########################################################
3420 ################### Fh -- lightweight filehandle ###############
3429 *Fh::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3436 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3437 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3439 'asString' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3442 # get rid of package name
3443 (my $i = $$self) =~ s/^\*(\w+::fh\d{5})+//;
3444 $i =~ s/%(..)/ chr(hex($1)) /eg;
3445 return $i.$CGI::TAINTED;
3447 # This was an extremely clever patch that allowed "use strict refs".
3448 # Unfortunately it relied on another bug that caused leaky file descriptors.
3449 # The underlying bug has been fixed, so this no longer works. However
3450 # "strict refs" still works for some reason.
3452 # return ${*{$self}{SCALAR}};
3457 'compare' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3461 return "$self" cmp $value;
3465 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3467 my($pack,$name,$file,$delete) = @_;
3468 _setup_symbols(@SAVED_SYMBOLS) if @SAVED_SYMBOLS;
3469 require Fcntl unless defined &Fcntl::O_RDWR;
3470 (my $safename = $name) =~ s/([':%])/ sprintf '%%%02X', ord $1 /eg;
3471 my $fv = ++$FH . $safename;
3472 my $ref = \*{"Fh::$fv"};
3473 $file =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3475 sysopen($ref,$safe,Fcntl::O_RDWR()|Fcntl::O_CREAT()|Fcntl::O_EXCL(),0600) || return;
3476 unlink($safe) if $delete;
3477 CORE::delete $Fh::{$fv};
3478 return bless $ref,$pack;
3485 ######################## MultipartBuffer ####################
3486 package MultipartBuffer;
3488 use constant DEBUG => 0;
3490 # how many bytes to read at a time. We use
3491 # a 4K buffer by default.
3492 $INITIAL_FILLUNIT = 1024 * 4;
3493 $TIMEOUT = 240*60; # 4 hour timeout for big files
3494 $SPIN_LOOP_MAX = 2000; # bug fix for some Netscape servers
3497 #reuse the autoload function
3498 *MultipartBuffer::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3500 # avoid autoloader warnings
3503 ###############################################################################
3504 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3505 ###############################################################################
3506 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3507 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3510 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3512 my($package,$interface,$boundary,$length) = @_;
3513 $FILLUNIT = $INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3514 $CGI::DefaultClass->binmode($IN); # if $CGI::needs_binmode; # just do it always
3516 # If the user types garbage into the file upload field,
3517 # then Netscape passes NOTHING to the server (not good).
3518 # We may hang on this read in that case. So we implement
3519 # a read timeout. If nothing is ready to read
3520 # by then, we return.
3522 # Netscape seems to be a little bit unreliable
3523 # about providing boundary strings.
3524 my $boundary_read = 0;
3527 # Under the MIME spec, the boundary consists of the
3528 # characters "--" PLUS the Boundary string
3530 # BUG: IE 3.01 on the Macintosh uses just the boundary -- not
3531 # the two extra hyphens. We do a special case here on the user-agent!!!!
3532 $boundary = "--$boundary" unless CGI::user_agent('MSIE\s+3\.0[12];\s*Mac|DreamPassport');
3534 } else { # otherwise we find it ourselves
3536 ($old,$/) = ($/,$CRLF); # read a CRLF-delimited line
3537 $boundary = <STDIN>; # BUG: This won't work correctly under mod_perl
3538 $length -= length($boundary);
3539 chomp($boundary); # remove the CRLF
3540 $/ = $old; # restore old line separator
3544 my $self = {LENGTH=>$length,
3545 CHUNKED=>!defined $length,
3546 BOUNDARY=>$boundary,
3547 INTERFACE=>$interface,
3551 $FILLUNIT = length($boundary)
3552 if length($boundary) > $FILLUNIT;
3554 my $retval = bless $self,ref $package || $package;
3556 # Read the preamble and the topmost (boundary) line plus the CRLF.
3557 unless ($boundary_read) {
3558 while ($self->read(0)) { }
3560 die "Malformed multipart POST: data truncated\n" if $self->eof;
3566 'readHeader' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3573 local($CRLF) = "\015\012" if $CGI::OS eq 'VMS' || $CGI::EBCDIC;
3576 $self->fillBuffer($FILLUNIT);
3577 $ok++ if ($end = index($self->{BUFFER},"${CRLF}${CRLF}")) >= 0;
3578 $ok++ if $self->{BUFFER} eq '';
3579 $bad++ if !$ok && $self->{LENGTH} <= 0;
3580 # this was a bad idea
3581 # $FILLUNIT *= 2 if length($self->{BUFFER}) >= $FILLUNIT;
3582 } until $ok || $bad;
3585 #EBCDIC NOTE: translate header into EBCDIC, but watch out for continuation lines!
3587 my($header) = substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+2);
3588 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$end+4) = '';
3592 warn "untranslated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3593 $header = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($header);
3594 warn "translated header=$header\n" if DEBUG;
3597 # See RFC 2045 Appendix A and RFC 822 sections 3.4.8
3598 # (Folding Long Header Fields), 3.4.3 (Comments)
3599 # and 3.4.5 (Quoted-Strings).
3601 my $token = '[-\w!\#$%&\'*+.^_\`|{}~]';
3602 $header=~s/$CRLF\s+/ /og; # merge continuation lines
3604 while ($header=~/($token+):\s+([^$CRLF]*)/mgox) {
3605 my ($field_name,$field_value) = ($1,$2);
3606 $field_name =~ s/\b(\w)/uc($1)/eg; #canonicalize
3607 $return{$field_name}=$field_value;
3613 # This reads and returns the body as a single scalar value.
3614 'readBody' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3620 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate returnval into EBCDIC HERE
3622 while (defined($data = $self->read)) {
3623 $returnval .= $data;
3627 warn "untranslated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3628 $returnval = CGI::Util::ascii2ebcdic($returnval);
3629 warn "translated body=$returnval\n" if DEBUG;
3635 # This will read $bytes or until the boundary is hit, whichever happens
3636 # first. After the boundary is hit, we return undef. The next read will
3637 # skip over the boundary and begin reading again;
3638 'read' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3640 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3642 # default number of bytes to read
3643 $bytes = $bytes || $FILLUNIT;
3645 # Fill up our internal buffer in such a way that the boundary
3646 # is never split between reads.
3647 $self->fillBuffer($bytes);
3649 my $boundary_start = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}) : $self->{BOUNDARY};
3650 my $boundary_end = $CGI::EBCDIC ? CGI::Util::ebcdic2ascii($self->{BOUNDARY}.'--') : $self->{BOUNDARY}.'--';
3652 # Find the boundary in the buffer (it may not be there).
3653 my $start = index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_start);
3655 warn "boundary=$self->{BOUNDARY} length=$self->{LENGTH} start=$start\n" if DEBUG;
3657 # protect against malformed multipart POST operations
3658 die "Malformed multipart POST\n" unless $self->{CHUNKED} || ($start >= 0 || $self->{LENGTH} > 0);
3660 #EBCDIC NOTE: want to translate boundary search into ASCII here.
3662 # If the boundary begins the data, then skip past it
3666 # clear us out completely if we've hit the last boundary.
3667 if (index($self->{BUFFER},$boundary_end)==0) {
3673 # just remove the boundary.
3674 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,length($boundary_start))='';
3675 $self->{BUFFER} =~ s/^\012\015?//;
3680 if ($start > 0) { # read up to the boundary
3681 $bytesToReturn = $start-2 > $bytes ? $bytes : $start;
3682 } else { # read the requested number of bytes
3683 # leave enough bytes in the buffer to allow us to read
3684 # the boundary. Thanks to Kevin Hendrick for finding
3686 $bytesToReturn = $bytes - (length($boundary_start)+1);
3689 my $returnval=substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn);
3690 substr($self->{BUFFER},0,$bytesToReturn)='';
3692 # If we hit the boundary, remove the CRLF from the end.
3693 return ($bytesToReturn==$start)
3694 ? substr($returnval,0,-2) : $returnval;
3699 # This fills up our internal buffer in such a way that the
3700 # boundary is never split between reads
3701 'fillBuffer' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3703 my($self,$bytes) = @_;
3704 return unless $self->{CHUNKED} || $self->{LENGTH};
3706 my($boundaryLength) = length($self->{BOUNDARY});
3707 my($bufferLength) = length($self->{BUFFER});
3708 my($bytesToRead) = $bytes - $bufferLength + $boundaryLength + 2;
3709 $bytesToRead = $self->{LENGTH} if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $self->{LENGTH} < $bytesToRead;
3711 # Try to read some data. We may hang here if the browser is screwed up.
3712 my $bytesRead = $self->{INTERFACE}->read_from_client(\$self->{BUFFER},
3715 warn "bytesToRead=$bytesToRead, bufferLength=$bufferLength, buffer=$self->{BUFFER}\n" if DEBUG;
3716 $self->{BUFFER} = '' unless defined $self->{BUFFER};
3718 # An apparent bug in the Apache server causes the read()
3719 # to return zero bytes repeatedly without blocking if the
3720 # remote user aborts during a file transfer. I don't know how
3721 # they manage this, but the workaround is to abort if we get
3722 # more than SPIN_LOOP_MAX consecutive zero reads.
3723 if ($bytesRead <= 0) {
3724 die "CGI.pm: Server closed socket during multipart read (client aborted?).\n"
3725 if ($self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}++ >= $SPIN_LOOP_MAX);
3727 $self->{ZERO_LOOP_COUNTER}=0;
3730 $self->{LENGTH} -= $bytesRead if !$self->{CHUNKED} && $bytesRead;
3735 # Return true when we've finished reading
3736 'eof' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3739 return 1 if (length($self->{BUFFER}) == 0)
3740 && ($self->{LENGTH} <= 0);
3748 ####################################################################################
3749 ################################## TEMPORARY FILES #################################
3750 ####################################################################################
3751 package CGITempFile;
3754 undef $TMPDIRECTORY;
3756 $MAC = $CGI::OS eq 'MACINTOSH';
3757 my ($vol) = $MAC ? MacPerl::Volumes() =~ /:(.*)/ : "";
3758 unless ($TMPDIRECTORY) {
3759 @TEMP=("${SL}usr${SL}tmp","${SL}var${SL}tmp",
3760 "C:${SL}temp","${SL}tmp","${SL}temp",
3761 "${vol}${SL}Temporary Items",
3762 "${SL}WWW_ROOT", "${SL}SYS\$SCRATCH",
3763 "C:${SL}system${SL}temp");
3764 unshift(@TEMP,$ENV{'TMPDIR'}) if defined $ENV{'TMPDIR'};
3766 # this feature was supposed to provide per-user tmpfiles, but
3767 # it is problematic.
3768 # unshift(@TEMP,(getpwuid($<))[7].'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX';
3769 # Rob: getpwuid() is unfortunately UNIX specific. On brain dead OS'es this
3770 # : can generate a 'getpwuid() not implemented' exception, even though
3771 # : it's never called. Found under DOS/Win with the DJGPP perl port.
3772 # : Refer to getpwuid() only at run-time if we're fortunate and have UNIX.
3773 # unshift(@TEMP,(eval {(getpwuid($>))[7]}).'/tmp') if $CGI::OS eq 'UNIX' and $> != 0;
3776 do {$TMPDIRECTORY = $_; last} if -d $_ && -w _;
3779 $TMPDIRECTORY = $MAC ? "" : "." unless $TMPDIRECTORY;
3786 # cute feature, but overload implementation broke it
3787 # %OVERLOAD = ('""'=>'as_string');
3788 *CGITempFile::AUTOLOAD = \&CGI::AUTOLOAD;
3792 $$self =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$! || return;
3793 my $safe = $1; # untaint operation
3794 unlink $safe; # get rid of the file
3797 ###############################################################################
3798 ################# THESE FUNCTIONS ARE AUTOLOADED ON DEMAND ####################
3799 ###############################################################################
3800 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES = ''; # prevent -w error
3801 $AUTOLOADED_ROUTINES=<<'END_OF_AUTOLOAD';
3804 'new' => <<'END_OF_FUNC',
3806 my($package,$sequence) = @_;
3808 find_tempdir() unless -w $TMPDIRECTORY;
3809 for (my $i = 0; $i < $MAXTRIES; $i++) {
3810 last if ! -f ($filename = sprintf("${TMPDIRECTORY}${SL}CGItemp%d",$sequence++));
3812 # check that it is a more-or-less valid filename
3813 return unless $filename =~ m!^([a-zA-Z0-9_ \'\":/.\$\\-]+)$!;
3814 # this used to untaint, now it doesn't
3816 return bless \$filename;
3820 'as_string' => <<'END_OF_FUNC'
3832 # We get a whole bunch of warnings about "possibly uninitialized variables"
3833 # when running with the -w switch. Touch them all once to get rid of the
3834 # warnings. This is ugly and I hate it.
3839 $MultipartBuffer::SPIN_LOOP_MAX;
3840 $MultipartBuffer::CRLF;
3841 $MultipartBuffer::TIMEOUT;
3842 $MultipartBuffer::INITIAL_FILLUNIT;
3853 CGI - Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
3857 # CGI script that creates a fill-out form
3858 # and echoes back its values.
3860 use CGI qw/:standard/;
3862 start_html('A Simple Example'),
3863 h1('A Simple Example'),
3865 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
3866 "What's the combination?", p,
3867 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
3868 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
3869 -defaults=>['eenie','minie']), p,
3870 "What's your favorite color? ",
3871 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
3872 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
3878 print "Your name is",em(param('name')),p,
3879 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
3880 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),
3886 This perl library uses perl5 objects to make it easy to create Web
3887 fill-out forms and parse their contents. This package defines CGI
3888 objects, entities that contain the values of the current query string
3889 and other state variables. Using a CGI object's methods, you can
3890 examine keywords and parameters passed to your script, and create
3891 forms whose initial values are taken from the current query (thereby
3892 preserving state information). The module provides shortcut functions
3893 that produce boilerplate HTML, reducing typing and coding errors. It
3894 also provides functionality for some of the more advanced features of
3895 CGI scripting, including support for file uploads, cookies, cascading
3896 style sheets, server push, and frames.
3898 CGI.pm also provides a simple function-oriented programming style for
3899 those who don't need its object-oriented features.
