3 * Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999,
4 * 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, by Larry Wall and others
6 * You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
7 * License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
12 * 'Mercy!' cried Gandalf. 'If the giving of information is to be the cure
13 * of your inquisitiveness, I shall spend all the rest of my days answering
14 * you. What more do you want to know?'
15 * 'The names of all the stars, and of all living things, and the whole
16 * history of Middle-earth and Over-heaven and of the Sundering Seas,'
23 A GV is a structure which corresponds to to a Perl typeglob, ie *foo.
24 It is a structure that holds a pointer to a scalar, an array, a hash etc,
25 corresponding to $foo, @foo, %foo.
27 GVs are usually found as values in stashes (symbol table hashes) where
28 Perl stores its global variables.
38 Perl_gv_AVadd(pTHX_ register GV *gv)
40 if (!gv || SvTYPE((SV*)gv) != SVt_PVGV)
41 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Bad symbol for array");
48 Perl_gv_HVadd(pTHX_ register GV *gv)
50 if (!gv || SvTYPE((SV*)gv) != SVt_PVGV)
51 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Bad symbol for hash");
58 Perl_gv_IOadd(pTHX_ register GV *gv)
60 if (!gv || SvTYPE((SV*)gv) != SVt_PVGV)
61 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Bad symbol for filehandle");
63 #ifdef GV_UNIQUE_CHECK
65 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Bad symbol for filehandle (GV is unique)");
74 Perl_gv_fetchfile(pTHX_ const char *name)
84 tmplen = strlen(name) + 2;
85 if (tmplen < sizeof smallbuf)
88 New(603, tmpbuf, tmplen + 1, char);
89 /* This is where the debugger's %{"::_<$filename"} hash is created */
92 strcpy(tmpbuf + 2, name);
93 gv = *(GV**)hv_fetch(PL_defstash, tmpbuf, tmplen, TRUE);
95 gv_init(gv, PL_defstash, tmpbuf, tmplen, FALSE);
96 sv_setpv(GvSV(gv), name);
98 hv_magic(GvHVn(gv_AVadd(gv)), Nullgv, PERL_MAGIC_dbfile);
100 if (tmpbuf != smallbuf)
106 Perl_gv_init(pTHX_ GV *gv, HV *stash, const char *name, STRLEN len, int multi)
109 bool doproto = SvTYPE(gv) > SVt_NULL;
110 char *proto = (doproto && SvPOK(gv)) ? SvPVX(gv) : NULL;
112 sv_upgrade((SV*)gv, SVt_PVGV);
121 Newz(602, gp, 1, GP);
122 GvGP(gv) = gp_ref(gp);
123 GvSV(gv) = NEWSV(72,0);
124 GvLINE(gv) = CopLINE(PL_curcop);
125 GvFILE(gv) = CopFILE(PL_curcop) ? CopFILE(PL_curcop) : "";
128 sv_magic((SV*)gv, (SV*)gv, PERL_MAGIC_glob, Nullch, 0);
129 GvSTASH(gv) = (HV*)SvREFCNT_inc(stash);
130 GvNAME(gv) = savepvn(name, len);
132 if (multi || doproto) /* doproto means it _was_ mentioned */
134 if (doproto) { /* Replicate part of newSUB here. */
137 /* XXX unsafe for threads if eval_owner isn't held */
138 start_subparse(0,0); /* Create CV in compcv. */
139 GvCV(gv) = PL_compcv;
144 CvFILE_set_from_cop(GvCV(gv), PL_curcop);
145 CvSTASH(GvCV(gv)) = PL_curstash;
147 sv_setpv((SV*)GvCV(gv), proto);
154 S_gv_init_sv(pTHX_ GV *gv, I32 sv_type)
170 =for apidoc gv_fetchmeth
172 Returns the glob with the given C<name> and a defined subroutine or
173 C<NULL>. The glob lives in the given C<stash>, or in the stashes
174 accessible via @ISA and UNIVERSAL::.
176 The argument C<level> should be either 0 or -1. If C<level==0>, as a
177 side-effect creates a glob with the given C<name> in the given C<stash>
178 which in the case of success contains an alias for the subroutine, and sets
179 up caching info for this glob. Similarly for all the searched stashes.
181 This function grants C<"SUPER"> token as a postfix of the stash name. The
182 GV returned from C<gv_fetchmeth> may be a method cache entry, which is not
183 visible to Perl code. So when calling C<call_sv>, you should not use
184 the GV directly; instead, you should use the method's CV, which can be
185 obtained from the GV with the C<GvCV> macro.
