3 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
9 use POSIX qw(:errno_h :fcntl_h);
11 printf "EINTR is %d\n", EINTR;
13 $sess_id = POSIX::setsid();
15 $fd = POSIX::open($path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY, 0644);
16 # note: that's a filedescriptor, *NOT* a filehandle
20 The POSIX module permits you to access all (or nearly all) the standard
21 POSIX 1003.1 identifiers. Many of these identifiers have been given Perl-ish
22 interfaces. Things which are C<#defines> in C, like EINTR or O_NDELAY, are
23 automatically exported into your namespace. All functions are only exported
24 if you ask for them explicitly. Most likely people will prefer to use the
25 fully-qualified function names.
27 This document gives a condensed list of the features available in the POSIX
28 module. Consult your operating system's manpages for general information on
29 most features. Consult L<perlfunc> for functions which are noted as being
30 identical to Perl's builtin functions.
32 The first section describes POSIX functions from the 1003.1 specification.
33 The second section describes some classes for signal objects, TTY objects,
34 and other miscellaneous objects. The remaining sections list various
35 constants and macros in an organization which roughly follows IEEE Std
40 The POSIX module is probably the most complex Perl module supplied with
41 the standard distribution. It incorporates autoloading, namespace games,
42 and dynamic loading of code that's in Perl, C, or both. It's a great
47 A few functions are not implemented because they are C specific. If you
48 attempt to call these, they will print a message telling you that they
49 aren't implemented, and suggest using the Perl equivalent should one
50 exist. For example, trying to access the setjmp() call will elicit the
51 message "setjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead".
53 Furthermore, some evil vendors will claim 1003.1 compliance, but in fact
54 are not so: they will not pass the PCTS (POSIX Compliance Test Suites).
55 For example, one vendor may not define EDEADLK, or the semantics of the
56 errno values set by open(2) might not be quite right. Perl does not
57 attempt to verify POSIX compliance. That means you can currently
58 successfully say "use POSIX", and then later in your program you find
59 that your vendor has been lax and there's no usable ICANON macro after
60 all. This could be construed to be a bug.
68 This is identical to the C function C<_exit()>. It exits the program
69 immediately which means among other things buffered I/O is B<not> flushed.
73 This is identical to the C function C<abort()>. It terminates the
74 process with a C<SIGABRT> signal unless caught by a signal handler or
75 if the handler does not return normally (it e.g. does a C<longjmp>).
79 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<abs()> function, returning
80 the absolute value of its numerical argument.
84 Determines the accessibility of a file.
86 if( POSIX::access( "/", &POSIX::R_OK ) ){
87 print "have read permission\n";
90 Returns C<undef> on failure. Note: do not use C<access()> for
91 security purposes. Between the C<access()> call and the operation
92 you are preparing for the permissions might change: a classic
97 This is identical to the C function C<acos()>, returning
98 the arcus cosine of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
102 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<alarm()> function,
103 either for arming or disarming the C<SIGARLM> timer.
107 This is identical to the C function C<asctime()>. It returns
110 "Fri Jun 2 18:22:13 2000\n\0"
112 and it is called thusly
114 $asctime = asctime($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year,
115 $wday, $yday, $isdst);
117 The C<$mon> is zero-based: January equals C<0>. The C<$year> is
118 1900-based: 2001 equals C<101>. The C<$wday>, C<$yday>, and C<$isdst>
119 default to zero (and the first two are usually ignored anyway).
123 This is identical to the C function C<asin()>, returning
124 the arcus sine of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
128 Unimplemented, but you can use L<perlfunc/die> and the L<Carp> module
129 to achieve similar things.
133 This is identical to the C function C<atan()>, returning the
134 arcus tangent of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
138 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<atan2()> function, returning
139 the arcus tangent defined by its two numerical arguments, the I<y>
140 coordinate and the I<x> coordinate. See also L<Math::Trig>.
144 atexit() is C-specific: use C<END {}> instead, see L<perlsub>.
148 atof() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
149 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
153 atoi() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
154 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
155 If you need to have just the integer part, see L<perlfunc/int>.
159 atol() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
160 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
161 If you need to have just the integer part, see L<perlfunc/int>.
165 bsearch() not supplied. For doing binary search on wordlists,
170 calloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
174 This is identical to the C function C<ceil()>, returning the smallest
175 integer value greater than or equal to the given numerical argument.
179 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chdir()> function, allowing
180 one to change the working (default) directory, see L<perlfunc/chdir>.
184 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chmod()> function, allowing
185 one to change file and directory permissions, see L<perlfunc/chmod>.
189 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chown()> function, allowing one
190 to change file and directory owners and groups, see L<perlfunc/chown>.
194 Use the method L<IO::Handle::clearerr()> instead, to reset the error
195 state (if any) and EOF state (if any) of the given stream.
199 This is identical to the C function C<clock()>, returning the
200 amount of spent processor time in microseconds.
204 Close the file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
207 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
210 Returns C<undef> on failure.
212 See also L<perlfunc/close>.
216 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<closedir()> function for closing
217 a directory handle, see L<perlfunc/closedir>.
221 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<cos()> function, for returning
222 the cosine of its numerical argument, see L<perlfunc/cos>.
