3 POSIX - Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1
9 use POSIX qw(:errno_h :fcntl_h);
11 printf "EINTR is %d\n", EINTR;
13 $sess_id = POSIX::setsid();
15 $fd = POSIX::open($path, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY, 0644);
16 # note: that's a filedescriptor, *NOT* a filehandle
20 The POSIX module permits you to access all (or nearly all) the standard
21 POSIX 1003.1 identifiers. Many of these identifiers have been given Perl-ish
24 I<Everything is exported by default> with the exception of any POSIX
25 functions with the same name as a built-in Perl function, such as
26 C<abs>, C<alarm>, C<rmdir>, C<write>, etc.., which will be exported
27 only if you ask for them explicitly. This is an unfortunate backwards
28 compatibility feature. You can stop the exporting by saying C<use
29 POSIX ()> and then use the fully qualified names (ie. C<POSIX::SEEK_END>).
31 This document gives a condensed list of the features available in the POSIX
32 module. Consult your operating system's manpages for general information on
33 most features. Consult L<perlfunc> for functions which are noted as being
34 identical to Perl's builtin functions.
36 The first section describes POSIX functions from the 1003.1 specification.
37 The second section describes some classes for signal objects, TTY objects,
38 and other miscellaneous objects. The remaining sections list various
39 constants and macros in an organization which roughly follows IEEE Std
44 The POSIX module is probably the most complex Perl module supplied with
45 the standard distribution. It incorporates autoloading, namespace games,
46 and dynamic loading of code that's in Perl, C, or both. It's a great
51 A few functions are not implemented because they are C specific. If you
52 attempt to call these, they will print a message telling you that they
53 aren't implemented, and suggest using the Perl equivalent should one
54 exist. For example, trying to access the setjmp() call will elicit the
55 message "setjmp() is C-specific: use eval {} instead".
57 Furthermore, some evil vendors will claim 1003.1 compliance, but in fact
58 are not so: they will not pass the PCTS (POSIX Compliance Test Suites).
59 For example, one vendor may not define EDEADLK, or the semantics of the
60 errno values set by open(2) might not be quite right. Perl does not
61 attempt to verify POSIX compliance. That means you can currently
62 successfully say "use POSIX", and then later in your program you find
63 that your vendor has been lax and there's no usable ICANON macro after
64 all. This could be construed to be a bug.
72 This is identical to the C function C<_exit()>. It exits the program
73 immediately which means among other things buffered I/O is B<not> flushed.
75 Note that when using threads and in Linux this is B<not> a good way to
76 exit a thread because in Linux processes and threads are kind of the
77 same thing (Note: while this is the situation in early 2003 there are
78 projects under way to have threads with more POSIXly semantics in Linux).
79 If you want not to return from a thread, detach the thread.
83 This is identical to the C function C<abort()>. It terminates the
84 process with a C<SIGABRT> signal unless caught by a signal handler or
85 if the handler does not return normally (it e.g. does a C<longjmp>).
89 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<abs()> function, returning
90 the absolute value of its numerical argument.
94 Determines the accessibility of a file.
96 if( POSIX::access( "/", &POSIX::R_OK ) ){
97 print "have read permission\n";
100 Returns C<undef> on failure. Note: do not use C<access()> for
101 security purposes. Between the C<access()> call and the operation
102 you are preparing for the permissions might change: a classic
107 This is identical to the C function C<acos()>, returning
108 the arcus cosine of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
112 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<alarm()> function,
113 either for arming or disarming the C<SIGARLM> timer.
117 This is identical to the C function C<asctime()>. It returns
120 "Fri Jun 2 18:22:13 2000\n\0"
122 and it is called thusly
124 $asctime = asctime($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year,
125 $wday, $yday, $isdst);
127 The C<$mon> is zero-based: January equals C<0>. The C<$year> is
128 1900-based: 2001 equals C<101>. The C<$wday>, C<$yday>, and C<$isdst>
129 default to zero (and the first two are usually ignored anyway).
133 This is identical to the C function C<asin()>, returning
134 the arcus sine of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
138 Unimplemented, but you can use L<perlfunc/die> and the L<Carp> module
139 to achieve similar things.
143 This is identical to the C function C<atan()>, returning the
144 arcus tangent of its numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
148 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<atan2()> function, returning
149 the arcus tangent defined by its two numerical arguments, the I<y>
150 coordinate and the I<x> coordinate. See also L<Math::Trig>.
154 atexit() is C-specific: use C<END {}> instead, see L<perlsub>.
158 atof() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
159 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
163 atoi() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
164 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
165 If you need to have just the integer part, see L<perlfunc/int>.
169 atol() is C-specific. Perl converts strings to numbers transparently.
170 If you need to force a scalar to a number, add a zero to it.
171 If you need to have just the integer part, see L<perlfunc/int>.
175 bsearch() not supplied. For doing binary search on wordlists,
180 calloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
184 This is identical to the C function C<ceil()>, returning the smallest
185 integer value greater than or equal to the given numerical argument.
189 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chdir()> function, allowing
190 one to change the working (default) directory, see L<perlfunc/chdir>.
194 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chmod()> function, allowing
195 one to change file and directory permissions, see L<perlfunc/chmod>.
199 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<chown()> function, allowing one
200 to change file and directory owners and groups, see L<perlfunc/chown>.
204 Use the method C<IO::Handle::clearerr()> instead, to reset the error
205 state (if any) and EOF state (if any) of the given stream.
209 This is identical to the C function C<clock()>, returning the
210 amount of spent processor time in microseconds.
214 Close the file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
217 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
220 Returns C<undef> on failure.
222 See also L<perlfunc/close>.
226 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<closedir()> function for closing
227 a directory handle, see L<perlfunc/closedir>.
231 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<cos()> function, for returning
232 the cosine of its numerical argument, see L<perlfunc/cos>.
