4 our(@EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK, $VERSION);
13 @EXPORT = @EXPORT = ();
14 @EXPORT_OK = @EXPORT_OK = qw(AUTOLOAD);
15 $is_dosish = $^O eq 'dos' || $^O eq 'os2' || $^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'NetWare';
16 $is_epoc = $^O eq 'epoc';
17 $is_vms = $^O eq 'VMS';
18 $is_macos = $^O eq 'MacOS';
25 # Braces used to preserve $1 et al.
27 # Try to find the autoloaded file from the package-qualified
28 # name of the sub. e.g., if the sub needed is
29 # Getopt::Long::GetOptions(), then $INC{Getopt/Long.pm} is
30 # something like '/usr/lib/perl5/Getopt/Long.pm', and the
31 # autoload file is '/usr/lib/perl5/auto/Getopt/Long/GetOptions.al'.
33 # However, if @INC is a relative path, this might not work. If,
34 # for example, @INC = ('lib'), then $INC{Getopt/Long.pm} is
35 # 'lib/Getopt/Long.pm', and we want to require
36 # 'auto/Getopt/Long/GetOptions.al' (without the leading 'lib').
37 # In this case, we simple prepend the 'auto/' and let the
38 # C<require> take care of the searching for us.
40 my ($pkg,$func) = ($sub =~ /(.*)::([^:]+)$/);
42 if (defined($filename = $INC{"$pkg.pm"})) {
45 $filename =~ s#^(.*)$pkg\.pm\z#$1auto:$pkg:$func.al#s;
47 $filename =~ s#^(.*)$pkg\.pm\z#$1auto/$pkg/$func.al#s;
50 # if the file exists, then make sure that it is a
51 # a fully anchored path (i.e either '/usr/lib/auto/foo/bar.al',
52 # or './lib/auto/foo/bar.al'. This avoids C<require> searching
53 # (and failing) to find the 'lib/auto/foo/bar.al' because it
54 # looked for 'lib/lib/auto/foo/bar.al', given @INC = ('lib').
57 unless ($filename =~ m|^/|s) {
59 unless ($filename =~ m{^([a-z]:)?[\\/]}is) {
60 if ($^O ne 'NetWare') {
61 $filename = "./$filename";
63 $filename = "$filename";
68 unless ($filename =~ m{^([a-z?]:)?[\\/]}is) {
69 $filename = "./$filename";
73 # XXX todo by VMSmiths
74 $filename = "./$filename";
77 $filename = "./$filename";
85 unless (defined $filename) {
86 # let C<require> do the searching
87 $filename = "auto/$sub.al";
88 $filename =~ s#::#/#g;
92 local $!; # Do not munge the value.
93 eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require $filename };
95 if (substr($sub,-9) eq '::DESTROY') {
98 # The load might just have failed because the filename was too
99 # long for some old SVR3 systems which treat long names as errors.
100 # If we can succesfully truncate a long name then it's worth a go.
101 # There is a slight risk that we could pick up the wrong file here
102 # but autosplit should have warned about that when splitting.
103 if ($filename =~ s/(\w{12,})\.al$/substr($1,0,11).".al"/e){
104 eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require $filename };
120 my $callpkg = caller;
123 # Export symbols, but not by accident of inheritance.
126 if ($pkg eq 'AutoLoader') {
127 local $Exporter::ExportLevel = 1;
128 Exporter::import $pkg, @_;
132 # Try to find the autosplit index file. Eg., if the call package
133 # is POSIX, then $INC{POSIX.pm} is something like
134 # '/usr/local/lib/perl5/POSIX.pm', and the autosplit index file is in
135 # '/usr/local/lib/perl5/auto/POSIX/autosplit.ix', so we require that.
137 # However, if @INC is a relative path, this might not work. If,
138 # for example, @INC = ('lib'), then
139 # $INC{POSIX.pm} is 'lib/POSIX.pm', and we want to require
140 # 'auto/POSIX/autosplit.ix' (without the leading 'lib').
143 (my $calldir = $callpkg) =~ s#::#/#g;
144 my $path = $INC{$calldir . '.pm'};
145 if (defined($path)) {
146 # Try absolute path name.
148 (my $malldir = $calldir) =~ tr#/#:#;
149 $path =~ s#^(.*)$malldir\.pm\z#$1auto:$malldir:autosplit.ix#s;
151 $path =~ s#^(.*)$calldir\.pm\z#$1auto/$calldir/autosplit.ix#;
154 eval { require $path; };
155 # If that failed, try relative path with normal @INC searching.
157 $path ="auto/$calldir/autosplit.ix";
158 eval { require $path; };
169 my $callpkg = caller;
170 eval "package $callpkg; sub AUTOLOAD;";
179 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
184 use AutoLoader 'AUTOLOAD'; # import the default AUTOLOAD subroutine
187 use AutoLoader; # don't import AUTOLOAD, define our own
190 $AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD = "...";
191 goto &AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD;
196 The B<AutoLoader> module works with the B<AutoSplit> module and the
197 C<__END__> token to defer the loading of some subroutines until they are
198 used rather than loading them all at once.