223 See also L<Math::Trig>.
227 This is identical to the C function C<cosh()>, for returning
228 the hyperbolic cosine of its numeric argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
232 Create a new file. This returns a file descriptor like the ones returned by
233 C<POSIX::open>. Use C<POSIX::close> to close the file.
235 $fd = POSIX::creat( "foo", 0611 );
238 See also L<perlfunc/sysopen> and its C<O_CREAT> flag.
242 Generates the path name for the controlling terminal.
244 $path = POSIX::ctermid();
248 This is identical to the C function C<ctime()> and equivalent
249 to C<asctime(localtime(...))>, see L</asctime> and L</localtime>.
253 Get the login name of the owner of the current process.
255 $name = POSIX::cuserid();
259 This is identical to the C function C<difftime()>, for returning
260 the time difference (in seconds) between two times (as returned
261 by C<time()>), see L</time>.
265 div() is C-specific, use L<perlfunc/int> on the usual C</> division and
270 This is similar to the C function C<dup()>, for duplicating a file
273 This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
276 Returns C<undef> on failure.
280 This is similar to the C function C<dup2()>, for duplicating a file
281 descriptor to an another known file descriptor.
283 This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
286 Returns C<undef> on failure.
290 Returns the value of errno.
292 $errno = POSIX::errno();
294 This identical to the numerical values of the C<$!>, see L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
298 execl() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
302 execle() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
306 execlp() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
310 execv() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
314 execve() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
318 execvp() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
322 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<exit()> function for exiting the
323 program, see L<perlfunc/exit>.
327 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<exp()> function for
328 returning the exponent (I<e>-based) of the numerical argument,
333 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<abs()> function for returning
334 the absolute value of the numerical argument, see L<perlfunc/abs>.
338 Use method C<IO::Handle::close()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/close>.
342 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<fcntl()> function,
343 see L<perlfunc/fcntl>.
347 Use method C<IO::Handle::new_from_fd()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/open>.
351 Use method C<IO::Handle::eof()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/eof>.
355 Use method C<IO::Handle::error()> instead.
359 Use method C<IO::Handle::flush()> instead.
360 See also L<perlvar/$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH>.
364 Use method C<IO::Handle::getc()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/read>.
368 Use method C<IO::Seekable::getpos()> instead, or see L<L/seek>.
372 Use method C<IO::Handle::gets()> instead. Similar to E<lt>E<gt>, also known
373 as L<perlfunc/readline>.
377 Use method C<IO::Handle::fileno()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/fileno>.
381 This is identical to the C function C<floor()>, returning the largest
382 integer value less than or equal to the numerical argument.
386 This is identical to the C function C<fmod()>.
390 It returns the remainder C<$r = $x - $n*$y>, where C<$n = trunc($x/$y)>.
391 The C<$r> has the same sign as C<$x> and magnitude (absolute value)
392 less than the magnitude of C<$y>.
396 Use method C<IO::File::open()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/open>.
400 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<fork()> function
401 for duplicating the current process, see L<perlfunc/fork>
402 and L<perlfork> if you are in Windows.
406 Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory. This
407 uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling C<POSIX::open>.
409 The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable
410 pathname on the filesystem which holds C</tmp/foo>.
412 $fd = POSIX::open( "/tmp/foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
413 $path_max = POSIX::fpathconf( $fd, &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
415 Returns C<undef> on failure.
419 fprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
423 fputc() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
427 fputs() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
431 fread() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/read> instead.
435 free() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
439 freopen() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/open> instead.
443 Return the mantissa and exponent of a floating-point number.
445 ($mantissa, $exponent) = POSIX::frexp( 1.234e56 );
449 fscanf() is C-specific, use E<lt>E<gt> and regular expressions instead.
453 Use method C<IO::Seekable::seek()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/seek>.
457 Use method C<IO::Seekable::setpos()> instead, or seek L<perlfunc/seek>.
461 Get file status. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
462 calling C<POSIX::open>. The data returned is identical to the data from
463 Perl's builtin C<stat> function.
465 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
466 @stats = POSIX::fstat( $fd );
470 Use method C<IO::Seekable::tell()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/tell>.
474 fwrite() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
478 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getc()> function,
479 see L<perlfunc/getc>.
483 Returns one character from STDIN. Identical to Perl's C<getc()>,
484 see L<perlfunc/getc>.
488 Returns the name of the current working directory.
493 Returns the effective group identifier. Similar to Perl' s builtin
494 variable C<$(>, see L<perlvar/$EGID>.
498 Returns the value of the specified enironment variable.
499 The same information is available through the C<%ENV> array.
503 Returns the effective user identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin C<$E<gt>>
504 variable, see L<perlvar/$EUID>.
508 Returns the user's real group identifier. Similar to Perl's builtin
509 variable C<$)>, see L<perlvar/$GID>.
513 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getgrgid()> function for
514 returning group entries by group identifiers, see
515 L<perlfunc/getgrgid>.
519 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getgrnam()> function for
520 returning group entries by group names, see L<perlfunc/getgrnam>.
524 Returns the ids of the user's supplementary groups. Similar to Perl's
525 builtin variable C<$)>, see L<perlvar/$GID>.
529 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getlogin()> function for
530 returning the user name associated with the current session, see
531 L<perlfunc/getlogin>.
535 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpgrp()> function for
536 returning the prcess group identifier of the current process, see
541 Returns the process identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin
542 variable C<$$>, see L<perlvar/$PID>.
546 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getppid()> function for
547 returning the process identifier of the parent process of the current
548 process , see L<perlfunc/getppid>.