191 Perl_gv_fetchmeth(pTHX_ HV *stash, const char *name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
199 /* UNIVERSAL methods should be callable without a stash */
201 level = -1; /* probably appropriate */
202 if(!(stash = gv_stashpvn("UNIVERSAL", 9, FALSE)))
208 "Can't use anonymous symbol table for method lookup");
210 if ((level > 100) || (level < -100))
211 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Recursive inheritance detected while looking for method '%s' in package '%s'",
212 name, HvNAME(stash));
214 DEBUG_o( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "Looking for method %s in package %s\n",name,HvNAME(stash)) );
216 gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(stash, name, len, (level >= 0));
221 if (SvTYPE(topgv) != SVt_PVGV)
222 gv_init(topgv, stash, name, len, TRUE);
223 if ((cv = GvCV(topgv))) {
224 /* If genuine method or valid cache entry, use it */
225 if (!GvCVGEN(topgv) || GvCVGEN(topgv) == PL_sub_generation)
227 /* Stale cached entry: junk it */
229 GvCV(topgv) = cv = Nullcv;
232 else if (GvCVGEN(topgv) == PL_sub_generation)
233 return 0; /* cache indicates sub doesn't exist */
236 gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(stash, "ISA", 3, FALSE);
237 av = (gvp && (gv = *gvp) && gv != (GV*)&PL_sv_undef) ? GvAV(gv) : Nullav;
239 /* create and re-create @.*::SUPER::ISA on demand */
240 if (!av || !SvMAGIC(av)) {
241 char* packname = HvNAME(stash);
242 STRLEN packlen = strlen(packname);
244 if (packlen >= 7 && strEQ(packname + packlen - 7, "::SUPER")) {
248 basestash = gv_stashpvn(packname, packlen, TRUE);
249 gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(basestash, "ISA", 3, FALSE);
250 if (gvp && (gv = *gvp) != (GV*)&PL_sv_undef && (av = GvAV(gv))) {
251 gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(stash, "ISA", 3, TRUE);
252 if (!gvp || !(gv = *gvp))
253 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Cannot create %s::ISA", HvNAME(stash));
254 if (SvTYPE(gv) != SVt_PVGV)
255 gv_init(gv, stash, "ISA", 3, TRUE);
256 SvREFCNT_dec(GvAV(gv));
257 GvAV(gv) = (AV*)SvREFCNT_inc(av);
263 SV** svp = AvARRAY(av);
264 /* NOTE: No support for tied ISA */
265 I32 items = AvFILLp(av) + 1;
268 HV* basestash = gv_stashsv(sv, FALSE);
270 if (ckWARN(WARN_MISC))
271 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_MISC), "Can't locate package %"SVf" for @%s::ISA",
275 gv = gv_fetchmeth(basestash, name, len,
276 (level >= 0) ? level + 1 : level - 1);
282 /* if at top level, try UNIVERSAL */
284 if (level == 0 || level == -1) {
287 if ((lastchance = gv_stashpvn("UNIVERSAL", 9, FALSE))) {
288 if ((gv = gv_fetchmeth(lastchance, name, len,
289 (level >= 0) ? level + 1 : level - 1)))
293 * Cache method in topgv if:
294 * 1. topgv has no synonyms (else inheritance crosses wires)
295 * 2. method isn't a stub (else AUTOLOAD fails spectacularly)
298 GvREFCNT(topgv) == 1 &&
300 (CvROOT(cv) || CvXSUB(cv)))
302 if ((cv = GvCV(topgv)))
304 GvCV(topgv) = (CV*)SvREFCNT_inc(GvCV(gv));
305 GvCVGEN(topgv) = PL_sub_generation;
309 else if (topgv && GvREFCNT(topgv) == 1) {
310 /* cache the fact that the method is not defined */
311 GvCVGEN(topgv) = PL_sub_generation;
320 =for apidoc gv_fetchmeth_autoload
322 Same as gv_fetchmeth(), but looks for autoloaded subroutines too.
323 Returns a glob for the subroutine.
325 For an autoloaded subroutine without a GV, will create a GV even
326 if C<level < 0>. For an autoloaded subroutine without a stub, GvCV()
327 of the result may be zero.
333 Perl_gv_fetchmeth_autoload(pTHX_ HV *stash, const char *name, STRLEN len, I32 level)
335 GV *gv = gv_fetchmeth(stash, name, len, level);
338 char autoload[] = "AUTOLOAD";
339 STRLEN autolen = sizeof(autoload)-1;
344 return Nullgv; /* UNIVERSAL::AUTOLOAD could cause trouble */
345 if (len == autolen && strnEQ(name, autoload, autolen))
347 if (!(gv = gv_fetchmeth(stash, autoload, autolen, FALSE)))
350 if (!(CvROOT(cv) || CvXSUB(cv)))
352 /* Have an autoload */
353 if (level < 0) /* Cannot do without a stub */
354 gv_fetchmeth(stash, name, len, 0);
355 gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(stash, name, len, (level >= 0));
364 =for apidoc gv_fetchmethod
366 See L<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>.
372 Perl_gv_fetchmethod(pTHX_ HV *stash, const char *name)
374 return gv_fetchmethod_autoload(stash, name, TRUE);
378 =for apidoc gv_fetchmethod_autoload
380 Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to invoke the method
381 on the C<stash>. In fact in the presence of autoloading this may be the
382 glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the corresponding variable $AUTOLOAD is
385 The third parameter of C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload> determines whether
386 AUTOLOAD lookup is performed if the given method is not present: non-zero
387 means yes, look for AUTOLOAD; zero means no, don't look for AUTOLOAD.
388 Calling C<gv_fetchmethod> is equivalent to calling C<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>
389 with a non-zero C<autoload> parameter.
391 These functions grant C<"SUPER"> token as a prefix of the method name. Note
392 that if you want to keep the returned glob for a long time, you need to
393 check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the call may load a
394 different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its value. Use the glob
395 created via a side effect to do this.
397 These functions have the same side-effects and as C<gv_fetchmeth> with
398 C<level==0>. C<name> should be writable if contains C<':'> or C<'
399 ''>. The warning against passing the GV returned by C<gv_fetchmeth> to
400 C<call_sv> apply equally to these functions.
406 Perl_gv_fetchmethod_autoload(pTHX_ HV *stash, const char *name, I32 autoload)
408 register const char *nend;
409 const char *nsplit = 0;
413 if (stash && SvTYPE(stash) < SVt_PVHV)
416 for (nend = name; *nend; nend++) {
419 else if (*nend == ':' && *(nend + 1) == ':')
423 const char *origname = name;
427 if ((nsplit - origname) == 5 && strnEQ(origname, "SUPER", 5)) {
428 /* ->SUPER::method should really be looked up in original stash */
429 SV *tmpstr = sv_2mortal(Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_ "%s::SUPER",
430 CopSTASHPV(PL_curcop)));
431 /* __PACKAGE__::SUPER stash should be autovivified */
432 stash = gv_stashpvn(SvPVX(tmpstr), SvCUR(tmpstr), TRUE);
433 DEBUG_o( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "Treating %s as %s::%s\n",
434 origname, HvNAME(stash), name) );
437 /* don't autovifify if ->NoSuchStash::method */
438 stash = gv_stashpvn(origname, nsplit - origname, FALSE);
440 /* however, explicit calls to Pkg::SUPER::method may
441 happen, and may require autovivification to work */
442 if (!stash && (nsplit - origname) >= 7 &&
443 strnEQ(nsplit - 7, "::SUPER", 7) &&
444 gv_stashpvn(origname, nsplit - origname - 7, FALSE))
445 stash = gv_stashpvn(origname, nsplit - origname, TRUE);
450 gv = gv_fetchmeth(stash, name, nend - name, 0);
452 if (strEQ(name,"import") || strEQ(name,"unimport"))
453 gv = (GV*)&PL_sv_yes;
455 gv = gv_autoload4(ostash, name, nend - name, TRUE);
459 if (!CvROOT(cv) && !CvXSUB(cv)) {
467 if (GvCV(stubgv) != cv) /* orphaned import */
470 autogv = gv_autoload4(GvSTASH(stubgv),
471 GvNAME(stubgv), GvNAMELEN(stubgv), TRUE);
481 Perl_gv_autoload4(pTHX_ HV *stash, const char *name, STRLEN len, I32 method)
483 char autoload[] = "AUTOLOAD";
484 STRLEN autolen = sizeof(autoload)-1;
492 if (len == autolen && strnEQ(name, autoload, autolen))
495 if (SvTYPE(stash) < SVt_PVHV) {
496 packname = SvPV_nolen((SV*)stash);
500 packname = HvNAME(stash);
503 if (!(gv = gv_fetchmeth(stash, autoload, autolen, FALSE)))
507 if (!(CvROOT(cv) || CvXSUB(cv)))
511 * Inheriting AUTOLOAD for non-methods works ... for now.