233 See also L<Math::Trig>.
237 This is identical to the C function C<cosh()>, for returning
238 the hyperbolic cosine of its numeric argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
242 Create a new file. This returns a file descriptor like the ones returned by
243 C<POSIX::open>. Use C<POSIX::close> to close the file.
245 $fd = POSIX::creat( "foo", 0611 );
248 See also L<perlfunc/sysopen> and its C<O_CREAT> flag.
252 Generates the path name for the controlling terminal.
254 $path = POSIX::ctermid();
258 This is identical to the C function C<ctime()> and equivalent
259 to C<asctime(localtime(...))>, see L</asctime> and L</localtime>.
263 Get the login name of the owner of the current process.
265 $name = POSIX::cuserid();
269 This is identical to the C function C<difftime()>, for returning
270 the time difference (in seconds) between two times (as returned
271 by C<time()>), see L</time>.
275 div() is C-specific, use L<perlfunc/int> on the usual C</> division and
280 This is similar to the C function C<dup()>, for duplicating a file
283 This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
286 Returns C<undef> on failure.
290 This is similar to the C function C<dup2()>, for duplicating a file
291 descriptor to an another known file descriptor.
293 This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling
296 Returns C<undef> on failure.
300 Returns the value of errno.
302 $errno = POSIX::errno();
304 This identical to the numerical values of the C<$!>, see L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
308 execl() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
312 execle() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
316 execlp() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
320 execv() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
324 execve() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
328 execvp() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/exec>.
332 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<exit()> function for exiting the
333 program, see L<perlfunc/exit>.
337 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<exp()> function for
338 returning the exponent (I<e>-based) of the numerical argument,
343 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<abs()> function for returning
344 the absolute value of the numerical argument, see L<perlfunc/abs>.
348 Use method C<IO::Handle::close()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/close>.
352 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<fcntl()> function,
353 see L<perlfunc/fcntl>.
357 Use method C<IO::Handle::new_from_fd()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/open>.
361 Use method C<IO::Handle::eof()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/eof>.
365 Use method C<IO::Handle::error()> instead.
369 Use method C<IO::Handle::flush()> instead.
370 See also L<perlvar/$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH>.
374 Use method C<IO::Handle::getc()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/read>.
378 Use method C<IO::Seekable::getpos()> instead, or see L<L/seek>.
382 Use method C<IO::Handle::gets()> instead. Similar to E<lt>E<gt>, also known
383 as L<perlfunc/readline>.
387 Use method C<IO::Handle::fileno()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/fileno>.
391 This is identical to the C function C<floor()>, returning the largest
392 integer value less than or equal to the numerical argument.
396 This is identical to the C function C<fmod()>.
400 It returns the remainder C<$r = $x - $n*$y>, where C<$n = trunc($x/$y)>.
401 The C<$r> has the same sign as C<$x> and magnitude (absolute value)
402 less than the magnitude of C<$y>.
406 Use method C<IO::File::open()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/open>.
410 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<fork()> function
411 for duplicating the current process, see L<perlfunc/fork>
412 and L<perlfork> if you are in Windows.
416 Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory. This
417 uses file descriptors such as those obtained by calling C<POSIX::open>.
419 The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable
420 pathname on the filesystem which holds C</tmp/foo>.
422 $fd = POSIX::open( "/tmp/foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
423 $path_max = POSIX::fpathconf( $fd, &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
425 Returns C<undef> on failure.
429 fprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
433 fputc() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
437 fputs() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
441 fread() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/read> instead.
445 free() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
449 freopen() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/open> instead.
453 Return the mantissa and exponent of a floating-point number.
455 ($mantissa, $exponent) = POSIX::frexp( 1.234e56 );
459 fscanf() is C-specific, use E<lt>E<gt> and regular expressions instead.
463 Use method C<IO::Seekable::seek()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/seek>.
467 Use method C<IO::Seekable::setpos()> instead, or seek L<perlfunc/seek>.
471 Get file status. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
472 calling C<POSIX::open>. The data returned is identical to the data from
473 Perl's builtin C<stat> function.
475 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
476 @stats = POSIX::fstat( $fd );
480 Use method C<IO::Handle::sync()> instead.
484 Use method C<IO::Seekable::tell()> instead, or see L<perlfunc/tell>.
488 fwrite() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
492 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getc()> function,
493 see L<perlfunc/getc>.
497 Returns one character from STDIN. Identical to Perl's C<getc()>,
498 see L<perlfunc/getc>.
502 Returns the name of the current working directory.
507 Returns the effective group identifier. Similar to Perl' s builtin
508 variable C<$(>, see L<perlvar/$EGID>.
512 Returns the value of the specified enironment variable.
513 The same information is available through the C<%ENV> array.
517 Returns the effective user identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin C<$E<gt>>
518 variable, see L<perlvar/$EUID>.
522 Returns the user's real group identifier. Similar to Perl's builtin
523 variable C<$)>, see L<perlvar/$GID>.
527 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getgrgid()> function for
528 returning group entries by group identifiers, see
529 L<perlfunc/getgrgid>.
533 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getgrnam()> function for
534 returning group entries by group names, see L<perlfunc/getgrnam>.
538 Returns the ids of the user's supplementary groups. Similar to Perl's
539 builtin variable C<$)>, see L<perlvar/$GID>.
543 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getlogin()> function for
544 returning the user name associated with the current session, see
545 L<perlfunc/getlogin>.
549 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpgrp()> function for
550 returning the prcess group identifier of the current process, see
555 Returns the process identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin
556 variable C<$$>, see L<perlvar/$PID>.
560 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getppid()> function for
561 returning the process identifier of the parent process of the current
562 process , see L<perlfunc/getppid>.
566 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpwnam()> function for
567 returning user entries by user names, see L<perlfunc/getpwnam>.
571 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<getpwuid()> function for
572 returning user entries by user identifiers, see L<perlfunc/getpwuid>.
576 Returns one line from C<STDIN>, similar to E<lt>E<gt>, also known
577 as the C<readline()> function, see L<perlfunc/readline>.
579 B<NOTE>: if you have C programs that still use C<gets()>, be very
580 afraid. The C<gets()> function is a source of endless grief because
581 it has no buffer overrun checks. It should B<never> be used. The
582 C<fgets()> function should be preferred instead.
586 Returns the user's identifier. Identical to Perl's builtin C<$E<lt>> variable,
591 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<gmtime()> function for
592 converting seconds since the epoch to a date in Greenwich Mean Time,
593 see L<perlfunc/gmtime>.