552 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpwnam()> function for
553 returning user entries by user names, see L<perlfunc/getpwnam>.
557 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpwuid()> function for
558 returning user entries by user identifiers, see L<perlfunc/getpwuid>.
562 Returns one line from C<STDIN>, similar to E<lt>E<gt>, also known
563 as the C<readline()> function, see L<perlfunc/readline>.
565 B<NOTE>: if you have C programs that still use C<gets()>, be very
566 afraid. The C<gets()> function is a source of endless grief because
567 it has no buffer overrun checks. It should B<never> be used. The
568 C<fgets()> function should be preferred instead.
572 Returns the user's identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin C<$E<lt>> variable,
577 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<gmtime()> function for
578 converting seconds since the epoch to a date in Greenwich Mean Time,
579 see L<perlfunc/gmtime>.
583 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
584 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
585 C</[[:isalnum:]]/> construct instead, or possibly the C</\w/> construct.
589 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
590 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
591 C</[[:isalpha:]]/> construct instead.
595 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified filehandle is connected
596 to a tty. Similar to the C<-t> operator, see L<perlfunc/-X>.
600 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
601 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
602 C</[[:iscntrl:]]/> construct instead.
606 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
607 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
608 C</[[:isdigit:]]/> construct instead, or the C</\d/> construct.
612 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
613 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
614 C</[[:isgraph:]]/> construct instead.
618 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
619 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
620 C</[[:islower:]]/> construct instead. Do B<not> use C</a-z/>.
624 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
625 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
626 C</[[:isprint:]]/> construct instead.
630 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
631 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
632 C</[[:ispunct:]]/> construct instead.
636 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
637 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
638 C</[[:isspace:]]/> construct instead, or the C</\s/> construct.
642 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
643 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
644 C</[[:isupper:]]/> construct instead. Do B<not> use C</A-Z/>.
648 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
649 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
650 C</[[:isxdigit:]]/> construct instead, or simply C</[0-9a-f]/i>.
654 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<kill()> function for sending
655 signals to processes (often to terminate them), see L<perlfunc/kill>.
659 (For returning absolute values of long integers.)
660 labs() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/abs> instead.
664 This is identical to the C function C<ldexp()>
665 for multiplying floating point numbers with powers of two.
667 $x_quadrupled = POSIX::ldexp($x, 2);
671 (For computing dividends of long integers.)
672 ldiv() is C-specific, use C</> and C<int()> instead.
676 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<link()> function
677 for creating hard links into files, see L<perlfunc/link>.
681 Get numeric formatting information. Returns a reference to a hash
682 containing the current locale formatting values.
684 Here is how to query the database for the B<de> (Deutsch or German) locale.
686 $loc = POSIX::setlocale( &POSIX::LC_ALL, "de" );
687 print "Locale = $loc\n";
688 $lconv = POSIX::localeconv();
689 print "decimal_point = ", $lconv->{decimal_point}, "\n";
690 print "thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{thousands_sep}, "\n";
691 print "grouping = ", $lconv->{grouping}, "\n";
692 print "int_curr_symbol = ", $lconv->{int_curr_symbol}, "\n";
693 print "currency_symbol = ", $lconv->{currency_symbol}, "\n";
694 print "mon_decimal_point = ", $lconv->{mon_decimal_point}, "\n";
695 print "mon_thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{mon_thousands_sep}, "\n";
696 print "mon_grouping = ", $lconv->{mon_grouping}, "\n";
697 print "positive_sign = ", $lconv->{positive_sign}, "\n";
698 print "negative_sign = ", $lconv->{negative_sign}, "\n";
699 print "int_frac_digits = ", $lconv->{int_frac_digits}, "\n";
700 print "frac_digits = ", $lconv->{frac_digits}, "\n";
701 print "p_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{p_cs_precedes}, "\n";
702 print "p_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{p_sep_by_space}, "\n";
703 print "n_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{n_cs_precedes}, "\n";
704 print "n_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{n_sep_by_space}, "\n";
705 print "p_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{p_sign_posn}, "\n";
706 print "n_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{n_sign_posn}, "\n";
710 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<localtime()> function for
711 converting seconds since the epoch to a date see L<perlfunc/localtime>.
715 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<log()> function,
716 returning the natural (I<e>-based) logarithm of the numerical argument,
721 This is identical to the C function C<log10()>,
722 returning the 10-base logarithm of the numerical argument.
725 sub log10 { log($_[0]) / log(10) }
729 sub log10 { log($_[0]) / 2.30258509299405 }
733 sub log10 { log($_[0]) * 0.434294481903252 }
737 longjmp() is C-specific: use L<perlfunc/die> instead.
741 Move the file's read/write position. This uses file descriptors such as
742 those obtained by calling C<POSIX::open>.
744 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
745 $off_t = POSIX::lseek( $fd, 0, &POSIX::SEEK_SET );
747 Returns C<undef> on failure.
751 malloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
755 This is identical to the C function C<mblen()>.
756 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
757 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
762 This is identical to the C function C<mbstowcs()>.
763 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
764 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
769 This is identical to the C function C<mbtowc()>.
770 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
771 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
776 memchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/index> instead.
780 memcmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> instead, see L<perlop>.
784 memcpy() is C-specific, use C<=>, see L<perlop>, or see L<perlfunc/substr>.
