2 # Copyright (c) 1998-2000, 2002, 2003 Stephen McCamant. All rights reserved.
3 # This module is free software; you can redistribute and/or modify
4 # it under the same terms as Perl itself.
6 # This is based on the module of the same name by Malcolm Beattie,
7 # but essentially none of his code remains.
11 use B qw(class main_root main_start main_cv svref_2object opnumber perlstring
12 OPf_WANT OPf_WANT_VOID OPf_WANT_SCALAR OPf_WANT_LIST
13 OPf_KIDS OPf_REF OPf_STACKED OPf_SPECIAL OPf_MOD
14 OPpLVAL_INTRO OPpOUR_INTRO OPpENTERSUB_AMPER OPpSLICE OPpCONST_BARE
15 OPpTRANS_SQUASH OPpTRANS_DELETE OPpTRANS_COMPLEMENT OPpTARGET_MY
16 OPpCONST_ARYBASE OPpEXISTS_SUB OPpSORT_NUMERIC OPpSORT_INTEGER
17 OPpSORT_REVERSE OPpSORT_INPLACE OPpSORT_DESCEND
18 SVf_IOK SVf_NOK SVf_ROK SVf_POK SVpad_OUR SVf_FAKE SVs_RMG SVs_SMG
19 CVf_METHOD CVf_LOCKED CVf_LVALUE CVf_ASSERTION
20 PMf_KEEP PMf_GLOBAL PMf_CONTINUE PMf_EVAL PMf_ONCE PMf_SKIPWHITE
21 PMf_MULTILINE PMf_SINGLELINE PMf_FOLD PMf_EXTENDED);
24 use vars qw/$AUTOLOAD/;
27 # Changes between 0.50 and 0.51:
28 # - fixed nulled leave with live enter in sort { }
29 # - fixed reference constants (\"str")
30 # - handle empty programs gracefully
31 # - handle infinte loops (for (;;) {}, while (1) {})
32 # - differentiate between `for my $x ...' and `my $x; for $x ...'
33 # - various minor cleanups
34 # - moved globals into an object
35 # - added `-u', like B::C
36 # - package declarations using cop_stash
37 # - subs, formats and code sorted by cop_seq
38 # Changes between 0.51 and 0.52:
39 # - added pp_threadsv (special variables under USE_5005THREADS)
40 # - added documentation
41 # Changes between 0.52 and 0.53:
42 # - many changes adding precedence contexts and associativity
43 # - added `-p' and `-s' output style options
44 # - various other minor fixes
45 # Changes between 0.53 and 0.54:
46 # - added support for new `for (1..100)' optimization,
48 # Changes between 0.54 and 0.55:
49 # - added support for new qr// construct
50 # - added support for new pp_regcreset OP
51 # Changes between 0.55 and 0.56:
52 # - tested on base/*.t, cmd/*.t, comp/*.t, io/*.t
53 # - fixed $# on non-lexicals broken in last big rewrite
54 # - added temporary fix for change in opcode of OP_STRINGIFY
55 # - fixed problem in 0.54's for() patch in `for (@ary)'
56 # - fixed precedence in conditional of ?:
57 # - tweaked list paren elimination in `my($x) = @_'
58 # - made continue-block detection trickier wrt. null ops
59 # - fixed various prototype problems in pp_entersub
60 # - added support for sub prototypes that never get GVs
61 # - added unquoting for special filehandle first arg in truncate
62 # - print doubled rv2gv (a bug) as `*{*GV}' instead of illegal `**GV'
63 # - added semicolons at the ends of blocks
64 # - added -l `#line' declaration option -- fixes cmd/subval.t 27,28
65 # Changes between 0.56 and 0.561:
66 # - fixed multiply-declared my var in pp_truncate (thanks to Sarathy)
67 # - used new B.pm symbolic constants (done by Nick Ing-Simmons)
68 # Changes between 0.561 and 0.57:
69 # - stylistic changes to symbolic constant stuff
70 # - handled scope in s///e replacement code
71 # - added unquote option for expanding "" into concats, etc.
72 # - split method and proto parts of pp_entersub into separate functions
73 # - various minor cleanups
75 # - added parens in \&foo (patch by Albert Dvornik)
76 # Changes between 0.57 and 0.58:
77 # - fixed `0' statements that weren't being printed
78 # - added methods for use from other programs
79 # (based on patches from James Duncan and Hugo van der Sanden)
80 # - added -si and -sT to control indenting (also based on a patch from Hugo)
81 # - added -sv to print something else instead of '???'
82 # - preliminary version of utf8 tr/// handling
84 # - uses of $op->ppaddr changed to new $op->name (done by Sarathy)
85 # - added support for Hugo's new OP_SETSTATE (like nextstate)
86 # Changes between 0.58 and 0.59
87 # - added support for Chip's OP_METHOD_NAMED
88 # - added support for Ilya's OPpTARGET_MY optimization
89 # - elided arrows before `()' subscripts when possible
90 # Changes between 0.59 and 0.60
91 # - support for method attribues was added
92 # - some warnings fixed
93 # - separate recognition of constant subs
94 # - rewrote continue block handling, now recoginizing for loops
95 # - added more control of expanding control structures
96 # Changes between 0.60 and 0.61 (mostly by Robin Houston)
98 # - support for pragmas and 'use'
99 # - support for the little-used $[ variable
100 # - support for __DATA__ sections
102 # - BEGIN, CHECK, INIT and END blocks
103 # - scoping of subroutine declarations fixed
104 # - compile-time output from the input program can be suppressed, so that the
105 # output is just the deparsed code. (a change to O.pm in fact)
106 # - our() declarations
107 # - *all* the known bugs are now listed in the BUGS section
108 # - comprehensive test mechanism (TEST -deparse)
109 # Changes between 0.62 and 0.63 (mostly by Rafael Garcia-Suarez)
112 # - support for command-line switches (-l, -0, etc.)
113 # Changes between 0.63 and 0.64
114 # - support for //, CHECK blocks, and assertions
115 # - improved handling of foreach loops and lexicals
116 # - option to use Data::Dumper for constants
118 # - discovered lots more bugs not yet fixed
121 # (See also BUGS section at the end of this file)
123 # - finish tr/// changes
124 # - add option for even more parens (generalize \&foo change)
125 # - left/right context
126 # - copy comments (look at real text with $^P?)
127 # - avoid semis in one-statement blocks
128 # - associativity of &&=, ||=, ?:
129 # - ',' => '=>' (auto-unquote?)
130 # - break long lines ("\r" as discretionary break?)
131 # - configurable syntax highlighting: ANSI color, HTML, TeX, etc.
132 # - more style options: brace style, hex vs. octal, quotes, ...
133 # - print big ints as hex/octal instead of decimal (heuristic?)
134 # - handle `my $x if 0'?
135 # - version using op_next instead of op_first/sibling?
136 # - avoid string copies (pass arrays, one big join?)
139 # Current test.deparse failures
140 # comp/assertions 38 - disabled assertions should be like "my($x) if 0"
141 # 'sub f : assertion {}; no assertions; my $x=1; {f(my $x=2); print "$x\n"}'
142 # comp/hints 6 - location of BEGIN blocks wrt. block openings
143 # run/switchI 1 - missing -I switches entirely
144 # perl -Ifoo -e 'print @INC'
145 # op/caller 2 - warning mask propagates backwards before warnings::register
146 # 'use warnings; BEGIN {${^WARNING_BITS} eq "U"x12;} use warnings::register'
147 # op/getpid 2 - can't assign to shared my() declaration (threads only)
148 # 'my $x : shared = 5'
149 # op/override 7 - parens on overriden require change v-string interpretation
150 # 'BEGIN{*CORE::GLOBAL::require=sub {}} require v5.6'
151 # c.f. 'BEGIN { *f = sub {0} }; f 2'
152 # op/pat 774 - losing Unicode-ness of Latin1-only strings
153 # 'use charnames ":short"; $x="\N{latin:a with acute}"'
154 # op/recurse 12 - missing parens on recursive call makes it look like method
156 # op/subst 90 - inconsistent handling of utf8 under "use utf8"
157 # op/taint 29 - "use re 'taint'" deparsed in the wrong place wrt. block open
158 # op/tiehandle compile - "use strict" deparsed in the wrong place
160 # ext/B/t/xref 11 - line numbers when we add newlines to one-line subs
161 # ext/Data/Dumper/t/dumper compile
162 # ext/DB_file/several
164 # ext/Ernno/Errno warnings
165 # ext/IO/lib/IO/t/io_sel 23
166 # ext/PerlIO/t/encoding compile
167 # ext/POSIX/t/posix 6
168 # ext/Socket/Socket 8
169 # ext/Storable/t/croak compile
170 # lib/Attribute/Handlers/t/multi compile
171 # lib/bignum/ several
175 # lib/ExtUtils/t/bytes 4
176 # lib/File/DosGlob compile
177 # lib/Filter/Simple/t/data 1
178 # lib/Math/BigInt/t/constant 1
179 # lib/Net/t/config Deparse-warning
180 # lib/overload compile
181 # lib/Switch/ several
183 # lib/Test/Simple several
185 # lib/Tie/File/t/29_downcopy 5
188 # Object fields (were globals):
191 # (local($a), local($b)) and local($a, $b) have the same internal
192 # representation but the short form looks better. We notice we can
193 # use a large-scale local when checking the list, but need to prevent
194 # individual locals too. This hash holds the addresses of OPs that
195 # have already had their local-ness accounted for. The same thing
199 # CV for current sub (or main program) being deparsed
202 # Cached hash of lexical variables for curcv: keys are names,
203 # each value is an array of pairs, indicating the cop_seq of scopes
204 # in which a var of that name is valid.