3901 The current version of CGI.pm is available at
3903 http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/ftp/pub/software/WWW/cgi_docs.html
3904 ftp://ftp-genome.wi.mit.edu/pub/software/WWW/
3908 =head2 PROGRAMMING STYLE
3910 There are two styles of programming with CGI.pm, an object-oriented
3911 style and a function-oriented style. In the object-oriented style you
3912 create one or more CGI objects and then use object methods to create
3913 the various elements of the page. Each CGI object starts out with the
3914 list of named parameters that were passed to your CGI script by the
3915 server. You can modify the objects, save them to a file or database
3916 and recreate them. Because each object corresponds to the "state" of
3917 the CGI script, and because each object's parameter list is
3918 independent of the others, this allows you to save the state of the
3919 script and restore it later.
3921 For example, using the object oriented style, here is how you create
3922 a simple "Hello World" HTML page:
3924 #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
3925 use CGI; # load CGI routines
3926 $q = new CGI; # create new CGI object
3927 print $q->header, # create the HTTP header
3928 $q->start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
3929 $q->h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
3930 $q->end_html; # end the HTML
3932 In the function-oriented style, there is one default CGI object that
3933 you rarely deal with directly. Instead you just call functions to
3934 retrieve CGI parameters, create HTML tags, manage cookies, and so
3935 on. This provides you with a cleaner programming interface, but
3936 limits you to using one CGI object at a time. The following example
3937 prints the same page, but uses the function-oriented interface.
3938 The main differences are that we now need to import a set of functions
3939 into our name space (usually the "standard" functions), and we don't
3940 need to create the CGI object.
3942 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
3943 use CGI qw/:standard/; # load standard CGI routines
3944 print header, # create the HTTP header
3945 start_html('hello world'), # start the HTML
3946 h1('hello world'), # level 1 header
3947 end_html; # end the HTML
3949 The examples in this document mainly use the object-oriented style.
3950 See HOW TO IMPORT FUNCTIONS for important information on
3951 function-oriented programming in CGI.pm
3953 =head2 CALLING CGI.PM ROUTINES
3955 Most CGI.pm routines accept several arguments, sometimes as many as 20
3956 optional ones! To simplify this interface, all routines use a named
3957 argument calling style that looks like this:
3959 print $q->header(-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d');
3961 Each argument name is preceded by a dash. Neither case nor order
3962 matters in the argument list. -type, -Type, and -TYPE are all
3963 acceptable. In fact, only the first argument needs to begin with a
3964 dash. If a dash is present in the first argument, CGI.pm assumes
3965 dashes for the subsequent ones.
3967 Several routines are commonly called with just one argument. In the
3968 case of these routines you can provide the single argument without an
3969 argument name. header() happens to be one of these routines. In this
3970 case, the single argument is the document type.
3972 print $q->header('text/html');
3974 Other such routines are documented below.
3976 Sometimes named arguments expect a scalar, sometimes a reference to an
3977 array, and sometimes a reference to a hash. Often, you can pass any
3978 type of argument and the routine will do whatever is most appropriate.
3979 For example, the param() routine is used to set a CGI parameter to a
3980 single or a multi-valued value. The two cases are shown below:
3982 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>'tomato');
3983 $q->param(-name=>'veggie',-value=>['tomato','tomahto','potato','potahto']);
3985 A large number of routines in CGI.pm actually aren't specifically
3986 defined in the module, but are generated automatically as needed.
3987 These are the "HTML shortcuts," routines that generate HTML tags for
3988 use in dynamically-generated pages. HTML tags have both attributes
3989 (the attribute="value" pairs within the tag itself) and contents (the
3990 part between the opening and closing pairs.) To distinguish between
3991 attributes and contents, CGI.pm uses the convention of passing HTML
3992 attributes as a hash reference as the first argument, and the
3993 contents, if any, as any subsequent arguments. It works out like
3999 h1('some','contents'); <h1>some contents</h1>
4000 h1({-align=>left}); <h1 align="LEFT">
4001 h1({-align=>left},'contents'); <h1 align="LEFT">contents</h1>
4003 HTML tags are described in more detail later.
4005 Many newcomers to CGI.pm are puzzled by the difference between the
4006 calling conventions for the HTML shortcuts, which require curly braces
4007 around the HTML tag attributes, and the calling conventions for other
4008 routines, which manage to generate attributes without the curly
4009 brackets. Don't be confused. As a convenience the curly braces are
4010 optional in all but the HTML shortcuts. If you like, you can use
4011 curly braces when calling any routine that takes named arguments. For
4014 print $q->header( {-type=>'image/gif',-expires=>'+3d'} );
4016 If you use the B<-w> switch, you will be warned that some CGI.pm argument
4017 names conflict with built-in Perl functions. The most frequent of
4018 these is the -values argument, used to create multi-valued menus,
4019 radio button clusters and the like. To get around this warning, you
4020 have several choices:
4026 Use another name for the argument, if one is available.
4027 For example, -value is an alias for -values.
4031 Change the capitalization, e.g. -Values
4035 Put quotes around the argument name, e.g. '-values'
4039 Many routines will do something useful with a named argument that it
4040 doesn't recognize. For example, you can produce non-standard HTTP
4041 header fields by providing them as named arguments:
4043 print $q->header(-type => 'text/html',
4044 -cost => 'Three smackers',
4045 -annoyance_level => 'high',
4046 -complaints_to => 'bit bucket');
4048 This will produce the following nonstandard HTTP header:
4051 Cost: Three smackers
4052 Annoyance-level: high
4053 Complaints-to: bit bucket
4054 Content-type: text/html
4056 Notice the way that underscores are translated automatically into
4057 hyphens. HTML-generating routines perform a different type of
4060 This feature allows you to keep up with the rapidly changing HTTP and
4063 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT (OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE):
4067 This will parse the input (from both POST and GET methods) and store
4068 it into a perl5 object called $query.
4070 =head2 CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
4072 $query = new CGI(INPUTFILE);
4074 If you provide a file handle to the new() method, it will read
4075 parameters from the file (or STDIN, or whatever). The file can be in
4076 any of the forms describing below under debugging (i.e. a series of
4077 newline delimited TAG=VALUE pairs will work). Conveniently, this type
4078 of file is created by the save() method (see below). Multiple records
4079 can be saved and restored.
4081 Perl purists will be pleased to know that this syntax accepts
4082 references to file handles, or even references to filehandle globs,
4083 which is the "official" way to pass a filehandle:
4085 $query = new CGI(\*STDIN);
4087 You can also initialize the CGI object with a FileHandle or IO::File
4090 If you are using the function-oriented interface and want to
4091 initialize CGI state from a file handle, the way to do this is with
4092 B<restore_parameters()>. This will (re)initialize the
4093 default CGI object from the indicated file handle.
4095 open (IN,"test.in") || die;
4096 restore_parameters(IN);
4099 You can also initialize the query object from an associative array
4102 $query = new CGI( {'dinosaur'=>'barney',
4103 'song'=>'I love you',
4104 'friends'=>[qw/Jessica George Nancy/]}
4107 or from a properly formatted, URL-escaped query string:
4109 $query = new CGI('dinosaur=barney&color=purple');
4111 or from a previously existing CGI object (currently this clones the
4112 parameter list, but none of the other object-specific fields, such as
4115 $old_query = new CGI;
4116 $new_query = new CGI($old_query);
4118 To create an empty query, initialize it from an empty string or hash:
4120 $empty_query = new CGI("");
4124 $empty_query = new CGI({});
4126 =head2 FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
4128 @keywords = $query->keywords
4130 If the script was invoked as the result of an <ISINDEX> search, the
4131 parsed keywords can be obtained as an array using the keywords() method.
4133 =head2 FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
4135 @names = $query->param
4137 If the script was invoked with a parameter list
4138 (e.g. "name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3"), the param() method
4139 will return the parameter names as a list. If the script was invoked
4140 as an <ISINDEX> script and contains a string without ampersands
4141 (e.g. "value1+value2+value3") , there will be a single parameter named
4142 "keywords" containing the "+"-delimited keywords.
4144 NOTE: As of version 1.5, the array of parameter names returned will
4145 be in the same order as they were submitted by the browser.
4146 Usually this order is the same as the order in which the
4147 parameters are defined in the form (however, this isn't part
4148 of the spec, and so isn't guaranteed).
4150 =head2 FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
4152 @values = $query->param('foo');
4156 $value = $query->param('foo');
4158 Pass the param() method a single argument to fetch the value of the
4159 named parameter. If the parameter is multivalued (e.g. from multiple
4160 selections in a scrolling list), you can ask to receive an array. Otherwise
4161 the method will return a single value.
4163 If a value is not given in the query string, as in the queries
4164 "name1=&name2=" or "name1&name2", it will be returned as an empty
4165 string. This feature is new in 2.63.
4168 If the parameter does not exist at all, then param() will return undef
4169 in a scalar context, and the empty list in a list context.
4172 =head2 SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
4174 $query->param('foo','an','array','of','values');
4176 This sets the value for the named parameter 'foo' to an array of
4177 values. This is one way to change the value of a field AFTER
4178 the script has been invoked once before. (Another way is with
4179 the -override parameter accepted by all methods that generate
4182 param() also recognizes a named parameter style of calling described
4183 in more detail later:
4185 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-values=>['an','array','of','values']);
4189 $query->param(-name=>'foo',-value=>'the value');
4191 =head2 APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
4193 $query->append(-name=>'foo',-values=>['yet','more','values']);
4195 This adds a value or list of values to the named parameter. The
4196 values are appended to the end of the parameter if it already exists.
4197 Otherwise the parameter is created. Note that this method only
4198 recognizes the named argument calling syntax.
4200 =head2 IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
4202 $query->import_names('R');
4204 This creates a series of variables in the 'R' namespace. For example,
4205 $R::foo, @R:foo. For keyword lists, a variable @R::keywords will appear.
4206 If no namespace is given, this method will assume 'Q'.
4207 WARNING: don't import anything into 'main'; this is a major security
4210 NOTE 1: Variable names are transformed as necessary into legal Perl
4211 variable names. All non-legal characters are transformed into
4212 underscores. If you need to keep the original names, you should use
4213 the param() method instead to access CGI variables by name.
4215 NOTE 2: In older versions, this method was called B<import()>. As of version 2.20,
4216 this name has been removed completely to avoid conflict with the built-in
4217 Perl module B<import> operator.
4219 =head2 DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
4221 $query->delete('foo','bar','baz');
4223 This completely clears a list of parameters. It sometimes useful for
4224 resetting parameters that you don't want passed down between script
4227 If you are using the function call interface, use "Delete()" instead
4228 to avoid conflicts with Perl's built-in delete operator.
4230 =head2 DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
4232 $query->delete_all();
4234 This clears the CGI object completely. It might be useful to ensure
4235 that all the defaults are taken when you create a fill-out form.
4237 Use Delete_all() instead if you are using the function call interface.
4239 =head2 DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
4241 $q->param_fetch('address')->[1] = '1313 Mockingbird Lane';
4242 unshift @{$q->param_fetch(-name=>'address')},'George Munster';
4244 If you need access to the parameter list in a way that isn't covered
4245 by the methods above, you can obtain a direct reference to it by
4246 calling the B<param_fetch()> method with the name of the . This
4247 will return an array reference to the named parameters, which you then
4248 can manipulate in any way you like.
4250 You can also use a named argument style using the B<-name> argument.
4252 =head2 FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
4255 print $params->{'address'};
4256 @foo = split("\0",$params->{'foo'});
4262 Many people want to fetch the entire parameter list as a hash in which
4263 the keys are the names of the CGI parameters, and the values are the
4264 parameters' values. The Vars() method does this. Called in a scalar
4265 context, it returns the parameter list as a tied hash reference.
4266 Changing a key changes the value of the parameter in the underlying
4267 CGI parameter list. Called in a list context, it returns the
4268 parameter list as an ordinary hash. This allows you to read the
4269 contents of the parameter list, but not to change it.
4271 When using this, the thing you must watch out for are multivalued CGI
4272 parameters. Because a hash cannot distinguish between scalar and
4273 list context, multivalued parameters will be returned as a packed
4274 string, separated by the "\0" (null) character. You must split this
4275 packed string in order to get at the individual values. This is the
4276 convention introduced long ago by Steve Brenner in his cgi-lib.pl
4277 module for Perl version 4.
4279 If you wish to use Vars() as a function, import the I<:cgi-lib> set of
4280 function calls (also see the section on CGI-LIB compatibility).
4282 =head2 SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
4284 $query->save(\*FILEHANDLE)
4286 This will write the current state of the form to the provided
4287 filehandle. You can read it back in by providing a filehandle
4288 to the new() method. Note that the filehandle can be a file, a pipe,
4291 The format of the saved file is:
4299 Both name and value are URL escaped. Multi-valued CGI parameters are
4300 represented as repeated names. A session record is delimited by a
4301 single = symbol. You can write out multiple records and read them
4302 back in with several calls to B<new>. You can do this across several
4303 sessions by opening the file in append mode, allowing you to create
4304 primitive guest books, or to keep a history of users' queries. Here's
4305 a short example of creating multiple session records:
4309 open (OUT,">>test.out") || die;
4311 foreach (0..$records) {
4313 $q->param(-name=>'counter',-value=>$_);
4318 # reopen for reading
4319 open (IN,"test.out") || die;
4321 my $q = new CGI(\*IN);
4322 print $q->param('counter'),"\n";
4325 The file format used for save/restore is identical to that used by the
4326 Whitehead Genome Center's data exchange format "Boulderio", and can be
4327 manipulated and even databased using Boulderio utilities. See
4329 http://stein.cshl.org/boulder/
4331 for further details.
4333 If you wish to use this method from the function-oriented (non-OO)
4334 interface, the exported name for this method is B<save_parameters()>.
4336 =head2 RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
4338 Errors can occur while processing user input, particularly when
4339 processing uploaded files. When these errors occur, CGI will stop
4340 processing and return an empty parameter list. You can test for
4341 the existence and nature of errors using the I<cgi_error()> function.
4342 The error messages are formatted as HTTP status codes. You can either
4343 incorporate the error text into an HTML page, or use it as the value
4346 my $error = $q->cgi_error;
4348 print $q->header(-status=>$error),
4349 $q->start_html('Problems'),
4350 $q->h2('Request not processed'),
4355 When using the function-oriented interface (see the next section),
4356 errors may only occur the first time you call I<param()>. Be ready
4359 =head2 USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE
4361 To use the function-oriented interface, you must specify which CGI.pm
4362 routines or sets of routines to import into your script's namespace.