788 memmove() is C-specific, use C<=>, see L<perlop>, or see L<perlfunc/substr>.
792 memset() is C-specific, use C<x> instead, see L<perlop>.
796 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<mkdir()> function
797 for creating directories, see L<perlfunc/mkdir>.
801 This is similar to the C function C<mkfifo()> for creating
804 if (mkfifo($path, $mode)) { ....
806 Returns C<undef> on failure. The C<$mode> is similar to the
807 mode of C<mkdir()>, see L<perlfunc/mkdir>.
811 Convert date/time info to a calendar time.
815 mktime(sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = 0, yday = 0, isdst = 0)
817 The month (C<mon>), weekday (C<wday>), and yearday (C<yday>) begin at zero.
818 I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The
819 year (C<year>) is given in years since 1900. I.e. The year 1995 is 95; the
820 year 2001 is 101. Consult your system's C<mktime()> manpage for details
821 about these and the other arguments.
823 Calendar time for December 12, 1995, at 10:30 am.
825 $time_t = POSIX::mktime( 0, 30, 10, 12, 11, 95 );
826 print "Date = ", POSIX::ctime($time_t);
828 Returns C<undef> on failure.
832 Return the integral and fractional parts of a floating-point number.
834 ($fractional, $integral) = POSIX::modf( 3.14 );
838 This is similar to the C function C<nice()>, for changing
839 the scheduling preference of the current process. Positive
840 arguments mean more polite process, negative values more
841 needy process. Normal user processes can only be more polite.
843 Returns C<undef> on failure.
847 offsetof() is C-specific, you probably want to see L<perlfunc/pack> instead.
851 Open a file for reading for writing. This returns file descriptors, not
852 Perl filehandles. Use C<POSIX::close> to close the file.
854 Open a file read-only with mode 0666.
856 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo" );
858 Open a file for read and write.
860 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDWR );
862 Open a file for write, with truncation.
864 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY | &POSIX::O_TRUNC );
866 Create a new file with mode 0640. Set up the file for writing.
868 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_CREAT | &POSIX::O_WRONLY, 0640 );
870 Returns C<undef> on failure.
872 See also L<perlfunc/sysopen>.
876 Open a directory for reading.
878 $dir = POSIX::opendir( "/tmp" );
879 @files = POSIX::readdir( $dir );
880 POSIX::closedir( $dir );
882 Returns C<undef> on failure.
886 Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory.
888 The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable
889 pathname on the filesystem which holds C</tmp>.
891 $path_max = POSIX::pathconf( "/tmp", &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
893 Returns C<undef> on failure.
897 This is similar to the C function C<pause()>, which suspends
898 the execution of the current process until a signal is received.
900 Returns C<undef> on failure.
904 This is identical to the C function C<perror()>, which outputs to the
905 standard error stream the specified message followed by ": " and the
906 current error string. Use the C<warn()> function and the C<$!>
907 variable instead, see L<perlfunc/warn> and L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
911 Create an interprocess channel. This returns file descriptors like those
912 returned by C<POSIX::open>.
914 ($fd0, $fd1) = POSIX::pipe();
915 POSIX::write( $fd0, "hello", 5 );
916 POSIX::read( $fd1, $buf, 5 );
918 See also L<perlfunc/pipe>.
922 Computes C<$x> raised to the power C<$exponent>.
924 $ret = POSIX::pow( $x, $exponent );
926 You can also use the C<**> operator, see L<perlop>.
930 Formats and prints the specified arguments to STDOUT.
931 See also L<perlfunc/printf>.
935 putc() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
939 putchar() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
943 puts() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
947 qsort() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/sort> instead.
951 Sends the specified signal to the current process.
952 See also L<perlfunc/kill> and the C<$$> in L<perlvar/$PID>.
956 C<rand()> is non-portable, see L<perlfunc/rand> instead.
960 Read from a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
961 calling C<POSIX::open>. If the buffer C<$buf> is not large enough for the
962 read then Perl will extend it to make room for the request.
964 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
965 $bytes = POSIX::read( $fd, $buf, 3 );
967 Returns C<undef> on failure.
969 See also L<perlfunc/sysread>.
973 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<readdir()> function
974 for reading directory entries, see L<perlfunc/readdir>.
978 realloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
982 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<unlink()> function
983 for removing files, see L<perlfunc/unlink>.
987 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rename()> function
988 for renaming files, see L<perlfunc/rename>.
992 Seeks to the beginning of the file.
996 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rewinddir()> function for
997 rewinding directory entry streams, see L<perlfunc/rewinddir>.
1001 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rmdir()> function
1002 for removing (empty) directories, see L<perlfunc/rmdir>.
1006 scanf() is C-specific, use E<lt>E<gt> and regular expressions instead,
1011 Sets the real group identifier for this process.
1012 Identical to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin C<$)> variable,
1013 see L<perlvar/$UID>.
1017 C<setjmp()> is C-specific: use C<eval {}> instead,
1018 see L<perlfunc/eval>.
1022 Modifies and queries program's locale. The following examples assume
1024 use POSIX qw(setlocale LC_ALL LC_CTYPE);
1028 The following will set the traditional UNIX system locale behavior
1029 (the second argument C<"C">).
1031 $loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "C" );
1033 The following will query the current LC_CTYPE category. (No second
1034 argument means 'query'.)
1036 $loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE );
1038 The following will set the LC_CTYPE behaviour according to the locale
1039 environment variables (the second argument C<"">).