207 # COP for statement being deparsed
210 # name of the current package for deparsed code
213 # array of [cop_seq, CV, is_format?] for subs and formats we still
217 # as above, but [name, prototype] for subs that never got a GV
219 # subs_done, forms_done:
220 # keys are addresses of GVs for subs and formats we've already
221 # deparsed (or at least put into subs_todo)
224 # keys are names of subs for which we've printed declarations.
225 # That means we can omit parentheses from the arguments.
228 # Keeps track of fully qualified names of all deparsed subs.
233 # cuddle: ` ' or `\n', depending on -sC
238 # A little explanation of how precedence contexts and associativity
241 # deparse() calls each per-op subroutine with an argument $cx (short
242 # for context, but not the same as the cx* in the perl core), which is
243 # a number describing the op's parents in terms of precedence, whether
244 # they're inside an expression or at statement level, etc. (see
245 # chart below). When ops with children call deparse on them, they pass
246 # along their precedence. Fractional values are used to implement
247 # associativity (`($x + $y) + $z' => `$x + $y + $y') and related
248 # parentheses hacks. The major disadvantage of this scheme is that
249 # it doesn't know about right sides and left sides, so say if you
250 # assign a listop to a variable, it can't tell it's allowed to leave
251 # the parens off the listop.
254 # 26 [TODO] inside interpolation context ("")
255 # 25 left terms and list operators (leftward)
259 # 21 right ! ~ \ and unary + and -
264 # 16 nonassoc named unary operators
265 # 15 nonassoc < > <= >= lt gt le ge
266 # 14 nonassoc == != <=> eq ne cmp
273 # 7 right = += -= *= etc.
275 # 5 nonassoc list operators (rightward)
279 # 1 statement modifiers
280 # 0.5 statements, but still print scopes as do { ... }
283 # Nonprinting characters with special meaning:
284 # \cS - steal parens (see maybe_parens_unop)
285 # \n - newline and indent
286 # \t - increase indent
287 # \b - decrease indent (`outdent')
288 # \f - flush left (no indent)
289 # \cK - kill following semicolon, if any
293 return class($op) eq "NULL";
298 my($cv, $is_form) = @_;
299 return unless ($cv->FILE eq $0 || exists $self->{files}{$cv->FILE});
301 if ($cv->OUTSIDE_SEQ) {
302 $seq = $cv->OUTSIDE_SEQ;
303 } elsif (!null($cv->START) and is_state($cv->START)) {
304 $seq = $cv->START->cop_seq;
308 push @{$self->{'subs_todo'}}, [$seq, $cv, $is_form];
309 unless ($is_form || class($cv->STASH) eq 'SPECIAL') {
310 $self->{'subs_deparsed'}{$cv->STASH->NAME."::".$cv->GV->NAME} = 1;
316 my $ent = shift @{$self->{'subs_todo'}};
319 my $name = $self->gv_name($gv);
321 return "format $name =\n"
322 . $self->deparse_format($ent->[1]). "\n";
324 $self->{'subs_declared'}{$name} = 1;
325 if ($name eq "BEGIN") {
326 my $use_dec = $self->begin_is_use($cv);
327 if (defined ($use_dec) and $self->{'expand'} < 5) {
328 return () if 0 == length($use_dec);
333 if ($self->{'linenums'}) {
334 my $line = $gv->LINE;
335 my $file = $gv->FILE;
336 $l = "\n\f#line $line \"$file\"\n";
339 if (class($cv->STASH) ne "SPECIAL") {
340 my $stash = $cv->STASH->NAME;
341 if ($stash ne $self->{'curstash'}) {
342 $p = "package $stash;\n";
343 $name = "$self->{'curstash'}::$name" unless $name =~ /::/;
344 $self->{'curstash'} = $stash;
346 $name =~ s/^\Q$stash\E:://;
348 return "${p}${l}sub $name " . $self->deparse_sub($cv);
352 # Return a "use" declaration for this BEGIN block, if appropriate
354 my ($self, $cv) = @_;
355 my $root = $cv->ROOT;
356 local @$self{qw'curcv curcvlex'} = ($cv);
358 #B::walkoptree($cv->ROOT, "debug");
359 my $lineseq = $root->first;
360 return if $lineseq->name ne "lineseq";
362 my $req_op = $lineseq->first->sibling;
363 return if $req_op->name ne "require";
366 if ($req_op->first->private & OPpCONST_BARE) {
367 # Actually it should always be a bareword
368 $module = $self->const_sv($req_op->first)->PV;
369 $module =~ s[/][::]g;
373 $module = $self->const($self->const_sv($req_op->first), 6);
377 my $version_op = $req_op->sibling;
378 return if class($version_op) eq "NULL";
379 if ($version_op->name eq "lineseq") {
380 # We have a version parameter; skip nextstate & pushmark
381 my $constop = $version_op->first->next->next;
383 return unless $self->const_sv($constop)->PV eq $module;
384 $constop = $constop->sibling;
385 $version = $self->const_sv($constop);
386 if (class($version) eq "IV") {
387 $version = $version->int_value;
388 } elsif (class($version) eq "NV") {
389 $version = $version->NV;
390 } elsif (class($version) ne "PVMG") {
391 # Includes PVIV and PVNV
392 $version = $version->PV;
394 # version specified as a v-string
395 $version = 'v'.join '.', map ord, split //, $version->PV;
397 $constop = $constop->sibling;
398 return if $constop->name ne "method_named";
399 return if $self->const_sv($constop)->PV ne "VERSION";
402 $lineseq = $version_op->sibling;
403 return if $lineseq->name ne "lineseq";
404 my $entersub = $lineseq->first->sibling;
405 if ($entersub->name eq "stub") {
406 return "use $module $version ();\n" if defined $version;
407 return "use $module ();\n";
409 return if $entersub->name ne "entersub";
411 # See if there are import arguments
414 my $svop = $entersub->first->sibling; # Skip over pushmark
415 return unless $self->const_sv($svop)->PV eq $module;
417 # Pull out the arguments
418 for ($svop=$svop->sibling; $svop->name ne "method_named";
419 $svop = $svop->sibling) {
420 $args .= ", " if length($args);
421 $args .= $self->deparse($svop, 6);
425 my $method_named = $svop;
426 return if $method_named->name ne "method_named";
427 my $method_name = $self->const_sv($method_named)->PV;
429 if ($method_name eq "unimport") {
433 # Certain pragmas are dealt with using hint bits,
434 # so we ignore them here
435 if ($module eq 'strict' || $module eq 'integer'
436 || $module eq 'bytes' || $module eq 'warnings') {
440 if (defined $version && length $args) {
441 return "$use $module $version ($args);\n";
442 } elsif (defined $version) {
443 return "$use $module $version;\n";
444 } elsif (length $args) {
445 return "$use $module ($args);\n";
447 return "$use $module;\n";
452 my ($self, $pack) = @_;
454 if (!defined $pack) {
459 $pack =~ s/(::)?$/::/;
463 my %stash = svref_2object($stash)->ARRAY;
464 while (my ($key, $val) = each %stash) {
465 next if $key eq 'main::'; # avoid infinite recursion
466 my $class = class($val);
467 if ($class eq "PV") {
468 # Just a prototype. As an ugly but fairly effective way
469 # to find out if it belongs here is to see if the AUTOLOAD
470 # (if any) for the stash was defined in one of our files.
471 my $A = $stash{"AUTOLOAD"};
472 if (defined ($A) && class($A) eq "GV" && defined($A->CV)
473 && class($A->CV) eq "CV") {
475 next unless $AF eq $0 || exists $self->{'files'}{$AF};
477 push @{$self->{'protos_todo'}}, [$pack . $key, $val->PV];
478 } elsif ($class eq "IV") {
479 # Just a name. As above.
480 my $A = $stash{"AUTOLOAD"};
481 if (defined ($A) && class($A) eq "GV" && defined($A->CV)
482 && class($A->CV) eq "CV") {
484 next unless $AF eq $0 || exists $self->{'files'}{$AF};
486 push @{$self->{'protos_todo'}}, [$pack . $key, undef];
487 } elsif ($class eq "GV") {
488 if (class(my $cv = $val->CV) ne "SPECIAL") {
489 next if $self->{'subs_done'}{$$val}++;
490 next if $$val != ${$cv->GV}; # Ignore imposters
493 if (class(my $cv = $val->FORM) ne "SPECIAL") {
494 next if $self->{'forms_done'}{$$val}++;
495 next if $$val != ${$cv->GV}; # Ignore imposters
498 if (class($val->HV) ne "SPECIAL" && $key =~ /::$/) {
499 $self->stash_subs($pack . $key);
509 foreach $ar (@{$self->{'protos_todo'}}) {
510 my $proto = (defined $ar->[1] ? " (". $ar->[1] . ")" : "");
511 push @ret, "sub " . $ar->[0] . "$proto;\n";
513 delete $self->{'protos_todo'};
521 while (length($opt = substr($opts, 0, 1))) {
523 $self->{'cuddle'} = " ";
524 $opts = substr($opts, 1);
525 } elsif ($opt eq "i") {
526 $opts =~ s/^i(\d+)//;
527 $self->{'indent_size'} = $1;
528 } elsif ($opt eq "T") {
529 $self->{'use_tabs'} = 1;
530 $opts = substr($opts, 1);
531 } elsif ($opt eq "v") {
532 $opts =~ s/^v([^.]*)(.|$)//;
533 $self->{'ex_const'} = $1;
540 my $self = bless {}, $class;
541 $self->{'cuddle'} = "\n";
542 $self->{'curcop'} = undef;
543 $self->{'curstash'} = "main";
544 $self->{'ex_const'} = "'???'";
545 $self->{'expand'} = 0;
546 $self->{'files'} = {};
547 $self->{'indent_size'} = 4;
548 $self->{'linenums'} = 0;
549 $self->{'parens'} = 0;
550 $self->{'subs_todo'} = [];
551 $self->{'unquote'} = 0;
552 $self->{'use_dumper'} = 0;
553 $self->{'use_tabs'} = 0;
555 $self->{'ambient_arybase'} = 0;
556 $self->{'ambient_warnings'} = undef; # Assume no lexical warnings
557 $self->{'ambient_hints'} = 0;
560 while (my $arg = shift @_) {
562 $self->{'use_dumper'} = 1;
563 require Data::Dumper;
564 } elsif ($arg =~ /^-f(.*)/) {
565 $self->{'files'}{$1} = 1;
566 } elsif ($arg eq "-l") {
567 $self->{'linenums'} = 1;
568 } elsif ($arg eq "-p") {
569 $self->{'parens'} = 1;
570 } elsif ($arg eq "-P") {
571 $self->{'noproto'} = 1;
572 } elsif ($arg eq "-q") {
573 $self->{'unquote'} = 1;
574 } elsif (substr($arg, 0, 2) eq "-s") {
575 $self->style_opts(substr $arg, 2);
576 } elsif ($arg =~ /^-x(\d)$/) {
577 $self->{'expand'} = $1;
584 # Mask out the bits that L<warnings::register> uses
587 $WARN_MASK = $warnings::Bits{all} | $warnings::DeadBits{all};
594 # Initialise the contextual information, either from
595 # defaults provided with the ambient_pragmas method,
596 # or from perl's own defaults otherwise.