597 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a
598 single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may
599 affect what characters are considered C<isalnum>. Does not work on
600 Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
601 expressions and the C</[[:alnum:]]/> construct instead, or possibly
602 the C</\w/> construct.
606 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
607 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
608 may affect what characters are considered C<isalpha>. Does not work
609 on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
610 expressions and the C</[[:alpha:]]/> construct instead.
614 Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified filehandle is connected
615 to a tty. Similar to the C<-t> operator, see L<perlfunc/-X>.
619 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
620 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
621 may affect what characters are considered C<iscntrl>. Does not work
622 on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
623 expressions and the C</[[:cntrl:]]/> construct instead.
627 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
628 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
629 may affect what characters are considered C<isdigit> (unlikely, but
630 still possible). Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256
631 or higher. Consider using regular expressions and the C</[[:digit:]]/>
632 construct instead, or the C</\d/> construct.
636 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
637 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
638 may affect what characters are considered C<isgraph>. Does not work
639 on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
640 expressions and the C</[[:graph:]]/> construct instead.
644 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
645 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
646 may affect what characters are considered C<islower>. Does not work
647 on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
648 expressions and the C</[[:lower:]]/> construct instead. Do B<not> use
653 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
654 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
655 may affect what characters are considered C<isprint>. Does not work
656 on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
657 expressions and the C</[[:print:]]/> construct instead.
661 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
662 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
663 may affect what characters are considered C<ispunct>. Does not work
664 on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
665 expressions and the C</[[:punct:]]/> construct instead.
669 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
670 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
671 may affect what characters are considered C<isspace>. Does not work
672 on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
673 expressions and the C</[[:space:]]/> construct instead, or the C</\s/>
674 construct. (Note that C</\s/> and C</[[:space:]]/> are slightly
675 different in that C</[[:space:]]/> can normally match a vertical tab,
676 while C</\s/> does not.)
680 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to
681 a single character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings
682 may affect what characters are considered C<isupper>. Does not work
683 on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher. Consider using regular
684 expressions and the C</[[:upper:]]/> construct instead. Do B<not> use
689 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
690 character or to a whole string. Note that locale settings may affect what
691 characters are considered C<isxdigit> (unlikely, but still possible).
692 Does not work on Unicode characters code point 256 or higher.
693 Consider using regular expressions and the C</[[:xdigit:]]/>
694 construct instead, or simply C</[0-9a-f]/i>.
698 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<kill()> function for sending
699 signals to processes (often to terminate them), see L<perlfunc/kill>.
703 (For returning absolute values of long integers.)
704 labs() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/abs> instead.
708 This is identical to the C function C<ldexp()>
709 for multiplying floating point numbers with powers of two.
711 $x_quadrupled = POSIX::ldexp($x, 2);
715 (For computing dividends of long integers.)
716 ldiv() is C-specific, use C</> and C<int()> instead.
720 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<link()> function
721 for creating hard links into files, see L<perlfunc/link>.
725 Get numeric formatting information. Returns a reference to a hash
726 containing the current locale formatting values.
728 Here is how to query the database for the B<de> (Deutsch or German) locale.
730 $loc = POSIX::setlocale( &POSIX::LC_ALL, "de" );
731 print "Locale = $loc\n";
732 $lconv = POSIX::localeconv();
733 print "decimal_point = ", $lconv->{decimal_point}, "\n";
734 print "thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{thousands_sep}, "\n";
735 print "grouping = ", $lconv->{grouping}, "\n";
736 print "int_curr_symbol = ", $lconv->{int_curr_symbol}, "\n";
737 print "currency_symbol = ", $lconv->{currency_symbol}, "\n";
738 print "mon_decimal_point = ", $lconv->{mon_decimal_point}, "\n";
739 print "mon_thousands_sep = ", $lconv->{mon_thousands_sep}, "\n";
740 print "mon_grouping = ", $lconv->{mon_grouping}, "\n";
741 print "positive_sign = ", $lconv->{positive_sign}, "\n";
742 print "negative_sign = ", $lconv->{negative_sign}, "\n";
743 print "int_frac_digits = ", $lconv->{int_frac_digits}, "\n";
744 print "frac_digits = ", $lconv->{frac_digits}, "\n";
745 print "p_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{p_cs_precedes}, "\n";
746 print "p_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{p_sep_by_space}, "\n";
747 print "n_cs_precedes = ", $lconv->{n_cs_precedes}, "\n";
748 print "n_sep_by_space = ", $lconv->{n_sep_by_space}, "\n";
749 print "p_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{p_sign_posn}, "\n";
750 print "n_sign_posn = ", $lconv->{n_sign_posn}, "\n";
754 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<localtime()> function for
755 converting seconds since the epoch to a date see L<perlfunc/localtime>.
759 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<log()> function,
760 returning the natural (I<e>-based) logarithm of the numerical argument,
765 This is identical to the C function C<log10()>,
766 returning the 10-base logarithm of the numerical argument.
769 sub log10 { log($_[0]) / log(10) }
773 sub log10 { log($_[0]) / 2.30258509299405 }
777 sub log10 { log($_[0]) * 0.434294481903252 }
781 longjmp() is C-specific: use L<perlfunc/die> instead.
785 Move the file's read/write position. This uses file descriptors such as
786 those obtained by calling C<POSIX::open>.
788 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
789 $off_t = POSIX::lseek( $fd, 0, &POSIX::SEEK_SET );
791 Returns C<undef> on failure.
795 malloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
799 This is identical to the C function C<mblen()>.
800 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
801 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
806 This is identical to the C function C<mbstowcs()>.
807 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
808 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
813 This is identical to the C function C<mbtowc()>.
814 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
815 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
820 memchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/index> instead.
824 memcmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> instead, see L<perlop>.
828 memcpy() is C-specific, use C<=>, see L<perlop>, or see L<perlfunc/substr>.
832 memmove() is C-specific, use C<=>, see L<perlop>, or see L<perlfunc/substr>.