1040 Please see your systems L<setlocale(3)> documentation for the locale
1041 environment variables' meaning or consult L<perllocale>.
1043 $loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE, "" );
1045 The following will set the LC_COLLATE behaviour to Argentinian
1046 Spanish. B<NOTE>: The naming and availability of locales depends on
1047 your operating system. Please consult L<perllocale> for how to find
1048 out which locales are available in your system.
1050 $loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "es_AR.ISO8859-1" );
1054 This is similar to the C function C<setpgid()> for
1055 setting the process group identifier of the current process.
1057 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1061 This is identical to the C function C<setsid()> for
1062 setting the session identifier of the current process.
1066 Sets the real user identifier for this process.
1067 Identical to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin C<$E<lt>> variable,
1068 see L<perlvar/$UID>.
1072 Detailed signal management. This uses C<POSIX::SigAction> objects for the
1073 C<action> and C<oldaction> arguments. Consult your system's C<sigaction>
1074 manpage for details.
1078 sigaction(sig, action, oldaction = 0)
1080 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1084 siglongjmp() is C-specific: use L<perlfunc/die> instead.
1088 Examine signals that are blocked and pending. This uses C<POSIX::SigSet>
1089 objects for the C<sigset> argument. Consult your system's C<sigpending>
1090 manpage for details.
1096 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1100 Change and/or examine calling process's signal mask. This uses
1101 C<POSIX::SigSet> objects for the C<sigset> and C<oldsigset> arguments.
1102 Consult your system's C<sigprocmask> manpage for details.
1106 sigprocmask(how, sigset, oldsigset = 0)
1108 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1112 C<sigsetjmp()> is C-specific: use C<eval {}> instead,
1113 see L<perlfunc/eval>.
1117 Install a signal mask and suspend process until signal arrives. This uses
1118 C<POSIX::SigSet> objects for the C<signal_mask> argument. Consult your
1119 system's C<sigsuspend> manpage for details.
1123 sigsuspend(signal_mask)
1125 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1129 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<sin()> function
1130 for returning the sine of the numerical argument,
1131 see L<perlfunc/sin>. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1135 This is identical to the C function C<sinh()>
1136 for returning the hyperbolic sine of the numerical argument.
1137 See also L<Math::Trig>.
1141 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<sleep()> function
1142 for suspending the execution of the current for process
1143 for certain number of seconds, see L<perlfunc/sleep>.
1147 This is similar to Perl's builtin C<sprintf()> function
1148 for returning a string that has the arguments formatted as requested,
1149 see L<perlfunc/sprintf>.
1153 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<sqrt()> function.
1154 for returning the square root of the numerical argument,
1155 see L<perlfunc/sqrt>.
1159 Give a seed the pseudorandom number generator, see L<perlfunc/srand>.
1163 sscanf() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1168 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<stat()> function
1169 for retutning information about files and directories.
1173 strcat() is C-specific, use C<.=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1177 strchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/index> instead.
1181 strcmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> or C<cmp> instead, see L<perlop>.
1185 This is identical to the C function C<strcoll()>
1186 for collating (comparing) strings transformed using
1187 the C<strxfrm()> function. Not really needed since
1188 Perl can do this transparently, see L<perllocale>.
1192 strcpy() is C-specific, use C<=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1196 strcspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1201 Returns the error string for the specified errno.
1202 Identical to the string form of the C<$!>, see L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
1206 Convert date and time information to string. Returns the string.
1210 strftime(fmt, sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = -1, yday = -1, isdst = -1)
1212 The month (C<mon>), weekday (C<wday>), and yearday (C<yday>) begin at zero.
1213 I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The
1214 year (C<year>) is given in years since 1900. I.e., the year 1995 is 95; the
1215 year 2001 is 101. Consult your system's C<strftime()> manpage for details
1216 about these and the other arguments.
1217 If you want your code to be portable, your format (C<fmt>) argument
1218 should use only the conversion specifiers defined by the ANSI C
1219 standard. These are C<aAbBcdHIjmMpSUwWxXyYZ%>.
1220 The given arguments are made consistent
1221 as though by calling C<mktime()> before calling your system's
1222 C<strftime()> function, except that the C<isdst> value is not affected.
1224 The string for Tuesday, December 12, 1995.
1226 $str = POSIX::strftime( "%A, %B %d, %Y", 0, 0, 0, 12, 11, 95, 2 );
1231 strlen() is C-specific, use C<length()> instead, see L<perlfunc/length>.
1235 strncat() is C-specific, use C<.=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1239 strncmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> instead, see L<perlop>.
1243 strncpy() is C-specific, use C<=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1247 strpbrk() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1252 strrchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/rindex> instead.
1256 strspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1261 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<index()> function,
1262 see L<perlfunc/index>.
1266 String to double translation. Returns the parsed number and the number
1267 of characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly
1268 POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation
1269 error, so clear $! before calling strtod. However, non-POSIX systems
1270 may not check for overflow, and therefore will never set $!.
1272 strtod should respect any POSIX I<setlocale()> settings.
1274 To parse a string $str as a floating point number use
1277 ($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtod($str);
1279 The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:
1281 if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
1282 die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
1285 When called in a scalar context strtod returns the parsed number.
1289 strtok() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see
1290 L<perlre>, or L<perlfunc/split>.
1294 String to (long) integer translation. Returns the parsed number and
1295 the number of characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly
1296 POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation
1297 error, so clear $! before calling strtol. However, non-POSIX systems
1298 may not check for overflow, and therefore will never set $!.