513 if (ckWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX) && !method &&
514 (GvCVGEN(gv) || GvSTASH(gv) != stash))
515 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
516 "Use of inherited AUTOLOAD for non-method %s::%.*s() is deprecated",
517 packname, (int)len, name);
520 /* rather than lookup/init $AUTOLOAD here
521 * only to have the XSUB do another lookup for $AUTOLOAD
522 * and split that value on the last '::',
523 * pass along the same data via some unused fields in the CV
526 SvPVX(cv) = (char *)name; /* cast to lose constness warning */
532 * Given &FOO::AUTOLOAD, set $FOO::AUTOLOAD to desired function name.
533 * The subroutine's original name may not be "AUTOLOAD", so we don't
534 * use that, but for lack of anything better we will use the sub's
535 * original package to look up $AUTOLOAD.
537 varstash = GvSTASH(CvGV(cv));
538 vargv = *(GV**)hv_fetch(varstash, autoload, autolen, TRUE);
542 gv_init(vargv, varstash, autoload, autolen, FALSE);
545 sv_setpv(varsv, packname);
546 sv_catpvn(varsv, "::", 2);
547 sv_catpvn(varsv, name, len);
548 SvTAINTED_off(varsv);
552 /* The "gv" parameter should be the glob known to Perl code as *!
553 * The scalar must already have been magicalized.
556 S_require_errno(pTHX_ GV *gv)
558 HV* stash = gv_stashpvn("Errno",5,FALSE);
560 if (!stash || !(gv_fetchmethod(stash, "TIEHASH"))) {
564 save_scalar(gv); /* keep the value of $! */
565 Perl_load_module(aTHX_ PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT,
566 newSVpvn("Errno",5), Nullsv);
569 stash = gv_stashpvn("Errno",5,FALSE);
570 if (!stash || !(gv_fetchmethod(stash, "TIEHASH")))
571 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't use %%! because Errno.pm is not available");
576 =for apidoc gv_stashpv
578 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. C<name> should
579 be a valid UTF-8 string. If C<create> is set then the package will be
580 created if it does not already exist. If C<create> is not set and the
581 package does not exist then NULL is returned.
587 Perl_gv_stashpv(pTHX_ const char *name, I32 create)
589 return gv_stashpvn(name, strlen(name), create);
593 Perl_gv_stashpvn(pTHX_ const char *name, U32 namelen, I32 create)
600 if (namelen + 3 < sizeof smallbuf)
603 New(606, tmpbuf, namelen + 3, char);
604 Copy(name,tmpbuf,namelen,char);
605 tmpbuf[namelen++] = ':';
606 tmpbuf[namelen++] = ':';
607 tmpbuf[namelen] = '\0';
608 tmpgv = gv_fetchpv(tmpbuf, create, SVt_PVHV);
609 if (tmpbuf != smallbuf)
614 GvHV(tmpgv) = newHV();
617 HvNAME(stash) = savepv(name);
622 =for apidoc gv_stashsv
624 Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package, which must be a
625 valid UTF-8 string. See C<gv_stashpv>.
631 Perl_gv_stashsv(pTHX_ SV *sv, I32 create)
636 return gv_stashpvn(ptr, len, create);
641 Perl_gv_fetchpv(pTHX_ const char *nambeg, I32 add, I32 sv_type)
643 register const char *name = nambeg;
647 register const char *namend;
650 if (*name == '*' && isALPHA(name[1])) /* accidental stringify on a GV? */
653 for (namend = name; *namend; namend++) {
654 if ((*namend == ':' && namend[1] == ':')
655 || (*namend == '\'' && namend[1]))
659 if (!stash || !SvREFCNT(stash)) /* symbol table under destruction */
667 if (len + 3 < sizeof (smallbuf))
670 New(601, tmpbuf, len+3, char);
671 Copy(name, tmpbuf, len, char);
675 gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(stash,tmpbuf,len,add);
676 gv = gvp ? *gvp : Nullgv;
677 if (gv && gv != (GV*)&PL_sv_undef) {
678 if (SvTYPE(gv) != SVt_PVGV)
679 gv_init(gv, stash, tmpbuf, len, (add & GV_ADDMULTI));
683 if (tmpbuf != smallbuf)
685 if (!gv || gv == (GV*)&PL_sv_undef)
688 if (!(stash = GvHV(gv)))
689 stash = GvHV(gv) = newHV();
692 HvNAME(stash) = savepvn(nambeg, namend - nambeg);
700 return gv ? gv : (GV*)*hv_fetch(PL_defstash, "main::", 6, TRUE);
705 /* $_ should always be in main:: even when our'ed */