4363 There is a small overhead associated with this importation, but it
4366 use CGI <list of methods>;
4368 The listed methods will be imported into the current package; you can
4369 call them directly without creating a CGI object first. This example
4370 shows how to import the B<param()> and B<header()>
4371 methods, and then use them directly:
4373 use CGI 'param','header';
4374 print header('text/plain');
4375 $zipcode = param('zipcode');
4377 More frequently, you'll import common sets of functions by referring
4378 to the groups by name. All function sets are preceded with a ":"
4379 character as in ":html3" (for tags defined in the HTML 3 standard).
4381 Here is a list of the function sets you can import:
4387 Import all CGI-handling methods, such as B<param()>, B<path_info()>
4392 Import all fill-out form generating methods, such as B<textfield()>.
4396 Import all methods that generate HTML 2.0 standard elements.
4400 Import all methods that generate HTML 3.0 elements (such as
4401 <table>, <super> and <sub>).
4405 Import all methods that generate HTML 4 elements (such as
4406 <abbrev>, <acronym> and <thead>).
4410 Import all methods that generate Netscape-specific HTML extensions.
4414 Import all HTML-generating shortcuts (i.e. 'html2' + 'html3' +
4419 Import "standard" features, 'html2', 'html3', 'html4', 'form' and 'cgi'.
4423 Import all the available methods. For the full list, see the CGI.pm
4424 code, where the variable %EXPORT_TAGS is defined.
4428 If you import a function name that is not part of CGI.pm, the module
4429 will treat it as a new HTML tag and generate the appropriate
4430 subroutine. You can then use it like any other HTML tag. This is to
4431 provide for the rapidly-evolving HTML "standard." For example, say
4432 Microsoft comes out with a new tag called <gradient> (which causes the
4433 user's desktop to be flooded with a rotating gradient fill until his
4434 machine reboots). You don't need to wait for a new version of CGI.pm
4435 to start using it immediately:
4437 use CGI qw/:standard :html3 gradient/;
4438 print gradient({-start=>'red',-end=>'blue'});
4440 Note that in the interests of execution speed CGI.pm does B<not> use
4441 the standard L<Exporter> syntax for specifying load symbols. This may
4442 change in the future.
4444 If you import any of the state-maintaining CGI or form-generating
4445 methods, a default CGI object will be created and initialized
4446 automatically the first time you use any of the methods that require
4447 one to be present. This includes B<param()>, B<textfield()>,
4448 B<submit()> and the like. (If you need direct access to the CGI
4449 object, you can find it in the global variable B<$CGI::Q>). By
4450 importing CGI.pm methods, you can create visually elegant scripts:
4452 use CGI qw/:standard/;
4455 start_html('Simple Script'),
4456 h1('Simple Script'),
4458 "What's your name? ",textfield('name'),p,
4459 "What's the combination?",
4460 checkbox_group(-name=>'words',
4461 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
4462 -defaults=>['eenie','moe']),p,
4463 "What's your favorite color?",
4464 popup_menu(-name=>'color',
4465 -values=>['red','green','blue','chartreuse']),p,
4472 "Your name is ",em(param('name')),p,
4473 "The keywords are: ",em(join(", ",param('words'))),p,
4474 "Your favorite color is ",em(param('color')),".\n";
4480 In addition to the function sets, there are a number of pragmas that
4481 you can import. Pragmas, which are always preceded by a hyphen,
4482 change the way that CGI.pm functions in various ways. Pragmas,
4483 function sets, and individual functions can all be imported in the
4484 same use() line. For example, the following use statement imports the
4485 standard set of functions and enables debugging mode (pragma
4488 use CGI qw/:standard -debug/;
4490 The current list of pragmas is as follows:
4496 When you I<use CGI -any>, then any method that the query object
4497 doesn't recognize will be interpreted as a new HTML tag. This allows
4498 you to support the next I<ad hoc> Netscape or Microsoft HTML
4499 extension. This lets you go wild with new and unsupported tags:
4503 print $q->gradient({speed=>'fast',start=>'red',end=>'blue'});
4505 Since using <cite>any</cite> causes any mistyped method name
4506 to be interpreted as an HTML tag, use it with care or not at
4511 This causes the indicated autoloaded methods to be compiled up front,
4512 rather than deferred to later. This is useful for scripts that run
4513 for an extended period of time under FastCGI or mod_perl, and for
4514 those destined to be crunched by Malcom Beattie's Perl compiler. Use
4515 it in conjunction with the methods or method families you plan to use.
4517 use CGI qw(-compile :standard :html3);
4521 use CGI qw(-compile :all);
4523 Note that using the -compile pragma in this way will always have
4524 the effect of importing the compiled functions into the current
4525 namespace. If you want to compile without importing use the
4526 compile() method instead:
4531 This is particularly useful in a mod_perl environment, in which you
4532 might want to precompile all CGI routines in a startup script, and
4533 then import the functions individually in each mod_perl script.
4537 By default the CGI module implements a state-preserving behavior
4538 called "sticky" fields. The way this works is that if you are
4539 regenerating a form, the methods that generate the form field values
4540 will interrogate param() to see if similarly-named parameters are
4541 present in the query string. If they find a like-named parameter, they
4542 will use it to set their default values.
4544 Sometimes this isn't what you want. The B<-nosticky> pragma prevents
4545 this behavior. You can also selectively change the sticky behavior in
4546 each element that you generate.
4548 =item -no_undef_params
4550 This keeps CGI.pm from including undef params in the parameter list.
4554 By default, CGI.pm versions 2.69 and higher emit XHTML
4555 (http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/). The -no_xhtml pragma disables this
4556 feature. Thanks to Michalis Kabrianis <kabrianis@hellug.gr> for this
4559 If start_html()'s -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD,
4560 XHTML will automatically be disabled without needing to use this
4565 This makes CGI.pm produce a header appropriate for an NPH (no
4566 parsed header) script. You may need to do other things as well
4567 to tell the server that the script is NPH. See the discussion
4568 of NPH scripts below.
4570 =item -newstyle_urls
4572 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4573 semicolons rather than ampersands. For example:
4575 ?name=fred;age=24;favorite_color=3
4577 Semicolon-delimited query strings are always accepted, but will not be
4578 emitted by self_url() and query_string() unless the -newstyle_urls
4579 pragma is specified.
4581 This became the default in version 2.64.
4583 =item -oldstyle_urls
4585 Separate the name=value pairs in CGI parameter query strings with
4586 ampersands rather than semicolons. This is no longer the default.
4590 This overrides the autoloader so that any function in your program
4591 that is not recognized is referred to CGI.pm for possible evaluation.
4592 This allows you to use all the CGI.pm functions without adding them to
4593 your symbol table, which is of concern for mod_perl users who are
4594 worried about memory consumption. I<Warning:> when
4595 I<-autoload> is in effect, you cannot use "poetry mode"
4596 (functions without the parenthesis). Use I<hr()> rather
4597 than I<hr>, or add something like I<use subs qw/hr p header/>
4598 to the top of your script.
4602 This turns off the command-line processing features. If you want to
4603 run a CGI.pm script from the command line to produce HTML, and you
4604 don't want it to read CGI parameters from the command line or STDIN,
4605 then use this pragma:
4607 use CGI qw(-no_debug :standard);
4611 This turns on full debugging. In addition to reading CGI arguments
4612 from the command-line processing, CGI.pm will pause and try to read
4613 arguments from STDIN, producing the message "(offline mode: enter
4614 name=value pairs on standard input)" features.
4616 See the section on debugging for more details.
4618 =item -private_tempfiles
4620 CGI.pm can process uploaded file. Ordinarily it spools the uploaded
4621 file to a temporary directory, then deletes the file when done.
4622 However, this opens the risk of eavesdropping as described in the file
4623 upload section. Another CGI script author could peek at this data
4624 during the upload, even if it is confidential information. On Unix
4625 systems, the -private_tempfiles pragma will cause the temporary file
4626 to be unlinked as soon as it is opened and before any data is written
4627 into it, reducing, but not eliminating the risk of eavesdropping
4628 (there is still a potential race condition). To make life harder for
4629 the attacker, the program chooses tempfile names by calculating a 32
4630 bit checksum of the incoming HTTP headers.
4632 To ensure that the temporary file cannot be read by other CGI scripts,
4633 use suEXEC or a CGI wrapper program to run your script. The temporary
4634 file is created with mode 0600 (neither world nor group readable).
4636 The temporary directory is selected using the following algorithm:
4638 1. if the current user (e.g. "nobody") has a directory named
4639 "tmp" in its home directory, use that (Unix systems only).
4641 2. if the environment variable TMPDIR exists, use the location
4644 3. Otherwise try the locations /usr/tmp, /var/tmp, C:\temp,
4645 /tmp, /temp, ::Temporary Items, and \WWW_ROOT.
4647 Each of these locations is checked that it is a directory and is
4648 writable. If not, the algorithm tries the next choice.
4652 =head2 SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS
4654 Many of the methods generate HTML tags. As described below, tag
4655 functions automatically generate both the opening and closing tags.
4658 print h1('Level 1 Header');
4662 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1>
4664 There will be some times when you want to produce the start and end
4665 tags yourself. In this case, you can use the form start_I<tag_name>
4666 and end_I<tag_name>, as in:
4668 print start_h1,'Level 1 Header',end_h1;
4670 With a few exceptions (described below), start_I<tag_name> and
4671 end_I<tag_name> functions are not generated automatically when you
4672 I<use CGI>. However, you can specify the tags you want to generate
4673 I<start/end> functions for by putting an asterisk in front of their
4674 name, or, alternatively, requesting either "start_I<tag_name>" or
4675 "end_I<tag_name>" in the import list.
4679 use CGI qw/:standard *table start_ul/;
4681 In this example, the following functions are generated in addition to
4686 =item 1. start_table() (generates a <table> tag)
4688 =item 2. end_table() (generates a </table> tag)
4690 =item 3. start_ul() (generates a <ul> tag)
4692 =item 4. end_ul() (generates a </ul> tag)
4696 =head1 GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS
4698 Most of CGI.pm's functions deal with creating documents on the fly.
4699 Generally you will produce the HTTP header first, followed by the
4700 document itself. CGI.pm provides functions for generating HTTP
4701 headers of various types as well as for generating HTML. For creating
4702 GIF images, see the GD.pm module.
4704 Each of these functions produces a fragment of HTML or HTTP which you
4705 can print out directly so that it displays in the browser window,
4706 append to a string, or save to a file for later use.
4708 =head2 CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
4710 Normally the first thing you will do in any CGI script is print out an
4711 HTTP header. This tells the browser what type of document to expect,
4712 and gives other optional information, such as the language, expiration
4713 date, and whether to cache the document. The header can also be
4714 manipulated for special purposes, such as server push and pay per view
4721 print header('image/gif');
4725 print header('text/html','204 No response');
4729 print header(-type=>'image/gif',
4731 -status=>'402 Payment required',
4735 -attachment=>'foo.gif',
4738 header() returns the Content-type: header. You can provide your own
4739 MIME type if you choose, otherwise it defaults to text/html. An
4740 optional second parameter specifies the status code and a human-readable
4741 message. For example, you can specify 204, "No response" to create a
4742 script that tells the browser to do nothing at all.
4744 The last example shows the named argument style for passing arguments
4745 to the CGI methods using named parameters. Recognized parameters are
4746 B<-type>, B<-status>, B<-expires>, and B<-cookie>. Any other named
4747 parameters will be stripped of their initial hyphens and turned into
4748 header fields, allowing you to specify any HTTP header you desire.
4749 Internal underscores will be turned into hyphens:
4751 print header(-Content_length=>3002);
4753 Most browsers will not cache the output from CGI scripts. Every time
4754 the browser reloads the page, the script is invoked anew. You can
4755 change this behavior with the B<-expires> parameter. When you specify
4756 an absolute or relative expiration interval with this parameter, some
4757 browsers and proxy servers will cache the script's output until the
4758 indicated expiration date. The following forms are all valid for the
4761 +30s 30 seconds from now
4762 +10m ten minutes from now
4763 +1h one hour from now
4764 -1d yesterday (i.e. "ASAP!")
4767 +10y in ten years time
4768 Thursday, 25-Apr-1999 00:40:33 GMT at the indicated time & date
4770 The B<-cookie> parameter generates a header that tells the browser to provide
4771 a "magic cookie" during all subsequent transactions with your script.
4772 Netscape cookies have a special format that includes interesting attributes
4773 such as expiration time. Use the cookie() method to create and retrieve
4776 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
4777 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
4778 to use with certain servers that expect all their scripts to be NPH.
4780 The B<-charset> parameter can be used to control the character set
4781 sent to the browser. If not provided, defaults to ISO-8859-1. As a
4782 side effect, this sets the charset() method as well.
4784 The B<-attachment> parameter can be used to turn the page into an
4785 attachment. Instead of displaying the page, some browsers will prompt
4786 the user to save it to disk. The value of the argument is the
4787 suggested name for the saved file. In order for this to work, you may
4788 have to set the B<-type> to "application/octet-stream".
4790 The B<-p3p> parameter will add a P3P tag to the outgoing header. The
4791 parameter can be an arrayref or a space-delimited string of P3P tags.
4794 print header(-p3p=>[qw(CAO DSP LAW CURa)]);
4795 print header(-p3p=>'CAO DSP LAW CURa');
4797 In either case, the outgoing header will be formatted as:
4799 P3P: policyref="/w3c/p3p.xml" cp="CAO DSP LAW CURa"
4801 =head2 GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
4803 print redirect('http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land');
4805 Sometimes you don't want to produce a document yourself, but simply
4806 redirect the browser elsewhere, perhaps choosing a URL based on the
4807 time of day or the identity of the user.
4809 The redirect() function redirects the browser to a different URL. If
4810 you use redirection like this, you should B<not> print out a header as
4813 You should always use full URLs (including the http: or ftp: part) in
4814 redirection requests. Relative URLs will not work correctly.