836 memset() is C-specific, use C<x> instead, see L<perlop>.
840 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<mkdir()> function
841 for creating directories, see L<perlfunc/mkdir>.
845 This is similar to the C function C<mkfifo()> for creating
848 if (mkfifo($path, $mode)) { ....
850 Returns C<undef> on failure. The C<$mode> is similar to the
851 mode of C<mkdir()>, see L<perlfunc/mkdir>.
855 Convert date/time info to a calendar time.
859 mktime(sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = 0, yday = 0, isdst = 0)
861 The month (C<mon>), weekday (C<wday>), and yearday (C<yday>) begin at zero.
862 I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The
863 year (C<year>) is given in years since 1900. I.e. The year 1995 is 95; the
864 year 2001 is 101. Consult your system's C<mktime()> manpage for details
865 about these and the other arguments.
867 Calendar time for December 12, 1995, at 10:30 am.
869 $time_t = POSIX::mktime( 0, 30, 10, 12, 11, 95 );
870 print "Date = ", POSIX::ctime($time_t);
872 Returns C<undef> on failure.
876 Return the integral and fractional parts of a floating-point number.
878 ($fractional, $integral) = POSIX::modf( 3.14 );
882 This is similar to the C function C<nice()>, for changing
883 the scheduling preference of the current process. Positive
884 arguments mean more polite process, negative values more
885 needy process. Normal user processes can only be more polite.
887 Returns C<undef> on failure.
891 offsetof() is C-specific, you probably want to see L<perlfunc/pack> instead.
895 Open a file for reading for writing. This returns file descriptors, not
896 Perl filehandles. Use C<POSIX::close> to close the file.
898 Open a file read-only with mode 0666.
900 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo" );
902 Open a file for read and write.
904 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDWR );
906 Open a file for write, with truncation.
908 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY | &POSIX::O_TRUNC );
910 Create a new file with mode 0640. Set up the file for writing.
912 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_CREAT | &POSIX::O_WRONLY, 0640 );
914 Returns C<undef> on failure.
916 See also L<perlfunc/sysopen>.
920 Open a directory for reading.
922 $dir = POSIX::opendir( "/tmp" );
923 @files = POSIX::readdir( $dir );
924 POSIX::closedir( $dir );
926 Returns C<undef> on failure.
930 Retrieves the value of a configurable limit on a file or directory.
932 The following will determine the maximum length of the longest allowable
933 pathname on the filesystem which holds C</tmp>.
935 $path_max = POSIX::pathconf( "/tmp", &POSIX::_PC_PATH_MAX );
937 Returns C<undef> on failure.
941 This is similar to the C function C<pause()>, which suspends
942 the execution of the current process until a signal is received.
944 Returns C<undef> on failure.
948 This is identical to the C function C<perror()>, which outputs to the
949 standard error stream the specified message followed by ": " and the
950 current error string. Use the C<warn()> function and the C<$!>
951 variable instead, see L<perlfunc/warn> and L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
955 Create an interprocess channel. This returns file descriptors like those
956 returned by C<POSIX::open>.
958 ($fd0, $fd1) = POSIX::pipe();
959 POSIX::write( $fd0, "hello", 5 );
960 POSIX::read( $fd1, $buf, 5 );
962 See also L<perlfunc/pipe>.
966 Computes C<$x> raised to the power C<$exponent>.
968 $ret = POSIX::pow( $x, $exponent );
970 You can also use the C<**> operator, see L<perlop>.
974 Formats and prints the specified arguments to STDOUT.
975 See also L<perlfunc/printf>.
979 putc() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
983 putchar() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
987 puts() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/print> instead.
991 qsort() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/sort> instead.
995 Sends the specified signal to the current process.
996 See also L<perlfunc/kill> and the C<$$> in L<perlvar/$PID>.
1000 C<rand()> is non-portable, see L<perlfunc/rand> instead.
1004 Read from a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
1005 calling C<POSIX::open>. If the buffer C<$buf> is not large enough for the
1006 read then Perl will extend it to make room for the request.
1008 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_RDONLY );
1009 $bytes = POSIX::read( $fd, $buf, 3 );
1011 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1013 See also L<perlfunc/sysread>.
1017 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<readdir()> function
1018 for reading directory entries, see L<perlfunc/readdir>.
1022 realloc() is C-specific. Perl does memory management transparently.
1026 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<unlink()> function
1027 for removing files, see L<perlfunc/unlink>.
1031 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rename()> function
1032 for renaming files, see L<perlfunc/rename>.
1036 Seeks to the beginning of the file.
1040 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rewinddir()> function for
1041 rewinding directory entry streams, see L<perlfunc/rewinddir>.
1045 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<rmdir()> function
1046 for removing (empty) directories, see L<perlfunc/rmdir>.
1050 scanf() is C-specific, use E<lt>E<gt> and regular expressions instead,
1055 Sets the real group identifier and the effective group identifier for
1056 this process. Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin
1057 C<$)> variable, see L<perlvar/$GID>, except that the latter
1058 will change only the real user identifier, and that the setgid()
1059 uses only a single numeric argument, as opposed to a space-separated
1064 C<setjmp()> is C-specific: use C<eval {}> instead,
1065 see L<perlfunc/eval>.
1069 Modifies and queries program's locale. The following examples assume
1071 use POSIX qw(setlocale LC_ALL LC_CTYPE);
1075 The following will set the traditional UNIX system locale behavior
1076 (the second argument C<"C">).
1078 $loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "C" );
1080 The following will query the current LC_CTYPE category. (No second
1081 argument means 'query'.)
1083 $loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE );
1085 The following will set the LC_CTYPE behaviour according to the locale
1086 environment variables (the second argument C<"">).
1087 Please see your systems C<setlocale(3)> documentation for the locale
1088 environment variables' meaning or consult L<perllocale>.
1090 $loc = setlocale( LC_CTYPE, "" );
1092 The following will set the LC_COLLATE behaviour to Argentinian
1093 Spanish. B<NOTE>: The naming and availability of locales depends on
1094 your operating system. Please consult L<perllocale> for how to find
1095 out which locales are available in your system.