706 if (*name == '_' && !name[1])
709 /* No stash in name, so see how we can default */
712 if (isIDFIRST_lazy(name)) {
715 if (isUPPER(*name)) {
716 if (*name == 'S' && (
717 strEQ(name, "SIG") ||
718 strEQ(name, "STDIN") ||
719 strEQ(name, "STDOUT") ||
720 strEQ(name, "STDERR")))
722 else if (*name == 'I' && strEQ(name, "INC"))
724 else if (*name == 'E' && strEQ(name, "ENV"))
726 else if (*name == 'A' && (
727 strEQ(name, "ARGV") ||
728 strEQ(name, "ARGVOUT")))
731 else if (*name == '_' && !name[1])
736 else if (IN_PERL_COMPILETIME) {
738 if (add && (PL_hints & HINT_STRICT_VARS) &&
739 sv_type != SVt_PVCV &&
740 sv_type != SVt_PVGV &&
741 sv_type != SVt_PVFM &&
742 sv_type != SVt_PVIO &&
743 !(len == 1 && sv_type == SVt_PV && strchr("ab",*name)) )
745 gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(stash,name,len,0);
747 *gvp == (GV*)&PL_sv_undef ||
748 SvTYPE(*gvp) != SVt_PVGV)
752 else if ((sv_type == SVt_PV && !GvIMPORTED_SV(*gvp)) ||
753 (sv_type == SVt_PVAV && !GvIMPORTED_AV(*gvp)) ||
754 (sv_type == SVt_PVHV && !GvIMPORTED_HV(*gvp)) )
756 Perl_warn(aTHX_ "Variable \"%c%s\" is not imported",
757 sv_type == SVt_PVAV ? '@' :
758 sv_type == SVt_PVHV ? '%' : '$',
761 Perl_warn(aTHX_ "\t(Did you mean &%s instead?)\n", name);
767 stash = CopSTASH(PL_curcop);
773 /* By this point we should have a stash and a name */
777 register SV *err = Perl_mess(aTHX_
778 "Global symbol \"%s%s\" requires explicit package name",
779 (sv_type == SVt_PV ? "$"
780 : sv_type == SVt_PVAV ? "@"
781 : sv_type == SVt_PVHV ? "%"
783 if (USE_UTF8_IN_NAMES)
786 stash = GvHV(gv_fetchpv("<none>::", GV_ADDMULTI, SVt_PVHV));
792 if (!SvREFCNT(stash)) /* symbol table under destruction */
795 gvp = (GV**)hv_fetch(stash,name,len,add);
796 if (!gvp || *gvp == (GV*)&PL_sv_undef)
799 if (SvTYPE(gv) == SVt_PVGV) {
802 gv_init_sv(gv, sv_type);
803 if (*name=='!' && sv_type == SVt_PVHV && len==1)
807 } else if (add & GV_NOINIT) {
811 /* Adding a new symbol */
813 if (add & GV_ADDWARN && ckWARN_d(WARN_INTERNAL))
814 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_INTERNAL), "Had to create %s unexpectedly", nambeg);
815 gv_init(gv, stash, name, len, add & GV_ADDMULTI);
816 gv_init_sv(gv, sv_type);
818 if (isALPHA(name[0]) && ! (isLEXWARN_on ? ckWARN(WARN_ONCE)
819 : (PL_dowarn & G_WARN_ON ) ) )
822 /* set up magic where warranted */
825 if (strEQ(name, "ARGV")) {
826 IoFLAGS(GvIOn(gv)) |= IOf_ARGV|IOf_START;
830 if (strnEQ(name, "EXPORT", 6))
834 if (strEQ(name, "ISA")) {
837 sv_magic((SV*)av, (SV*)gv, PERL_MAGIC_isa, Nullch, 0);
838 /* NOTE: No support for tied ISA */
839 if ((add & GV_ADDMULTI) && strEQ(nambeg,"AnyDBM_File::ISA")
840 && AvFILLp(av) == -1)
843 av_push(av, newSVpvn(pname = "NDBM_File",9));
844 gv_stashpvn(pname, 9, TRUE);
845 av_push(av, newSVpvn(pname = "DB_File",7));
846 gv_stashpvn(pname, 7, TRUE);
847 av_push(av, newSVpvn(pname = "GDBM_File",9));
848 gv_stashpvn(pname, 9, TRUE);
849 av_push(av, newSVpvn(pname = "SDBM_File",9));
850 gv_stashpvn(pname, 9, TRUE);
851 av_push(av, newSVpvn(pname = "ODBM_File",9));
852 gv_stashpvn(pname, 9, TRUE);
857 if (strEQ(name, "OVERLOAD")) {
860 hv_magic(hv, Nullgv, PERL_MAGIC_overload);
864 if (strEQ(name, "SIG")) {
868 Newz(73, PL_psig_ptr, SIG_SIZE, SV*);
869 Newz(73, PL_psig_name, SIG_SIZE, SV*);
870 Newz(73, PL_psig_pend, SIG_SIZE, int);
874 hv_magic(hv, Nullgv, PERL_MAGIC_sig);
875 for (i = 1; i < SIG_SIZE; i++) {
877 init = hv_fetch(hv, PL_sig_name[i], strlen(PL_sig_name[i]), 1);
879 sv_setsv(*init, &PL_sv_undef);
887 if (strEQ(name, "VERSION"))
896 sv_type == SVt_PVAV ||
897 sv_type == SVt_PVHV ||
898 sv_type == SVt_PVCV ||
899 sv_type == SVt_PVFM ||
902 PL_sawampersand = TRUE;
908 sv_setpv(GvSV(gv),PL_chopset);
914 #ifdef COMPLEX_STATUS
915 (void)SvUPGRADE(GvSV(gv), SVt_PVLV);
923 /* If %! has been used, automatically load Errno.pm.