4816 You can also use named arguments:
4818 print redirect(-uri=>'http://somewhere.else/in/movie/land',
4822 The B<-nph> parameter, if set to a true value, will issue the correct
4823 headers to work with a NPH (no-parse-header) script. This is important
4824 to use with certain servers, such as Microsoft IIS, which
4825 expect all their scripts to be NPH.
4827 The B<-status> parameter will set the status of the redirect. HTTP
4828 defines three different possible redirection status codes:
4830 301 Moved Permanently
4834 The default if not specified is 302, which means "moved temporarily."
4835 You may change the status to another status code if you wish. Be
4836 advised that changing the status to anything other than 301, 302 or
4837 303 will probably break redirection.
4839 =head2 CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER
4841 print start_html(-title=>'Secrets of the Pyramids',
4842 -author=>'fred@capricorn.org',
4845 -meta=>{'keywords'=>'pharaoh secret mummy',
4846 'copyright'=>'copyright 1996 King Tut'},
4847 -style=>{'src'=>'/styles/style1.css'},
4850 After creating the HTTP header, most CGI scripts will start writing
4851 out an HTML document. The start_html() routine creates the top of the
4852 page, along with a lot of optional information that controls the
4853 page's appearance and behavior.
4855 This method returns a canned HTML header and the opening <body> tag.
4856 All parameters are optional. In the named parameter form, recognized
4857 parameters are -title, -author, -base, -xbase, -dtd, -lang and -target
4858 (see below for the explanation). Any additional parameters you
4859 provide, such as the Netscape unofficial BGCOLOR attribute, are added
4860 to the <body> tag. Additional parameters must be proceeded by a
4863 The argument B<-xbase> allows you to provide an HREF for the <base> tag
4864 different from the current location, as in
4866 -xbase=>"http://home.mcom.com/"
4868 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
4870 The argument B<-target> allows you to provide a default target frame
4871 for all the links and fill-out forms on the page. B<This is a
4872 non-standard HTTP feature which only works with Netscape browsers!>
4873 See the Netscape documentation on frames for details of how to
4876 -target=>"answer_window"
4878 All relative links will be interpreted relative to this tag.
4879 You add arbitrary meta information to the header with the B<-meta>
4880 argument. This argument expects a reference to an associative array
4881 containing name/value pairs of meta information. These will be turned
4882 into a series of header <meta> tags that look something like this:
4884 <meta name="keywords" content="pharaoh secret mummy">
4885 <meta name="description" content="copyright 1996 King Tut">
4887 To create an HTTP-EQUIV type of <meta> tag, use B<-head>, described
4890 The B<-style> argument is used to incorporate cascading stylesheets
4891 into your code. See the section on CASCADING STYLESHEETS for more
4894 The B<-lang> argument is used to incorporate a language attribute into
4895 the <html> tag. For example:
4897 print $q->start_html(-lang=>'fr-CA');
4899 The default if not specified is "en-US" for US English, unless the
4900 -dtd parameter specifies an HTML 2.0 or 3.2 DTD, in which case the
4901 lang attribute is left off. You can force the lang attribute to left
4902 off in other cases by passing an empty string (-lang=>'').
4904 The B<-encoding> argument can be used to specify the character set for
4905 XHTML. It defaults to iso-8859-1 if not specified.
4907 The B<-declare_xml> argument, when used in conjunction with XHTML,
4908 will put a <?xml> declaration at the top of the HTML header. The sole
4909 purpose of this declaration is to declare the character set
4910 encoding. In the absence of -declare_xml, the output HTML will contain
4911 a <meta> tag that specifies the encoding, allowing the HTML to pass
4912 most validators. The default for -declare_xml is false.
4914 You can place other arbitrary HTML elements to the <head> section with the
4915 B<-head> tag. For example, to place the rarely-used <link> element in the
4916 head section, use this:
4918 print start_html(-head=>Link({-rel=>'next',
4919 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}));
4921 To incorporate multiple HTML elements into the <head> section, just pass an
4924 print start_html(-head=>[
4926 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s2.html'}),
4927 Link({-rel=>'previous',
4928 -href=>'http://www.capricorn.com/s1.html'})
4932 And here's how to create an HTTP-EQUIV <meta> tag:
4934 print start_html(-head=>meta({-http_equiv => 'Content-Type',
4935 -content => 'text/html'}))
4938 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-script>, B<-noScript>, B<-onLoad>,
4939 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onUnload> parameters are used
4940 to add Netscape JavaScript calls to your pages. B<-script> should
4941 point to a block of text containing JavaScript function definitions.
4942 This block will be placed within a <script> block inside the HTML (not
4943 HTTP) header. The block is placed in the header in order to give your
4944 page a fighting chance of having all its JavaScript functions in place
4945 even if the user presses the stop button before the page has loaded
4946 completely. CGI.pm attempts to format the script in such a way that
4947 JavaScript-naive browsers will not choke on the code: unfortunately
4948 there are some browsers, such as Chimera for Unix, that get confused
4951 The B<-onLoad> and B<-onUnload> parameters point to fragments of JavaScript
4952 code to execute when the page is respectively opened and closed by the
4953 browser. Usually these parameters are calls to functions defined in the
4959 // Ask a silly question
4960 function riddle_me_this() {
4961 var r = prompt("What walks on four legs in the morning, " +
4962 "two legs in the afternoon, " +
4963 "and three legs in the evening?");
4966 // Get a silly answer
4967 function response(answer) {
4968 if (answer == "man")
4969 alert("Right you are!");
4971 alert("Wrong! Guess again.");
4974 print start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4977 Use the B<-noScript> parameter to pass some HTML text that will be displayed on
4978 browsers that do not have JavaScript (or browsers where JavaScript is turned
4981 Netscape 3.0 recognizes several attributes of the <script> tag,
4982 including LANGUAGE and SRC. The latter is particularly interesting,
4983 as it allows you to keep the JavaScript code in a file or CGI script
4984 rather than cluttering up each page with the source. To use these
4985 attributes pass a HASH reference in the B<-script> parameter containing
4986 one or more of -language, -src, or -code:
4988 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4989 -script=>{-language=>'JAVASCRIPT',
4990 -src=>'/javascript/sphinx.js'}
4993 print $q->(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
4994 -script=>{-language=>'PERLSCRIPT',
4995 -code=>'print "hello world!\n;"'}
4999 A final feature allows you to incorporate multiple <script> sections into the
5000 header. Just pass the list of script sections as an array reference.
5001 this allows you to specify different source files for different dialects
5002 of JavaScript. Example:
5004 print $q->start_html(-title=>'The Riddle of the Sphinx',
5006 { -language => 'JavaScript1.0',
5007 -src => '/javascript/utilities10.js'
5009 { -language => 'JavaScript1.1',
5010 -src => '/javascript/utilities11.js'
5012 { -language => 'JavaScript1.2',
5013 -src => '/javascript/utilities12.js'
5015 { -language => 'JavaScript28.2',
5016 -src => '/javascript/utilities219.js'
5021 If this looks a bit extreme, take my advice and stick with straight CGI scripting.
5025 http://home.netscape.com/eng/mozilla/2.0/handbook/javascript/
5027 for more information about JavaScript.
5029 The old-style positional parameters are as follows:
5033 =item B<Parameters:>
5041 The author's e-mail address (will create a <link rev="MADE"> tag if present
5045 A 'true' flag if you want to include a <base> tag in the header. This
5046 helps resolve relative addresses to absolute ones when the document is moved,
5047 but makes the document hierarchy non-portable. Use with care!
5051 Any other parameters you want to include in the <body> tag. This is a good
5052 place to put Netscape extensions, such as colors and wallpaper patterns.
5056 =head2 ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
5060 This ends an HTML document by printing the </body></html> tags.
5062 =head2 CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
5065 print q(<a href="$myself">I'm talking to myself.</a>);
5067 self_url() will return a URL, that, when selected, will reinvoke
5068 this script with all its state information intact. This is most
5069 useful when you want to jump around within the document using
5070 internal anchors but you don't want to disrupt the current contents
5071 of the form(s). Something like this will do the trick.
5074 print "<a href=\"$myself#table1\">See table 1</a>";
5075 print "<a href=\"$myself#table2\">See table 2</a>";
5076 print "<a href=\"$myself#yourself\">See for yourself</a>";
5078 If you want more control over what's returned, using the B<url()>
5081 You can also retrieve the unprocessed query string with query_string():
5083 $the_string = query_string;
5085 =head2 OBTAINING THE SCRIPT'S URL
5088 $full_url = url(-full=>1); #alternative syntax
5089 $relative_url = url(-relative=>1);
5090 $absolute_url = url(-absolute=>1);
5091 $url_with_path = url(-path_info=>1);
5092 $url_with_path_and_query = url(-path_info=>1,-query=>1);
5093 $netloc = url(-base => 1);
5095 B<url()> returns the script's URL in a variety of formats. Called
5096 without any arguments, it returns the full form of the URL, including
5097 host name and port number
5099 http://your.host.com/path/to/script.cgi
5101 You can modify this format with the following named arguments:
5107 If true, produce an absolute URL, e.g.
5113 Produce a relative URL. This is useful if you want to reinvoke your
5114 script with different parameters. For example:
5120 Produce the full URL, exactly as if called without any arguments.
5121 This overrides the -relative and -absolute arguments.
5123 =item B<-path> (B<-path_info>)
5125 Append the additional path information to the URL. This can be
5126 combined with B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-path_info>
5127 is provided as a synonym.
5129 =item B<-query> (B<-query_string>)
5131 Append the query string to the URL. This can be combined with
5132 B<-full>, B<-absolute> or B<-relative>. B<-query_string> is provided
5137 Generate just the protocol and net location, as in http://www.foo.com:8000
5141 =head2 MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS
5143 $color = url_param('color');
5145 It is possible for a script to receive CGI parameters in the URL as
5146 well as in the fill-out form by creating a form that POSTs to a URL
5147 containing a query string (a "?" mark followed by arguments). The
5148 B<param()> method will always return the contents of the POSTed
5149 fill-out form, ignoring the URL's query string. To retrieve URL
5150 parameters, call the B<url_param()> method. Use it in the same way as
5151 B<param()>. The main difference is that it allows you to read the
5152 parameters, but not set them.
5155 Under no circumstances will the contents of the URL query string
5156 interfere with similarly-named CGI parameters in POSTed forms. If you
5157 try to mix a URL query string with a form submitted with the GET
5158 method, the results will not be what you expect.
5160 =head1 CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:
5162 CGI.pm defines general HTML shortcut methods for most, if not all of
5163 the HTML 3 and HTML 4 tags. HTML shortcuts are named after a single
5164 HTML element and return a fragment of HTML text that you can then
5165 print or manipulate as you like. Each shortcut returns a fragment of
5166 HTML code that you can append to a string, save to a file, or, most
5167 commonly, print out so that it displays in the browser window.
5169 This example shows how to use the HTML methods:
5171 print $q->blockquote(
5172 "Many years ago on the island of",
5173 $q->a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5174 "there lived a Minotaur named",
5175 $q->strong("Fred."),
5179 This results in the following HTML code (extra newlines have been
5180 added for readability):
5183 Many years ago on the island of
5184 <a href="http://crete.org/">Crete</a> there lived
5185 a minotaur named <strong>Fred.</strong>
5189 If you find the syntax for calling the HTML shortcuts awkward, you can
5190 import them into your namespace and dispense with the object syntax
5191 completely (see the next section for more details):
5193 use CGI ':standard';
5195 "Many years ago on the island of",
5196 a({href=>"http://crete.org/"},"Crete"),
5197 "there lived a minotaur named",
5202 =head2 PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
5204 The HTML methods will accept zero, one or multiple arguments. If you
5205 provide no arguments, you get a single tag:
5209 If you provide one or more string arguments, they are concatenated
5210 together with spaces and placed between opening and closing tags:
5212 print h1("Chapter","1"); # <h1>Chapter 1</h1>"
5214 If the first argument is an associative array reference, then the keys
5215 and values of the associative array become the HTML tag's attributes:
5217 print a({-href=>'fred.html',-target=>'_new'},
5218 "Open a new frame");
5220 <a href="fred.html",target="_new">Open a new frame</a>
5222 You may dispense with the dashes in front of the attribute names if
5225 print img {src=>'fred.gif',align=>'LEFT'};
5227 <img align="LEFT" src="fred.gif">
5229 Sometimes an HTML tag attribute has no argument. For example, ordered
5230 lists can be marked as COMPACT. The syntax for this is an argument that
5231 that points to an undef string:
5233 print ol({compact=>undef},li('one'),li('two'),li('three'));
5235 Prior to CGI.pm version 2.41, providing an empty ('') string as an
5236 attribute argument was the same as providing undef. However, this has
5237 changed in order to accommodate those who want to create tags of the form
5238 <img alt="">. The difference is shown in these two pieces of code:
5241 img({alt=>undef}) <img alt>
5242 img({alt=>''}) <img alt="">
5244 =head2 THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
5246 One of the cool features of the HTML shortcuts is that they are
5247 distributive. If you give them an argument consisting of a
5248 B<reference> to a list, the tag will be distributed across each
5249 element of the list. For example, here's one way to make an ordered
5253 li({-type=>'disc'},['Sneezy','Doc','Sleepy','Happy'])
5256 This example will result in HTML output that looks like this:
5259 <li type="disc">Sneezy</li>
5260 <li type="disc">Doc</li>
5261 <li type="disc">Sleepy</li>
5262 <li type="disc">Happy</li>
5265 This is extremely useful for creating tables. For example:
5267 print table({-border=>undef},
5268 caption('When Should You Eat Your Vegetables?'),
5269 Tr({-align=>CENTER,-valign=>TOP},
5271 th(['Vegetable', 'Breakfast','Lunch','Dinner']),
5272 td(['Tomatoes' , 'no', 'yes', 'yes']),
5273 td(['Broccoli' , 'no', 'no', 'yes']),
5274 td(['Onions' , 'yes','yes', 'yes'])
5279 =head2 HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
5281 Consider this bit of code:
5283 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5285 It will ordinarily return the string that you probably expect, namely:
5287 <blockquote><em>Hi</em> mom!</blockquote>
5289 Note the space between the element "Hi" and the element "mom!".
5290 CGI.pm puts the extra space there using array interpolation, which is
5291 controlled by the magic $" variable. Sometimes this extra space is
5292 not what you want, for example, when you are trying to align a series
5293 of images. In this case, you can simply change the value of $" to an
5298 print blockquote(em('Hi'),'mom!'));
5301 I suggest you put the code in a block as shown here. Otherwise the
5302 change to $" will affect all subsequent code until you explicitly
5305 =head2 NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
5307 A few HTML tags don't follow the standard pattern for various
5310 B<comment()> generates an HTML comment (<!-- comment -->). Call it
5313 print comment('here is my comment');
5315 Because of conflicts with built-in Perl functions, the following functions
5316 begin with initial caps:
5325 In addition, start_html(), end_html(), start_form(), end_form(),
5326 start_multipart_form() and all the fill-out form tags are special.