1097 $loc = setlocale( LC_ALL, "es_AR.ISO8859-1" );
1101 This is similar to the C function C<setpgid()> for
1102 setting the process group identifier of the current process.
1104 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1108 This is identical to the C function C<setsid()> for
1109 setting the session identifier of the current process.
1113 Sets the real user identifier and the effective user identifier for
1114 this process. Similar to assigning a value to the Perl's builtin
1115 C<$E<lt>> variable, see L<perlvar/$UID>, except that the latter
1116 will change only the real user identifier.
1120 Detailed signal management. This uses C<POSIX::SigAction> objects for the
1121 C<action> and C<oldaction> arguments. Consult your system's C<sigaction>
1122 manpage for details.
1126 sigaction(signal, action, oldaction = 0)
1128 Returns C<undef> on failure. The C<signal> must be a number (like
1129 SIGHUP), not a string (like "SIGHUP"), though Perl does try hard
1134 siglongjmp() is C-specific: use L<perlfunc/die> instead.
1138 Examine signals that are blocked and pending. This uses C<POSIX::SigSet>
1139 objects for the C<sigset> argument. Consult your system's C<sigpending>
1140 manpage for details.
1146 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1150 Change and/or examine calling process's signal mask. This uses
1151 C<POSIX::SigSet> objects for the C<sigset> and C<oldsigset> arguments.
1152 Consult your system's C<sigprocmask> manpage for details.
1156 sigprocmask(how, sigset, oldsigset = 0)
1158 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1162 C<sigsetjmp()> is C-specific: use C<eval {}> instead,
1163 see L<perlfunc/eval>.
1167 Install a signal mask and suspend process until signal arrives. This uses
1168 C<POSIX::SigSet> objects for the C<signal_mask> argument. Consult your
1169 system's C<sigsuspend> manpage for details.
1173 sigsuspend(signal_mask)
1175 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1179 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<sin()> function
1180 for returning the sine of the numerical argument,
1181 see L<perlfunc/sin>. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1185 This is identical to the C function C<sinh()>
1186 for returning the hyperbolic sine of the numerical argument.
1187 See also L<Math::Trig>.
1191 This is functionally identical to Perl's builtin C<sleep()> function
1192 for suspending the execution of the current for process for certain
1193 number of seconds, see L<perlfunc/sleep>. There is one signifanct
1194 difference, however: C<POSIX::sleep()> returns the number of
1195 B<unslept> seconds, while the C<CORE::sleep()> returns the
1196 number of slept seconds.
1200 This is similar to Perl's builtin C<sprintf()> function
1201 for returning a string that has the arguments formatted as requested,
1202 see L<perlfunc/sprintf>.
1206 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<sqrt()> function.
1207 for returning the square root of the numerical argument,
1208 see L<perlfunc/sqrt>.
1212 Give a seed the pseudorandom number generator, see L<perlfunc/srand>.
1216 sscanf() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1221 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<stat()> function
1222 for retutning information about files and directories.
1226 strcat() is C-specific, use C<.=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1230 strchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/index> instead.
1234 strcmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> or C<cmp> instead, see L<perlop>.
1238 This is identical to the C function C<strcoll()>
1239 for collating (comparing) strings transformed using
1240 the C<strxfrm()> function. Not really needed since
1241 Perl can do this transparently, see L<perllocale>.
1245 strcpy() is C-specific, use C<=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1249 strcspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1254 Returns the error string for the specified errno.
1255 Identical to the string form of the C<$!>, see L<perlvar/$ERRNO>.
1259 Convert date and time information to string. Returns the string.
1263 strftime(fmt, sec, min, hour, mday, mon, year, wday = -1, yday = -1, isdst = -1)
1265 The month (C<mon>), weekday (C<wday>), and yearday (C<yday>) begin at zero.
1266 I.e. January is 0, not 1; Sunday is 0, not 1; January 1st is 0, not 1. The
1267 year (C<year>) is given in years since 1900. I.e., the year 1995 is 95; the
1268 year 2001 is 101. Consult your system's C<strftime()> manpage for details
1269 about these and the other arguments.
1271 If you want your code to be portable, your format (C<fmt>) argument
1272 should use only the conversion specifiers defined by the ANSI C
1273 standard (C89, to play safe). These are C<aAbBcdHIjmMpSUwWxXyYZ%>.
1274 But even then, the B<results> of some of the conversion specifiers are
1275 non-portable. For example, the specifiers C<aAbBcpZ> change according
1276 to the locale settings of the user, and both how to set locales (the
1277 locale names) and what output to expect are non-standard.
1278 The specifier C<c> changes according to the timezone settings of the
1279 user and the timezone computation rules of the operating system.
1280 The C<Z> specifier is notoriously unportable since the names of
1281 timezones are non-standard. Sticking to the numeric specifiers is the
1284 The given arguments are made consistent as though by calling
1285 C<mktime()> before calling your system's C<strftime()> function,
1286 except that the C<isdst> value is not affected.
1288 The string for Tuesday, December 12, 1995.
1290 $str = POSIX::strftime( "%A, %B %d, %Y", 0, 0, 0, 12, 11, 95, 2 );
1295 strlen() is C-specific, use C<length()> instead, see L<perlfunc/length>.
1299 strncat() is C-specific, use C<.=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1303 strncmp() is C-specific, use C<eq> instead, see L<perlop>.
1307 strncpy() is C-specific, use C<=> instead, see L<perlop>.
1311 strpbrk() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1316 strrchr() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/rindex> instead.
1320 strspn() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead,
1325 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<index()> function,
1326 see L<perlfunc/index>.
1330 String to double translation. Returns the parsed number and the number
1331 of characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly
1332 POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation
1333 error, so clear $! before calling strtod. However, non-POSIX systems
1334 may not check for overflow, and therefore will never set $!.
1336 strtod should respect any POSIX I<setlocale()> settings.
