3 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
9 use POSIX qw(:errno_h :fcntl_h);
11 printf "EINTR is %d\n", EINTR;
13 $sess_id = POSIX::setsid();
15 $fd = POSIX::open($path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY, 0644);
16 # note: that's a filedescriptor, *NOT* a filehandle
20 The POSIX module permits you to access all (or nearly all) the standard
21 POSIX 1003.1 identifiers. Many of these identifiers have been given Perl-ish
22 interfaces. Things which are C<#defines> in C, like EINTR or O_NDELAY, are
23 automatically exported into your namespace. All functions are only exported
24 if you ask for them explicitly. Most likely people will prefer to use the
25 fully-qualified function names.
27 This document gives a condensed list of the features available in the POSIX
28 module. Consult your operating system's manpages for general information on
29 most features. Consult L<perlfunc> for functions which are noted as being
30 identical to Perl's builtin functions.
32 The first section describes POSIX functions from the 1003.1 specification.
33 The second section describes some classes for signal objects, TTY objects,
34 and other miscellaneous objects. The remaining sections list various
35 constants and macros in an organization which roughly follows IEEE Std
40 The POSIX module is probably the most complex Perl module supplied with
41 the standard distribution. It incorporates autoloading, namespace games,
42 and dynamic loading of code that's in Perl, C, or both. It's a great
47 A few functions are not implemented because they are C specific. If you
48 attempt to call these, they will print a message telling you that they
49 aren't implemented, and suggest using the Perl equivalent should one
50 exist. For example, trying to access the setjmp() call will elicit the
51 message "setjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead".
53 Furthermore, some evil vendors will claim 1003.1 compliance, but in fact
54 are not so: they will not pass the PCTS (POSIX Compliance Test Suites).
55 For example, one vendor may not define EDEADLK, or the semantics of the
56 errno values set by open(2) might not be quite right. Perl does not
57 attempt to verify POSIX compliance. That means you can currently
58 successfully say "use POSIX", and then later in your program you find
59 that your vendor has been lax and there's no usable ICANON macro after
60 all. This could be construed to be a bug.
68 This is identical to the C function C<_exit()>. It exits the program
69 immediately which means among other things buffered I/O is B<not> flushed.
73 This is identical to the C function C<abort()>. It terminates the
74 process with a C<SIGABRT> signal unless caught by a signal handler or
75 if the handler does not return normally (it e.g. does a C<longjmp>).
79 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<abs()> function, returning
80 the absolute value of its numerical argument.
84 Determines the accessibility of a file.
86 if( POSIX::access( "/", &POSIX::R_OK ) ){
87 print "have read permission\n";
90 Returns C<undef> on failure. Note: do not use C<access()> for
91 security purposes. Between the C<access()> call and the operation
92 you are preparing for the permissions might change: a classic
97 This is identical to the C function C<acos()>, returning
98 the arcus cosine of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
102 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<alarm()> function,
103 either for arming or disarming the C<SIGARLM> timer.
107 This is identical to the C function C<asctime()>. It returns
110 "Fri Jun 2 18:22:13 2000\n\0"
112 and it is called thusly
114 $asctime = asctime($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year,
115 $wday, $yday, $isdst);
117 The C<$mon> is zero-based: January equals C<0>. The C<$year> is
118 1900-based: 2001 equals C<101>. The C<$wday>, C<$yday>, and C<$isdst>
119 default to zero (and the first two are usually ignored anyway).
123 This is identical to the C function C<asin()>, returning
124 the arcus sine of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
128 Unimplemented, but you can use L<perlfunc/die> and the L<Carp> module
129 to achieve similar things.
133 This is identical to the C function C<atan()>, returning the
134 arcus tangent of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
138 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<atan2()> function, returning
139 the arcus tangent defined by its two numerical arguments, the I<y>
140 coordinate and the I<x> coordinate. See also L<Math::Trig>.
144 atexit() is C-specific: use C<END {}> instead, see L<perlsub>.
148 atof() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
149 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
153 atoi() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
154 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
155 If you need to have just the integer part, see L<perlfunc/int>.
159 atol() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
160 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
161 If you need to have just the integer part, see L<perlfunc/int>.
165 bsearch() not supplied. For doing binary search on wordlists,
170 calloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
174 This is identical to the C function C<ceil()>, returning the smallest
175 integer value greater than or equal to the given numerical argument.
179 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chdir()> function, allowing
180 one to change the working (default) directory, see L<perlfunc/chdir>.
184 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chmod()> function, allowing
185 one to change file and directory permissions, see L<perlfunc/chmod>.
189 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chown()> function, allowing one
190 to change file and directory owners and groups, see L<perlfunc/chown>.
194 Use the method L<IO::Handle::clearerr()> instead, to reset the error
195 state (if any) and EOF state (if any) of the given stream.
199 This is identical to the C function C<clock()>, returning the
200 amount of spent processor time in microseconds.
204 Close the file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
207 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
210 Returns C<undef> on failure.
212 See also L<perlfunc/close>.
216 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<closedir()> function for closing
217 a directory handle, see L<perlfunc/closedir>.
221 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<cos()> function, for returning
222 the cosine of its numerical argument, see L<perlfunc/cos>.