5327 See their respective sections.
5329 =head2 AUTOESCAPING HTML
5331 By default, all HTML that is emitted by the form-generating functions
5332 is passed through a function called escapeHTML():
5336 =item $escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");
5338 Escape HTML formatting characters in a string.
5342 Provided that you have specified a character set of ISO-8859-1 (the
5343 default), the standard HTML escaping rules will be used. The "<"
5344 character becomes "<", ">" becomes ">", "&" becomes "&", and
5345 the quote character becomes """. In addition, the hexadecimal
5346 0x8b and 0x9b characters, which some browsers incorrectly interpret
5347 as the left and right angle-bracket characters, are replaced by their
5348 numeric character entities ("‹" and "›"). If you manually change
5349 the charset, either by calling the charset() method explicitly or by
5350 passing a -charset argument to header(), then B<all> characters will
5351 be replaced by their numeric entities, since CGI.pm has no lookup
5352 table for all the possible encodings.
5354 The automatic escaping does not apply to other shortcuts, such as
5355 h1(). You should call escapeHTML() yourself on untrusted data in
5356 order to protect your pages against nasty tricks that people may enter
5357 into guestbooks, etc.. To change the character set, use charset().
5358 To turn autoescaping off completely, use autoEscape(0):
5362 =item $charset = charset([$charset]);
5364 Get or set the current character set.
5366 =item $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);
5368 Get or set the value of the autoescape flag.
5372 =head2 PRETTY-PRINTING HTML
5374 By default, all the HTML produced by these functions comes out as one
5375 long line without carriage returns or indentation. This is yuck, but
5376 it does reduce the size of the documents by 10-20%. To get
5377 pretty-printed output, please use L<CGI::Pretty>, a subclass
5378 contributed by Brian Paulsen.
5380 =head1 CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:
5382 I<General note> The various form-creating methods all return strings
5383 to the caller, containing the tag or tags that will create the requested
5384 form element. You are responsible for actually printing out these strings.
5385 It's set up this way so that you can place formatting tags
5386 around the form elements.
5388 I<Another note> The default values that you specify for the forms are only
5389 used the B<first> time the script is invoked (when there is no query
5390 string). On subsequent invocations of the script (when there is a query
5391 string), the former values are used even if they are blank.
5393 If you want to change the value of a field from its previous value, you have two
5396 (1) call the param() method to set it.
5398 (2) use the -override (alias -force) parameter (a new feature in version 2.15).
5399 This forces the default value to be used, regardless of the previous value:
5401 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5402 -default=>'starting value',
5407 I<Yet another note> By default, the text and labels of form elements are
5408 escaped according to HTML rules. This means that you can safely use
5409 "<CLICK ME>" as the label for a button. However, it also interferes with
5410 your ability to incorporate special HTML character sequences, such as Á,
5411 into your fields. If you wish to turn off automatic escaping, call the
5412 autoEscape() method with a false value immediately after creating the CGI object:
5417 I<A Lurking Trap!> Some of the form-element generating methods return
5418 multiple tags. In a scalar context, the tags will be concatenated
5419 together with spaces, or whatever is the current value of the $"
5420 global. In a list context, the methods will return a list of
5421 elements, allowing you to modify them if you wish. Usually you will
5422 not notice this behavior, but beware of this:
5424 printf("%s\n",end_form())
5426 end_form() produces several tags, and only the first of them will be
5427 printed because the format only expects one value.
5432 =head2 CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
5434 print isindex(-action=>$action);
5438 print isindex($action);
5440 Prints out an <isindex> tag. Not very exciting. The parameter
5441 -action specifies the URL of the script to process the query. The
5442 default is to process the query with the current script.
5444 =head2 STARTING AND ENDING A FORM
5446 print start_form(-method=>$method,
5448 -enctype=>$encoding);
5449 <... various form stuff ...>
5454 print start_form($method,$action,$encoding);
5455 <... various form stuff ...>
5458 start_form() will return a <form> tag with the optional method,
5459 action and form encoding that you specify. The defaults are:
5463 enctype: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
5465 endform() returns the closing </form> tag.
5467 Start_form()'s enctype argument tells the browser how to package the various
5468 fields of the form before sending the form to the server. Two
5469 values are possible:
5471 B<Note:> This method was previously named startform(), and startform()
5472 is still recognized as an alias.
5476 =item B<application/x-www-form-urlencoded>
5478 This is the older type of encoding used by all browsers prior to
5479 Netscape 2.0. It is compatible with many CGI scripts and is
5480 suitable for short fields containing text data. For your
5481 convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding
5482 type in B<&CGI::URL_ENCODED>.
5484 =item B<multipart/form-data>
5486 This is the newer type of encoding introduced by Netscape 2.0.
5487 It is suitable for forms that contain very large fields or that
5488 are intended for transferring binary data. Most importantly,
5489 it enables the "file upload" feature of Netscape 2.0 forms. For
5490 your convenience, CGI.pm stores the name of this encoding type
5491 in B<&CGI::MULTIPART>
5493 Forms that use this type of encoding are not easily interpreted
5494 by CGI scripts unless they use CGI.pm or another library designed
5497 If XHTML is activated (the default), then forms will be automatically
5498 created using this type of encoding.
5502 For compatibility, the start_form() method uses the older form of
5503 encoding by default. If you want to use the newer form of encoding
5504 by default, you can call B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5507 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-name> and B<-onSubmit> parameters are provided
5508 for use with JavaScript. The -name parameter gives the
5509 form a name so that it can be identified and manipulated by
5510 JavaScript functions. -onSubmit should point to a JavaScript
5511 function that will be executed just before the form is submitted to your
5512 server. You can use this opportunity to check the contents of the form
5513 for consistency and completeness. If you find something wrong, you
5514 can put up an alert box or maybe fix things up yourself. You can
5515 abort the submission by returning false from this function.
5517 Usually the bulk of JavaScript functions are defined in a <script>
5518 block in the HTML header and -onSubmit points to one of these function
5519 call. See start_html() for details.
5521 =head2 FORM ELEMENTS
5523 After starting a form, you will typically create one or more
5524 textfields, popup menus, radio groups and other form elements. Each
5525 of these elements takes a standard set of named arguments. Some
5526 elements also have optional arguments. The standard arguments are as
5533 The name of the field. After submission this name can be used to
5534 retrieve the field's value using the param() method.
5536 =item B<-value>, B<-values>
5538 The initial value of the field which will be returned to the script
5539 after form submission. Some form elements, such as text fields, take
5540 a single scalar -value argument. Others, such as popup menus, take a
5541 reference to an array of values. The two arguments are synonyms.
5545 A numeric value that sets the order in which the form element receives
5546 focus when the user presses the tab key. Elements with lower values
5547 receive focus first.
5551 A string identifier that can be used to identify this element to
5552 JavaScript and DHTML.
5556 A boolean, which, if true, forces the element to take on the value
5557 specified by B<-value>, overriding the sticky behavior described
5558 earlier for the B<-no_sticky> pragma.
5560 =item B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>, B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut>, B<-onSelect>
5562 These are used to assign JavaScript event handlers. See the
5563 JavaScripting section for more details.
5567 Other common arguments are described in the next section. In addition
5568 to these, all attributes described in the HTML specifications are
5571 =head2 CREATING A TEXT FIELD
5573 print textfield(-name=>'field_name',
5574 -value=>'starting value',
5579 print textfield('field_name','starting value',50,80);
5581 textfield() will return a text input field.
5589 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5593 The optional second parameter is the default starting value for the field
5594 contents (-value, formerly known as -default).
5598 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5603 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5604 field will accept (-maxlength).
5608 As with all these methods, the field will be initialized with its
5609 previous contents from earlier invocations of the script.
5610 When the form is processed, the value of the text field can be
5613 $value = param('foo');
5615 If you want to reset it from its initial value after the script has been
5616 called once, you can do so like this:
5618 param('foo',"I'm taking over this value!");
5620 =head2 CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
5622 print textarea(-name=>'foo',
5623 -default=>'starting value',
5629 print textarea('foo','starting value',10,50);
5631 textarea() is just like textfield, but it allows you to specify
5632 rows and columns for a multiline text entry box. You can provide
5633 a starting value for the field, which can be long and contain
5636 =head2 CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
5638 print password_field(-name=>'secret',
5639 -value=>'starting value',
5644 print password_field('secret','starting value',50,80);
5646 password_field() is identical to textfield(), except that its contents
5647 will be starred out on the web page.
5649 =head2 CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD
5651 print filefield(-name=>'uploaded_file',
5652 -default=>'starting value',
5657 print filefield('uploaded_file','starting value',50,80);
5659 filefield() will return a file upload field for Netscape 2.0 browsers.
5660 In order to take full advantage of this I<you must use the new
5661 multipart encoding scheme> for the form. You can do this either
5662 by calling B<start_form()> with an encoding type of B<&CGI::MULTIPART>,
5663 or by calling the new method B<start_multipart_form()> instead of
5664 vanilla B<start_form()>.
5672 The first parameter is the required name for the field (-name).
5676 The optional second parameter is the starting value for the field contents
5677 to be used as the default file name (-default).
5679 For security reasons, browsers don't pay any attention to this field,
5680 and so the starting value will always be blank. Worse, the field
5681 loses its "sticky" behavior and forgets its previous contents. The
5682 starting value field is called for in the HTML specification, however,
5683 and possibly some browser will eventually provide support for it.
5687 The optional third parameter is the size of the field in
5692 The optional fourth parameter is the maximum number of characters the
5693 field will accept (-maxlength).
5697 When the form is processed, you can retrieve the entered filename
5700 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
5702 Different browsers will return slightly different things for the
5703 name. Some browsers return the filename only. Others return the full
5704 path to the file, using the path conventions of the user's machine.
5705 Regardless, the name returned is always the name of the file on the
5706 I<user's> machine, and is unrelated to the name of the temporary file
5707 that CGI.pm creates during upload spooling (see below).
5709 The filename returned is also a file handle. You can read the contents
5710 of the file using standard Perl file reading calls:
5712 # Read a text file and print it out
5713 while (<$filename>) {
5717 # Copy a binary file to somewhere safe
5718 open (OUTFILE,">>/usr/local/web/users/feedback");
5719 while ($bytesread=read($filename,$buffer,1024)) {
5720 print OUTFILE $buffer;
5723 However, there are problems with the dual nature of the upload fields.
5724 If you C<use strict>, then Perl will complain when you try to use a
5725 string as a filehandle. You can get around this by placing the file
5726 reading code in a block containing the C<no strict> pragma. More
5727 seriously, it is possible for the remote user to type garbage into the
5728 upload field, in which case what you get from param() is not a
5729 filehandle at all, but a string.
5731 To be safe, use the I<upload()> function (new in version 2.47). When
5732 called with the name of an upload field, I<upload()> returns a
5733 filehandle, or undef if the parameter is not a valid filehandle.
5735 $fh = upload('uploaded_file');
5740 In an list context, upload() will return an array of filehandles.
5741 This makes it possible to create forms that use the same name for
5742 multiple upload fields.
5744 This is the recommended idiom.
5746 When a file is uploaded the browser usually sends along some
5747 information along with it in the format of headers. The information
5748 usually includes the MIME content type. Future browsers may send
5749 other information as well (such as modification date and size). To
5750 retrieve this information, call uploadInfo(). It returns a reference to
5751 an associative array containing all the document headers.
5753 $filename = param('uploaded_file');
5754 $type = uploadInfo($filename)->{'Content-Type'};
5755 unless ($type eq 'text/html') {
5756 die "HTML FILES ONLY!";
5759 If you are using a machine that recognizes "text" and "binary" data
5760 modes, be sure to understand when and how to use them (see the Camel book).
5761 Otherwise you may find that binary files are corrupted during file
5764 There are occasionally problems involving parsing the uploaded file.
5765 This usually happens when the user presses "Stop" before the upload is
5766 finished. In this case, CGI.pm will return undef for the name of the
5767 uploaded file and set I<cgi_error()> to the string "400 Bad request
5768 (malformed multipart POST)". This error message is designed so that
5769 you can incorporate it into a status code to be sent to the browser.
5772 $file = upload('uploaded_file');
5773 if (!$file && cgi_error) {
5774 print header(-status=>cgi_error);
5778 You are free to create a custom HTML page to complain about the error,
5781 You can set up a callback that will be called whenever a file upload
5782 is being read during the form processing. This is much like the
5783 UPLOAD_HOOK facility available in Apache::Request, with the exception
5784 that the first argument to the callback is an Apache::Upload object,
5785 here it's the remote filename.
5788 $q->upload_hook(\&hook,$data);
5792 my ($filename, $buffer, $bytes_read, $data) = @_;
5793 print "Read $bytes_read bytes of $filename\n";
5796 If using the function-oriented interface, call the CGI::upload_hook()
5797 method before calling param() or any other CGI functions:
5799 CGI::upload_hook(\&hook,$data);
5801 This method is not exported by default. You will have to import it
5802 explicitly if you wish to use it without the CGI:: prefix.
5804 If you are using CGI.pm on a Windows platform and find that binary
5805 files get slightly larger when uploaded but that text files remain the
5806 same, then you have forgotten to activate binary mode on the output
5807 filehandle. Be sure to call binmode() on any handle that you create
5808 to write the uploaded file to disk.
5810 JAVASCRIPTING: The B<-onChange>, B<-onFocus>, B<-onBlur>,
5811 B<-onMouseOver>, B<-onMouseOut> and B<-onSelect> parameters are
5812 recognized. See textfield() for details.