924 The require will itself set errno, so in order to
925 preserve its value we have to set up the magic
926 now (rather than going to magicalize)
929 sv_magic(GvSV(gv), (SV*)gv, PERL_MAGIC_sv, name, len);
931 if (sv_type == SVt_PVHV)
940 sv_magic((SV*)av, Nullsv, PERL_MAGIC_regdata, Nullch, 0);
945 if (len == 1 && sv_type == SVt_PV && ckWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX))
946 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
947 "$* is no longer supported");
950 if (len == 1 && sv_type == SVt_PV && ckWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX))
951 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN2(WARN_DEPRECATED, WARN_SYNTAX),
952 "Use of $# is deprecated");
967 case '\001': /* $^A */
968 case '\003': /* $^C */
969 case '\004': /* $^D */
970 case '\006': /* $^F */
971 case '\010': /* $^H */
972 case '\011': /* $^I, NOT \t in EBCDIC */
973 case '\016': /* $^N */
974 case '\020': /* $^P */
981 sv_setiv(GvSV(gv), (IV)(IoFLAGS(GvIOp(PL_defoutgv)) & IOf_FLUSH) != 0);
983 case '\005': /* $^E && $^ENCODING */
984 if (len > 1 && strNE(name, "\005NCODING"))
988 case '\017': /* $^O & $^OPEN */
989 if (len > 1 && strNE(name, "\017PEN"))
992 case '\023': /* $^S */
996 case '\024': /* $^T, ${^TAINT} */
999 else if (strEQ(name, "\024AINT"))
1004 if (len > 1 && strNE(name, "\025NICODE"))
1008 case '\027': /* $^W & $^WARNING_BITS */
1010 && strNE(name, "\027ARNING_BITS")
1020 sv_magic((SV*)av, (SV*)av, PERL_MAGIC_regdata, Nullch, 0);
1033 /* ensures variable is only digits */
1034 /* ${"1foo"} fails this test (and is thus writeable) */
1035 /* added by japhy, but borrowed from is_gv_magical */
1038 const char *end = name + len;
1039 while (--end > name) {
1040 if (!isDIGIT(*end)) return gv;
1045 SvREADONLY_on(GvSV(gv));
1047 sv_magic(GvSV(gv), (SV*)gv, PERL_MAGIC_sv, name, len);
1050 case '\014': /* $^L */
1053 sv_setpv(GvSV(gv),"\f");
1054 PL_formfeed = GvSV(gv);
1059 sv_setpv(GvSV(gv),"\034");
1064 if (!sv_derived_from(PL_patchlevel, "version"))
1065 (void *)upg_version(PL_patchlevel);
1066 GvSV(gv) = vnumify(PL_patchlevel);
1067 SvREADONLY_on(GvSV(gv));
1071 case '\026': /* $^V */
1074 GvSV(gv) = new_version(PL_patchlevel);
1075 SvREADONLY_on(GvSV(gv));
1084 Perl_gv_fullname4(pTHX_ SV *sv, GV *gv, const char *prefix, bool keepmain)
1087 HV *hv = GvSTASH(gv);
1092 sv_setpv(sv, prefix ? prefix : "");
1098 if (keepmain || strNE(name, "main")) {
1100 sv_catpvn(sv,"::", 2);
1102 sv_catpvn(sv,GvNAME(gv),GvNAMELEN(gv));
1106 Perl_gv_fullname3(pTHX_ SV *sv, GV *gv, const char *prefix)
1108 gv_fullname4(sv, gv, prefix, TRUE);
1112 Perl_gv_efullname4(pTHX_ SV *sv, GV *gv, const char *prefix, bool keepmain)
1114 GV *egv = GvEGV(gv);
1117 gv_fullname4(sv, egv, prefix, keepmain);
1121 Perl_gv_efullname3(pTHX_ SV *sv, GV *gv, const char *prefix)
1123 gv_efullname4(sv, gv, prefix, TRUE);
1126 /* XXX compatibility with versions <= 5.003. */
1128 Perl_gv_fullname(pTHX_ SV *sv, GV *gv)
1130 gv_fullname3(sv, gv, sv == (SV*)gv ? "*" : "");
1133 /* XXX compatibility with versions <= 5.003. */
1135 Perl_gv_efullname(pTHX_ SV *sv, GV *gv)
1137 gv_efullname3(sv, gv, sv == (SV*)gv ? "*" : "");
1146 io = (IO*)NEWSV(0,0);
1147 sv_upgrade((SV *)io,SVt_PVIO);
1150 /* Clear the stashcache because a new IO could overrule a
1152 hv_clear(PL_stashcache);
1153 iogv = gv_fetchpv("FileHandle::", FALSE, SVt_PVHV);
1154 /* unless exists($main::{FileHandle}) and defined(%main::FileHandle::) */
1155 if (!(iogv && GvHV(iogv) && HvARRAY(GvHV(iogv))))
1156 iogv = gv_fetchpv("IO::Handle::", TRUE, SVt_PVHV);
1157 SvSTASH(io) = (HV*)SvREFCNT_inc(GvHV(iogv));
1162 Perl_gv_check(pTHX_ HV *stash)
1169 if (!HvARRAY(stash))
1171 for (i = 0; i <= (I32) HvMAX(stash); i++) {
1172 for (entry = HvARRAY(stash)[i]; entry; entry = HeNEXT(entry)) {
1173 if (HeKEY(entry)[HeKLEN(entry)-1] == ':' &&
1174 (gv = (GV*)HeVAL(entry)) && isGV(gv) && (hv = GvHV(gv)))
1176 if (hv != PL_defstash && hv != stash)
1177 gv_check(hv); /* nested package */
1179 else if (isALPHA(*HeKEY(entry))) {
1181 gv = (GV*)HeVAL(entry);
1182 if (SvTYPE(gv) != SVt_PVGV || GvMULTI(gv))
1185 /* performance hack: if filename is absolute and it's a standard
1186 * module, don't bother warning */
1188 && PERL_FILE_IS_ABSOLUTE(file)
1189 #ifdef MACOS_TRADITIONAL
1190 && (instr(file, ":lib:")
1192 && (instr(file, "/lib/")
1194 || instr(file, ".pm")))
1198 CopLINE_set(PL_curcop, GvLINE(gv));
1200 CopFILE(PL_curcop) = file; /* set for warning */
1202 CopFILEGV(PL_curcop) = gv_fetchfile(file);
1204 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_ONCE),
1205 "Name \"%s::%s\" used only once: possible typo",
1206 HvNAME(stash), GvNAME(gv));
1213 Perl_newGVgen(pTHX_ char *pack)
1215 return gv_fetchpv(Perl_form(aTHX_ "%s::_GEN_%ld", pack, (long)PL_gensym++),
1219 /* hopefully this is only called on local symbol table entries */
1222 Perl_gp_ref(pTHX_ GP *gp)
1229 /* multi-named GPs cannot be used for method cache */
1230 SvREFCNT_dec(gp->gp_cv);
1235 /* Adding a new name to a subroutine invalidates method cache */
1236 PL_sub_generation++;
1243 Perl_gp_free(pTHX_ GV *gv)
1247 if (!gv || !(gp = GvGP(gv)))
1249 if (gp->gp_refcnt == 0) {
1250 if (ckWARN_d(WARN_INTERNAL))
1251 Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_INTERNAL),