223 See also L<Math::Trig>.
227 This is identical to the C function C<cosh()>, for returning
228 the hyperbolic cosine of its numeric argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
232 Create a new file. This returns a file descriptor like the ones returned by
233 C<POSIX::open>. Use C<POSIX::close> to close the file.
235 $fd = POSIX::creat( "foo", 0611 );
238 See also L<perlfunc/sysopen> and its C<O_CREAT> flag.
242 Generates the path name for the controlling terminal.
244 $path = POSIX::ctermid();
248 This is identical to the C function C<ctime()> and equivalent
249 to C<asctime(localtime(...))>, see L</asctime> and L</localtime>.
253 Get the login name of the owner of the current process.
255 $name = POSIX::cuserid();
259 This is identical to the C function C<difftime()>, for returning
260 the time difference (in seconds) between two times (as returned
261 by C<time()>), see L</time>.
265 div() is C-specific, use L<perlfunc/int> on the usual C</> division and
270 This is similar to the C function C<dup()>, for duplicating a file
273 This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
276 Returns C<undef> on failure.
280 This is similar to the C function C<dup2()>, for duplicating a file
281 descriptor to an another known file descriptor.
283 This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
286 Returns C<undef> on failure.
290 Returns the value of errno.
292 $errno = POSIX::errno();
294 This identical to the numerical values of the C<$!>, see L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
298 execl() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
302 execle() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
306 execlp() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
310 execv() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
314 execve() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
318 execvp() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
322 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<exit()> function for exiting the
323 program, see L<perlfunc/exit>.
327 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<exp()> function for
328 returning the exponent (I<e>-based) of the numerical argument,
333 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<abs()> function for returning
334 the absolute value of the numerical argument, see L<perlfunc/abs>.
338 Use method C<IO::Handle::close()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/close>.
342 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<fcntl()> function,
343 see L<perlfunc/fcntl>.
347 Use method C<IO::Handle::new_from_fd()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/open>.
351 Use method C<IO::Handle::eof()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/eof>.
355 Use method C<IO::Handle::error()> instead.
359 Use method C<IO::Handle::flush()> instead.
360 See also L<perlvar/$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH>.
364 Use method C<IO::Handle::getc()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/read>.
368 Use method C<IO::Seekable::getpos()> instead, or see L<L/seek>.
372 Use method C<IO::Handle::gets()> instead. Similar to E<lt>E<gt>, also known
373 as L<perlfunc/readline>.
377 Use method C<IO::Handle::fileno()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/fileno>.
381 This is identical to the C function C<floor()>, returning the largest
382 integer value less than or equal to the numerical argument.
386 This is identical to the C function C<fmod()>.
390 It returns the remainder C<$r = $x - $n*$y>, where C<$n = trunc($x/$y)>.
391 The C<$r> has the same sign as C<$x> and magnitude (absolute value)
392 less than the magnitude of C<$y>.
396 Use method C<IO::File::open()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/open>.
400 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<fork()> function
401 for duplicating the current process, see L<perlfunc/fork>
402 and L<perlfork> if you are in Windows.
406 Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory. This
407 uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling C<POSIX::open>.
409 The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable
410 pathname on the filesystem which holds C</tmp/foo>.
412 $fd = POSIX::open( "/tmp/foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
413 $path_max = POSIX::fpathconf( $fd, &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
415 Returns C<undef> on failure.
419 fprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
423 fputc() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
427 fputs() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
431 fread() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/read> instead.
435 free() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
439 freopen() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/open> instead.
443 Return the mantissa and exponent of a floating-point number.
445 ($mantissa, $exponent) = POSIX::frexp( 1.234e56 );
449 fscanf() is C-specific, use E<lt>E<gt> and regular expressions instead.
453 Use method C<IO::Seekable::seek()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/seek>.
457 Use method C<IO::Seekable::setpos()> instead, or seek L<perlfunc/seek>.
461 Get file status. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
462 calling C<POSIX::open>. The data returned is identical to the data from
463 Perl's builtin C<stat> function.
465 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
466 @stats = POSIX::fstat( $fd );
470 Use method C<IO::Seekable::tell()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/tell>.
474 fwrite() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
478 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getc()> function,
479 see L<perlfunc/getc>.
483 Returns one character from STDIN. Identical to Perl's C<getc()>,
484 see L<perlfunc/getc>.
488 Returns the name of the current working directory.
493 Returns the effective group identifier. Similar to Perl' s builtin
494 variable C<$(>, see L<perlvar/$EGID>.
498 Returns the value of the specified enironment variable.
499 The same information is available through the C<%ENV> array.
503 Returns the effective user identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin C<$E<gt>>
504 variable, see L<perlvar/$EUID>.
508 Returns the user's real group identifier. Similar to Perl's builtin
509 variable C<$)>, see L<perlvar/$GID>.
513 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getgrgid()> function for
514 returning group entries by group identifiers, see
515 L<perlfunc/getgrgid>.
519 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getgrnam()> function for
520 returning group entries by group names, see L<perlfunc/getgrnam>.
524 Returns the ids of the user's supplementary groups. Similar to Perl's
525 builtin variable C<$)>, see L<perlvar/$GID>.
529 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getlogin()> function for
530 returning the user name associated with the current session, see
531 L<perlfunc/getlogin>.
535 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpgrp()> function for
536 returning the prcess group identifier of the current process, see
541 Returns the process identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin
542 variable C<$$>, see L<perlvar/$PID>.
546 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getppid()> function for
547 returning the process identifier of the parent process of the current
548 process , see L<perlfunc/getppid>.
552 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpwnam()> function for
553 returning user entries by user names, see L<perlfunc/getpwnam>.