600 $self->{'arybase'} = $self->{'ambient_arybase'};
601 $self->{'warnings'} = defined ($self->{'ambient_warnings'})
602 ? $self->{'ambient_warnings'} & WARN_MASK
604 $self->{'hints'} = $self->{'ambient_hints'} & 0xFF;
606 # also a convenient place to clear out subs_declared
607 delete $self->{'subs_declared'};
613 my $self = B::Deparse->new(@args);
614 # First deparse command-line args
615 if (defined $^I) { # deparse -i
616 print q(BEGIN { $^I = ).perlstring($^I).qq(; }\n);
618 if ($^W) { # deparse -w
619 print qq(BEGIN { \$^W = $^W; }\n);
621 if ($/ ne "\n" or defined $O::savebackslash) { # deparse -l and -0
622 my $fs = perlstring($/) || 'undef';
623 my $bs = perlstring($O::savebackslash) || 'undef';
624 print qq(BEGIN { \$/ = $fs; \$\\ = $bs; }\n);
626 my @BEGINs = B::begin_av->isa("B::AV") ? B::begin_av->ARRAY : ();
627 my @CHECKs = B::check_av->isa("B::AV") ? B::check_av->ARRAY : ();
628 my @INITs = B::init_av->isa("B::AV") ? B::init_av->ARRAY : ();
629 my @ENDs = B::end_av->isa("B::AV") ? B::end_av->ARRAY : ();
630 for my $block (@BEGINs, @CHECKs, @INITs, @ENDs) {
631 $self->todo($block, 0);
634 local($SIG{"__DIE__"}) =
636 if ($self->{'curcop'}) {
637 my $cop = $self->{'curcop'};
638 my($line, $file) = ($cop->line, $cop->file);
639 print STDERR "While deparsing $file near line $line,\n";
642 $self->{'curcv'} = main_cv;
643 $self->{'curcvlex'} = undef;
644 print $self->print_protos;
645 @{$self->{'subs_todo'}} =
646 sort {$a->[0] <=> $b->[0]} @{$self->{'subs_todo'}};
647 print $self->indent($self->deparse_root(main_root)), "\n"
648 unless null main_root;
650 while (scalar(@{$self->{'subs_todo'}})) {
651 push @text, $self->next_todo;
653 print $self->indent(join("", @text)), "\n" if @text;
655 # Print __DATA__ section, if necessary
657 my $laststash = defined $self->{'curcop'}
658 ? $self->{'curcop'}->stash->NAME : $self->{'curstash'};
659 if (defined *{$laststash."::DATA"}{IO}) {
660 print "package $laststash;\n"
661 unless $laststash eq $self->{'curstash'};
663 print readline(*{$laststash."::DATA"});
671 croak "Usage: ->coderef2text(CODEREF)" unless UNIVERSAL::isa($sub, "CODE");
674 return $self->indent($self->deparse_sub(svref_2object($sub)));
677 sub ambient_pragmas {
679 my ($arybase, $hint_bits, $warning_bits) = (0, 0);
685 if ($name eq 'strict') {
688 if ($val eq 'none') {
689 $hint_bits &= ~strict::bits(qw/refs subs vars/);
695 @names = qw/refs subs vars/;
701 @names = split' ', $val;
703 $hint_bits |= strict::bits(@names);
706 elsif ($name eq '$[') {
710 elsif ($name eq 'integer'
712 || $name eq 'utf8') {
715 $hint_bits |= ${$::{"${name}::"}{"hint_bits"}};
718 $hint_bits &= ~${$::{"${name}::"}{"hint_bits"}};
722 elsif ($name eq 're') {
724 if ($val eq 'none') {
725 $hint_bits &= ~re::bits(qw/taint eval/);
731 @names = qw/taint eval/;
737 @names = split' ',$val;
739 $hint_bits |= re::bits(@names);
742 elsif ($name eq 'warnings') {
743 if ($val eq 'none') {
744 $warning_bits = $warnings::NONE;
753 @names = split/\s+/, $val;
756 $warning_bits = $warnings::NONE if !defined ($warning_bits);
757 $warning_bits |= warnings::bits(@names);
760 elsif ($name eq 'warning_bits') {
761 $warning_bits = $val;
764 elsif ($name eq 'hint_bits') {
769 croak "Unknown pragma type: $name";
773 croak "The ambient_pragmas method expects an even number of args";
776 $self->{'ambient_arybase'} = $arybase;
777 $self->{'ambient_warnings'} = $warning_bits;
778 $self->{'ambient_hints'} = $hint_bits;
781 # This method is the inner loop, so try to keep it simple
786 Carp::confess("Null op in deparse") if !defined($op)
787 || class($op) eq "NULL";
788 my $meth = "pp_" . $op->name;
789 return $self->$meth($op, $cx);
795 my @lines = split(/\n/, $txt);
800 my $cmd = substr($line, 0, 1);
801 if ($cmd eq "\t" or $cmd eq "\b") {
802 $level += ($cmd eq "\t" ? 1 : -1) * $self->{'indent_size'};
803 if ($self->{'use_tabs'}) {
804 $leader = "\t" x ($level / 8) . " " x ($level % 8);
806 $leader = " " x $level;
808 $line = substr($line, 1);
810 if (substr($line, 0, 1) eq "\f") {
811 $line = substr($line, 1); # no indent
813 $line = $leader . $line;
817 return join("\n", @lines);
824 Carp::confess("NULL in deparse_sub") if !defined($cv) || $cv->isa("B::NULL");
825 Carp::confess("SPECIAL in deparse_sub") if $cv->isa("B::SPECIAL");
826 local $self->{'curcop'} = $self->{'curcop'};
827 if ($cv->FLAGS & SVf_POK) {
828 $proto = "(". $cv->PV . ") ";
830 if ($cv->CvFLAGS & (CVf_METHOD|CVf_LOCKED|CVf_LVALUE|CVf_ASSERTION)) {
832 $proto .= "lvalue " if $cv->CvFLAGS & CVf_LVALUE;
833 $proto .= "locked " if $cv->CvFLAGS & CVf_LOCKED;
834 $proto .= "method " if $cv->CvFLAGS & CVf_METHOD;
835 $proto .= "assertion " if $cv->CvFLAGS & CVf_ASSERTION;
838 local($self->{'curcv'}) = $cv;
839 local($self->{'curcvlex'});
840 local(@$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'})
841 = @$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'};
843 if (not null $cv->ROOT) {
844 my $lineseq = $cv->ROOT->first;
845 if ($lineseq->name eq "lineseq") {
847 for(my$o=$lineseq->first; $$o; $o=$o->sibling) {
850 $body = $self->lineseq(undef, @ops).";";
851 my $scope_en = $self->find_scope_en($lineseq);
852 if (defined $scope_en) {
853 my $subs = join"", $self->seq_subs($scope_en);
854 $body .= ";\n$subs" if length($subs);
858 $body = $self->deparse($cv->ROOT->first, 0);
862 my $sv = $cv->const_sv;
864 # uh-oh. inlinable sub... format it differently
865 return $proto . "{ " . $self->const($sv, 0) . " }\n";
866 } else { # XSUB? (or just a declaration)
870 return $proto ."{\n\t$body\n\b}" ."\n";
877 local($self->{'curcv'}) = $form;
878 local($self->{'curcvlex'});
879 local($self->{'in_format'}) = 1;
880 local(@$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'})
881 = @$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'};
882 my $op = $form->ROOT;
884 return "\f." if $op->first->name eq 'stub'
885 || $op->first->name eq 'nextstate';
886 $op = $op->first->first; # skip leavewrite, lineseq
887 while (not null $op) {
888 $op = $op->sibling; # skip nextstate
890 $kid = $op->first->sibling; # skip pushmark
891 push @text, "\f".$self->const_sv($kid)->PV;
892 $kid = $kid->sibling;
893 for (; not null $kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
894 push @exprs, $self->deparse($kid, 0);
896 push @text, "\f".join(", ", @exprs)."\n" if @exprs;
899 return join("", @text) . "\f.";
904 return $op->name eq "leave" || $op->name eq "scope"
905 || $op->name eq "lineseq"
906 || ($op->name eq "null" && class($op) eq "UNOP"
907 && (is_scope($op->first) || $op->first->name eq "enter"));
911 my $name = $_[0]->name;
912 return $name eq "nextstate" || $name eq "dbstate" || $name eq "setstate";
915 sub is_miniwhile { # check for one-line loop (`foo() while $y--')
917 return (!null($op) and null($op->sibling)
918 and $op->name eq "null" and class($op) eq "UNOP"
919 and (($op->first->name =~ /^(and|or)$/
920 and $op->first->first->sibling->name eq "lineseq")
921 or ($op->first->name eq "lineseq"
922 and not null $op->first->first->sibling
923 and $op->first->first->sibling->name eq "unstack")
927 # Check if the op and its sibling are the initialization and the rest of a
928 # for (..;..;..) { ... } loop
931 # This OP might be almost anything, though it won't be a
932 # nextstate. (It's the initialization, so in the canonical case it
933 # will be an sassign.) The sibling is a lineseq whose first child
934 # is a nextstate and whose second is a leaveloop.