1300 strtol should respect any POSIX I<setlocale()> settings.
1302 To parse a string $str as a number in some base $base use
1305 ($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtol($str, $base);
1307 The base should be zero or between 2 and 36, inclusive. When the base
1308 is zero or omitted strtol will use the string itself to determine the
1309 base: a leading "0x" or "0X" means hexadecimal; a leading "0" means
1310 octal; any other leading characters mean decimal. Thus, "1234" is
1311 parsed as a decimal number, "01234" as an octal number, and "0x1234"
1312 as a hexadecimal number.
1314 The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:
1316 if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
1317 die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
1320 When called in a scalar context strtol returns the parsed number.
1324 String to unsigned (long) integer translation. strtoul() is identical
1325 to strtol() except that strtoul() only parses unsigned integers. See
1326 L</strtol> for details.
1328 Note: Some vendors supply strtod() and strtol() but not strtoul().
1329 Other vendors that do supply strtoul() parse "-1" as a valid value.
1333 String transformation. Returns the transformed string.
1335 $dst = POSIX::strxfrm( $src );
1337 Used in conjunction with the C<strcoll()> function, see L</strcoll>.
1339 Not really needed since Perl can do this transparently, see
1344 Retrieves values of system configurable variables.
1346 The following will get the machine's clock speed.
1348 $clock_ticks = POSIX::sysconf( &POSIX::_SC_CLK_TCK );
1350 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1354 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<system()> function, see
1359 This is identical to the C function C<tan()>, returning the
1360 tangent of the numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1364 This is identical to the C function C<tanh()>, returning the
1365 hyperbolic tangent of the numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1369 This is similar to the C function C<tcdrain()> for draining
1370 the output queue of its argument stream.
1372 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1376 This is similar to the C function C<tcflow()> for controlling
1377 the flow of its argument stream.
1379 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1383 This is similar to the C function C<tcflush()> for flushing
1384 the I/O buffers of its argumeny stream.
1386 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1390 This is identical to the C function C<tcgetpgrp()> for returning the
1391 process group identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling
1396 This is similar to the C function C<tcsendbreak()> for sending
1397 a break on its argument stream.
1399 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1403 This is similar to the C function C<tcsetpgrp()> for setting the
1404 process group identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling
1407 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1411 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<time()> function
1412 for returning the number of seconds since the epoch
1413 (whatever it is for the system), see L<perlfunc/time>.
1417 The times() function returns elapsed realtime since some point in the past
1418 (such as system startup), user and system times for this process, and user
1419 and system times used by child processes. All times are returned in clock
1422 ($realtime, $user, $system, $cuser, $csystem) = POSIX::times();
1424 Note: Perl's builtin C<times()> function returns four values, measured in
1429 Use method C<IO::File::new_tmpfile()> instead, or see L<File::Temp>.
1433 Returns a name for a temporary file.
1435 $tmpfile = POSIX::tmpnam();
1437 See also L<File::Temp>.
1441 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
1442 character or to a whole string. Consider using the C<lc()> function,
1443 see L<perlfunc/lc>, or the equivalent C<\L> operator inside doublequotish
1448 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
1449 character or to a whole string. Consider using the C<uc()> function,
1450 see L<perlfunc/uc>, or the equivalent C<\U> operator inside doublequotish
1455 This is identical to the C function C<ttyname()> for returning the
1456 name of the current terminal.
1460 Retrieves the time conversion information from the C<tzname> variable.
1463 ($std, $dst) = POSIX::tzname();
1467 This is identical to the C function C<tzset()> for setting
1468 the current timezone based on the environment variable C<TZ>,
1469 to be used by C<ctime()>, C<localtime()>, C<mktime()>, and C<strftime()>
1474 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<umask()> function
1475 for setting (and querying) the file creation permission mask,
1476 see L<perlfunc/umask>.
1480 Get name of current operating system.
1482 ($sysname, $nodename, $release, $version, $machine) = POSIX::uname();
1484 Note that the actual meanings of the various fields are not
1485 that well standardized, do not expect any great portability.
1486 The C<$sysname> might be the name of the operating system,
1487 the C<$nodename> might be the name of the host, the C<$release>
1488 might be the (major) release number of the operating system,
1489 the C<$version> might be the (minor) release number of the
1490 operating system, and the C<$machine> might be a hardware identifier.
1495 Use method C<IO::Handle::ungetc()> instead.
1499 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<unlink()> function
1500 for removing files, see L<perlfunc/unlink>.
1504 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<utime()> function
1505 for changing the time stamps of files and directories,
1506 see L<perlfunc/utime>.
1510 vfprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
1514 vprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
1518 vsprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/sprintf> instead.
1522 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<wait()> function,
1523 see L<perlfunc/wait>.
1527 Wait for a child process to change state. This is identical to Perl's
1528 builtin C<waitpid()> function, see L<perlfunc/waitpid>.
1530 $pid = POSIX::waitpid( -1, &POSIX::WNOHANG );
1531 print "status = ", ($? / 256), "\n";
1535 This is identical to the C function C<wcstombs()>.
1536 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
1537 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
1542 This is identical to the C function C<wctomb()>.
1543 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
1544 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
1549 Write to a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
1550 calling C<POSIX::open>.