5814 =head2 CREATING A POPUP MENU
5816 print popup_menu('menu_name',
5817 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5822 %labels = ('eenie'=>'your first choice',
5823 'meenie'=>'your second choice',
5824 'minie'=>'your third choice');
5825 %attributes = ('eenie'=>{'class'=>'class of first choice'});
5826 print popup_menu('menu_name',
5827 ['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5828 'meenie',\%labels,\%attributes);
5830 -or (named parameter style)-
5832 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
5833 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
5836 -attributes=>\%attributes);
5838 popup_menu() creates a menu.
5844 The required first argument is the menu's name (-name).
5848 The required second argument (-values) is an array B<reference>
5849 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
5850 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference to
5851 a named array, such as "\@foo".
5855 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
5856 menu choice. If not specified, the first item will be the default.
5857 The values of the previous choice will be maintained across queries.
5861 The optional fourth parameter (-labels) is provided for people who
5862 want to use different values for the user-visible label inside the
5863 popup menu and the value returned to your script. It's a pointer to an
5864 associative array relating menu values to user-visible labels. If you
5865 leave this parameter blank, the menu values will be displayed by
5866 default. (You can also leave a label undefined if you want to).
5870 The optional fifth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
5871 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
5872 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
5873 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
5874 attribute's value as the value.
5878 When the form is processed, the selected value of the popup menu can
5881 $popup_menu_value = param('menu_name');
5883 =head2 CREATING AN OPTION GROUP
5885 Named parameter style
5887 print popup_menu(-name=>'menu_name',
5888 -values=>[qw/eenie meenie minie/,
5889 optgroup(-name=>'optgroup_name',
5890 -values => ['moe','catch'],
5891 -attributes=>{'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],
5892 -labels=>{'eenie'=>'one',
5895 -default=>'meenie');
5898 print popup_menu('menu_name',
5899 ['eenie','meenie','minie',
5900 optgroup('optgroup_name', ['moe', 'catch'],
5901 {'catch'=>{'class'=>'red'}})],'meenie',
5902 {'eenie'=>'one','meenie'=>'two','minie'=>'three'});
5904 optgroup() creates an option group within a popup menu.
5910 The required first argument (B<-name>) is the label attribute of the
5911 optgroup and is B<not> inserted in the parameter list of the query.
5915 The required second argument (B<-values>) is an array reference
5916 containing the list of menu items in the menu. You can pass the
5917 method an anonymous array, as shown in the example, or a reference
5918 to a named array, such as \@foo. If you pass a HASH reference,
5919 the keys will be used for the menu values, and the values will be
5920 used for the menu labels (see -labels below).
5924 The optional third parameter (B<-labels>) allows you to pass a reference
5925 to an associative array containing user-visible labels for one or more
5926 of the menu items. You can use this when you want the user to see one
5927 menu string, but have the browser return your program a different one.
5928 If you don't specify this, the value string will be used instead
5929 ("eenie", "meenie" and "minie" in this example). This is equivalent
5930 to using a hash reference for the -values parameter.
5934 An optional fourth parameter (B<-labeled>) can be set to a true value
5935 and indicates that the values should be used as the label attribute
5936 for each option element within the optgroup.
5940 An optional fifth parameter (-novals) can be set to a true value and
5941 indicates to suppress the val attribut in each option element within
5944 See the discussion on optgroup at W3C
5945 (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#edef-OPTGROUP)
5950 An optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
5951 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
5952 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
5953 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
5954 attribute's value as the value.
5958 =head2 CREATING A SCROLLING LIST
5960 print scrolling_list('list_name',
5961 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5962 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',{'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
5965 print scrolling_list('list_name',
5966 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5967 ['eenie','moe'],5,'true',
5968 \%labels,%attributes);
5972 print scrolling_list(-name=>'list_name',
5973 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
5974 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
5978 -attributes=>\%attributes);
5980 scrolling_list() creates a scrolling list.
5984 =item B<Parameters:>
5988 The first and second arguments are the list name (-name) and values
5989 (-values). As in the popup menu, the second argument should be an
5994 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
5995 list containing the values to be selected by default, or can be a
5996 single value to select. If this argument is missing or undefined,
5997 then nothing is selected when the list first appears. In the named
5998 parameter version, you can use the synonym "-defaults" for this
6003 The optional fourth argument is the size of the list (-size).
6007 The optional fifth argument can be set to true to allow multiple
6008 simultaneous selections (-multiple). Otherwise only one selection
6009 will be allowed at a time.
6013 The optional sixth argument is a pointer to an associative array
6014 containing long user-visible labels for the list items (-labels).
6015 If not provided, the values will be displayed.
6019 The optional sixth parameter (-attributes) is provided to assign
6020 any of the common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's
6021 a pointer to an associative array relating menu values to another
6022 associative array with the attribute's name as the key and the
6023 attribute's value as the value.
6025 When this form is processed, all selected list items will be returned as
6026 a list under the parameter name 'list_name'. The values of the
6027 selected items can be retrieved with:
6029 @selected = param('list_name');
6033 =head2 CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES
6035 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6036 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6037 -default=>['eenie','moe'],
6040 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6042 print checkbox_group('group_name',
6043 ['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6044 ['eenie','moe'],'true',\%labels,
6045 {'moe'=>{'class'=>'red'}});
6047 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6049 print checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',
6050 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6051 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6054 checkbox_group() creates a list of checkboxes that are related
6059 =item B<Parameters:>
6063 The first and second arguments are the checkbox name and values,
6064 respectively (-name and -values). As in the popup menu, the second
6065 argument should be an array reference. These values are used for the
6066 user-readable labels printed next to the checkboxes as well as for the
6067 values passed to your script in the query string.
6071 The optional third argument (-default) can be either a reference to a
6072 list containing the values to be checked by default, or can be a
6073 single value to checked. If this argument is missing or undefined,
6074 then nothing is selected when the list first appears.
6078 The optional fourth argument (-linebreak) can be set to true to place
6079 line breaks between the checkboxes so that they appear as a vertical
6080 list. Otherwise, they will be strung together on a horizontal line.
6085 The optional b<-labels> argument is a pointer to an associative array
6086 relating the checkbox values to the user-visible labels that will be
6087 printed next to them. If not provided, the values will be used as the
6091 Modern browsers can take advantage of the optional parameters
6092 B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause checkbox_group() to
6093 return an HTML3 compatible table containing the checkbox group
6094 formatted with the specified number of rows and columns. You can
6095 provide just the -columns parameter if you wish; checkbox_group will
6096 calculate the correct number of rows for you.
6099 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6100 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6101 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6102 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6105 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6106 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6107 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6108 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6109 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6110 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6111 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6112 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6113 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6115 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6116 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6117 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6119 When the form is processed, all checked boxes will be returned as
6120 a list under the parameter name 'group_name'. The values of the
6121 "on" checkboxes can be retrieved with:
6123 @turned_on = param('group_name');
6125 The value returned by checkbox_group() is actually an array of button
6126 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6127 or in other creative ways:
6129 @h = checkbox_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6130 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6132 =head2 CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX
6134 print checkbox(-name=>'checkbox_name',
6137 -label=>'CLICK ME');
6141 print checkbox('checkbox_name','checked','ON','CLICK ME');
6143 checkbox() is used to create an isolated checkbox that isn't logically
6144 related to any others.
6148 =item B<Parameters:>
6152 The first parameter is the required name for the checkbox (-name). It
6153 will also be used for the user-readable label printed next to the
6158 The optional second parameter (-checked) specifies that the checkbox
6159 is turned on by default. Synonyms are -selected and -on.
6163 The optional third parameter (-value) specifies the value of the
6164 checkbox when it is checked. If not provided, the word "on" is
6169 The optional fourth parameter (-label) is the user-readable label to
6170 be attached to the checkbox. If not provided, the checkbox name is
6175 The value of the checkbox can be retrieved using:
6177 $turned_on = param('checkbox_name');
6179 =head2 CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP
6181 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6182 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6186 -attributes=>\%attributes);
6190 print radio_group('group_name',['eenie','meenie','minie'],
6191 'meenie','true',\%labels,\%attributes);
6194 HTML3-COMPATIBLE BROWSERS ONLY:
6196 print radio_group(-name=>'group_name',
6197 -values=>['eenie','meenie','minie','moe'],
6198 -rows=2,-columns=>2);
6200 radio_group() creates a set of logically-related radio buttons
6201 (turning one member of the group on turns the others off)
6205 =item B<Parameters:>
6209 The first argument is the name of the group and is required (-name).
6213 The second argument (-values) is the list of values for the radio
6214 buttons. The values and the labels that appear on the page are
6215 identical. Pass an array I<reference> in the second argument, either
6216 using an anonymous array, as shown, or by referencing a named array as
6221 The optional third parameter (-default) is the name of the default
6222 button to turn on. If not specified, the first item will be the
6223 default. You can provide a nonexistent button name, such as "-" to
6224 start up with no buttons selected.
6228 The optional fourth parameter (-linebreak) can be set to 'true' to put
6229 line breaks between the buttons, creating a vertical list.
6233 The optional fifth parameter (-labels) is a pointer to an associative
6234 array relating the radio button values to user-visible labels to be
6235 used in the display. If not provided, the values themselves are
6241 All modern browsers can take advantage of the optional parameters
6242 B<-rows>, and B<-columns>. These parameters cause radio_group() to
6243 return an HTML3 compatible table containing the radio group formatted
6244 with the specified number of rows and columns. You can provide just
6245 the -columns parameter if you wish; radio_group will calculate the
6246 correct number of rows for you.
6248 To include row and column headings in the returned table, you
6249 can use the B<-rowheader> and B<-colheader> parameters. Both
6250 of these accept a pointer to an array of headings to use.
6251 The headings are just decorative. They don't reorganize the
6252 interpretation of the radio buttons -- they're still a single named
6255 The optional B<-tabindex> argument can be used to control the order in which
6256 radio buttons receive focus when the user presses the tab button. If
6257 passed a scalar numeric value, the first element in the group will
6258 receive this tab index and subsequent elements will be incremented by
6259 one. If given a reference to an array of radio button values, then
6260 the indexes will be jiggered so that the order specified in the array
6261 will correspond to the tab order. You can also pass a reference to a
6262 hash in which the hash keys are the radio button values and the values
6263 are the tab indexes of each button. Examples:
6265 -tabindex => 100 # this group starts at index 100 and counts up
6266 -tabindex => ['moe','minie','eenie','meenie'] # tab in this order
6267 -tabindex => {meenie=>100,moe=>101,minie=>102,eenie=>200} # tab in this order
6270 The optional B<-attributes> argument is provided to assign any of the
6271 common HTML attributes to an individual menu item. It's a pointer to
6272 an associative array relating menu values to another associative array
6273 with the attribute's name as the key and the attribute's value as the
6276 When the form is processed, the selected radio button can
6279 $which_radio_button = param('group_name');
6281 The value returned by radio_group() is actually an array of button
6282 elements. You can capture them and use them within tables, lists,
6283 or in other creative ways:
6285 @h = radio_group(-name=>'group_name',-values=>\@values);
6286 &use_in_creative_way(@h);
6288 =head2 CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON
6290 print submit(-name=>'button_name',
6295 print submit('button_name','value');
6297 submit() will create the query submission button. Every form
6298 should have one of these.
6302 =item B<Parameters:>
6306 The first argument (-name) is optional. You can give the button a
6307 name if you have several submission buttons in your form and you want
6308 to distinguish between them.
6312 The second argument (-value) is also optional. This gives the button
6313 a value that will be passed to your script in the query string. The
6314 name will also be used as the user-visible label.
6318 You can use -label as an alias for -value. I always get confused
6319 about which of -name and -value changes the user-visible label on the
6324 You can figure out which button was pressed by using different
6325 values for each one:
6327 $which_one = param('button_name');
6329 =head2 CREATING A RESET BUTTON
6333 reset() creates the "reset" button. Note that it restores the
6334 form to its value from the last time the script was called,
6335 NOT necessarily to the defaults.
6337 Note that this conflicts with the Perl reset() built-in. Use
6338 CORE::reset() to get the original reset function.
6340 =head2 CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
6342 print defaults('button_label')
6344 defaults() creates a button that, when invoked, will cause the
6345 form to be completely reset to its defaults, wiping out all the
6346 changes the user ever made.
6348 =head2 CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD
6350 print hidden(-name=>'hidden_name',
6351 -default=>['value1','value2'...]);
6355 print hidden('hidden_name','value1','value2'...);
6357 hidden() produces a text field that can't be seen by the user. It
6358 is useful for passing state variable information from one invocation
6359 of the script to the next.
6363 =item B<Parameters:>
6367 The first argument is required and specifies the name of this
6372 The second argument is also required and specifies its value
6373 (-default). In the named parameter style of calling, you can provide
6374 a single value here or a reference to a whole list
6378 Fetch the value of a hidden field this way:
6380 $hidden_value = param('hidden_name');
6382 Note, that just like all the other form elements, the value of a
6383 hidden field is "sticky". If you want to replace a hidden field with
6384 some other values after the script has been called once you'll have to
6387 param('hidden_name','new','values','here');
6389 =head2 CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON
6391 print image_button(-name=>'button_name',
6392 -src=>'/source/URL',
6397 print image_button('button_name','/source/URL','MIDDLE');
6399 image_button() produces a clickable image. When it's clicked on the
6400 position of the click is returned to your script as "button_name.x"
6401 and "button_name.y", where "button_name" is the name you've assigned
6406 =item B<Parameters:>
6410 The first argument (-name) is required and specifies the name of this
6415 The second argument (-src) is also required and specifies the URL
6418 The third option (-align, optional) is an alignment type, and may be
6419 TOP, BOTTOM or MIDDLE
6423 Fetch the value of the button this way:
6424 $x = param('button_name.x');
6425 $y = param('button_name.y');
6427 =head2 CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON
6429 print button(-name=>'button_name',
6430 -value=>'user visible label',
6431 -onClick=>"do_something()");
6435 print button('button_name',"do_something()");
6437 button() produces a button that is compatible with Netscape 2.0's
6438 JavaScript. When it's pressed the fragment of JavaScript code
6439 pointed to by the B<-onClick> parameter will be executed. On
6440 non-Netscape browsers this form element will probably not even
6445 Netscape browsers versions 1.1 and higher, and all versions of
6446 Internet Explorer, support a so-called "cookie" designed to help
6447 maintain state within a browser session. CGI.pm has several methods
6448 that support cookies.