935 my $lseq = $op->sibling;
936 if (!is_state $op and !null($lseq) and $lseq->name eq "lineseq") {
937 if ($lseq->first && !null($lseq->first) && is_state($lseq->first)
938 && (my $sib = $lseq->first->sibling)) {
939 return (!null($sib) && $sib->name eq "leaveloop");
947 return ($op->name eq "rv2sv" or
948 $op->name eq "padsv" or
949 $op->name eq "gv" or # only in array/hash constructs
950 $op->flags & OPf_KIDS && !null($op->first)
951 && $op->first->name eq "gvsv");
956 my($text, $cx, $prec) = @_;
957 if ($prec < $cx # unary ops nest just fine
958 or $prec == $cx and $cx != 4 and $cx != 16 and $cx != 21
959 or $self->{'parens'})
962 # In a unop, let parent reuse our parens; see maybe_parens_unop
963 $text = "\cS" . $text if $cx == 16;
970 # same as above, but get around the `if it looks like a function' rule
971 sub maybe_parens_unop {
973 my($name, $kid, $cx) = @_;
974 if ($cx > 16 or $self->{'parens'}) {
975 $kid = $self->deparse($kid, 1);
976 if ($name eq "umask" && $kid =~ /^\d+$/) {
977 $kid = sprintf("%#o", $kid);
979 return "$name($kid)";
981 $kid = $self->deparse($kid, 16);
982 if ($name eq "umask" && $kid =~ /^\d+$/) {
983 $kid = sprintf("%#o", $kid);
985 if (substr($kid, 0, 1) eq "\cS") {
987 return $name . substr($kid, 1);
988 } elsif (substr($kid, 0, 1) eq "(") {
989 # avoid looks-like-a-function trap with extra parens
990 # (`+' can lead to ambiguities)
991 return "$name(" . $kid . ")";
998 sub maybe_parens_func {
1000 my($func, $text, $cx, $prec) = @_;
1001 if ($prec <= $cx or substr($text, 0, 1) eq "(" or $self->{'parens'}) {
1002 return "$func($text)";
1004 return "$func $text";
1010 my($op, $cx, $text) = @_;
1011 my $our_intro = ($op->name =~ /^(gv|rv2)[ash]v$/) ? OPpOUR_INTRO : 0;
1012 if ($op->private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO|$our_intro)
1013 and not $self->{'avoid_local'}{$$op}) {
1014 my $our_local = ($op->private & OPpLVAL_INTRO) ? "local" : "our";
1015 if( $our_local eq 'our' ) {
1016 # XXX This assertion fails code with non-ASCII identifiers,
1017 # like ./ext/Encode/t/jperl.t
1018 die "Unexpected our($text)\n" unless $text =~ /^\W(\w+::)*\w+\z/;
1019 $text =~ s/(\w+::)+//;
1021 if (want_scalar($op)) {
1022 return "$our_local $text";
1024 return $self->maybe_parens_func("$our_local", $text, $cx, 16);
1033 my($op, $cx, $func, @args) = @_;
1034 if ($op->private & OPpTARGET_MY) {
1035 my $var = $self->padname($op->targ);
1036 my $val = $func->($self, $op, 7, @args);
1037 return $self->maybe_parens("$var = $val", $cx, 7);
1039 return $func->($self, $op, $cx, @args);
1046 return $self->{'curcv'}->PADLIST->ARRAYelt(0)->ARRAYelt($targ);
1051 my($op, $cx, $text) = @_;
1052 if ($op->private & OPpLVAL_INTRO and not $self->{'avoid_local'}{$$op}) {
1053 if (want_scalar($op)) {
1056 return $self->maybe_parens_func("my", $text, $cx, 16);
1063 # The following OPs don't have functions:
1065 # pp_padany -- does not exist after parsing
1068 if ($AUTOLOAD =~ s/^.*::pp_//) {
1069 warn "unexpected OP_".uc $AUTOLOAD;
1072 die "Undefined subroutine $AUTOLOAD called";
1076 sub DESTROY {} # Do not AUTOLOAD
1078 # $root should be the op which represents the root of whatever
1079 # we're sequencing here. If it's undefined, then we don't append
1080 # any subroutine declarations to the deparsed ops, otherwise we
1081 # append appropriate declarations.
1083 my($self, $root, @ops) = @_;
1086 my $out_cop = $self->{'curcop'};
1087 my $out_seq = defined($out_cop) ? $out_cop->cop_seq : undef;
1089 if (defined $root) {
1090 $limit_seq = $out_seq;
1092 $nseq = $self->find_scope_st($root->sibling) if ${$root->sibling};
1093 $limit_seq = $nseq if !defined($limit_seq)
1094 or defined($nseq) && $nseq < $limit_seq;
1096 $limit_seq = $self->{'limit_seq'}
1097 if defined($self->{'limit_seq'})
1098 && (!defined($limit_seq) || $self->{'limit_seq'} < $limit_seq);
1099 local $self->{'limit_seq'} = $limit_seq;
1100 for (my $i = 0; $i < @ops; $i++) {
1102 if (is_state $ops[$i]) {
1103 $expr = $self->deparse($ops[$i], 0);
1110 if (!is_state $ops[$i] and (my $ls = $ops[$i+1]) and
1111 !null($ops[$i+1]) and $ops[$i+1]->name eq "lineseq")
1113 if ($ls->first && !null($ls->first) && is_state($ls->first)
1114 && (my $sib = $ls->first->sibling)) {
1115 if (!null($sib) && $sib->name eq "leaveloop") {
1116 push @exprs, $expr . $self->for_loop($ops[$i], 0);
1122 $expr .= $self->deparse($ops[$i], (@ops != 1)/2);
1123 $expr =~ s/;\n?\z//;
1126 my $body = join(";\n", grep {length} @exprs);
1128 if (defined $root && defined $limit_seq && !$self->{'in_format'}) {
1129 $subs = join "\n", $self->seq_subs($limit_seq);
1131 return join(";\n", grep {length} $body, $subs);
1135 my($real_block, $self, $op, $cx) = @_;
1139 local(@$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'})
1140 = @$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'} if $real_block;
1142 $kid = $op->first->sibling; # skip enter
1143 if (is_miniwhile($kid)) {
1144 my $top = $kid->first;
1145 my $name = $top->name;
1146 if ($name eq "and") {
1148 } elsif ($name eq "or") {
1150 } else { # no conditional -> while 1 or until 0
1151 return $self->deparse($top->first, 1) . " while 1";
1153 my $cond = $top->first;
1154 my $body = $cond->sibling->first; # skip lineseq
1155 $cond = $self->deparse($cond, 1);
1156 $body = $self->deparse($body, 1);
1157 return "$body $name $cond";
1162 for (; !null($kid); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
1165 if ($cx > 0) { # inside an expression, (a do {} while for lineseq)
1166 return "do {\n\t" . $self->lineseq($op, @kids) . "\n\b}";
1168 my $lineseq = $self->lineseq($op, @kids);
1169 return (length ($lineseq) ? "$lineseq;" : "");
1173 sub pp_scope { scopeop(0, @_); }
1174 sub pp_lineseq { scopeop(0, @_); }
1175 sub pp_leave { scopeop(1, @_); }
1177 # This is a special case of scopeop and lineseq, for the case of the
1178 # main_root. The difference is that we print the output statements as
1179 # soon as we get them, for the sake of impatient users.
1183 local(@$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'})
1184 = @$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'};
1186 for (my $kid = $op->first->sibling; !null($kid); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
1189 for (my $i = 0; $i < @kids; $i++) {
1191 if (is_state $kids[$i]) {
1192 $expr = $self->deparse($kids[$i], 0);
1195 print $self->indent($expr);
1199 if (is_for_loop($kids[$i])) {
1200 $expr .= $self->for_loop($kids[$i], 0);
1201 $expr .= ";\n" unless $i == $#kids;
1202 print $self->indent($expr);
1206 $expr .= $self->deparse($kids[$i], (@kids != 1)/2);
1207 $expr =~ s/;\n?\z//;
1209 print $self->indent($expr);
1210 print "\n" unless $i == $#kids;
1214 # The BEGIN {} is used here because otherwise this code isn't executed
1215 # when you run B::Deparse on itself.
1217 BEGIN { map($globalnames{$_}++, "SIG", "STDIN", "STDOUT", "STDERR", "INC",
1218 "ENV", "ARGV", "ARGVOUT", "_"); }
1223 Carp::confess() unless ref($gv) eq "B::GV";
1224 my $stash = $gv->STASH->NAME;
1225 my $name = $gv->SAFENAME;
1226 if (($stash eq 'main' && $globalnames{$name})
1227 or ($stash eq $self->{'curstash'} && !$globalnames{$name})
1228 or $name =~ /^[^A-Za-z_]/)
1232 $stash = $stash . "::";
1234 if ($name =~ /^(\^..|{)/) {
1235 $name = "{$name}"; # ${^WARNING_BITS}, etc and ${
1237 return $stash . $name;
1240 # Return the name to use for a stash variable.