1552 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY );
1554 $bytes = POSIX::write( $b, $buf, 5 );
1556 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1558 See also L<perlfunc/syswrite>.
1564 =head2 POSIX::SigAction
1570 Creates a new C<POSIX::SigAction> object which corresponds to the C
1571 C<struct sigaction>. This object will be destroyed automatically when it is
1572 no longer needed. The first parameter is the fully-qualified name of a sub
1573 which is a signal-handler. The second parameter is a C<POSIX::SigSet>
1574 object, it defaults to the empty set. The third parameter contains the
1575 C<sa_flags>, it defaults to 0.
1577 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new(SIGINT, SIGQUIT);
1578 $sigaction = POSIX::SigAction->new( 'main::handler', $sigset, &POSIX::SA_NOCLDSTOP );
1580 This C<POSIX::SigAction> object should be used with the C<POSIX::sigaction()>
1585 =head2 POSIX::SigSet
1591 Create a new SigSet object. This object will be destroyed automatically
1592 when it is no longer needed. Arguments may be supplied to initialize the
1595 Create an empty set.
1597 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new;
1599 Create a set with SIGUSR1.
1601 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 );
1605 Add a signal to a SigSet object.
1607 $sigset->addset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
1609 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1613 Remove a signal from the SigSet object.
1615 $sigset->delset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
1617 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1621 Initialize the SigSet object to be empty.
1623 $sigset->emptyset();
1625 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1629 Initialize the SigSet object to include all signals.
1633 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1637 Tests the SigSet object to see if it contains a specific signal.
1639 if( $sigset->ismember( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 ) ){
1640 print "contains SIGUSR1\n";
1645 =head2 POSIX::Termios
1651 Create a new Termios object. This object will be destroyed automatically
1652 when it is no longer needed. A Termios object corresponds to the termios
1653 C struct. new() mallocs a new one, getattr() fills it from a file descriptor,
1654 and setattr() sets a file descriptor's parameters to match Termios' contents.
1656 $termios = POSIX::Termios->new;
1660 Get terminal control attributes.
1662 Obtain the attributes for stdin.
1666 Obtain the attributes for stdout.
1668 $termios->getattr( 1 )
1670 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1674 Retrieve a value from the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is
1675 an array so an index must be specified.
1677 $c_cc[1] = $termios->getcc(1);
1681 Retrieve the c_cflag field of a termios object.
1683 $c_cflag = $termios->getcflag;
1687 Retrieve the c_iflag field of a termios object.
1689 $c_iflag = $termios->getiflag;
1693 Retrieve the input baud rate.
1695 $ispeed = $termios->getispeed;
1699 Retrieve the c_lflag field of a termios object.
1701 $c_lflag = $termios->getlflag;
1705 Retrieve the c_oflag field of a termios object.
1707 $c_oflag = $termios->getoflag;
1711 Retrieve the output baud rate.
1713 $ospeed = $termios->getospeed;
1717 Set terminal control attributes.
1719 Set attributes immediately for stdout.
1721 $termios->setattr( 1, &POSIX::TCSANOW );
1723 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1727 Set a value in the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is an
1728 array so an index must be specified.
1730 $termios->setcc( &POSIX::VEOF, 1 );
1734 Set the c_cflag field of a termios object.
1736 $termios->setcflag( $c_cflag | &POSIX::CLOCAL );
1740 Set the c_iflag field of a termios object.
1742 $termios->setiflag( $c_iflag | &POSIX::BRKINT );
1746 Set the input baud rate.
1748 $termios->setispeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
1750 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1754 Set the c_lflag field of a termios object.
1756 $termios->setlflag( $c_lflag | &POSIX::ECHO );
1760 Set the c_oflag field of a termios object.
1762 $termios->setoflag( $c_oflag | &POSIX::OPOST );