1338 To parse a string $str as a floating point number use
1341 ($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtod($str);
1343 The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:
1345 if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
1346 die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
1349 When called in a scalar context strtod returns the parsed number.
1353 strtok() is C-specific, use regular expressions instead, see
1354 L<perlre>, or L<perlfunc/split>.
1358 String to (long) integer translation. Returns the parsed number and
1359 the number of characters in the unparsed portion of the string. Truly
1360 POSIX-compliant systems set $! ($ERRNO) to indicate a translation
1361 error, so clear $! before calling strtol. However, non-POSIX systems
1362 may not check for overflow, and therefore will never set $!.
1364 strtol should respect any POSIX I<setlocale()> settings.
1366 To parse a string $str as a number in some base $base use
1369 ($num, $n_unparsed) = POSIX::strtol($str, $base);
1371 The base should be zero or between 2 and 36, inclusive. When the base
1372 is zero or omitted strtol will use the string itself to determine the
1373 base: a leading "0x" or "0X" means hexadecimal; a leading "0" means
1374 octal; any other leading characters mean decimal. Thus, "1234" is
1375 parsed as a decimal number, "01234" as an octal number, and "0x1234"
1376 as a hexadecimal number.
1378 The second returned item and $! can be used to check for valid input:
1380 if (($str eq '') || ($n_unparsed != 0) || !$!) {
1381 die "Non-numeric input $str" . $! ? ": $!\n" : "\n";
1384 When called in a scalar context strtol returns the parsed number.
1388 String to unsigned (long) integer translation. strtoul() is identical
1389 to strtol() except that strtoul() only parses unsigned integers. See
1390 L</strtol> for details.
1392 Note: Some vendors supply strtod() and strtol() but not strtoul().
1393 Other vendors that do supply strtoul() parse "-1" as a valid value.
1397 String transformation. Returns the transformed string.
1399 $dst = POSIX::strxfrm( $src );
1401 Used in conjunction with the C<strcoll()> function, see L</strcoll>.
1403 Not really needed since Perl can do this transparently, see
1408 Retrieves values of system configurable variables.
1410 The following will get the machine's clock speed.
1412 $clock_ticks = POSIX::sysconf( &POSIX::_SC_CLK_TCK );
1414 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1418 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<system()> function, see
1423 This is identical to the C function C<tan()>, returning the
1424 tangent of the numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1428 This is identical to the C function C<tanh()>, returning the
1429 hyperbolic tangent of the numerical argument. See also L<Math::Trig>.
1433 This is similar to the C function C<tcdrain()> for draining
1434 the output queue of its argument stream.
1436 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1440 This is similar to the C function C<tcflow()> for controlling
1441 the flow of its argument stream.
1443 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1447 This is similar to the C function C<tcflush()> for flushing
1448 the I/O buffers of its argument stream.
1450 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1454 This is identical to the C function C<tcgetpgrp()> for returning the
1455 process group identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling
1460 This is similar to the C function C<tcsendbreak()> for sending
1461 a break on its argument stream.
1463 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1467 This is similar to the C function C<tcsetpgrp()> for setting the
1468 process group identifier of the foreground process group of the controlling
1471 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1475 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<time()> function
1476 for returning the number of seconds since the epoch
1477 (whatever it is for the system), see L<perlfunc/time>.
1481 The times() function returns elapsed realtime since some point in the past
1482 (such as system startup), user and system times for this process, and user
1483 and system times used by child processes. All times are returned in clock
1486 ($realtime, $user, $system, $cuser, $csystem) = POSIX::times();
1488 Note: Perl's builtin C<times()> function returns four values, measured in
1493 Use method C<IO::File::new_tmpfile()> instead, or see L<File::Temp>.
1497 Returns a name for a temporary file.
1499 $tmpfile = POSIX::tmpnam();
1501 For security reasons, which are probably detailed in your system's
1502 documentation for the C library tmpnam() function, this interface
1503 should not be used; instead see L<File::Temp>.
1507 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
1508 character or to a whole string. Consider using the C<lc()> function,
1509 see L<perlfunc/lc>, or the equivalent C<\L> operator inside doublequotish
1514 This is identical to the C function, except that it can apply to a single
1515 character or to a whole string. Consider using the C<uc()> function,
1516 see L<perlfunc/uc>, or the equivalent C<\U> operator inside doublequotish
1521 This is identical to the C function C<ttyname()> for returning the
1522 name of the current terminal.
1526 Retrieves the time conversion information from the C<tzname> variable.
1529 ($std, $dst) = POSIX::tzname();
1533 This is identical to the C function C<tzset()> for setting
1534 the current timezone based on the environment variable C<TZ>,
1535 to be used by C<ctime()>, C<localtime()>, C<mktime()>, and C<strftime()>
1540 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<umask()> function
1541 for setting (and querying) the file creation permission mask,
1542 see L<perlfunc/umask>.
1546 Get name of current operating system.
1548 ($sysname, $nodename, $release, $version, $machine) = POSIX::uname();
1550 Note that the actual meanings of the various fields are not
1551 that well standardized, do not expect any great portability.
1552 The C<$sysname> might be the name of the operating system,
1553 the C<$nodename> might be the name of the host, the C<$release>
1554 might be the (major) release number of the operating system,
1555 the C<$version> might be the (minor) release number of the
1556 operating system, and the C<$machine> might be a hardware identifier.
1561 Use method C<IO::Handle::ungetc()> instead.
1565 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<unlink()> function
1566 for removing files, see L<perlfunc/unlink>.
1570 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<utime()> function
1571 for changing the time stamps of files and directories,
1572 see L<perlfunc/utime>.
1576 vfprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
1580 vprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/printf> instead.
1584 vsprintf() is C-specific, see L<perlfunc/sprintf> instead.
1588 This is identical to Perl's builtin C<wait()> function,
1589 see L<perlfunc/wait>.
1593 Wait for a child process to change state. This is identical to Perl's
1594 builtin C<waitpid()> function, see L<perlfunc/waitpid>.
1596 $pid = POSIX::waitpid( -1, POSIX::WNOHANG );
1597 print "status = ", ($? / 256), "\n";
1601 This is identical to the C function C<wcstombs()>.
1602 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
1603 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
1608 This is identical to the C function C<wctomb()>.
1609 Perl does not have any support for the wide and multibyte
1610 characters of the C standards, so this might be a rather
1615 Write to a file. This uses file descriptors such as those obtained by
1616 calling C<POSIX::open>.