1241 # If a lexical with the same name is in scope, it may need to be
1243 sub stash_variable {
1244 my ($self, $prefix, $name) = @_;
1246 return "$prefix$name" if $name =~ /::/;
1248 unless ($prefix eq '$' || $prefix eq '@' || #'
1249 $prefix eq '%' || $prefix eq '$#') {
1250 return "$prefix$name";
1253 my $v = ($prefix eq '$#' ? '@' : $prefix) . $name;
1254 return $prefix .$self->{'curstash'}.'::'. $name if $self->lex_in_scope($v);
1255 return "$prefix$name";
1259 my ($self, $name) = @_;
1260 $self->populate_curcvlex() if !defined $self->{'curcvlex'};
1262 return 0 if !defined($self->{'curcop'});
1263 my $seq = $self->{'curcop'}->cop_seq;
1264 return 0 if !exists $self->{'curcvlex'}{$name};
1265 for my $a (@{$self->{'curcvlex'}{$name}}) {
1266 my ($st, $en) = @$a;
1267 return 1 if $seq > $st && $seq <= $en;
1272 sub populate_curcvlex {
1274 for (my $cv = $self->{'curcv'}; class($cv) eq "CV"; $cv = $cv->OUTSIDE) {
1275 my $padlist = $cv->PADLIST;
1276 # an undef CV still in lexical chain
1277 next if class($padlist) eq "SPECIAL";
1278 my @padlist = $padlist->ARRAY;
1279 my @ns = $padlist[0]->ARRAY;
1281 for (my $i=0; $i<@ns; ++$i) {
1282 next if class($ns[$i]) eq "SPECIAL";
1283 next if $ns[$i]->FLAGS & SVpad_OUR; # Skip "our" vars
1284 if (class($ns[$i]) eq "PV") {
1285 # Probably that pesky lexical @_
1288 my $name = $ns[$i]->PVX;
1289 my ($seq_st, $seq_en) =
1290 ($ns[$i]->FLAGS & SVf_FAKE)
1292 : ($ns[$i]->NVX, $ns[$i]->IVX);
1294 push @{$self->{'curcvlex'}{$name}}, [$seq_st, $seq_en];
1299 sub find_scope_st { ((find_scope(@_))[0]); }
1300 sub find_scope_en { ((find_scope(@_))[1]); }
1302 # Recurses down the tree, looking for pad variable introductions and COPs
1304 my ($self, $op, $scope_st, $scope_en) = @_;
1305 carp("Undefined op in find_scope") if !defined $op;
1306 return ($scope_st, $scope_en) unless $op->flags & OPf_KIDS;
1308 for (my $o=$op->first; $$o; $o=$o->sibling) {
1309 if ($o->name =~ /^pad.v$/ && $o->private & OPpLVAL_INTRO) {
1310 my $s = int($self->padname_sv($o->targ)->NVX);
1311 my $e = $self->padname_sv($o->targ)->IVX;
1312 $scope_st = $s if !defined($scope_st) || $s < $scope_st;
1313 $scope_en = $e if !defined($scope_en) || $e > $scope_en;
1315 elsif (is_state($o)) {
1316 my $c = $o->cop_seq;
1317 $scope_st = $c if !defined($scope_st) || $c < $scope_st;
1318 $scope_en = $c if !defined($scope_en) || $c > $scope_en;
1320 elsif ($o->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
1321 ($scope_st, $scope_en) =
1322 $self->find_scope($o, $scope_st, $scope_en)
1326 return ($scope_st, $scope_en);
1329 # Returns a list of subs which should be inserted before the COP
1331 my ($self, $op, $out_seq) = @_;
1332 my $seq = $op->cop_seq;
1333 # If we have nephews, then our sequence number indicates
1334 # the cop_seq of the end of some sort of scope.
1335 if (class($op->sibling) ne "NULL" && $op->sibling->flags & OPf_KIDS
1336 and my $nseq = $self->find_scope_st($op->sibling) ) {
1339 $seq = $out_seq if defined($out_seq) && $out_seq < $seq;
1340 return $self->seq_subs($seq);
1344 my ($self, $seq) = @_;
1346 #push @text, "# ($seq)\n";
1348 return "" if !defined $seq;
1349 while (scalar(@{$self->{'subs_todo'}})
1350 and $seq > $self->{'subs_todo'}[0][0]) {
1351 push @text, $self->next_todo;
1356 # Notice how subs and formats are inserted between statements here;
1357 # also $[ assignments and pragmas.
1361 $self->{'curcop'} = $op;
1363 push @text, $self->cop_subs($op);
1364 push @text, $op->label . ": " if $op->label;
1365 my $stash = $op->stashpv;
1366 if ($stash ne $self->{'curstash'}) {
1367 push @text, "package $stash;\n";
1368 $self->{'curstash'} = $stash;
1371 if ($self->{'arybase'} != $op->arybase) {
1372 push @text, '$[ = '. $op->arybase .";\n";
1373 $self->{'arybase'} = $op->arybase;
1376 my $warnings = $op->warnings;
1378 if ($warnings->isa("B::SPECIAL") && $$warnings == 4) {
1379 $warning_bits = $warnings::Bits{"all"} & WARN_MASK;
1381 elsif ($warnings->isa("B::SPECIAL") && $$warnings == 5) {
1382 $warning_bits = $warnings::NONE;
1384 elsif ($warnings->isa("B::SPECIAL")) {
1385 $warning_bits = undef;
1388 $warning_bits = $warnings->PV & WARN_MASK;
1391 if (defined ($warning_bits) and
1392 !defined($self->{warnings}) || $self->{'warnings'} ne $warning_bits) {
1393 push @text, declare_warnings($self->{'warnings'}, $warning_bits);
1394 $self->{'warnings'} = $warning_bits;
1397 if ($self->{'hints'} != $op->private) {
1398 push @text, declare_hints($self->{'hints'}, $op->private);
1399 $self->{'hints'} = $op->private;
1402 # This should go after of any branches that add statements, to
1403 # increase the chances that it refers to the same line it did in
1404 # the original program.
1405 if ($self->{'linenums'}) {
1406 push @text, "\f#line " . $op->line .
1407 ' "' . $op->file, qq'"\n';
1410 return join("", @text);
1413 sub declare_warnings {
1414 my ($from, $to) = @_;
1415 if (($to & WARN_MASK) eq warnings::bits("all")) {
1416 return "use warnings;\n";
1418 elsif (($to & WARN_MASK) eq "\0"x length($to)) {
1419 return "no warnings;\n";
1421 return "BEGIN {\${^WARNING_BITS} = ".perlstring($to)."}\n";
1425 my ($from, $to) = @_;
1426 my $use = $to & ~$from;
1427 my $no = $from & ~$to;
1429 for my $pragma (hint_pragmas($use)) {
1430 $decls .= "use $pragma;\n";
1432 for my $pragma (hint_pragmas($no)) {
1433 $decls .= "no $pragma;\n";
1441 push @pragmas, "integer" if $bits & 0x1;
1442 push @pragmas, "strict 'refs'" if $bits & 0x2;
1443 push @pragmas, "bytes" if $bits & 0x8;
1447 sub pp_dbstate { pp_nextstate(@_) }
1448 sub pp_setstate { pp_nextstate(@_) }
1450 sub pp_unstack { return "" } # see also leaveloop
1454 my($op, $cx, $name) = @_;
1460 my($op, $cx, $name) = @_;
1468 sub pp_wantarray { baseop(@_, "wantarray") }
1469 sub pp_fork { baseop(@_, "fork") }
1470 sub pp_wait { maybe_targmy(@_, \&baseop, "wait") }
1471 sub pp_getppid { maybe_targmy(@_, \&baseop, "getppid") }
1472 sub pp_time { maybe_targmy(@_, \&baseop, "time") }
1473 sub pp_tms { baseop(@_, "times") }
1474 sub pp_ghostent { baseop(@_, "gethostent") }
1475 sub pp_gnetent { baseop(@_, "getnetent") }
1476 sub pp_gprotoent { baseop(@_, "getprotoent") }
1477 sub pp_gservent { baseop(@_, "getservent") }
1478 sub pp_ehostent { baseop(@_, "endhostent") }
1479 sub pp_enetent { baseop(@_, "endnetent") }
1480 sub pp_eprotoent { baseop(@_, "endprotoent") }
1481 sub pp_eservent { baseop(@_, "endservent") }
1482 sub pp_gpwent { baseop(@_, "getpwent") }
1483 sub pp_spwent { baseop(@_, "setpwent") }
1484 sub pp_epwent { baseop(@_, "endpwent") }
1485 sub pp_ggrent { baseop(@_, "getgrent") }
1486 sub pp_sgrent { baseop(@_, "setgrent") }
1487 sub pp_egrent { baseop(@_, "endgrent") }
1488 sub pp_getlogin { baseop(@_, "getlogin") }
1490 sub POSTFIX () { 1 }
1492 # I couldn't think of a good short name, but this is the category of
1493 # symbolic unary operators with interesting precedence
1497 my($op, $cx, $name, $prec, $flags) = (@_, 0);
1498 my $kid = $op->first;
1499 $kid = $self->deparse($kid, $prec);
1500 return $self->maybe_parens(($flags & POSTFIX) ? "$kid$name" : "$name$kid",
1504 sub pp_preinc { pfixop(@_, "++", 23) }
1505 sub pp_predec { pfixop(@_, "--", 23) }
1506 sub pp_postinc { maybe_targmy(@_, \&pfixop, "++", 23, POSTFIX) }
1507 sub pp_postdec { maybe_targmy(@_, \&pfixop, "--", 23, POSTFIX) }
1508 sub pp_i_preinc { pfixop(@_, "++", 23) }
1509 sub pp_i_predec { pfixop(@_, "--", 23) }
1510 sub pp_i_postinc { maybe_targmy(@_, \&pfixop, "++", 23, POSTFIX) }
1511 sub pp_i_postdec { maybe_targmy(@_, \&pfixop, "--", 23, POSTFIX) }
1512 sub pp_complement { maybe_targmy(@_, \&pfixop, "~", 21) }
1514 sub pp_negate { maybe_targmy(@_, \&real_negate) }