1252 "Attempt to free unreferenced glob pointers"
1253 pTHX__FORMAT pTHX__VALUE);
1257 /* Deleting the name of a subroutine invalidates method cache */
1258 PL_sub_generation++;
1260 if (--gp->gp_refcnt > 0) {
1261 if (gp->gp_egv == gv)
1266 if (gp->gp_sv) SvREFCNT_dec(gp->gp_sv);
1267 if (gp->gp_av) SvREFCNT_dec(gp->gp_av);
1269 if (PL_stashcache && HvNAME(gp->gp_hv))
1270 hv_delete(PL_stashcache,
1271 HvNAME(gp->gp_hv), strlen(HvNAME(gp->gp_hv)),
1273 SvREFCNT_dec(gp->gp_hv);
1275 if (gp->gp_io) SvREFCNT_dec(gp->gp_io);
1276 if (gp->gp_cv) SvREFCNT_dec(gp->gp_cv);
1277 if (gp->gp_form) SvREFCNT_dec(gp->gp_form);
1284 Perl_magic_freeovrld(pTHX_ SV *sv, MAGIC *mg)
1286 AMT *amtp = (AMT*)mg->mg_ptr;
1287 if (amtp && AMT_AMAGIC(amtp)) {
1289 for (i = 1; i < NofAMmeth; i++) {
1290 CV *cv = amtp->table[i];
1292 SvREFCNT_dec((SV *) cv);
1293 amtp->table[i] = Nullcv;
1300 /* Updates and caches the CV's */
1303 Perl_Gv_AMupdate(pTHX_ HV *stash)
1307 MAGIC* mg=mg_find((SV*)stash, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table);
1308 AMT *amtp = (mg) ? (AMT*)mg->mg_ptr: (AMT *) NULL;
1311 if (mg && amtp->was_ok_am == PL_amagic_generation
1312 && amtp->was_ok_sub == PL_sub_generation)
1313 return (bool)AMT_OVERLOADED(amtp);
1314 sv_unmagic((SV*)stash, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table);
1316 DEBUG_o( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "Recalcing overload magic in package %s\n",HvNAME(stash)) );
1319 amt.was_ok_am = PL_amagic_generation;
1320 amt.was_ok_sub = PL_sub_generation;
1321 amt.fallback = AMGfallNO;
1325 int filled = 0, have_ovl = 0;
1329 /* Work with "fallback" key, which we assume to be first in PL_AMG_names */
1331 /* Try to find via inheritance. */
1332 gv = gv_fetchmeth(stash, PL_AMG_names[0], 2, -1);
1337 lim = DESTROY_amg; /* Skip overloading entries. */
1338 else if (SvTRUE(sv))
1339 amt.fallback=AMGfallYES;
1341 amt.fallback=AMGfallNEVER;
1343 for (i = 1; i < lim; i++)
1344 amt.table[i] = Nullcv;
1345 for (; i < NofAMmeth; i++) {
1346 char *cooky = (char*)PL_AMG_names[i];
1347 /* Human-readable form, for debugging: */
1348 char *cp = (i >= DESTROY_amg ? cooky : AMG_id2name(i));
1349 STRLEN l = strlen(cooky);
1351 DEBUG_o( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "Checking overloading of `%s' in package `%.256s'\n",
1352 cp, HvNAME(stash)) );
1353 /* don't fill the cache while looking up!
1354 Creation of inheritance stubs in intermediate packages may
1355 conflict with the logic of runtime method substitution.
1356 Indeed, for inheritance A -> B -> C, if C overloads "+0",
1357 then we could have created stubs for "(+0" in A and C too.
1358 But if B overloads "bool", we may want to use it for
1359 numifying instead of C's "+0". */
1360 if (i >= DESTROY_amg)
1361 gv = Perl_gv_fetchmeth_autoload(aTHX_ stash, cooky, l, 0);
1362 else /* Autoload taken care of below */
1363 gv = Perl_gv_fetchmeth(aTHX_ stash, cooky, l, -1);
1365 if (gv && (cv = GvCV(gv))) {
1366 if (GvNAMELEN(CvGV(cv)) == 3 && strEQ(GvNAME(CvGV(cv)), "nil")
1367 && strEQ(HvNAME(GvSTASH(CvGV(cv))), "overload")) {
1368 /* This is a hack to support autoloading..., while
1369 knowing *which* methods were declared as overloaded. */
1370 /* GvSV contains the name of the method. */
1373 DEBUG_o( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "Resolving method `%"SVf256\
1374 "' for overloaded `%s' in package `%.256s'\n",
1375 GvSV(gv), cp, HvNAME(stash)) );
1376 if (!SvPOK(GvSV(gv))
1377 || !(ngv = gv_fetchmethod_autoload(stash, SvPVX(GvSV(gv)),
1380 /* Can be an import stub (created by `can'). */
1381 SV *gvsv = GvSV(gv);
1382 const char *name = SvPOK(gvsv) ? SvPVX(gvsv) : "???";
1383 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s method `%.256s' overloading `%s' "\
1384 "in package `%.256s'",
1385 (GvCVGEN(gv) ? "Stub found while resolving"
1387 name, cp, HvNAME(stash));
1389 cv = GvCV(gv = ngv);
1391 DEBUG_o( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "Overloading `%s' in package `%.256s' via `%.256s::%.256s' \n",
1392 cp, HvNAME(stash), HvNAME(GvSTASH(CvGV(cv))),
1393 GvNAME(CvGV(cv))) );
1395 if (i < DESTROY_amg)
1397 } else if (gv) { /* Autoloaded... */
1401 amt.table[i]=(CV*)SvREFCNT_inc(cv);
1404 AMT_AMAGIC_on(&amt);
1406 AMT_OVERLOADED_on(&amt);
1407 sv_magic((SV*)stash, 0, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table,
1408 (char*)&amt, sizeof(AMT));
1412 /* Here we have no table: */
1414 AMT_AMAGIC_off(&amt);
1415 sv_magic((SV*)stash, 0, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table,
1416 (char*)&amt, sizeof(AMTS));
1422 Perl_gv_handler(pTHX_ HV *stash, I32 id)
1428 if (!stash || !HvNAME(stash))
1430 mg = mg_find((SV*)stash, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table);
1434 mg = mg_find((SV*)stash, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table);
1436 amtp = (AMT*)mg->mg_ptr;
1437 if ( amtp->was_ok_am != PL_amagic_generation
1438 || amtp->was_ok_sub != PL_sub_generation )
1440 if (AMT_AMAGIC(amtp)) {
1441 ret = amtp->table[id];
1442 if (ret && isGV(ret)) { /* Autoloading stab */
1443 /* Passing it through may have resulted in a warning
1444 "Inherited AUTOLOAD for a non-method deprecated", since
1445 our caller is going through a function call, not a method call.