1618 $fd = POSIX::open( "foo", &POSIX::O_WRONLY );
1620 $bytes = POSIX::write( $b, $buf, 5 );
1622 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1624 See also L<perlfunc/syswrite>.
1630 =head2 POSIX::SigAction
1636 Creates a new C<POSIX::SigAction> object which corresponds to the C
1637 C<struct sigaction>. This object will be destroyed automatically when it is
1638 no longer needed. The first parameter is the fully-qualified name of a sub
1639 which is a signal-handler. The second parameter is a C<POSIX::SigSet>
1640 object, it defaults to the empty set. The third parameter contains the
1641 C<sa_flags>, it defaults to 0.
1643 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new(SIGINT, SIGQUIT);
1644 $sigaction = POSIX::SigAction->new( 'main::handler', $sigset, &POSIX::SA_NOCLDSTOP );
1646 This C<POSIX::SigAction> object should be used with the C<POSIX::sigaction()>
1659 accessor functions to get/set the values of a SigAction object.
1661 $sigset = $sigaction->mask;
1662 $sigaction->flags(&POSIX::SA_RESTART);
1666 =head2 POSIX::SigSet
1672 Create a new SigSet object. This object will be destroyed automatically
1673 when it is no longer needed. Arguments may be supplied to initialize the
1676 Create an empty set.
1678 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new;
1680 Create a set with SIGUSR1.
1682 $sigset = POSIX::SigSet->new( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 );
1686 Add a signal to a SigSet object.
1688 $sigset->addset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
1690 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1694 Remove a signal from the SigSet object.
1696 $sigset->delset( &POSIX::SIGUSR2 );
1698 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1702 Initialize the SigSet object to be empty.
1704 $sigset->emptyset();
1706 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1710 Initialize the SigSet object to include all signals.
1714 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1718 Tests the SigSet object to see if it contains a specific signal.
1720 if( $sigset->ismember( &POSIX::SIGUSR1 ) ){
1721 print "contains SIGUSR1\n";
1726 =head2 POSIX::Termios
1732 Create a new Termios object. This object will be destroyed automatically
1733 when it is no longer needed. A Termios object corresponds to the termios
1734 C struct. new() mallocs a new one, getattr() fills it from a file descriptor,
1735 and setattr() sets a file descriptor's parameters to match Termios' contents.
1737 $termios = POSIX::Termios->new;
1741 Get terminal control attributes.
1743 Obtain the attributes for stdin.
1747 Obtain the attributes for stdout.
1749 $termios->getattr( 1 )
1751 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1755 Retrieve a value from the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is
1756 an array so an index must be specified.
1758 $c_cc[1] = $termios->getcc(1);
1762 Retrieve the c_cflag field of a termios object.
1764 $c_cflag = $termios->getcflag;
1768 Retrieve the c_iflag field of a termios object.
1770 $c_iflag = $termios->getiflag;
1774 Retrieve the input baud rate.
1776 $ispeed = $termios->getispeed;
1780 Retrieve the c_lflag field of a termios object.
1782 $c_lflag = $termios->getlflag;
1786 Retrieve the c_oflag field of a termios object.
1788 $c_oflag = $termios->getoflag;
1792 Retrieve the output baud rate.
1794 $ospeed = $termios->getospeed;
1798 Set terminal control attributes.
1800 Set attributes immediately for stdout.
1802 $termios->setattr( 1, &POSIX::TCSANOW );
1804 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1808 Set a value in the c_cc field of a termios object. The c_cc field is an
1809 array so an index must be specified.
1811 $termios->setcc( &POSIX::VEOF, 1 );
1815 Set the c_cflag field of a termios object.
1817 $termios->setcflag( $c_cflag | &POSIX::CLOCAL );
1821 Set the c_iflag field of a termios object.
1823 $termios->setiflag( $c_iflag | &POSIX::BRKINT );
1827 Set the input baud rate.
1829 $termios->setispeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
1831 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1835 Set the c_lflag field of a termios object.
1837 $termios->setlflag( $c_lflag | &POSIX::ECHO );
1841 Set the c_oflag field of a termios object.
1843 $termios->setoflag( $c_oflag | &POSIX::OPOST );
1847 Set the output baud rate.
1849 $termios->setospeed( &POSIX::B9600 );