1518 if ($op->first->name =~ /^(i_)?negate$/) {
1520 $self->pfixop($op, $cx, "-", 21.5);
1522 $self->pfixop($op, $cx, "-", 21);
1525 sub pp_i_negate { pp_negate(@_) }
1531 $self->pfixop($op, $cx, "not ", 4);
1533 $self->pfixop($op, $cx, "!", 21);
1539 my($op, $cx, $name) = @_;
1541 if ($op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
1543 if (defined prototype("CORE::$name")
1544 && prototype("CORE::$name") =~ /^;?\*/
1545 && $kid->name eq "rv2gv") {
1549 return $self->maybe_parens_unop($name, $kid, $cx);
1551 return $name . ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL ? "()" : "");
1555 sub pp_chop { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "chop") }
1556 sub pp_chomp { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "chomp") }
1557 sub pp_schop { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "chop") }
1558 sub pp_schomp { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "chomp") }
1559 sub pp_defined { unop(@_, "defined") }
1560 sub pp_undef { unop(@_, "undef") }
1561 sub pp_study { unop(@_, "study") }
1562 sub pp_ref { unop(@_, "ref") }
1563 sub pp_pos { maybe_local(@_, unop(@_, "pos")) }
1565 sub pp_sin { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "sin") }
1566 sub pp_cos { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "cos") }
1567 sub pp_rand { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "rand") }
1568 sub pp_srand { unop(@_, "srand") }
1569 sub pp_exp { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "exp") }
1570 sub pp_log { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "log") }
1571 sub pp_sqrt { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "sqrt") }
1572 sub pp_int { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "int") }
1573 sub pp_hex { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "hex") }
1574 sub pp_oct { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "oct") }
1575 sub pp_abs { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "abs") }
1577 sub pp_length { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "length") }
1578 sub pp_ord { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "ord") }
1579 sub pp_chr { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "chr") }
1581 sub pp_each { unop(@_, "each") }
1582 sub pp_values { unop(@_, "values") }
1583 sub pp_keys { unop(@_, "keys") }
1584 sub pp_pop { unop(@_, "pop") }
1585 sub pp_shift { unop(@_, "shift") }
1587 sub pp_caller { unop(@_, "caller") }
1588 sub pp_reset { unop(@_, "reset") }
1589 sub pp_exit { unop(@_, "exit") }
1590 sub pp_prototype { unop(@_, "prototype") }
1592 sub pp_close { unop(@_, "close") }
1593 sub pp_fileno { unop(@_, "fileno") }
1594 sub pp_umask { unop(@_, "umask") }
1595 sub pp_untie { unop(@_, "untie") }
1596 sub pp_tied { unop(@_, "tied") }
1597 sub pp_dbmclose { unop(@_, "dbmclose") }
1598 sub pp_getc { unop(@_, "getc") }
1599 sub pp_eof { unop(@_, "eof") }
1600 sub pp_tell { unop(@_, "tell") }
1601 sub pp_getsockname { unop(@_, "getsockname") }
1602 sub pp_getpeername { unop(@_, "getpeername") }
1604 sub pp_chdir { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "chdir") }
1605 sub pp_chroot { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "chroot") }
1606 sub pp_readlink { unop(@_, "readlink") }
1607 sub pp_rmdir { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "rmdir") }
1608 sub pp_readdir { unop(@_, "readdir") }
1609 sub pp_telldir { unop(@_, "telldir") }
1610 sub pp_rewinddir { unop(@_, "rewinddir") }
1611 sub pp_closedir { unop(@_, "closedir") }
1612 sub pp_getpgrp { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "getpgrp") }
1613 sub pp_localtime { unop(@_, "localtime") }
1614 sub pp_gmtime { unop(@_, "gmtime") }
1615 sub pp_alarm { unop(@_, "alarm") }
1616 sub pp_sleep { maybe_targmy(@_, \&unop, "sleep") }
1618 sub pp_dofile { unop(@_, "do") }
1619 sub pp_entereval { unop(@_, "eval") }
1621 sub pp_ghbyname { unop(@_, "gethostbyname") }
1622 sub pp_gnbyname { unop(@_, "getnetbyname") }
1623 sub pp_gpbyname { unop(@_, "getprotobyname") }
1624 sub pp_shostent { unop(@_, "sethostent") }
1625 sub pp_snetent { unop(@_, "setnetent") }
1626 sub pp_sprotoent { unop(@_, "setprotoent") }
1627 sub pp_sservent { unop(@_, "setservent") }
1628 sub pp_gpwnam { unop(@_, "getpwnam") }
1629 sub pp_gpwuid { unop(@_, "getpwuid") }
1630 sub pp_ggrnam { unop(@_, "getgrnam") }
1631 sub pp_ggrgid { unop(@_, "getgrgid") }
1633 sub pp_lock { unop(@_, "lock") }
1639 if ($op->private & OPpEXISTS_SUB) {
1640 # Checking for the existence of a subroutine
1641 return $self->maybe_parens_func("exists",
1642 $self->pp_rv2cv($op->first, 16), $cx, 16);
1644 if ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
1645 # Array element, not hash element
1646 return $self->maybe_parens_func("exists",
1647 $self->pp_aelem($op->first, 16), $cx, 16);
1649 return $self->maybe_parens_func("exists", $self->pp_helem($op->first, 16),
1657 if ($op->private & OPpSLICE) {
1658 if ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
1659 # Deleting from an array, not a hash
1660 return $self->maybe_parens_func("delete",
1661 $self->pp_aslice($op->first, 16),
1664 return $self->maybe_parens_func("delete",
1665 $self->pp_hslice($op->first, 16),
1668 if ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
1669 # Deleting from an array, not a hash
1670 return $self->maybe_parens_func("delete",
1671 $self->pp_aelem($op->first, 16),
1674 return $self->maybe_parens_func("delete",
1675 $self->pp_helem($op->first, 16),
1683 if (class($op) eq "UNOP" and $op->first->name eq "const"
1684 and $op->first->private & OPpCONST_BARE)
1686 my $name = $self->const_sv($op->first)->PV;
1689 return "require $name";
1691 $self->unop($op, $cx, "require");
1698 my $kid = $op->first;
1699 if (not null $kid->sibling) {
1700 # XXX Was a here-doc
1701 return $self->dquote($op);
1703 $self->unop(@_, "scalar");
1710 return $self->{'curcv'}->PADLIST->ARRAYelt(1)->ARRAYelt($targ);
1716 my $kid = $op->first;
1717 if ($kid->name eq "null") {
1719 if ($kid->name eq "anonlist" || $kid->name eq "anonhash") {
1720 my($pre, $post) = @{{"anonlist" => ["[","]"],
1721 "anonhash" => ["{","}"]}->{$kid->name}};
1723 $kid = $kid->first->sibling; # skip pushmark
1724 for (; !null($kid); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
1725 $expr = $self->deparse($kid, 6);
1728 return $pre . join(", ", @exprs) . $post;
1729 } elsif (!null($kid->sibling) and
1730 $kid->sibling->name eq "anoncode") {
1732 $self->deparse_sub($self->padval($kid->sibling->targ));
1733 } elsif ($kid->name eq "pushmark") {
1734 my $sib_name = $kid->sibling->name;
1735 if ($sib_name =~ /^(pad|rv2)[ah]v$/
1736 and not $kid->sibling->flags & OPf_REF)
1738 # The @a in \(@a) isn't in ref context, but only when the
1740 return "\\(" . $self->pp_list($op->first) . ")";
1741 } elsif ($sib_name eq 'entersub') {
1742 my $text = $self->deparse($kid->sibling, 1);
1743 # Always show parens for \(&func()), but only with -p otherwise
1744 $text = "($text)" if $self->{'parens'}
1745 or $kid->sibling->private & OPpENTERSUB_AMPER;
1750 $self->pfixop($op, $cx, "\\", 20);
1753 sub pp_srefgen { pp_refgen(@_) }
1758 my $kid = $op->first;
1759 $kid = $kid->first if $kid->name eq "rv2gv"; # <$fh>
1760 return "<" . $self->deparse($kid, 1) . ">" if is_scalar($kid);
1761 return $self->unop($op, $cx, "readline");
1767 return "<" . $self->gv_name($self->gv_or_padgv($op)) . ">";
1770 # Unary operators that can occur as pseudo-listops inside double quotes
1773 my($op, $cx, $name, $prec, $flags) = (@_, 0, 0);
1775 if ($op->flags & OPf_KIDS) {
1777 # If there's more than one kid, the first is an ex-pushmark.