557 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpwuid()> function for
558 returning user entries by user identifiers, see L<perlfunc/getpwuid>.
562 Returns one line from C<STDIN>, similar to E<lt>E<gt>, also known
563 as the C<readline()> function, see L<perlfunc/readline>.
565 B<NOTE>: if you have C programs that still use C<gets()>, be very
566 afraid. The C<gets()> function is a source of endless grief because
567 it has no buffer overrun checks. It should B<never> be used. The
568 C<fgets()> function should be preferred instead.
572 Returns the user's identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin C<$E<lt>> variable,
577 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<gmtime()> function for
578 converting seconds since the epoch to a date in Greenwich Mean Time,
579 see L<perlfunc/gmtime>.
583 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
584 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
585 C</[[:isalnum:]]/> construct instead, or possibly the C</\w/> construct.
589 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
590 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
591 C</[[:isalpha:]]/> construct instead.
595 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified filehandle is connected
596 to a tty. Similar to the C<-t> operator, see L<perlfunc/-X>.
600 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
601 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
602 C</[[:iscntrl:]]/> construct instead.
606 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
607 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
608 C</[[:isdigit:]]/> construct instead, or the C</\d/> construct.
612 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
613 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
614 C</[[:isgraph:]]/> construct instead.
618 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
619 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
620 C</[[:islower:]]/> construct instead. Do B<not> use C</a-z/>.
624 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
625 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
626 C</[[:isprint:]]/> construct instead.
630 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
631 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
632 C</[[:ispunct:]]/> construct instead.
636 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
637 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
638 C</[[:isspace:]]/> construct instead, or the C</\s/> construct.
642 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
643 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
644 C</[[:isupper:]]/> construct instead. Do B<not> use C</A-Z/>.
648 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
649 character or to a whole string. Consider using regular expressions and the
650 C</[[:isxdigit:]]/> construct instead, or simply C</[0-9a-f]/i>.
654 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<kill()> function for sending
655 signals to processes (often to terminate them), see L<perlfunc/kill>.
659 (For returning absolute values of long integers.)
660 labs() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/abs> instead.
664 This is identical to the C function C<ldexp()>
665 for multiplying floating point numbers with powers of two.
667 $x_quadrupled = POSIX::ldexp($x, 2);
671 (For computing dividends of long integers.)
672 ldiv() is C-specific, use C</> and C<int()> instead.
676 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<link()> function
677 for creating hard links into files, see L<perlfunc/link>.
681 Get numeric formatting information. Returns a reference to a hash
682 containing the current locale formatting values.
684 Here is how to query the database for the B<de> (Deutsch or German) locale.
686 $loc = POSIX::setlocale( &POSIX::LC_ALL, "de" );
687 print "Locale = $loc\n";
688 $lconv = POSIX::localeconv();
689 print "decimal_point = ", $lconv->{decimal_point}, "\n";
690 print "thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{thousands_sep}, "\n";
691 print "grouping = ", $lconv->{grouping}, "\n";
692 print "int_curr_symbol = ", $lconv->{int_curr_symbol}, "\n";
693 print "currency_symbol = ", $lconv->{currency_symbol}, "\n";
694 print "mon_decimal_point = ", $lconv->{mon_decimal_point}, "\n";
695 print "mon_thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{mon_thousands_sep}, "\n";
696 print "mon_grouping = ", $lconv->{mon_grouping}, "\n";
697 print "positive_sign = ", $lconv->{positive_sign}, "\n";
698 print "negative_sign = ", $lconv->{negative_sign}, "\n";
699 print "int_frac_digits = ", $lconv->{int_frac_digits}, "\n";
700 print "frac_digits = ", $lconv->{frac_digits}, "\n";
701 print "p_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{p_cs_precedes}, "\n";
702 print "p_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{p_sep_by_space}, "\n";
703 print "n_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{n_cs_precedes}, "\n";
704 print "n_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{n_sep_by_space}, "\n";
705 print "p_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{p_sign_posn}, "\n";
706 print "n_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{n_sign_posn}, "\n";
710 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<localtime()> function for
711 converting seconds since the epoch to a date see L<perlfunc/localtime>.
715 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<log()> function,
716 returning the natural (I<e>-based) logarithm of the numerical argument,
721 This is identical to the C function C<log10()>,
722 returning the 10-base logarithm of the numerical argument.
725 sub log10 { log($_[0]) / log(10) }
729 sub log10 { log($_[0]) / 2.30258509299405 }
733 sub log10 { log($_[0]) * 0.434294481903252 }
737 longjmp() is C-specific: use L<perlfunc/die> instead.
741 Move the file's read/write position. This uses file descriptors such as
742 those obtained by calling C<POSIX::open>.
744 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
745 $off_t = POSIX::lseek( $fd, 0, &POSIX::SEEK_SET );
747 Returns C<undef> on failure.
751 malloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
755 This is identical to the C function C<mblen()>.
756 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
757 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
762 This is identical to the C function C<mbstowcs()>.
763 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
764 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
769 This is identical to the C function C<mbtowc()>.
770 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
771 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
776 memchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/index> instead.
780 memcmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> instead, see L<perlop>.
784 memcpy() is C-specific, use C<=>, see L<perlop>, or see L<perlfunc/substr>.
788 memmove() is C-specific, use C<=>, see L<perlop>, or see L<perlfunc/substr>.