1446 So return the CV for AUTOLOAD, setting $AUTOLOAD. */
1447 GV *gv = gv_fetchmethod(stash, (char*)PL_AMG_names[id]);
1460 Perl_amagic_call(pTHX_ SV *left, SV *right, int method, int flags)
1464 CV **cvp=NULL, **ocvp=NULL;
1465 AMT *amtp=NULL, *oamtp=NULL;
1466 int off=0, off1, lr=0, assign=AMGf_assign & flags, notfound=0;
1467 int postpr = 0, force_cpy = 0, assignshift = assign ? 1 : 0;
1472 if (!(AMGf_noleft & flags) && SvAMAGIC(left)
1473 && (stash = SvSTASH(SvRV(left)))
1474 && (mg = mg_find((SV*)stash, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table))
1475 && (ocvp = cvp = (AMT_AMAGIC((AMT*)mg->mg_ptr)
1476 ? (oamtp = amtp = (AMT*)mg->mg_ptr)->table
1478 && ((cv = cvp[off=method+assignshift])
1479 || (assign && amtp->fallback > AMGfallNEVER && /* fallback to
1485 cv = cvp[off=method])))) {
1486 lr = -1; /* Call method for left argument */
1488 if (cvp && amtp->fallback > AMGfallNEVER && flags & AMGf_unary) {
1491 /* look for substituted methods */
1492 /* In all the covered cases we should be called with assign==0. */
1496 if ((cv = cvp[off=add_ass_amg])
1497 || ((cv = cvp[off = add_amg]) && (force_cpy = 0, postpr = 1))) {
1498 right = &PL_sv_yes; lr = -1; assign = 1;
1503 if ((cv = cvp[off = subtr_ass_amg])
1504 || ((cv = cvp[off = subtr_amg]) && (force_cpy = 0, postpr=1))) {
1505 right = &PL_sv_yes; lr = -1; assign = 1;
1509 (void)((cv = cvp[off=numer_amg]) || (cv = cvp[off=string_amg]));
1512 (void)((cv = cvp[off=string_amg]) || (cv = cvp[off=bool__amg]));
1515 (void)((cv = cvp[off=numer_amg]) || (cv = cvp[off=bool__amg]));
1518 (void)((cv = cvp[off=bool__amg])
1519 || (cv = cvp[off=numer_amg])
1520 || (cv = cvp[off=string_amg]));
1526 * SV* ref causes confusion with the interpreter variable of
1529 SV* tmpRef=SvRV(left);
1530 if (!SvROK(tmpRef) && SvTYPE(tmpRef) <= SVt_PVMG) {
1532 * Just to be extra cautious. Maybe in some
1533 * additional cases sv_setsv is safe, too.
1535 SV* newref = newSVsv(tmpRef);
1536 SvOBJECT_on(newref);
1537 SvSTASH(newref) = (HV*)SvREFCNT_inc(SvSTASH(tmpRef));
1543 if ((cvp[off1=lt_amg] || cvp[off1=ncmp_amg])
1544 && ((cv = cvp[off=neg_amg]) || (cv = cvp[off=subtr_amg]))) {
1545 SV* nullsv=sv_2mortal(newSViv(0));
1547 SV* lessp = amagic_call(left,nullsv,
1548 lt_amg,AMGf_noright);
1549 logic = SvTRUE(lessp);
1551 SV* lessp = amagic_call(left,nullsv,
1552 ncmp_amg,AMGf_noright);
1553 logic = (SvNV(lessp) < 0);
1556 if (off==subtr_amg) {
1567 if ((cv = cvp[off=subtr_amg])) {
1569 left = sv_2mortal(newSViv(0));
1574 case iter_amg: /* XXXX Eventually should do to_gv. */
1576 return NULL; /* Delegate operation to standard mechanisms. */
1584 return left; /* Delegate operation to standard mechanisms. */
1589 if (!cv) goto not_found;
1590 } else if (!(AMGf_noright & flags) && SvAMAGIC(right)
1591 && (stash = SvSTASH(SvRV(right)))
1592 && (mg = mg_find((SV*)stash, PERL_MAGIC_overload_table))
1593 && (cvp = (AMT_AMAGIC((AMT*)mg->mg_ptr)
1594 ? (amtp = (AMT*)mg->mg_ptr)->table
1596 && (cv = cvp[off=method])) { /* Method for right
1599 } else if (((ocvp && oamtp->fallback > AMGfallNEVER
1600 && (cvp=ocvp) && (lr = -1))
1601 || (cvp && amtp->fallback > AMGfallNEVER && (lr=1)))
1602 && !(flags & AMGf_unary)) {
1603 /* We look for substitution for
1604 * comparison operations and
1606 if (method==concat_amg || method==concat_ass_amg
1607 || method==repeat_amg || method==repeat_ass_amg) {
1608 return NULL; /* Delegate operation to string conversion */
1618 postpr = 1; off=ncmp_amg; break;
1625 postpr = 1; off=scmp_amg; break;
1627 if (off != -1) cv = cvp[off];
1632 not_found: /* No method found, either report or croak */
1640 return left; /* Delegate operation to standard mechanisms. */
1643 if (ocvp && (cv=ocvp[nomethod_amg])) { /* Call report method */
1644 notfound = 1; lr = -1;
1645 } else if (cvp && (cv=cvp[nomethod_amg])) {
1646 notfound = 1; lr = 1;
1649 if (off==-1) off=method;
1650 msg = sv_2mortal(Perl_newSVpvf(aTHX_
1651 "Operation `%s': no method found,%sargument %s%s%s%s",
1652 AMG_id2name(method + assignshift),
1653 (flags & AMGf_unary ? " " : "\n\tleft "),
1655 "in overloaded package ":
1656 "has no overloaded magic",