1851 Returns C<undef> on failure.
1853 =item Baud rate values
1855 B38400 B75 B200 B134 B300 B1800 B150 B0 B19200 B1200 B9600 B600 B4800 B50 B2400 B110
1857 =item Terminal interface values
1859 TCSADRAIN TCSANOW TCOON TCIOFLUSH TCOFLUSH TCION TCIFLUSH TCSAFLUSH TCIOFF TCOOFF
1861 =item c_cc field values
1863 VEOF VEOL VERASE VINTR VKILL VQUIT VSUSP VSTART VSTOP VMIN VTIME NCCS
1865 =item c_cflag field values
1867 CLOCAL CREAD CSIZE CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8 CSTOPB HUPCL PARENB PARODD
1869 =item c_iflag field values
1871 BRKINT ICRNL IGNBRK IGNCR IGNPAR INLCR INPCK ISTRIP IXOFF IXON PARMRK
1873 =item c_lflag field values
1875 ECHO ECHOE ECHOK ECHONL ICANON IEXTEN ISIG NOFLSH TOSTOP
1877 =item c_oflag field values
1883 =head1 PATHNAME CONSTANTS
1889 _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _PC_LINK_MAX _PC_MAX_CANON _PC_MAX_INPUT _PC_NAME_MAX _PC_NO_TRUNC _PC_PATH_MAX _PC_PIPE_BUF _PC_VDISABLE
1893 =head1 POSIX CONSTANTS
1899 _POSIX_ARG_MAX _POSIX_CHILD_MAX _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL _POSIX_LINK_MAX _POSIX_MAX_CANON _POSIX_MAX_INPUT _POSIX_NAME_MAX _POSIX_NGROUPS_MAX _POSIX_NO_TRUNC _POSIX_OPEN_MAX _POSIX_PATH_MAX _POSIX_PIPE_BUF _POSIX_SAVED_IDS _POSIX_SSIZE_MAX _POSIX_STREAM_MAX _POSIX_TZNAME_MAX _POSIX_VDISABLE _POSIX_VERSION
1903 =head1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
1909 _SC_ARG_MAX _SC_CHILD_MAX _SC_CLK_TCK _SC_JOB_CONTROL _SC_NGROUPS_MAX _SC_OPEN_MAX _SC_PAGESIZE _SC_SAVED_IDS _SC_STREAM_MAX _SC_TZNAME_MAX _SC_VERSION
1919 E2BIG EACCES EADDRINUSE EADDRNOTAVAIL EAFNOSUPPORT EAGAIN EALREADY EBADF
1920 EBUSY ECHILD ECONNABORTED ECONNREFUSED ECONNRESET EDEADLK EDESTADDRREQ
1921 EDOM EDQUOT EEXIST EFAULT EFBIG EHOSTDOWN EHOSTUNREACH EINPROGRESS EINTR
1922 EINVAL EIO EISCONN EISDIR ELOOP EMFILE EMLINK EMSGSIZE ENAMETOOLONG
1923 ENETDOWN ENETRESET ENETUNREACH ENFILE ENOBUFS ENODEV ENOENT ENOEXEC
1924 ENOLCK ENOMEM ENOPROTOOPT ENOSPC ENOSYS ENOTBLK ENOTCONN ENOTDIR
1925 ENOTEMPTY ENOTSOCK ENOTTY ENXIO EOPNOTSUPP EPERM EPFNOSUPPORT EPIPE
1926 EPROCLIM EPROTONOSUPPORT EPROTOTYPE ERANGE EREMOTE ERESTART EROFS
1927 ESHUTDOWN ESOCKTNOSUPPORT ESPIPE ESRCH ESTALE ETIMEDOUT ETOOMANYREFS
1928 ETXTBSY EUSERS EWOULDBLOCK EXDEV
1938 FD_CLOEXEC F_DUPFD F_GETFD F_GETFL F_GETLK F_OK F_RDLCK F_SETFD F_SETFL F_SETLK F_SETLKW F_UNLCK F_WRLCK O_ACCMODE O_APPEND O_CREAT O_EXCL O_NOCTTY O_NONBLOCK O_RDONLY O_RDWR O_TRUNC O_WRONLY
1948 DBL_DIG DBL_EPSILON DBL_MANT_DIG DBL_MAX DBL_MAX_10_EXP DBL_MAX_EXP DBL_MIN DBL_MIN_10_EXP DBL_MIN_EXP FLT_DIG FLT_EPSILON FLT_MANT_DIG FLT_MAX FLT_MAX_10_EXP FLT_MAX_EXP FLT_MIN FLT_MIN_10_EXP FLT_MIN_EXP FLT_RADIX FLT_ROUNDS LDBL_DIG LDBL_EPSILON LDBL_MANT_DIG LDBL_MAX LDBL_MAX_10_EXP LDBL_MAX_EXP LDBL_MIN LDBL_MIN_10_EXP LDBL_MIN_EXP
1958 ARG_MAX CHAR_BIT CHAR_MAX CHAR_MIN CHILD_MAX INT_MAX INT_MIN LINK_MAX LONG_MAX LONG_MIN MAX_CANON MAX_INPUT MB_LEN_MAX NAME_MAX NGROUPS_MAX OPEN_MAX PATH_MAX PIPE_BUF SCHAR_MAX SCHAR_MIN SHRT_MAX SHRT_MIN SSIZE_MAX STREAM_MAX TZNAME_MAX UCHAR_MAX UINT_MAX ULONG_MAX USHRT_MAX
1968 LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME
1988 SA_NOCLDSTOP SA_NOCLDWAIT SA_NODEFER SA_ONSTACK SA_RESETHAND SA_RESTART
1989 SA_SIGINFO SIGABRT SIGALRM SIGCHLD SIGCONT SIGFPE SIGHUP SIGILL SIGINT
1990 SIGKILL SIGPIPE SIGQUIT SIGSEGV SIGSTOP SIGTERM SIGTSTP SIGTTIN SIGTTOU
1991 SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIG_BLOCK SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN SIG_SETMASK
2002 S_IRGRP S_IROTH S_IRUSR S_IRWXG S_IRWXO S_IRWXU S_ISGID S_ISUID S_IWGRP S_IWOTH S_IWUSR S_IXGRP S_IXOTH S_IXUSR
2006 S_ISBLK S_ISCHR S_ISDIR S_ISFIFO S_ISREG
2016 EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS MB_CUR_MAX RAND_MAX
2026 BUFSIZ EOF FILENAME_MAX L_ctermid L_cuserid L_tmpname TMP_MAX
2036 CLK_TCK CLOCKS_PER_SEC
2046 R_OK SEEK_CUR SEEK_END SEEK_SET STDIN_FILENO STDOUT_FILENO STDERR_FILENO W_OK X_OK
2062 Do not suspend the calling process until a child process
2063 changes state but instead return immediately.
2067 Catch stopped child processes.
2073 WIFEXITED WEXITSTATUS WIFSIGNALED WTERMSIG WIFSTOPPED WSTOPSIG
2079 WIFEXITED($?) returns true if the child process exited normally
2080 (C<exit()> or by falling off the end of C<main()>)
2084 WEXITSTATUS($?) returns the normal exit status of the child process
2085 (only meaningful if WIFEXITED($?) is true)
2089 WIFSIGNALED($?) returns true if the child process terminated because
2094 WTERMSIG($?) returns the signal the child process terminated for
2095 (only meaningful if WIFSIGNALED($?) is true)
2099 WIFSTOPPED($?) returns true if the child process is currently stopped
2100 (can happen only if you specified the WUNTRACED flag to waitpid())
2104 WSTOPSIG($?) returns the signal the child process was stopped for
2105 (only meaningful if WIFSTOPPED($?) is true)