792 memset() is C-specific, use C<x> instead, see L<perlop>.
796 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<mkdir()> function
797 for creating directories, see L<perlfunc/mkdir>.
801 This is similar to the C function C<mkfifo()> for creating
804 if (mkfifo($path, $mode)) { ....
806 Returns C<undef> on failure. The C<$mode> is similar to the
807 mode of C<mkdir()>, see L<perlfunc/mkdir>.
811 Convert date/time info to a calendar time.
815 mktime(sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = 0, yday = 0, isdst = 0)
817 The month (C<mon>), weekday (C<wday>), and yearday (C<yday>) begin at zero.
818 I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The
819 year (C<year>) is given in years since 1900. I.e. The year 1995 is 95; the
820 year 2001 is 101. Consult your system's C<mktime()> manpage for details
821 about these and the other arguments.
823 Calendar time for December 12, 1995, at 10:30 am.
825 $time_t = POSIX::mktime( 0, 30, 10, 12, 11, 95 );
826 print "Date = ", POSIX::ctime($time_t);
828 Returns C<undef> on failure.
832 Return the integral and fractional parts of a floating-point number.
834 ($fractional, $integral) = POSIX::modf( 3.14 );
838 This is similar to the C function C<nice()>, for changing
839 the scheduling preference of the current process. Positive
840 arguments mean more polite process, negative values more
841 needy process. Normal user processes can only be more polite.
843 Returns C<undef> on failure.
847 offsetof() is C-specific, you probably want to see L<perlfunc/pack> instead.
851 Open a file for reading for writing. This returns file descriptors, not
852 Perl filehandles. Use C<POSIX::close> to close the file.
854 Open a file read-only with mode 0666.
856 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo" );
858 Open a file for read and write.
860 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDWR );
862 Open a file for write, with truncation.
864 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY | &POSIX::O_TRUNC );
866 Create a new file with mode 0640. Set up the file for writing.
868 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_CREAT | &POSIX::O_WRONLY, 0640 );
870 Returns C<undef> on failure.
872 See also L<perlfunc/sysopen>.
876 Open a directory for reading.
878 $dir = POSIX::opendir( "/tmp" );
879 @files = POSIX::readdir( $dir );
880 POSIX::closedir( $dir );
882 Returns C<undef> on failure.
886 Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory.
888 The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable
889 pathname on the filesystem which holds C</tmp>.
891 $path_max = POSIX::pathconf( "/tmp", &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
893 Returns C<undef> on failure.
897 This is similar to the C function C<pause()>, which suspends
898 the execution of the current process until a signal is received.
900 Returns C<undef> on failure.
904 This is identical to the C function C<perror()>, which outputs to the
905 standard error stream the specified message followed by ": " and the
906 current error string. Use the C<warn()> function and the C<$!>
907 variable instead, see L<perlfunc/warn> and L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
911 Create an interprocess channel. This returns file descriptors like those
912 returned by C<POSIX::open>.
914 ($fd0, $fd1) = POSIX::pipe();
915 POSIX::write( $fd0, "hello", 5 );
916 POSIX::read( $fd1, $buf, 5 );
918 See also L<perlfunc/pipe>.
922 Computes C<$x> raised to the power C<$exponent>.
924 $ret = POSIX::pow( $x, $exponent );
926 You can also use the C<**> operator, see L<perlop>.
930 Formats and prints the specified arguments to STDOUT.
931 See also L<perlfunc/printf>.
935 putc() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
939 putchar() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
943 puts() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
947 qsort() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/sort> instead.
951 Sends the specified signal to the current process.
952 See also L<perlfunc/kill> and the C<$$> in L<perlvar/$PID>.
956 C<rand()> is non-portable, see L<perlfunc/rand> instead.
960 Read from a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
961 calling C<POSIX::open>. If the buffer C<$buf> is not large enough for the
962 read then Perl will extend it to make room for the request.
964 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
965 $bytes = POSIX::read( $fd, $buf, 3 );
967 Returns C<undef> on failure.
969 See also L<perlfunc/sysread>.
973 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<readdir()> function
974 for reading directory entries, see L<perlfunc/readdir>.
978 realloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
982 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<unlink()> function
983 for removing files, see L<perlfunc/unlink>.
987 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rename()> function
988 for renaming files, see L<perlfunc/rename>.
992 Seeks to the beginning of the file.
996 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rewinddir()> function for
997 rewinding directory entry streams, see L<perlfunc/rewinddir>.
1001 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rmdir()> function
1002 for removing (empty) directories, see L<perlfunc/rmdir>.
1006 scanf() is C-specific, use E<lt>E<gt> and regular expressions instead,
1011 Sets the real group identifier and the effective group identifier for
1012 this process. Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin
1013 C<$)> variable, see L<perlvar/$GID>, except that the latter
1014 will change only the real user identifier, and that the setgid()
1015 uses only a single numeric argument, as opposed to a space-separated
1020 C<setjmp()> is C-specific: use C<eval {}> instead,
1021 see L<perlfunc/eval>.
1025 Modifies and queries program's locale. The following examples assume
1027 use POSIX qw(setlocale LC_ALL LC_CTYPE);
1031 The following will set the traditional UNIX system locale behavior
1032 (the second argument C<"C">).
1034 $loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "C" );
1036 The following will query the current LC_CTYPE category. (No second
1037 argument means 'query'.)
1039 $loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE );
1041 The following will set the LC_CTYPE behaviour according to the locale
1042 environment variables (the second argument C<"">).