6450 A cookie is a name=value pair much like the named parameters in a CGI
6451 query string. CGI scripts create one or more cookies and send
6452 them to the browser in the HTTP header. The browser maintains a list
6453 of cookies that belong to a particular Web server, and returns them
6454 to the CGI script during subsequent interactions.
6456 In addition to the required name=value pair, each cookie has several
6457 optional attributes:
6461 =item 1. an expiration time
6463 This is a time/date string (in a special GMT format) that indicates
6464 when a cookie expires. The cookie will be saved and returned to your
6465 script until this expiration date is reached if the user exits
6466 the browser and restarts it. If an expiration date isn't specified, the cookie
6467 will remain active until the user quits the browser.
6471 This is a partial or complete domain name for which the cookie is
6472 valid. The browser will return the cookie to any host that matches
6473 the partial domain name. For example, if you specify a domain name
6474 of ".capricorn.com", then the browser will return the cookie to
6475 Web servers running on any of the machines "www.capricorn.com",
6476 "www2.capricorn.com", "feckless.capricorn.com", etc. Domain names
6477 must contain at least two periods to prevent attempts to match
6478 on top level domains like ".edu". If no domain is specified, then
6479 the browser will only return the cookie to servers on the host the
6480 cookie originated from.
6484 If you provide a cookie path attribute, the browser will check it
6485 against your script's URL before returning the cookie. For example,
6486 if you specify the path "/cgi-bin", then the cookie will be returned
6487 to each of the scripts "/cgi-bin/tally.pl", "/cgi-bin/order.pl",
6488 and "/cgi-bin/customer_service/complain.pl", but not to the script
6489 "/cgi-private/site_admin.pl". By default, path is set to "/", which
6490 causes the cookie to be sent to any CGI script on your site.
6492 =item 4. a "secure" flag
6494 If the "secure" attribute is set, the cookie will only be sent to your
6495 script if the CGI request is occurring on a secure channel, such as SSL.
6499 The interface to HTTP cookies is the B<cookie()> method:
6501 $cookie = cookie(-name=>'sessionID',
6504 -path=>'/cgi-bin/database',
6505 -domain=>'.capricorn.org',
6507 print header(-cookie=>$cookie);
6509 B<cookie()> creates a new cookie. Its parameters include:
6515 The name of the cookie (required). This can be any string at all.
6516 Although browsers limit their cookie names to non-whitespace
6517 alphanumeric characters, CGI.pm removes this restriction by escaping
6518 and unescaping cookies behind the scenes.
6522 The value of the cookie. This can be any scalar value,
6523 array reference, or even associative array reference. For example,
6524 you can store an entire associative array into a cookie this way:
6526 $cookie=cookie(-name=>'family information',
6527 -value=>\%childrens_ages);
6531 The optional partial path for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6536 The optional partial domain for which this cookie will be valid, as described
6541 The optional expiration date for this cookie. The format is as described
6542 in the section on the B<header()> method:
6544 "+1h" one hour from now
6548 If set to true, this cookie will only be used within a secure
6553 The cookie created by cookie() must be incorporated into the HTTP
6554 header within the string returned by the header() method:
6556 print header(-cookie=>$my_cookie);
6558 To create multiple cookies, give header() an array reference:
6560 $cookie1 = cookie(-name=>'riddle_name',
6561 -value=>"The Sphynx's Question");
6562 $cookie2 = cookie(-name=>'answers',
6564 print header(-cookie=>[$cookie1,$cookie2]);
6566 To retrieve a cookie, request it by name by calling cookie() method
6567 without the B<-value> parameter:
6571 $riddle = cookie('riddle_name');
6572 %answers = cookie('answers');
6574 Cookies created with a single scalar value, such as the "riddle_name"
6575 cookie, will be returned in that form. Cookies with array and hash
6576 values can also be retrieved.
6578 The cookie and CGI namespaces are separate. If you have a parameter
6579 named 'answers' and a cookie named 'answers', the values retrieved by
6580 param() and cookie() are independent of each other. However, it's
6581 simple to turn a CGI parameter into a cookie, and vice-versa:
6583 # turn a CGI parameter into a cookie
6584 $c=cookie(-name=>'answers',-value=>[param('answers')]);
6586 param(-name=>'answers',-value=>[cookie('answers')]);
6588 See the B<cookie.cgi> example script for some ideas on how to use
6589 cookies effectively.
6591 =head1 WORKING WITH FRAMES
6593 It's possible for CGI.pm scripts to write into several browser panels
6594 and windows using the HTML 4 frame mechanism. There are three
6595 techniques for defining new frames programmatically:
6599 =item 1. Create a <Frameset> document
6601 After writing out the HTTP header, instead of creating a standard
6602 HTML document using the start_html() call, create a <frameset>
6603 document that defines the frames on the page. Specify your script(s)
6604 (with appropriate parameters) as the SRC for each of the frames.
6606 There is no specific support for creating <frameset> sections
6607 in CGI.pm, but the HTML is very simple to write. See the frame
6608 documentation in Netscape's home pages for details
6610 http://home.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/frames.html
6612 =item 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header
6614 You may provide a B<-target> parameter to the header() method:
6616 print header(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6618 This will tell the browser to load the output of your script into the
6619 frame named "ResultsWindow". If a frame of that name doesn't already
6620 exist, the browser will pop up a new window and load your script's
6621 document into that. There are a number of magic names that you can
6622 use for targets. See the frame documents on Netscape's home pages for
6625 =item 3. Specify the destination for the document in the <form> tag
6627 You can specify the frame to load in the FORM tag itself. With
6628 CGI.pm it looks like this:
6630 print start_form(-target=>'ResultsWindow');
6632 When your script is reinvoked by the form, its output will be loaded
6633 into the frame named "ResultsWindow". If one doesn't already exist
6634 a new window will be created.
6638 The script "frameset.cgi" in the examples directory shows one way to
6639 create pages in which the fill-out form and the response live in
6640 side-by-side frames.
6642 =head1 SUPPORT FOR JAVASCRIPT
6644 Netscape versions 2.0 and higher incorporate an interpreted language
6645 called JavaScript. Internet Explorer, 3.0 and higher, supports a
6646 closely-related dialect called JScript. JavaScript isn't the same as
6647 Java, and certainly isn't at all the same as Perl, which is a great
6648 pity. JavaScript allows you to programatically change the contents of
6649 fill-out forms, create new windows, and pop up dialog box from within
6650 Netscape itself. From the point of view of CGI scripting, JavaScript
6651 is quite useful for validating fill-out forms prior to submitting
6654 You'll need to know JavaScript in order to use it. There are many good
6655 sources in bookstores and on the web.
6657 The usual way to use JavaScript is to define a set of functions in a
6658 <SCRIPT> block inside the HTML header and then to register event
6659 handlers in the various elements of the page. Events include such
6660 things as the mouse passing over a form element, a button being
6661 clicked, the contents of a text field changing, or a form being
6662 submitted. When an event occurs that involves an element that has
6663 registered an event handler, its associated JavaScript code gets
6666 The elements that can register event handlers include the <BODY> of an
6667 HTML document, hypertext links, all the various elements of a fill-out
6668 form, and the form itself. There are a large number of events, and
6669 each applies only to the elements for which it is relevant. Here is a
6676 The browser is loading the current document. Valid in:
6678 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
6682 The browser is closing the current page or frame. Valid for:
6684 + The HTML <BODY> section only.
6688 The user has pressed the submit button of a form. This event happens
6689 just before the form is submitted, and your function can return a
6690 value of false in order to abort the submission. Valid for:
6696 The mouse has clicked on an item in a fill-out form. Valid for:
6698 + Buttons (including submit, reset, and image buttons)
6704 The user has changed the contents of a field. Valid for:
6715 The user has selected a field to work with. Valid for:
6726 The user has deselected a field (gone to work somewhere else). Valid
6738 The user has changed the part of a text field that is selected. Valid
6746 =item B<onMouseOver>
6748 The mouse has moved over an element.
6759 The mouse has moved off an element.
6770 In order to register a JavaScript event handler with an HTML element,
6771 just use the event name as a parameter when you call the corresponding
6772 CGI method. For example, to have your validateAge() JavaScript code
6773 executed every time the textfield named "age" changes, generate the
6776 print textfield(-name=>'age',-onChange=>"validateAge(this)");
6778 This example assumes that you've already declared the validateAge()
6779 function by incorporating it into a <SCRIPT> block. The CGI.pm
6780 start_html() method provides a convenient way to create this section.
6782 Similarly, you can create a form that checks itself over for
6783 consistency and alerts the user if some essential value is missing by
6784 creating it this way:
6785 print startform(-onSubmit=>"validateMe(this)");
6787 See the javascript.cgi script for a demonstration of how this all
6791 =head1 LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
6793 CGI.pm has limited support for HTML3's cascading style sheets (css).
6794 To incorporate a stylesheet into your document, pass the
6795 start_html() method a B<-style> parameter. The value of this
6796 parameter may be a scalar, in which case it is treated as the source
6797 URL for the stylesheet, or it may be a hash reference. In the latter
6798 case you should provide the hash with one or more of B<-src> or
6799 B<-code>. B<-src> points to a URL where an externally-defined
6800 stylesheet can be found. B<-code> points to a scalar value to be
6801 incorporated into a <style> section. Style definitions in B<-code>
6802 override similarly-named ones in B<-src>, hence the name "cascading."
6804 You may also specify the type of the stylesheet by adding the optional
6805 B<-type> parameter to the hash pointed to by B<-style>. If not
6806 specified, the style defaults to 'text/css'.
6808 To refer to a style within the body of your document, add the
6809 B<-class> parameter to any HTML element:
6811 print h1({-class=>'Fancy'},'Welcome to the Party');
6813 Or define styles on the fly with the B<-style> parameter:
6815 print h1({-style=>'Color: red;'},'Welcome to Hell');
6817 You may also use the new B<span()> element to apply a style to a
6820 print span({-style=>'Color: red;'},
6821 h1('Welcome to Hell'),
6822 "Where did that handbasket get to?"
6825 Note that you must import the ":html3" definitions to have the
6826 B<span()> method available. Here's a quick and dirty example of using
6827 CSS's. See the CSS specification at
6828 http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/TR/Wd-css-1.html for more information.
6830 use CGI qw/:standard :html3/;
6832 #here's a stylesheet incorporated directly into the page
6842 font-family: sans-serif;
6848 print start_html( -title=>'CGI with Style',
6849 -style=>{-src=>'http://www.capricorn.com/style/st1.css',
6852 print h1('CGI with Style'),
6854 "Better read the cascading style sheet spec before playing with this!"),
6855 span({-style=>'color: magenta'},
6856 "Look Mom, no hands!",
6862 Pass an array reference to B<-code> or B<-src> in order to incorporate
6863 multiple stylesheets into your document.
6865 Should you wish to incorporate a verbatim stylesheet that includes
6866 arbitrary formatting in the header, you may pass a -verbatim tag to
6867 the -style hash, as follows:
6869 print start_html (-STYLE => {-verbatim => '@import
6870 url("/server-common/css/'.$cssFile.'");',
6871 -src => '/server-common/css/core.css'});
6875 This will generate an HTML header that contains this:
6877 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/server-common/css/core.css">
6878 <style type="text/css">
6879 @import url("/server-common/css/main.css");
6882 Any additional arguments passed in the -style value will be
6883 incorporated into the <link> tag. For example:
6885 start_html(-style=>{-src=>['/styles/print.css','/styles/layout.css'],
6890 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/print.css" media="all"/>
6891 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/styles/layout.css" media="all"/>
6895 To make more complicated <link> tags, use the Link() function
6896 and pass it to start_html() in the -head argument, as in:
6898 @h = (Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/ss.css',-media=>'all'}),
6899 Link({-rel=>'stylesheet',-type=>'text/css',-src=>'/ss/fred.css',-media=>'paper'}));
6900 print start_html({-head=>\@h})
6904 If you are running the script from the command line or in the perl
6905 debugger, you can pass the script a list of keywords or
6906 parameter=value pairs on the command line or from standard input (you
6907 don't have to worry about tricking your script into reading from
6908 environment variables). You can pass keywords like this:
6910 your_script.pl keyword1 keyword2 keyword3
6914 your_script.pl keyword1+keyword2+keyword3
6918 your_script.pl name1=value1 name2=value2
6922 your_script.pl name1=value1&name2=value2
6924 To turn off this feature, use the -no_debug pragma.
6926 To test the POST method, you may enable full debugging with the -debug
6927 pragma. This will allow you to feed newline-delimited name=value
6928 pairs to the script on standard input.
6930 When debugging, you can use quotes and backslashes to escape
6931 characters in the familiar shell manner, letting you place
6932 spaces and other funny characters in your parameter=value
6935 your_script.pl "name1='I am a long value'" "name2=two\ words"
6937 Finally, you can set the path info for the script by prefixing the first
6938 name/value parameter with the path followed by a question mark (?):
6940 your_script.pl /your/path/here?name1=value1&name2=value2
6942 =head2 DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS
6944 The Dump() method produces a string consisting of all the query's
6945 name/value pairs formatted nicely as a nested list. This is useful
6946 for debugging purposes:
6951 Produces something that looks like:
6965 As a shortcut, you can interpolate the entire CGI object into a string
6966 and it will be replaced with the a nice HTML dump shown above:
6969 print "<h2>Current Values</h2> $query\n";
6971 =head1 FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
6973 Some of the more useful environment variables can be fetched
6974 through this interface. The methods are as follows:
6980 Return a list of MIME types that the remote browser accepts. If you
6981 give this method a single argument corresponding to a MIME type, as in
6982 Accept('text/html'), it will return a floating point value
6983 corresponding to the browser's preference for this type from 0.0
6984 (don't want) to 1.0. Glob types (e.g. text/*) in the browser's accept
6985 list are handled correctly.
6987 Note that the capitalization changed between version 2.43 and 2.44 in
6988 order to avoid conflict with Perl's accept() function.
6990 =item B<raw_cookie()>
6992 Returns the HTTP_COOKIE variable, an HTTP extension implemented by
6993 Netscape browsers version 1.1 and higher, and all versions of Internet
6994 Explorer. Cookies have a special format, and this method call just
6995 returns the raw form (?cookie dough). See cookie() for ways of
6996 setting and retrieving cooked cookies.
