6 our($VERSION, $AUTOLOAD);
14 $is_dosish = $^O eq 'dos' || $^O eq 'os2' || $^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'NetWare';
15 $is_epoc = $^O eq 'epoc';
16 $is_vms = $^O eq 'VMS';
17 $is_macos = $^O eq 'MacOS';
24 # Braces used to preserve $1 et al.
26 # Try to find the autoloaded file from the package-qualified
27 # name of the sub. e.g., if the sub needed is
28 # Getopt::Long::GetOptions(), then $INC{Getopt/Long.pm} is
29 # something like '/usr/lib/perl5/Getopt/Long.pm', and the
30 # autoload file is '/usr/lib/perl5/auto/Getopt/Long/GetOptions.al'.
32 # However, if @INC is a relative path, this might not work. If,
33 # for example, @INC = ('lib'), then $INC{Getopt/Long.pm} is
34 # 'lib/Getopt/Long.pm', and we want to require
35 # 'auto/Getopt/Long/GetOptions.al' (without the leading 'lib').
36 # In this case, we simple prepend the 'auto/' and let the
37 # C<require> take care of the searching for us.
39 my ($pkg,$func) = ($sub =~ /(.*)::([^:]+)$/);
41 if (defined($filename = $INC{"$pkg.pm"})) {
44 $filename =~ s#^(.*)$pkg\.pm\z#$1auto:$pkg:$func.al#s;
46 $filename =~ s#^(.*)$pkg\.pm\z#$1auto/$pkg/$func.al#s;
49 # if the file exists, then make sure that it is a
50 # a fully anchored path (i.e either '/usr/lib/auto/foo/bar.al',
51 # or './lib/auto/foo/bar.al'. This avoids C<require> searching
52 # (and failing) to find the 'lib/auto/foo/bar.al' because it
53 # looked for 'lib/lib/auto/foo/bar.al', given @INC = ('lib').
56 unless ($filename =~ m|^/|s) {
58 unless ($filename =~ m{^([a-z]:)?[\\/]}is) {
59 if ($^O ne 'NetWare') {
60 $filename = "./$filename";
62 $filename = "$filename";
67 unless ($filename =~ m{^([a-z?]:)?[\\/]}is) {
68 $filename = "./$filename";
72 # XXX todo by VMSmiths
73 $filename = "./$filename";
76 $filename = "./$filename";
84 unless (defined $filename) {
85 # let C<require> do the searching
86 $filename = "auto/$sub.al";
87 $filename =~ s#::#/#g;
91 local $!; # Do not munge the value.
92 eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require $filename };
94 if (substr($sub,-9) eq '::DESTROY') {
98 } elsif ($@ =~ /^Can't locate/) {
99 # The load might just have failed because the filename was too
100 # long for some old SVR3 systems which treat long names as errors.
101 # If we can successfully truncate a long name then it's worth a go.
102 # There is a slight risk that we could pick up the wrong file here
103 # but autosplit should have warned about that when splitting.
104 if ($filename =~ s/(\w{12,})\.al$/substr($1,0,11).".al"/e){
105 eval { local $SIG{__DIE__}; require $filename };
121 my $callpkg = caller;
124 # Export symbols, but not by accident of inheritance.
127 if ($pkg eq 'AutoLoader') {
129 *{ $callpkg . '::AUTOLOAD' } = \&AUTOLOAD
130 if @_ and $_[0] =~ /^&?AUTOLOAD$/;
134 # Try to find the autosplit index file. Eg., if the call package
135 # is POSIX, then $INC{POSIX.pm} is something like
136 # '/usr/local/lib/perl5/POSIX.pm', and the autosplit index file is in
137 # '/usr/local/lib/perl5/auto/POSIX/autosplit.ix', so we require that.
139 # However, if @INC is a relative path, this might not work. If,
140 # for example, @INC = ('lib'), then
141 # $INC{POSIX.pm} is 'lib/POSIX.pm', and we want to require
142 # 'auto/POSIX/autosplit.ix' (without the leading 'lib').
145 (my $calldir = $callpkg) =~ s#::#/#g;
146 my $path = $INC{$calldir . '.pm'};
147 if (defined($path)) {
148 # Try absolute path name.
150 (my $malldir = $calldir) =~ tr#/#:#;
151 $path =~ s#^(.*)$malldir\.pm\z#$1auto:$malldir:autosplit.ix#s;
153 $path =~ s#^(.*)$calldir\.pm\z#$1auto/$calldir/autosplit.ix#;
156 eval { require $path; };
157 # If that failed, try relative path with normal @INC searching.
159 $path ="auto/$calldir/autosplit.ix";
160 eval { require $path; };
171 my $callpkg = caller;
174 my $symname = $callpkg . '::AUTOLOAD';
175 undef *{ $symname } if \&{ $symname } == \&AUTOLOAD;
176 *{ $symname } = \&{ $symname };
185 AutoLoader - load subroutines only on demand
190 use AutoLoader 'AUTOLOAD'; # import the default AUTOLOAD subroutine
193 use AutoLoader; # don't import AUTOLOAD, define our own
196 $AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD = "...";
197 goto &AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD;
202 The B<AutoLoader> module works with the B<AutoSplit> module and the
203 C<__END__> token to defer the loading of some subroutines until they are
204 used rather than loading them all at once.