1043 Please see your systems L<setlocale(3)> documentation for the locale
1044 environment variables' meaning or consult L<perllocale>.
1046 $loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE, "" );
1048 The following will set the LC_COLLATE behaviour to Argentinian
1049 Spanish. B<NOTE>: The naming and availability of locales depends on
1050 your operating system. Please consult L<perllocale> for how to find
1051 out which locales are available in your system.
1053 $loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "es_AR.ISO8859-1" );
1057 This is similar to the C function C<setpgid()> for
1058 setting the process group identifier of the current process.
1060 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1064 This is identical to the C function C<setsid()> for
1065 setting the session identifier of the current process.
1069 Sets the real user identifier and the effective user identifier for
1070 this process. Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin
1071 C<$E<lt>> variable, see L<perlvar/$UID>, except that the latter
1072 will change only the real user identifier.
1076 Detailed signal management. This uses C<POSIX::SigAction> objects for the
1077 C<action> and C<oldaction> arguments. Consult your system's C<sigaction>
1078 manpage for details.
1082 sigaction(sig, action, oldaction = 0)
1084 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1088 siglongjmp() is C-specific: use L<perlfunc/die> instead.
1092 Examine signals that are blocked and pending. This uses C<POSIX::SigSet>
1093 objects for the C<sigset> argument. Consult your system's C<sigpending>
1094 manpage for details.
1100 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1104 Change and/or examine calling process's signal mask. This uses
1105 C<POSIX::SigSet> objects for the C<sigset> and C<oldsigset> arguments.
1106 Consult your system's C<sigprocmask> manpage for details.
1110 sigprocmask(how, sigset, oldsigset = 0)
1112 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1116 C<sigsetjmp()> is C-specific: use C<eval {}> instead,
1117 see L<perlfunc/eval>.
1121 Install a signal mask and suspend process until signal arrives. This uses
1122 C<POSIX::SigSet> objects for the C<signal_mask> argument. Consult your
1123 system's C<sigsuspend> manpage for details.
1127 sigsuspend(signal_mask)
1129 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1133 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<sin()> function
1134 for returning the sine of the numerical argument,
1135 see L<perlfunc/sin>. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1139 This is identical to the C function C<sinh()>
1140 for returning the hyperbolic sine of the numerical argument.
1141 See also L<Math::Trig>.
1145 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<sleep()> function
1146 for suspending the execution of the current for process
1147 for certain number of seconds, see L<perlfunc/sleep>.
1151 This is similar to Perl's builtin C<sprintf()> function
1152 for returning a string that has the arguments formatted as requested,
1153 see L<perlfunc/sprintf>.
1157 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<sqrt()> function.
1158 for returning the square root of the numerical argument,
1159 see L<perlfunc/sqrt>.
1163 Give a seed the pseudorandom number generator, see L<perlfunc/srand>.
1167 sscanf() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1172 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<stat()> function
1173 for retutning information about files and directories.
1177 strcat() is C-specific, use C<.=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1181 strchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/index> instead.
1185 strcmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> or C<cmp> instead, see L<perlop>.
1189 This is identical to the C function C<strcoll()>
1190 for collating (comparing) strings transformed using
1191 the C<strxfrm()> function. Not really needed since
1192 Perl can do this transparently, see L<perllocale>.
1196 strcpy() is C-specific, use C<=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1200 strcspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1205 Returns the error string for the specified errno.
1206 Identical to the string form of the C<$!>, see L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
1210 Convert date and time information to string. Returns the string.
1214 strftime(fmt, sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = -1, yday = -1, isdst = -1)
1216 The month (C<mon>), weekday (C<wday>), and yearday (C<yday>) begin at zero.
1217 I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The
1218 year (C<year>) is given in years since 1900. I.e., the year 1995 is 95; the
1219 year 2001 is 101. Consult your system's C<strftime()> manpage for details
1220 about these and the other arguments.
1221 If you want your code to be portable, your format (C<fmt>) argument
1222 should use only the conversion specifiers defined by the ANSI C
1223 standard. These are C<aAbBcdHIjmMpSUwWxXyYZ%>.
1224 The given arguments are made consistent
1225 as though by calling C<mktime()> before calling your system's
1226 C<strftime()> function, except that the C<isdst> value is not affected.
1228 The string for Tuesday, December 12, 1995.
1230 $str = POSIX::strftime( "%A, %B %d, %Y", 0, 0, 0, 12, 11, 95, 2 );
1233 See also L<Time::Piece>.
1237 strlen() is C-specific, use C<length()> instead, see L<perlfunc/length>.
1241 strncat() is C-specific, use C<.=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1245 strncmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> instead, see L<perlop>.
1249 strncpy() is C-specific, use C<=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1253 strpbrk() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1258 strrchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/rindex> instead.
1262 strspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1267 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<index()> function,
1268 see L<perlfunc/index>.
1272 String to double translation. Returns the parsed number and the number
1273 of characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly
1274 POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation
1275 error, so clear $! before calling strtod. However, non-POSIX systems
1276 may not check for overflow, and therefore will never set $!.
1278 strtod should respect any POSIX I<setlocale()> settings.