1658 HvNAME(SvSTASH(SvRV(left))):
1661 ",\n\tright argument in overloaded package ":
1664 : ",\n\tright argument has no overloaded magic"),
1666 HvNAME(SvSTASH(SvRV(right))):
1668 if (amtp && amtp->fallback >= AMGfallYES) {
1669 DEBUG_o( Perl_deb(aTHX_ "%s", SvPVX(msg)) );
1671 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%"SVf, msg);
1675 force_cpy = force_cpy || assign;
1680 DEBUG_o(Perl_deb(aTHX_
1681 "Overloaded operator `%s'%s%s%s:\n\tmethod%s found%s in package %s%s\n",
1683 method+assignshift==off? "" :
1685 method+assignshift==off? "" :
1686 AMG_id2name(method+assignshift),
1687 method+assignshift==off? "" : "')",
1688 flags & AMGf_unary? "" :
1689 lr==1 ? " for right argument": " for left argument",
1690 flags & AMGf_unary? " for argument" : "",
1691 stash ? HvNAME(stash) : "null",
1692 fl? ",\n\tassignment variant used": "") );
1695 /* Since we use shallow copy during assignment, we need
1696 * to dublicate the contents, probably calling user-supplied
1697 * version of copy operator
1699 /* We need to copy in following cases:
1700 * a) Assignment form was called.
1701 * assignshift==1, assign==T, method + 1 == off
1702 * b) Increment or decrement, called directly.
1703 * assignshift==0, assign==0, method + 0 == off
1704 * c) Increment or decrement, translated to assignment add/subtr.
1705 * assignshift==0, assign==T,
1707 * d) Increment or decrement, translated to nomethod.
1708 * assignshift==0, assign==0,
1710 * e) Assignment form translated to nomethod.
1711 * assignshift==1, assign==T, method + 1 != off
1714 /* off is method, method+assignshift, or a result of opcode substitution.
1715 * In the latter case assignshift==0, so only notfound case is important.
1717 if (( (method + assignshift == off)
1718 && (assign || (method == inc_amg) || (method == dec_amg)))
1725 bool oldcatch = CATCH_GET;
1728 Zero(&myop, 1, BINOP);
1729 myop.op_last = (OP *) &myop;
1730 myop.op_next = Nullop;
1731 myop.op_flags = OPf_WANT_SCALAR | OPf_STACKED;
1733 PUSHSTACKi(PERLSI_OVERLOAD);
1736 PL_op = (OP *) &myop;
1737 if (PERLDB_SUB && PL_curstash != PL_debstash)
1738 PL_op->op_private |= OPpENTERSUB_DB;
1742 EXTEND(SP, notfound + 5);
1743 PUSHs(lr>0? right: left);
1744 PUSHs(lr>0? left: right);
1745 PUSHs( lr > 0 ? &PL_sv_yes : ( assign ? &PL_sv_undef : &PL_sv_no ));
1747 PUSHs( sv_2mortal(newSVpv(AMG_id2name(method + assignshift),0)));
1752 if ((PL_op = Perl_pp_entersub(aTHX)))
1760 CATCH_SET(oldcatch);
1767 ans=SvIV(res)<=0; break;
1770 ans=SvIV(res)<0; break;
1773 ans=SvIV(res)>=0; break;
1776 ans=SvIV(res)>0; break;
1779 ans=SvIV(res)==0; break;
1782 ans=SvIV(res)!=0; break;
1785 SvSetSV(left,res); return left;
1787 ans=!SvTRUE(res); break;
1790 } else if (method==copy_amg) {
1792 Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Copy method did not return a reference");
1794 return SvREFCNT_inc(SvRV(res));
1802 =for apidoc is_gv_magical
1804 Returns C<TRUE> if given the name of a magical GV.
1806 Currently only useful internally when determining if a GV should be
1807 created even in rvalue contexts.
1809 C<flags> is not used at present but available for future extension to
1810 allow selecting particular classes of magical variable.
1815 Perl_is_gv_magical(pTHX_ char *name, STRLEN len, U32 flags)
1822 if (len == 3 && strEQ(name, "ISA"))
1826 if (len == 8 && strEQ(name, "OVERLOAD"))
1830 if (len == 3 && strEQ(name, "SIG"))
1833 case '\017': /* $^O & $^OPEN */
1835 || (len == 4 && strEQ(name, "\017PEN")))
1841 if (len > 1 && strEQ(name, "\025NICODE"))
1843 case '\027': /* $^W & $^WARNING_BITS */
1845 || (len == 12 && strEQ(name, "\027ARNING_BITS"))
1877 case '\001': /* $^A */
1878 case '\003': /* $^C */
1879 case '\004': /* $^D */
1880 case '\005': /* $^E */
1881 case '\006': /* $^F */
1882 case '\010': /* $^H */
1883 case '\011': /* $^I, NOT \t in EBCDIC */
1884 case '\014': /* $^L */
1885 case '\016': /* $^N */
1886 case '\020': /* $^P */
1887 case '\023': /* $^S */
1888 case '\026': /* $^V */
1892 case '\024': /* $^T, ${^TAINT} */
1893 if (len == 1 || strEQ(name, "\024AINT"))
1906 char *end = name + len;
1907 while (--end > name) {