1778 $kid = $kid->sibling if not null $kid->sibling;
1779 return $self->maybe_parens_unop($name, $kid, $cx);
1781 return $name . ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL ? "()" : "");
1785 sub pp_ucfirst { dq_unop(@_, "ucfirst") }
1786 sub pp_lcfirst { dq_unop(@_, "lcfirst") }
1787 sub pp_uc { dq_unop(@_, "uc") }
1788 sub pp_lc { dq_unop(@_, "lc") }
1789 sub pp_quotemeta { maybe_targmy(@_, \&dq_unop, "quotemeta") }
1793 my ($op, $cx, $name) = @_;
1794 if (class($op) eq "PVOP") {
1795 return "$name " . $op->pv;
1796 } elsif (class($op) eq "OP") {
1798 } elsif (class($op) eq "UNOP") {
1799 # Note -- loop exits are actually exempt from the
1800 # looks-like-a-func rule, but a few extra parens won't hurt
1801 return $self->maybe_parens_unop($name, $op->first, $cx);
1805 sub pp_last { loopex(@_, "last") }
1806 sub pp_next { loopex(@_, "next") }
1807 sub pp_redo { loopex(@_, "redo") }
1808 sub pp_goto { loopex(@_, "goto") }
1809 sub pp_dump { loopex(@_, "dump") }
1813 my($op, $cx, $name) = @_;
1814 if (class($op) eq "UNOP") {
1815 # Genuine `-X' filetests are exempt from the LLAFR, but not
1816 # l?stat(); for the sake of clarity, give'em all parens
1817 return $self->maybe_parens_unop($name, $op->first, $cx);
1818 } elsif (class($op) =~ /^(SV|PAD)OP$/) {
1819 return $self->maybe_parens_func($name, $self->pp_gv($op, 1), $cx, 16);
1820 } else { # I don't think baseop filetests ever survive ck_ftst, but...
1825 sub pp_lstat { ftst(@_, "lstat") }
1826 sub pp_stat { ftst(@_, "stat") }
1827 sub pp_ftrread { ftst(@_, "-R") }
1828 sub pp_ftrwrite { ftst(@_, "-W") }
1829 sub pp_ftrexec { ftst(@_, "-X") }
1830 sub pp_fteread { ftst(@_, "-r") }
1831 sub pp_ftewrite { ftst(@_, "-w") }
1832 sub pp_fteexec { ftst(@_, "-x") }
1833 sub pp_ftis { ftst(@_, "-e") }
1834 sub pp_fteowned { ftst(@_, "-O") }
1835 sub pp_ftrowned { ftst(@_, "-o") }
1836 sub pp_ftzero { ftst(@_, "-z") }
1837 sub pp_ftsize { ftst(@_, "-s") }
1838 sub pp_ftmtime { ftst(@_, "-M") }
1839 sub pp_ftatime { ftst(@_, "-A") }
1840 sub pp_ftctime { ftst(@_, "-C") }
1841 sub pp_ftsock { ftst(@_, "-S") }
1842 sub pp_ftchr { ftst(@_, "-c") }
1843 sub pp_ftblk { ftst(@_, "-b") }
1844 sub pp_ftfile { ftst(@_, "-f") }
1845 sub pp_ftdir { ftst(@_, "-d") }
1846 sub pp_ftpipe { ftst(@_, "-p") }
1847 sub pp_ftlink { ftst(@_, "-l") }
1848 sub pp_ftsuid { ftst(@_, "-u") }
1849 sub pp_ftsgid { ftst(@_, "-g") }
1850 sub pp_ftsvtx { ftst(@_, "-k") }
1851 sub pp_fttty { ftst(@_, "-t") }
1852 sub pp_fttext { ftst(@_, "-T") }
1853 sub pp_ftbinary { ftst(@_, "-B") }
1855 sub SWAP_CHILDREN () { 1 }
1856 sub ASSIGN () { 2 } # has OP= variant
1857 sub LIST_CONTEXT () { 4 } # Assignment is in list context
1863 my $name = $op->name;
1864 if ($name eq "concat" and $op->first->name eq "concat") {
1865 # avoid spurious `=' -- see comment in pp_concat
1868 if ($name eq "null" and class($op) eq "UNOP"
1869 and $op->first->name =~ /^(and|x?or)$/
1870 and null $op->first->sibling)
1872 # Like all conditional constructs, OP_ANDs and OP_ORs are topped
1873 # with a null that's used as the common end point of the two
1874 # flows of control. For precedence purposes, ignore it.
1875 # (COND_EXPRs have these too, but we don't bother with
1876 # their associativity).
1877 return assoc_class($op->first);
1879 return $name . ($op->flags & OPf_STACKED ? "=" : "");
1882 # Left associative operators, like `+', for which
1883 # $a + $b + $c is equivalent to ($a + $b) + $c
1886 %left = ('multiply' => 19, 'i_multiply' => 19,
1887 'divide' => 19, 'i_divide' => 19,
1888 'modulo' => 19, 'i_modulo' => 19,
1890 'add' => 18, 'i_add' => 18,
1891 'subtract' => 18, 'i_subtract' => 18,
1893 'left_shift' => 17, 'right_shift' => 17,
1895 'bit_or' => 12, 'bit_xor' => 12,
1897 'or' => 2, 'xor' => 2,
1901 sub deparse_binop_left {
1903 my($op, $left, $prec) = @_;
1904 if ($left{assoc_class($op)} && $left{assoc_class($left)}
1905 and $left{assoc_class($op)} == $left{assoc_class($left)})
1907 return $self->deparse($left, $prec - .00001);
1909 return $self->deparse($left, $prec);
1913 # Right associative operators, like `=', for which
1914 # $a = $b = $c is equivalent to $a = ($b = $c)
1917 %right = ('pow' => 22,
1918 'sassign=' => 7, 'aassign=' => 7,
1919 'multiply=' => 7, 'i_multiply=' => 7,
1920 'divide=' => 7, 'i_divide=' => 7,
1921 'modulo=' => 7, 'i_modulo=' => 7,
1923 'add=' => 7, 'i_add=' => 7,
1924 'subtract=' => 7, 'i_subtract=' => 7,
1926 'left_shift=' => 7, 'right_shift=' => 7,
1928 'bit_or=' => 7, 'bit_xor=' => 7,
1934 sub deparse_binop_right {
1936 my($op, $right, $prec) = @_;
1937 if ($right{assoc_class($op)} && $right{assoc_class($right)}
1938 and $right{assoc_class($op)} == $right{assoc_class($right)})
1940 return $self->deparse($right, $prec - .00001);
1942 return $self->deparse($right, $prec);
1948 my ($op, $cx, $opname, $prec, $flags) = (@_, 0);
1949 my $left = $op->first;
1950 my $right = $op->last;
1952 if ($op->flags & OPf_STACKED && $flags & ASSIGN) {
1956 if ($flags & SWAP_CHILDREN) {
1957 ($left, $right) = ($right, $left);
1959 $left = $self->deparse_binop_left($op, $left, $prec);
1960 $left = "($left)" if $flags & LIST_CONTEXT
1961 && $left !~ /^(my|our|local|)[\@\(]/;
1962 $right = $self->deparse_binop_right($op, $right, $prec);
1963 return $self->maybe_parens("$left $opname$eq $right", $cx, $prec);
1966 sub pp_add { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "+", 18, ASSIGN) }
1967 sub pp_multiply { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "*", 19, ASSIGN) }
1968 sub pp_subtract { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "-",18, ASSIGN) }
1969 sub pp_divide { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "/", 19, ASSIGN) }
1970 sub pp_modulo { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "%", 19, ASSIGN) }
1971 sub pp_i_add { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "+", 18, ASSIGN) }
1972 sub pp_i_multiply { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "*", 19, ASSIGN) }
1973 sub pp_i_subtract { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "-", 18, ASSIGN) }
1974 sub pp_i_divide { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "/", 19, ASSIGN) }
1975 sub pp_i_modulo { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "%", 19, ASSIGN) }
1976 sub pp_pow { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "**", 22, ASSIGN) }
1978 sub pp_left_shift { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "<<", 17, ASSIGN) }
1979 sub pp_right_shift { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, ">>", 17, ASSIGN) }
1980 sub pp_bit_and { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "&", 13, ASSIGN) }
1981 sub pp_bit_or { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "|", 12, ASSIGN) }
1982 sub pp_bit_xor { maybe_targmy(@_, \&binop, "^", 12, ASSIGN) }
1984 sub pp_eq { binop(@_, "==", 14) }
1985 sub pp_ne { binop(@_, "!=", 14) }
1986 sub pp_lt { binop(@_, "<", 15) }
1987 sub pp_gt { binop(@_, ">", 15) }
1988 sub pp_ge { binop(@_, ">=", 15) }
1989 sub pp_le { binop(@_, "<=", 15) }
1990 sub pp_ncmp { binop(@_, "<=>", 14) }
1991 sub pp_i_eq { binop(@_, "==", 14) }
1992 sub pp_i_ne { binop(@_, "!=", 14) }
1993 sub pp_i_lt { binop(@_, "<", 15) }
1994 sub pp_i_gt { binop(@_, ">", 15) }
1995 sub pp_i_ge { binop(@_, ">=", 15) }
1996 sub pp_i_le { binop(@_, "<=", 15) }
1997 sub pp_i_ncmp { binop(@_, "<=>", 14) }
1999 sub pp_seq { binop(@_, "eq", 14) }
2000 sub pp_sne { binop(@_, "ne", 14) }
2001 sub pp_slt { binop(@_, "lt", 15) }
2002 sub pp_sgt { binop(@_, "gt", 15) }
2003 sub pp_sge { binop(@_, "ge", 15) }
2004 sub pp_sle { binop(@_, "le", 15) }
2005 sub pp_scmp { binop(@_, "cmp", 14) }
2007 sub pp_sassign { binop(@_, "=", 7, SWAP_CHILDREN) }
2008 sub pp_aassign { binop(@_, "=", 7, SWAP_CHILDREN | LIST_CONTEXT) }
2010 # `.' is special because concats-of-concats are optimized to save copying
2011 # by making all but the first concat stacked. The effect is as if the
2012 # programmer had written `($a . $b) .= $c', except legal.