1280 To parse a string $str as a floating point number use
1283 ($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtod($str);
1285 The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:
1287 if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
1288 die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
1291 When called in a scalar context strtod returns the parsed number.
1295 strtok() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see
1296 L<perlre>, or L<perlfunc/split>.
1300 String to (long) integer translation. Returns the parsed number and
1301 the number of characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly
1302 POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation
1303 error, so clear $! before calling strtol. However, non-POSIX systems
1304 may not check for overflow, and therefore will never set $!.
1306 strtol should respect any POSIX I<setlocale()> settings.
1308 To parse a string $str as a number in some base $base use
1311 ($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtol($str, $base);
1313 The base should be zero or between 2 and 36, inclusive. When the base
1314 is zero or omitted strtol will use the string itself to determine the
1315 base: a leading "0x" or "0X" means hexadecimal; a leading "0" means
1316 octal; any other leading characters mean decimal. Thus, "1234" is
1317 parsed as a decimal number, "01234" as an octal number, and "0x1234"
1318 as a hexadecimal number.
1320 The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:
1322 if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
1323 die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
1326 When called in a scalar context strtol returns the parsed number.
1330 String to unsigned (long) integer translation. strtoul() is identical
1331 to strtol() except that strtoul() only parses unsigned integers. See
1332 L</strtol> for details.
1334 Note: Some vendors supply strtod() and strtol() but not strtoul().
1335 Other vendors that do supply strtoul() parse "-1" as a valid value.
1339 String transformation. Returns the transformed string.
1341 $dst = POSIX::strxfrm( $src );
1343 Used in conjunction with the C<strcoll()> function, see L</strcoll>.
1345 Not really needed since Perl can do this transparently, see
1350 Retrieves values of system configurable variables.
1352 The following will get the machine's clock speed.
1354 $clock_ticks = POSIX::sysconf( &POSIX::_SC_CLK_TCK );
1356 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1360 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<system()> function, see
1365 This is identical to the C function C<tan()>, returning the
1366 tangent of the numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1370 This is identical to the C function C<tanh()>, returning the
1371 hyperbolic tangent of the numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1375 This is similar to the C function C<tcdrain()> for draining
1376 the output queue of its argument stream.
1378 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1382 This is similar to the C function C<tcflow()> for controlling
1383 the flow of its argument stream.
1385 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1389 This is similar to the C function C<tcflush()> for flushing
1390 the I/O buffers of its argumeny stream.
1392 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1396 This is identical to the C function C<tcgetpgrp()> for returning the
1397 process group identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling
1402 This is similar to the C function C<tcsendbreak()> for sending
1403 a break on its argument stream.
1405 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1409 This is similar to the C function C<tcsetpgrp()> for setting the
1410 process group identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling
1413 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1417 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<time()> function
1418 for returning the number of seconds since the epoch
1419 (whatever it is for the system), see L<perlfunc/time>.
1423 The times() function returns elapsed realtime since some point in the past
1424 (such as system startup), user and system times for this process, and user
1425 and system times used by child processes. All times are returned in clock
1428 ($realtime, $user, $system, $cuser, $csystem) = POSIX::times();
1430 Note: Perl's builtin C<times()> function returns four values, measured in
1435 Use method C<IO::File::new_tmpfile()> instead, or see L<File::Temp>.
1439 Returns a name for a temporary file.
1441 $tmpfile = POSIX::tmpnam();
1443 For security reasons, which are probably detailed in your system's
1444 documentation for the C library tmpnam() function, this interface
1445 should not be used; instead see L<File::Temp>.
1449 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
1450 character or to a whole string. Consider using the C<lc()> function,
1451 see L<perlfunc/lc>, or the equivalent C<\L> operator inside doublequotish
1456 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
1457 character or to a whole string. Consider using the C<uc()> function,
1458 see L<perlfunc/uc>, or the equivalent C<\U> operator inside doublequotish
1463 This is identical to the C function C<ttyname()> for returning the
1464 name of the current terminal.
1468 Retrieves the time conversion information from the C<tzname> variable.
1471 ($std, $dst) = POSIX::tzname();
1475 This is identical to the C function C<tzset()> for setting
1476 the current timezone based on the environment variable C<TZ>,
1477 to be used by C<ctime()>, C<localtime()>, C<mktime()>, and C<strftime()>
1482 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<umask()> function
1483 for setting (and querying) the file creation permission mask,
1484 see L<perlfunc/umask>.
1488 Get name of current operating system.
1490 ($sysname, $nodename, $release, $version, $machine) = POSIX::uname();
1492 Note that the actual meanings of the various fields are not
1493 that well standardized, do not expect any great portability.
1494 The C<$sysname> might be the name of the operating system,
1495 the C<$nodename> might be the name of the host, the C<$release>
1496 might be the (major) release number of the operating system,
1497 the C<$version> might be the (minor) release number of the
1498 operating system, and the C<$machine> might be a hardware identifier.
1503 Use method C<IO::Handle::ungetc()> instead.
1507 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<unlink()> function
1508 for removing files, see L<perlfunc/unlink>.
1512 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<utime()> function
1513 for changing the time stamps of files and directories,
1514 see L<perlfunc/utime>.
1518 vfprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
1522 vprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
1526 vsprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/sprintf> instead.
1530 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<wait()> function,
1531 see L<perlfunc/wait>.
1535 Wait for a child process to change state. This is identical to Perl's
1536 builtin C<waitpid()> function, see L<perlfunc/waitpid>.