1766 Set the output baud rate.
1768 $termios->setospeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
1770 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1772 =item Baud rate values
1774 B38400 B75 B200 B134 B300 B1800 B150 B0 B19200 B1200 B9600 B600 B4800 B50 B2400 B110
1776 =item Terminal interface values
1778 TCSADRAIN TCSANOW TCOON TCIOFLUSH TCOFLUSH TCION TCIFLUSH TCSAFLUSH TCIOFF TCOOFF
1780 =item c_cc field values
1782 VEOF VEOL VERASE VINTR VKILL VQUIT VSUSP VSTART VSTOP VMIN VTIME NCCS
1784 =item c_cflag field values
1786 CLOCAL CREAD CSIZE CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8 CSTOPB HUPCL PARENB PARODD
1788 =item c_iflag field values
1790 BRKINT ICRNL IGNBRK IGNCR IGNPAR INLCR INPCK ISTRIP IXOFF IXON PARMRK
1792 =item c_lflag field values
1794 ECHO ECHOE ECHOK ECHONL ICANON IEXTEN ISIG NOFLSH TOSTOP
1796 =item c_oflag field values
1802 =head1 PATHNAME CONSTANTS
1808 _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _PC_LINK_MAX _PC_MAX_CANON _PC_MAX_INPUT _PC_NAME_MAX _PC_NO_TRUNC _PC_PATH_MAX _PC_PIPE_BUF _PC_VDISABLE
1812 =head1 POSIX CONSTANTS
1818 _POSIX_ARG_MAX _POSIX_CHILD_MAX _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL _POSIX_LINK_MAX _POSIX_MAX_CANON _POSIX_MAX_INPUT _POSIX_NAME_MAX _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX _POSIX_NO_TRUNC _POSIX_OPEN_MAX _POSIX_PATH_MAX _POSIX_PIPE_BUF _POSIX_SAVED_IDS _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX _POSIX_STREAM_MAX _POSIX_TZNAME_MAX _POSIX_VDISABLE _POSIX_VERSION
1822 =head1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
1828 _SC_ARG_MAX _SC_CHILD_MAX _SC_CLK_TCK _SC_JOB_CONTROL _SC_NGROUPS_MAX _SC_OPEN_MAX _SC_SAVED_IDS _SC_STREAM_MAX _SC_TZNAME_MAX _SC_VERSION
1838 E2BIG EACCES EADDRINUSE EADDRNOTAVAIL EAFNOSUPPORT EAGAIN EALREADY EBADF
1839 EBUSY ECHILD ECONNABORTED ECONNREFUSED ECONNRESET EDEADLK EDESTADDRREQ
1840 EDOM EDQUOT EEXIST EFAULT EFBIG EHOSTDOWN EHOSTUNREACH EINPROGRESS EINTR
1841 EINVAL EIO EISCONN EISDIR ELOOP EMFILE EMLINK EMSGSIZE ENAMETOOLONG
1842 ENETDOWN ENETRESET ENETUNREACH ENFILE ENOBUFS ENODEV ENOENT ENOEXEC
1843 ENOLCK ENOMEM ENOPROTOOPT ENOSPC ENOSYS ENOTBLK ENOTCONN ENOTDIR
1844 ENOTEMPTY ENOTSOCK ENOTTY ENXIO EOPNOTSUPP EPERM EPFNOSUPPORT EPIPE
1845 EPROCLIM EPROTONOSUPPORT EPROTOTYPE ERANGE EREMOTE ERESTART EROFS
1846 ESHUTDOWN ESOCKTNOSUPPORT ESPIPE ESRCH ESTALE ETIMEDOUT ETOOMANYREFS
1847 ETXTBSY EUSERS EWOULDBLOCK EXDEV
1857 FD_CLOEXEC F_DUPFD F_GETFD F_GETFL F_GETLK F_OK F_RDLCK F_SETFD F_SETFL F_SETLK F_SETLKW F_UNLCK F_WRLCK O_ACCMODE O_APPEND O_CREAT O_EXCL O_NOCTTY O_NONBLOCK O_RDONLY O_RDWR O_TRUNC O_WRONLY
1867 DBL_DIG DBL_EPSILON DBL_MANT_DIG DBL_MAX DBL_MAX_10_EXP DBL_MAX_EXP DBL_MIN DBL_MIN_10_EXP DBL_MIN_EXP FLT_DIG FLT_EPSILON FLT_MANT_DIG FLT_MAX FLT_MAX_10_EXP FLT_MAX_EXP FLT_MIN FLT_MIN_10_EXP FLT_MIN_EXP FLT_RADIX FLT_ROUNDS LDBL_DIG LDBL_EPSILON LDBL_MANT_DIG LDBL_MAX LDBL_MAX_10_EXP LDBL_MAX_EXP LDBL_MIN LDBL_MIN_10_EXP LDBL_MIN_EXP
1877 ARG_MAX CHAR_BIT CHAR_MAX CHAR_MIN CHILD_MAX INT_MAX INT_MIN LINK_MAX LONG_MAX LONG_MIN MAX_CANON MAX_INPUT MB_LEN_MAX NAME_MAX NGROUPS_MAX OPEN_MAX PATH_MAX PIPE_BUF SCHAR_MAX SCHAR_MIN SHRT_MAX SHRT_MIN SSIZE_MAX STREAM_MAX TZNAME_MAX UCHAR_MAX UINT_MAX ULONG_MAX USHRT_MAX
1887 LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME
1907 SA_NOCLDSTOP SA_NOCLDWAIT SA_NODEFER SA_ONSTACK SA_RESETHAND SA_RESTART
1908 SA_SIGINFO SIGABRT SIGALRM SIGCHLD SIGCONT SIGFPE SIGHUP SIGILL SIGINT
1909 SIGKILL SIGPIPE SIGQUIT SIGSEGV SIGSTOP SIGTERM SIGTSTP SIGTTIN SIGTTOU
1910 SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIG_BLOCK SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN SIG_SETMASK
1921 S_IRGRP S_IROTH S_IRUSR S_IRWXG S_IRWXO S_IRWXU S_ISGID S_ISUID S_IWGRP S_IWOTH S_IWUSR S_IXGRP S_IXOTH S_IXUSR
1925 S_ISBLK S_ISCHR S_ISDIR S_ISFIFO S_ISREG
1935 EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS MB_CUR_MAX RAND_MAX
1945 BUFSIZ EOF FILENAME_MAX L_ctermid L_cuserid L_tmpname TMP_MAX
1955 CLK_TCK CLOCKS_PER_SEC
1965 R_OK SEEK_CUR SEEK_END SEEK_SET STDIN_FILENO STDOUT_FILENO STDERR_FILENO W_OK X_OK
1979 WIFEXITED WEXITSTATUS WIFSIGNALED WTERMSIG WIFSTOPPED WSTOPSIG