206 To use B<AutoLoader>, the author of a module has to place the
207 definitions of subroutines to be autoloaded after an C<__END__> token.
208 (See L<perldata>.) The B<AutoSplit> module can then be run manually to
209 extract the definitions into individual files F<auto/funcname.al>.
211 B<AutoLoader> implements an AUTOLOAD subroutine. When an undefined
212 subroutine in is called in a client module of B<AutoLoader>,
213 B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD subroutine attempts to locate the subroutine in a
214 file with a name related to the location of the file from which the
215 client module was read. As an example, if F<POSIX.pm> is located in
216 F</usr/local/lib/perl5/POSIX.pm>, B<AutoLoader> will look for perl
217 subroutines B<POSIX> in F</usr/local/lib/perl5/auto/POSIX/*.al>, where
218 the C<.al> file has the same name as the subroutine, sans package. If
219 such a file exists, AUTOLOAD will read and evaluate it,
220 thus (presumably) defining the needed subroutine. AUTOLOAD will then
221 C<goto> the newly defined subroutine.
223 Once this process completes for a given function, it is defined, so
224 future calls to the subroutine will bypass the AUTOLOAD mechanism.
226 =head2 Subroutine Stubs
228 In order for object method lookup and/or prototype checking to operate
229 correctly even when methods have not yet been defined it is necessary to
230 "forward declare" each subroutine (as in C<sub NAME;>). See
231 L<perlsub/"SYNOPSIS">. Such forward declaration creates "subroutine
232 stubs", which are place holders with no code.
234 The AutoSplit and B<AutoLoader> modules automate the creation of forward
235 declarations. The AutoSplit module creates an 'index' file containing
236 forward declarations of all the AutoSplit subroutines. When the
237 AutoLoader module is 'use'd it loads these declarations into its callers
240 Because of this mechanism it is important that B<AutoLoader> is always
241 C<use>d and not C<require>d.
243 =head2 Using B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
245 In order to use B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD subroutine you I<must>
246 explicitly import it:
248 use AutoLoader 'AUTOLOAD';
250 =head2 Overriding B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
252 Some modules, mainly extensions, provide their own AUTOLOAD subroutines.
253 They typically need to check for some special cases (such as constants)
254 and then fallback to B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD for the rest.
256 Such modules should I<not> import B<AutoLoader>'s AUTOLOAD subroutine.
257 Instead, they should define their own AUTOLOAD subroutines along these
265 (my $constname = $sub) =~ s/.*:://;
266 my $val = constant($constname, @_ ? $_[0] : 0);
268 if ($! =~ /Invalid/ || $!{EINVAL}) {
269 $AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD = $sub;
270 goto &AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD;
273 croak "Your vendor has not defined constant $constname";
276 *$sub = sub { $val }; # same as: eval "sub $sub { $val }";
280 If any module's own AUTOLOAD subroutine has no need to fallback to the
281 AutoLoader's AUTOLOAD subroutine (because it doesn't have any AutoSplit
282 subroutines), then that module should not use B<AutoLoader> at all.
284 =head2 Package Lexicals
286 Package lexicals declared with C<my> in the main block of a package
287 using B<AutoLoader> will not be visible to auto-loaded subroutines, due to
288 the fact that the given scope ends at the C<__END__> marker. A module
289 using such variables as package globals will not work properly under the
292 The C<vars> pragma (see L<perlmod/"vars">) may be used in such
293 situations as an alternative to explicitly qualifying all globals with
294 the package namespace. Variables pre-declared with this pragma will be
295 visible to any autoloaded routines (but will not be invisible outside
296 the package, unfortunately).
298 =head2 Not Using AutoLoader
300 You can stop using AutoLoader by simply
304 =head2 B<AutoLoader> vs. B<SelfLoader>
306 The B<AutoLoader> is similar in purpose to B<SelfLoader>: both delay the
307 loading of subroutines.
309 B<SelfLoader> uses the C<__DATA__> marker rather than C<__END__>.
310 While this avoids the use of a hierarchy of disk files and the
311 associated open/close for each routine loaded, B<SelfLoader> suffers a
312 startup speed disadvantage in the one-time parsing of the lines after
313 C<__DATA__>, after which routines are cached. B<SelfLoader> can also
314 handle multiple packages in a file.
316 B<AutoLoader> only reads code as it is requested, and in many cases
317 should be faster, but requires a mechanism like B<AutoSplit> be used to
318 create the individual files. L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker> will invoke
319 B<AutoSplit> automatically if B<AutoLoader> is used in a module source
324 AutoLoaders prior to Perl 5.002 had a slightly different interface. Any
325 old modules which use B<AutoLoader> should be changed to the new calling
326 style. Typically this just means changing a require to a use, adding
327 the explicit C<'AUTOLOAD'> import if needed, and removing B<AutoLoader>
330 On systems with restrictions on file name length, the file corresponding
331 to a subroutine may have a shorter name that the routine itself. This
332 can lead to conflicting file names. The I<AutoSplit> package warns of
333 these potential conflicts when used to split a module.
335 AutoLoader may fail to find the autosplit files (or even find the wrong
336 ones) in cases where C<@INC> contains relative paths, B<and> the program
341 L<SelfLoader> - an autoloader that doesn't use external files.