1538 $pid = POSIX::waitpid( -1, &POSIX::WNOHANG );
1539 print "status = ", ($? / 256), "\n";
1543 This is identical to the C function C<wcstombs()>.
1544 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
1545 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
1550 This is identical to the C function C<wctomb()>.
1551 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
1552 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
1557 Write to a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
1558 calling C<POSIX::open>.
1560 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY );
1562 $bytes = POSIX::write( $b, $buf, 5 );
1564 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1566 See also L<perlfunc/syswrite>.
1572 =head2 POSIX::SigAction
1578 Creates a new C<POSIX::SigAction> object which corresponds to the C
1579 C<struct sigaction>. This object will be destroyed automatically when it is
1580 no longer needed. The first parameter is the fully-qualified name of a sub
1581 which is a signal-handler. The second parameter is a C<POSIX::SigSet>
1582 object, it defaults to the empty set. The third parameter contains the
1583 C<sa_flags>, it defaults to 0.
1585 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new(SIGINT, SIGQUIT);
1586 $sigaction = POSIX::SigAction->new( 'main::handler', $sigset, &POSIX::SA_NOCLDSTOP );
1588 This C<POSIX::SigAction> object should be used with the C<POSIX::sigaction()>
1593 =head2 POSIX::SigSet
1599 Create a new SigSet object. This object will be destroyed automatically
1600 when it is no longer needed. Arguments may be supplied to initialize the
1603 Create an empty set.
1605 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new;
1607 Create a set with SIGUSR1.
1609 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 );
1613 Add a signal to a SigSet object.
1615 $sigset->addset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
1617 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1621 Remove a signal from the SigSet object.
1623 $sigset->delset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
1625 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1629 Initialize the SigSet object to be empty.
1631 $sigset->emptyset();
1633 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1637 Initialize the SigSet object to include all signals.
1641 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1645 Tests the SigSet object to see if it contains a specific signal.
1647 if( $sigset->ismember( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 ) ){
1648 print "contains SIGUSR1\n";
1653 =head2 POSIX::Termios
1659 Create a new Termios object. This object will be destroyed automatically
1660 when it is no longer needed. A Termios object corresponds to the termios
1661 C struct. new() mallocs a new one, getattr() fills it from a file descriptor,
1662 and setattr() sets a file descriptor's parameters to match Termios' contents.
1664 $termios = POSIX::Termios->new;
1668 Get terminal control attributes.
1670 Obtain the attributes for stdin.
1674 Obtain the attributes for stdout.
1676 $termios->getattr( 1 )
1678 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1682 Retrieve a value from the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is
1683 an array so an index must be specified.
1685 $c_cc[1] = $termios->getcc(1);
1689 Retrieve the c_cflag field of a termios object.
1691 $c_cflag = $termios->getcflag;
1695 Retrieve the c_iflag field of a termios object.
1697 $c_iflag = $termios->getiflag;
1701 Retrieve the input baud rate.
1703 $ispeed = $termios->getispeed;
1707 Retrieve the c_lflag field of a termios object.
1709 $c_lflag = $termios->getlflag;
1713 Retrieve the c_oflag field of a termios object.
1715 $c_oflag = $termios->getoflag;
1719 Retrieve the output baud rate.
1721 $ospeed = $termios->getospeed;
1725 Set terminal control attributes.
1727 Set attributes immediately for stdout.
1729 $termios->setattr( 1, &POSIX::TCSANOW );
1731 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1735 Set a value in the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is an
1736 array so an index must be specified.
1738 $termios->setcc( &POSIX::VEOF, 1 );
1742 Set the c_cflag field of a termios object.
1744 $termios->setcflag( $c_cflag | &POSIX::CLOCAL );
1748 Set the c_iflag field of a termios object.
1750 $termios->setiflag( $c_iflag | &POSIX::BRKINT );
1754 Set the input baud rate.
1756 $termios->setispeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
1758 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1762 Set the c_lflag field of a termios object.
1764 $termios->setlflag( $c_lflag | &POSIX::ECHO );
1768 Set the c_oflag field of a termios object.
1770 $termios->setoflag( $c_oflag | &POSIX::OPOST );