200 To use B<AutoLoader>, the author of a module has to place the
201 definitions of subroutines to be autoloaded after an C<__END__> token.
202 (See L<perldata>.) The B<AutoSplit> module can then be run manually to
203 extract the definitions into individual files F<auto/funcname.al>.
205 B<AutoLoader> implements an AUTOLOAD subroutine. When an undefined
206 subroutine in is called in a client module of B<AutoLoader>,
207 B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD subroutine attempts to locate the subroutine in a
208 file with a name related to the location of the file from which the
209 client module was read. As an example, if F<POSIX.pm> is located in
210 F</usr/local/lib/perl5/POSIX.pm>, B<AutoLoader> will look for perl
211 subroutines B<POSIX> in F</usr/local/lib/perl5/auto/POSIX/*.al>, where
212 the C<.al> file has the same name as the subroutine, sans package. If
213 such a file exists, AUTOLOAD will read and evaluate it,
214 thus (presumably) defining the needed subroutine. AUTOLOAD will then
215 C<goto> the newly defined subroutine.
217 Once this process completes for a given function, it is defined, so
218 future calls to the subroutine will bypass the AUTOLOAD mechanism.
220 =head2 Subroutine Stubs
222 In order for object method lookup and/or prototype checking to operate
223 correctly even when methods have not yet been defined it is necessary to
224 "forward declare" each subroutine (as in C<sub NAME;>). See
225 L<perlsub/"SYNOPSIS">. Such forward declaration creates "subroutine
226 stubs", which are place holders with no code.
228 The AutoSplit and B<AutoLoader> modules automate the creation of forward
229 declarations. The AutoSplit module creates an 'index' file containing
230 forward declarations of all the AutoSplit subroutines. When the
231 AutoLoader module is 'use'd it loads these declarations into its callers
234 Because of this mechanism it is important that B<AutoLoader> is always
235 C<use>d and not C<require>d.
237 =head2 Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
239 In order to use B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD subroutine you I<must>
240 explicitly import it:
242 use AutoLoader 'AUTOLOAD';
244 =head2 Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
246 Some modules, mainly extensions, provide their own AUTOLOAD subroutines.
247 They typically need to check for some special cases (such as constants)
248 and then fallback to B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD for the rest.
250 Such modules should I<not> import B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD subroutine.
251 Instead, they should define their own AUTOLOAD subroutines along these
259 (my $constname = $sub) =~ s/.*:://;
260 my $val = constant($constname, @_ ? $_[0] : 0);
262 if ($! =~ /Invalid/ || $!{EINVAL}) {
263 $AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD = $sub;
264 goto &AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD;
267 croak "Your vendor has not defined constant $constname";
270 *$sub = sub { $val }; # same as: eval "sub $sub { $val }";
274 If any module's own AUTOLOAD subroutine has no need to fallback to the
275 AutoLoader's AUTOLOAD subroutine (because it doesn't have any AutoSplit
276 subroutines), then that module should not use B<AutoLoader> at all.
278 =head2 Package Lexicals
280 Package lexicals declared with C<my> in the main block of a package
281 using B<AutoLoader> will not be visible to auto-loaded subroutines, due to
282 the fact that the given scope ends at the C<__END__> marker. A module
283 using such variables as package globals will not work properly under the
286 The C<vars> pragma (see L<perlmod/"vars">) may be used in such
287 situations as an alternative to explicitly qualifying all globals with
288 the package namespace. Variables pre-declared with this pragma will be
289 visible to any autoloaded routines (but will not be invisible outside
290 the package, unfortunately).
292 =head2 Not Using AutoLoader
294 You can stop using AutoLoader by simply
298 =head2 B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
300 The B<AutoLoader> is similar in purpose to B<SelfLoader>: both delay the
301 loading of subroutines.
303 B<SelfLoader> uses the C<__DATA__> marker rather than C<__END__>.
304 While this avoids the use of a hierarchy of disk files and the
305 associated open/close for each routine loaded, B<SelfLoader> suffers a
306 startup speed disadvantage in the one-time parsing of the lines after
307 C<__DATA__>, after which routines are cached. B<SelfLoader> can also
308 handle multiple packages in a file.
310 B<AutoLoader> only reads code as it is requested, and in many cases
311 should be faster, but requires a mechanism like B<AutoSplit> be used to
312 create the individual files. L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker> will invoke
313 B<AutoSplit> automatically if B<AutoLoader> is used in a module source
318 AutoLoaders prior to Perl 5.002 had a slightly different interface. Any
319 old modules which use B<AutoLoader> should be changed to the new calling
320 style. Typically this just means changing a require to a use, adding
321 the explicit C<'AUTOLOAD'> import if needed, and removing B<AutoLoader>
324 On systems with restrictions on file name length, the file corresponding
325 to a subroutine may have a shorter name that the routine itself. This
326 can lead to conflicting file names. The I<AutoSplit> package warns of
327 these potential conflicts when used to split a module.
329 AutoLoader may fail to find the autosplit files (or even find the wrong
330 ones) in cases where C<@INC> contains relative paths, B<and> the program
335 L<SelfLoader> - an autoloader that doesn't use external files.