6998 Called with no parameters, raw_cookie() returns the packed cookie
6999 structure. You can separate it into individual cookies by splitting
7000 on the character sequence "; ". Called with the name of a cookie,
7001 retrieves the B<unescaped> form of the cookie. You can use the
7002 regular cookie() method to get the names, or use the raw_fetch()
7003 method from the CGI::Cookie module.
7005 =item B<user_agent()>
7007 Returns the HTTP_USER_AGENT variable. If you give
7008 this method a single argument, it will attempt to
7009 pattern match on it, allowing you to do something
7010 like user_agent(netscape);
7012 =item B<path_info()>
7014 Returns additional path information from the script URL.
7015 E.G. fetching /cgi-bin/your_script/additional/stuff will result in
7016 path_info() returning "/additional/stuff".
7018 NOTE: The Microsoft Internet Information Server
7019 is broken with respect to additional path information. If
7020 you use the Perl DLL library, the IIS server will attempt to
7021 execute the additional path information as a Perl script.
7022 If you use the ordinary file associations mapping, the
7023 path information will be present in the environment,
7024 but incorrect. The best thing to do is to avoid using additional
7025 path information in CGI scripts destined for use with IIS.
7027 =item B<path_translated()>
7029 As per path_info() but returns the additional
7030 path information translated into a physical path, e.g.
7031 "/usr/local/etc/httpd/htdocs/additional/stuff".
7033 The Microsoft IIS is broken with respect to the translated
7036 =item B<remote_host()>
7038 Returns either the remote host name or IP address.
7039 if the former is unavailable.
7041 =item B<script_name()>
7042 Return the script name as a partial URL, for self-refering
7047 Return the URL of the page the browser was viewing
7048 prior to fetching your script. Not available for all
7051 =item B<auth_type ()>
7053 Return the authorization/verification method in use for this
7056 =item B<server_name ()>
7058 Returns the name of the server, usually the machine's host
7061 =item B<virtual_host ()>
7063 When using virtual hosts, returns the name of the host that
7064 the browser attempted to contact
7066 =item B<server_port ()>
7068 Return the port that the server is listening on.
7070 =item B<virtual_port ()>
7072 Like server_port() except that it takes virtual hosts into account.
7073 Use this when running with virtual hosts.
7075 =item B<server_software ()>
7077 Returns the server software and version number.
7079 =item B<remote_user ()>
7081 Return the authorization/verification name used for user
7082 verification, if this script is protected.
7084 =item B<user_name ()>
7086 Attempt to obtain the remote user's name, using a variety of different
7087 techniques. This only works with older browsers such as Mosaic.
7088 Newer browsers do not report the user name for privacy reasons!
7090 =item B<request_method()>
7092 Returns the method used to access your script, usually
7093 one of 'POST', 'GET' or 'HEAD'.
7095 =item B<content_type()>
7097 Returns the content_type of data submitted in a POST, generally
7098 multipart/form-data or application/x-www-form-urlencoded
7102 Called with no arguments returns the list of HTTP environment
7103 variables, including such things as HTTP_USER_AGENT,
7104 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, and HTTP_ACCEPT_CHARSET, corresponding to the
7105 like-named HTTP header fields in the request. Called with the name of
7106 an HTTP header field, returns its value. Capitalization and the use
7107 of hyphens versus underscores are not significant.
7109 For example, all three of these examples are equivalent:
7111 $requested_language = http('Accept-language');
7112 $requested_language = http('Accept_language');
7113 $requested_language = http('HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE');
7117 The same as I<http()>, but operates on the HTTPS environment variables
7118 present when the SSL protocol is in effect. Can be used to determine
7119 whether SSL is turned on.
7123 =head1 USING NPH SCRIPTS
7125 NPH, or "no-parsed-header", scripts bypass the server completely by
7126 sending the complete HTTP header directly to the browser. This has
7127 slight performance benefits, but is of most use for taking advantage
7128 of HTTP extensions that are not directly supported by your server,
7129 such as server push and PICS headers.
7131 Servers use a variety of conventions for designating CGI scripts as
7132 NPH. Many Unix servers look at the beginning of the script's name for
7133 the prefix "nph-". The Macintosh WebSTAR server and Microsoft's
7134 Internet Information Server, in contrast, try to decide whether a
7135 program is an NPH script by examining the first line of script output.
7138 CGI.pm supports NPH scripts with a special NPH mode. When in this
7139 mode, CGI.pm will output the necessary extra header information when
7140 the header() and redirect() methods are
7143 The Microsoft Internet Information Server requires NPH mode. As of
7144 version 2.30, CGI.pm will automatically detect when the script is
7145 running under IIS and put itself into this mode. You do not need to
7146 do this manually, although it won't hurt anything if you do. However,
7147 note that if you have applied Service Pack 6, much of the
7148 functionality of NPH scripts, including the ability to redirect while
7149 setting a cookie, b<do not work at all> on IIS without a special patch
7151 http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q280/3/41.ASP:
7152 Non-Parsed Headers Stripped From CGI Applications That Have nph-
7157 =item In the B<use> statement
7159 Simply add the "-nph" pragmato the list of symbols to be imported into
7162 use CGI qw(:standard -nph)
7164 =item By calling the B<nph()> method:
7166 Call B<nph()> with a non-zero parameter at any point after using CGI.pm in your program.
7170 =item By using B<-nph> parameters
7172 in the B<header()> and B<redirect()> statements:
7174 print header(-nph=>1);
7180 CGI.pm provides four simple functions for producing multipart
7181 documents of the type needed to implement server push. These
7182 functions were graciously provided by Ed Jordan <ed@fidalgo.net>. To
7183 import these into your namespace, you must import the ":push" set.
7184 You are also advised to put the script into NPH mode and to set $| to
7185 1 to avoid buffering problems.
7187 Here is a simple script that demonstrates server push:
7189 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7190 use CGI qw/:push -nph/;
7192 print multipart_init(-boundary=>'----here we go!');
7194 print multipart_start(-type=>'text/plain'),
7195 "The current time is ",scalar(localtime),"\n";
7197 print multipart_end;
7199 print multipart_final;
7204 This script initializes server push by calling B<multipart_init()>.
7205 It then enters a loop in which it begins a new multipart section by
7206 calling B<multipart_start()>, prints the current local time,
7207 and ends a multipart section with B<multipart_end()>. It then sleeps
7208 a second, and begins again. On the final iteration, it ends the
7209 multipart section with B<multipart_final()> rather than with
7214 =item multipart_init()
7216 multipart_init(-boundary=>$boundary);
7218 Initialize the multipart system. The -boundary argument specifies
7219 what MIME boundary string to use to separate parts of the document.
7220 If not provided, CGI.pm chooses a reasonable boundary for you.
7222 =item multipart_start()
7224 multipart_start(-type=>$type)
7226 Start a new part of the multipart document using the specified MIME
7227 type. If not specified, text/html is assumed.
7229 =item multipart_end()
7233 End a part. You must remember to call multipart_end() once for each
7234 multipart_start(), except at the end of the last part of the multipart
7235 document when multipart_final() should be called instead of multipart_end().
7237 =item multipart_final()
7241 End all parts. You should call multipart_final() rather than
7242 multipart_end() at the end of the last part of the multipart document.
7246 Users interested in server push applications should also have a look
7247 at the CGI::Push module.
7249 Only Netscape Navigator supports server push. Internet Explorer
7252 =head1 Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks
7254 A potential problem with CGI.pm is that, by default, it attempts to
7255 process form POSTings no matter how large they are. A wily hacker
7256 could attack your site by sending a CGI script a huge POST of many
7257 megabytes. CGI.pm will attempt to read the entire POST into a
7258 variable, growing hugely in size until it runs out of memory. While
7259 the script attempts to allocate the memory the system may slow down
7260 dramatically. This is a form of denial of service attack.
7262 Another possible attack is for the remote user to force CGI.pm to
7263 accept a huge file upload. CGI.pm will accept the upload and store it
7264 in a temporary directory even if your script doesn't expect to receive
7265 an uploaded file. CGI.pm will delete the file automatically when it
7266 terminates, but in the meantime the remote user may have filled up the
7267 server's disk space, causing problems for other programs.
7269 The best way to avoid denial of service attacks is to limit the amount
7270 of memory, CPU time and disk space that CGI scripts can use. Some Web
7271 servers come with built-in facilities to accomplish this. In other
7272 cases, you can use the shell I<limit> or I<ulimit>
7273 commands to put ceilings on CGI resource usage.
7276 CGI.pm also has some simple built-in protections against denial of
7277 service attacks, but you must activate them before you can use them.
7278 These take the form of two global variables in the CGI name space:
7282 =item B<$CGI::POST_MAX>
7284 If set to a non-negative integer, this variable puts a ceiling
7285 on the size of POSTings, in bytes. If CGI.pm detects a POST
7286 that is greater than the ceiling, it will immediately exit with an error
7287 message. This value will affect both ordinary POSTs and
7288 multipart POSTs, meaning that it limits the maximum size of file
7289 uploads as well. You should set this to a reasonably high
7290 value, such as 1 megabyte.
7292 =item B<$CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS>
7294 If set to a non-zero value, this will disable file uploads
7295 completely. Other fill-out form values will work as usual.
7299 You can use these variables in either of two ways.
7303 =item B<1. On a script-by-script basis>
7305 Set the variable at the top of the script, right after the "use" statement:
7307 use CGI qw/:standard/;
7308 use CGI::Carp 'fatalsToBrowser';
7309 $CGI::POST_MAX=1024 * 100; # max 100K posts
7310 $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS = 1; # no uploads
7312 =item B<2. Globally for all scripts>
7314 Open up CGI.pm, find the definitions for $POST_MAX and
7315 $DISABLE_UPLOADS, and set them to the desired values. You'll
7316 find them towards the top of the file in a subroutine named
7317 initialize_globals().
7321 An attempt to send a POST larger than $POST_MAX bytes will cause
7322 I<param()> to return an empty CGI parameter list. You can test for
7323 this event by checking I<cgi_error()>, either after you create the CGI
7324 object or, if you are using the function-oriented interface, call
7325 <param()> for the first time. If the POST was intercepted, then
7326 cgi_error() will return the message "413 POST too large".
7328 This error message is actually defined by the HTTP protocol, and is
7329 designed to be returned to the browser as the CGI script's status
7332 $uploaded_file = param('upload');
7333 if (!$uploaded_file && cgi_error()) {
7334 print header(-status=>cgi_error());
7338 However it isn't clear that any browser currently knows what to do
7339 with this status code. It might be better just to create an
7340 HTML page that warns the user of the problem.
7342 =head1 COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB.PL
7344 To make it easier to port existing programs that use cgi-lib.pl the
7345 compatibility routine "ReadParse" is provided. Porting is simple:
7348 require "cgi-lib.pl";
7350 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7355 print "The value of the antique is $in{antique}.\n";
7357 CGI.pm's ReadParse() routine creates a tied variable named %in,
7358 which can be accessed to obtain the query variables. Like
7359 ReadParse, you can also provide your own variable. Infrequently
7360 used features of ReadParse, such as the creation of @in and $in
7361 variables, are not supported.
7363 Once you use ReadParse, you can retrieve the query object itself
7367 print textfield(-name=>'wow',
7368 -value=>'does this really work?');
7370 This allows you to start using the more interesting features
7371 of CGI.pm without rewriting your old scripts from scratch.
7373 =head1 AUTHOR INFORMATION
7375 Copyright 1995-1998, Lincoln D. Stein. All rights reserved.
7377 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
7378 it under the same terms as Perl itself.
7380 Address bug reports and comments to: lstein@cshl.org. When sending
7381 bug reports, please provide the version of CGI.pm, the version of
7382 Perl, the name and version of your Web server, and the name and
7383 version of the operating system you are using. If the problem is even
7384 remotely browser dependent, please provide information about the
7385 affected browers as well.
7389 Thanks very much to:
7393 =item Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com)
7395 =item James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov)
7397 =item Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>
7399 =item Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu)
7401 =item Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au)
7403 =item Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se)
7405 =item Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com)
7407 =item Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com)
7409 =item Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au)
7411 =item Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at)
7413 =item Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk)
7415 =item Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com)
7417 =item Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE)
7419 =item Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au)
7421 =item Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu)
7423 =item Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net)
7425 =item Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net)
7427 =item David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com)
7429 =item Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org)
7431 =item Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org)
7433 =item ...and many many more...
7435 for suggestions and bug fixes.
7439 =head1 A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
7442 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
7444 use CGI ':standard';
7447 print start_html("Example CGI.pm Form");
7448 print "<h1> Example CGI.pm Form</h1>\n";
7456 print "<em>What's your name?</em><br>";
7457 print textfield('name');
7458 print checkbox('Not my real name');
7460 print "<p><em>Where can you find English Sparrows?</em><br>";
7461 print checkbox_group(
7462 -name=>'Sparrow locations',
7463 -values=>[England,France,Spain,Asia,Hoboken],
7465 -defaults=>[England,Asia]);
7467 print "<p><em>How far can they fly?</em><br>",
7470 -values=>['10 ft','1 mile','10 miles','real far'],
7471 -default=>'1 mile');
7473 print "<p><em>What's your favorite color?</em> ";
7474 print popup_menu(-name=>'Color',
7475 -values=>['black','brown','red','yellow'],
7478 print hidden('Reference','Monty Python and the Holy Grail');
7480 print "<p><em>What have you got there?</em><br>";
7481 print scrolling_list(
7482 -name=>'possessions',
7483 -values=>['A Coconut','A Grail','An Icon',
7484 'A Sword','A Ticket'],
7488 print "<p><em>Any parting comments?</em><br>";
7489 print textarea(-name=>'Comments',
7494 print submit('Action','Shout');
7495 print submit('Action','Scream');
7503 print "<h2>Here are the current settings in this form</h2>";
7505 foreach $key (param) {
7506 print "<strong>$key</strong> -> ";
7507 @values = param($key);
7508 print join(", ",@values),"<br>\n";
7515 <address>Lincoln D. Stein</address><br>
7516 <a href="/">Home Page</a>
7526 L<CGI::Carp>, L<CGI::Fast>, L<CGI::Pretty>