1774 Set the output baud rate.
1776 $termios->setospeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
1778 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1780 =item Baud rate values
1782 B38400 B75 B200 B134 B300 B1800 B150 B0 B19200 B1200 B9600 B600 B4800 B50 B2400 B110
1784 =item Terminal interface values
1786 TCSADRAIN TCSANOW TCOON TCIOFLUSH TCOFLUSH TCION TCIFLUSH TCSAFLUSH TCIOFF TCOOFF
1788 =item c_cc field values
1790 VEOF VEOL VERASE VINTR VKILL VQUIT VSUSP VSTART VSTOP VMIN VTIME NCCS
1792 =item c_cflag field values
1794 CLOCAL CREAD CSIZE CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8 CSTOPB HUPCL PARENB PARODD
1796 =item c_iflag field values
1798 BRKINT ICRNL IGNBRK IGNCR IGNPAR INLCR INPCK ISTRIP IXOFF IXON PARMRK
1800 =item c_lflag field values
1802 ECHO ECHOE ECHOK ECHONL ICANON IEXTEN ISIG NOFLSH TOSTOP
1804 =item c_oflag field values
1810 =head1 PATHNAME CONSTANTS
1816 _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _PC_LINK_MAX _PC_MAX_CANON _PC_MAX_INPUT _PC_NAME_MAX _PC_NO_TRUNC _PC_PATH_MAX _PC_PIPE_BUF _PC_VDISABLE
1820 =head1 POSIX CONSTANTS
1826 _POSIX_ARG_MAX _POSIX_CHILD_MAX _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL _POSIX_LINK_MAX _POSIX_MAX_CANON _POSIX_MAX_INPUT _POSIX_NAME_MAX _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX _POSIX_NO_TRUNC _POSIX_OPEN_MAX _POSIX_PATH_MAX _POSIX_PIPE_BUF _POSIX_SAVED_IDS _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX _POSIX_STREAM_MAX _POSIX_TZNAME_MAX _POSIX_VDISABLE _POSIX_VERSION
1830 =head1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
1836 _SC_ARG_MAX _SC_CHILD_MAX _SC_CLK_TCK _SC_JOB_CONTROL _SC_NGROUPS_MAX _SC_OPEN_MAX _SC_SAVED_IDS _SC_STREAM_MAX _SC_TZNAME_MAX _SC_VERSION
1846 E2BIG EACCES EADDRINUSE EADDRNOTAVAIL EAFNOSUPPORT EAGAIN EALREADY EBADF
1847 EBUSY ECHILD ECONNABORTED ECONNREFUSED ECONNRESET EDEADLK EDESTADDRREQ
1848 EDOM EDQUOT EEXIST EFAULT EFBIG EHOSTDOWN EHOSTUNREACH EINPROGRESS EINTR
1849 EINVAL EIO EISCONN EISDIR ELOOP EMFILE EMLINK EMSGSIZE ENAMETOOLONG
1850 ENETDOWN ENETRESET ENETUNREACH ENFILE ENOBUFS ENODEV ENOENT ENOEXEC
1851 ENOLCK ENOMEM ENOPROTOOPT ENOSPC ENOSYS ENOTBLK ENOTCONN ENOTDIR
1852 ENOTEMPTY ENOTSOCK ENOTTY ENXIO EOPNOTSUPP EPERM EPFNOSUPPORT EPIPE
1853 EPROCLIM EPROTONOSUPPORT EPROTOTYPE ERANGE EREMOTE ERESTART EROFS
1854 ESHUTDOWN ESOCKTNOSUPPORT ESPIPE ESRCH ESTALE ETIMEDOUT ETOOMANYREFS
1855 ETXTBSY EUSERS EWOULDBLOCK EXDEV
1865 FD_CLOEXEC F_DUPFD F_GETFD F_GETFL F_GETLK F_OK F_RDLCK F_SETFD F_SETFL F_SETLK F_SETLKW F_UNLCK F_WRLCK O_ACCMODE O_APPEND O_CREAT O_EXCL O_NOCTTY O_NONBLOCK O_RDONLY O_RDWR O_TRUNC O_WRONLY
1875 DBL_DIG DBL_EPSILON DBL_MANT_DIG DBL_MAX DBL_MAX_10_EXP DBL_MAX_EXP DBL_MIN DBL_MIN_10_EXP DBL_MIN_EXP FLT_DIG FLT_EPSILON FLT_MANT_DIG FLT_MAX FLT_MAX_10_EXP FLT_MAX_EXP FLT_MIN FLT_MIN_10_EXP FLT_MIN_EXP FLT_RADIX FLT_ROUNDS LDBL_DIG LDBL_EPSILON LDBL_MANT_DIG LDBL_MAX LDBL_MAX_10_EXP LDBL_MAX_EXP LDBL_MIN LDBL_MIN_10_EXP LDBL_MIN_EXP
1885 ARG_MAX CHAR_BIT CHAR_MAX CHAR_MIN CHILD_MAX INT_MAX INT_MIN LINK_MAX LONG_MAX LONG_MIN MAX_CANON MAX_INPUT MB_LEN_MAX NAME_MAX NGROUPS_MAX OPEN_MAX PATH_MAX PIPE_BUF SCHAR_MAX SCHAR_MIN SHRT_MAX SHRT_MIN SSIZE_MAX STREAM_MAX TZNAME_MAX UCHAR_MAX UINT_MAX ULONG_MAX USHRT_MAX
1895 LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME
1915 SA_NOCLDSTOP SA_NOCLDWAIT SA_NODEFER SA_ONSTACK SA_RESETHAND SA_RESTART
1916 SA_SIGINFO SIGABRT SIGALRM SIGCHLD SIGCONT SIGFPE SIGHUP SIGILL SIGINT
1917 SIGKILL SIGPIPE SIGQUIT SIGSEGV SIGSTOP SIGTERM SIGTSTP SIGTTIN SIGTTOU
1918 SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIG_BLOCK SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN SIG_SETMASK
1929 S_IRGRP S_IROTH S_IRUSR S_IRWXG S_IRWXO S_IRWXU S_ISGID S_ISUID S_IWGRP S_IWOTH S_IWUSR S_IXGRP S_IXOTH S_IXUSR
1933 S_ISBLK S_ISCHR S_ISDIR S_ISFIFO S_ISREG
1943 EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS MB_CUR_MAX RAND_MAX
1953 BUFSIZ EOF FILENAME_MAX L_ctermid L_cuserid L_tmpname TMP_MAX
1963 CLK_TCK CLOCKS_PER_SEC
1973 R_OK SEEK_CUR SEEK_END SEEK_SET STDIN_FILENO STDOUT_FILENO STDERR_FILENO W_OK X_OK
1987 WIFEXITED WEXITSTATUS WIFSIGNALED WTERMSIG WIFSTOPPED WSTOPSIG