2013 sub pp_concat { maybe_targmy(@_, \&real_concat) }
2017 my $left = $op->first;
2018 my $right = $op->last;
2021 if ($op->flags & OPf_STACKED and $op->first->name ne "concat") {
2025 $left = $self->deparse_binop_left($op, $left, $prec);
2026 $right = $self->deparse_binop_right($op, $right, $prec);
2027 return $self->maybe_parens("$left .$eq $right", $cx, $prec);
2030 # `x' is weird when the left arg is a list
2034 my $left = $op->first;
2035 my $right = $op->last;
2038 if ($op->flags & OPf_STACKED) {
2042 if (null($right)) { # list repeat; count is inside left-side ex-list
2043 my $kid = $left->first->sibling; # skip pushmark
2045 for (; !null($kid->sibling); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
2046 push @exprs, $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2049 $left = "(" . join(", ", @exprs). ")";
2051 $left = $self->deparse_binop_left($op, $left, $prec);
2053 $right = $self->deparse_binop_right($op, $right, $prec);
2054 return $self->maybe_parens("$left x$eq $right", $cx, $prec);
2059 my ($op, $cx, $type) = @_;
2060 my $left = $op->first;
2061 my $right = $left->sibling;
2062 $left = $self->deparse($left, 9);
2063 $right = $self->deparse($right, 9);
2064 return $self->maybe_parens("$left $type $right", $cx, 9);
2070 my $flip = $op->first;
2071 my $type = ($flip->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) ? "..." : "..";
2072 return $self->range($flip->first, $cx, $type);
2075 # one-line while/until is handled in pp_leave
2079 my ($op, $cx, $lowop, $lowprec, $highop, $highprec, $blockname) = @_;
2080 my $left = $op->first;
2081 my $right = $op->first->sibling;
2082 if ($cx < 1 and is_scope($right) and $blockname
2083 and $self->{'expand'} < 7)
2085 $left = $self->deparse($left, 1);
2086 $right = $self->deparse($right, 0);
2087 return "$blockname ($left) {\n\t$right\n\b}\cK";
2088 } elsif ($cx < 1 and $blockname and not $self->{'parens'}
2089 and $self->{'expand'} < 7) { # $b if $a
2090 $right = $self->deparse($right, 1);
2091 $left = $self->deparse($left, 1);
2092 return "$right $blockname $left";
2093 } elsif ($cx > $lowprec and $highop) { # $a && $b
2094 $left = $self->deparse_binop_left($op, $left, $highprec);
2095 $right = $self->deparse_binop_right($op, $right, $highprec);
2096 return $self->maybe_parens("$left $highop $right", $cx, $highprec);
2097 } else { # $a and $b
2098 $left = $self->deparse_binop_left($op, $left, $lowprec);
2099 $right = $self->deparse_binop_right($op, $right, $lowprec);
2100 return $self->maybe_parens("$left $lowop $right", $cx, $lowprec);
2104 sub pp_and { logop(@_, "and", 3, "&&", 11, "if") }
2105 sub pp_or { logop(@_, "or", 2, "||", 10, "unless") }
2106 sub pp_dor { logop(@_, "err", 2, "//", 10, "") }
2108 # xor is syntactically a logop, but it's really a binop (contrary to
2109 # old versions of opcode.pl). Syntax is what matters here.
2110 sub pp_xor { logop(@_, "xor", 2, "", 0, "") }
2114 my ($op, $cx, $opname) = @_;
2115 my $left = $op->first;
2116 my $right = $op->first->sibling->first; # skip sassign
2117 $left = $self->deparse($left, 7);
2118 $right = $self->deparse($right, 7);
2119 return $self->maybe_parens("$left $opname $right", $cx, 7);
2122 sub pp_andassign { logassignop(@_, "&&=") }
2123 sub pp_orassign { logassignop(@_, "||=") }
2124 sub pp_dorassign { logassignop(@_, "//=") }
2128 my($op, $cx, $name) = @_;
2130 my $parens = ($cx >= 5) || $self->{'parens'};
2131 my $kid = $op->first->sibling;
2132 return $name if null $kid;
2134 $name = "socketpair" if $name eq "sockpair";
2135 my $proto = prototype("CORE::$name");
2137 && $proto =~ /^;?\*/
2138 && $kid->name eq "rv2gv") {
2139 $first = $self->deparse($kid->first, 6);
2142 $first = $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2144 if ($name eq "chmod" && $first =~ /^\d+$/) {
2145 $first = sprintf("%#o", $first);
2147 $first = "+$first" if not $parens and substr($first, 0, 1) eq "(";
2148 push @exprs, $first;
2149 $kid = $kid->sibling;
2150 if (defined $proto && $proto =~ /^\*\*/ && $kid->name eq "rv2gv") {
2151 push @exprs, $self->deparse($kid->first, 6);
2152 $kid = $kid->sibling;
2154 for (; !null($kid); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
2155 push @exprs, $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2158 return "$name(" . join(", ", @exprs) . ")";
2160 return "$name " . join(", ", @exprs);
2164 sub pp_bless { listop(@_, "bless") }
2165 sub pp_atan2 { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "atan2") }
2166 sub pp_substr { maybe_local(@_, listop(@_, "substr")) }
2167 sub pp_vec { maybe_local(@_, listop(@_, "vec")) }
2168 sub pp_index { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "index") }
2169 sub pp_rindex { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "rindex") }
2170 sub pp_sprintf { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "sprintf") }
2171 sub pp_formline { listop(@_, "formline") } # see also deparse_format
2172 sub pp_crypt { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "crypt") }
2173 sub pp_unpack { listop(@_, "unpack") }
2174 sub pp_pack { listop(@_, "pack") }
2175 sub pp_join { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "join") }
2176 sub pp_splice { listop(@_, "splice") }
2177 sub pp_push { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "push") }
2178 sub pp_unshift { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "unshift") }
2179 sub pp_reverse { listop(@_, "reverse") }
2180 sub pp_warn { listop(@_, "warn") }
2181 sub pp_die { listop(@_, "die") }
2182 # Actually, return is exempt from the LLAFR (see examples in this very
2183 # module!), but for consistency's sake, ignore that fact
2184 sub pp_return { listop(@_, "return") }
2185 sub pp_open { listop(@_, "open") }
2186 sub pp_pipe_op { listop(@_, "pipe") }
2187 sub pp_tie { listop(@_, "tie") }
2188 sub pp_binmode { listop(@_, "binmode") }
2189 sub pp_dbmopen { listop(@_, "dbmopen") }
2190 sub pp_sselect { listop(@_, "select") }
2191 sub pp_select { listop(@_, "select") }
2192 sub pp_read { listop(@_, "read") }
2193 sub pp_sysopen { listop(@_, "sysopen") }
2194 sub pp_sysseek { listop(@_, "sysseek") }
2195 sub pp_sysread { listop(@_, "sysread") }
2196 sub pp_syswrite { listop(@_, "syswrite") }
2197 sub pp_send { listop(@_, "send") }
2198 sub pp_recv { listop(@_, "recv") }
2199 sub pp_seek { listop(@_, "seek") }
2200 sub pp_fcntl { listop(@_, "fcntl") }
2201 sub pp_ioctl { listop(@_, "ioctl") }
2202 sub pp_flock { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "flock") }
2203 sub pp_socket { listop(@_, "socket") }
2204 sub pp_sockpair { listop(@_, "sockpair") }
2205 sub pp_bind { listop(@_, "bind") }
2206 sub pp_connect { listop(@_, "connect") }
2207 sub pp_listen { listop(@_, "listen") }
2208 sub pp_accept { listop(@_, "accept") }
2209 sub pp_shutdown { listop(@_, "shutdown") }
2210 sub pp_gsockopt { listop(@_, "getsockopt") }
2211 sub pp_ssockopt { listop(@_, "setsockopt") }
2212 sub pp_chown { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "chown") }
2213 sub pp_unlink { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "unlink") }
2214 sub pp_chmod { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "chmod") }
2215 sub pp_utime { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "utime") }
2216 sub pp_rename { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "rename") }
2217 sub pp_link { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "link") }
2218 sub pp_symlink { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "symlink") }
2219 sub pp_mkdir { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "mkdir") }
2220 sub pp_open_dir { listop(@_, "opendir") }
2221 sub pp_seekdir { listop(@_, "seekdir") }
2222 sub pp_waitpid { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "waitpid") }
2223 sub pp_system { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "system") }
2224 sub pp_exec { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "exec") }
2225 sub pp_kill { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "kill") }
2226 sub pp_setpgrp { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "setpgrp") }
2227 sub pp_getpriority { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "getpriority") }
2228 sub pp_setpriority { maybe_targmy(@_, \&listop, "setpriority") }
2229 sub pp_shmget { listop(@_, "shmget") }
2230 sub pp_shmctl { listop(@_, "shmctl") }
2231 sub pp_shmread { listop(@_, "shmread") }
2232 sub pp_shmwrite { listop(@_, "shmwrite") }
2233 sub pp_msgget { listop(@_, "msgget") }
2234 sub pp_msgctl { listop(@_, "msgctl") }
2235 sub pp_msgsnd { listop(@_, "msgsnd") }
2236 sub pp_msgrcv { listop(@_, "msgrcv") }
2237 sub pp_semget { listop(@_, "semget") }
2238 sub pp_semctl { listop(@_, "semctl") }
2239 sub pp_semop { listop(@_, "semop") }
2240 sub pp_ghbyaddr { listop(@_, "gethostbyaddr") }
2241 sub pp_gnbyaddr { listop(@_, "getnetbyaddr") }
2242 sub pp_gpbynumber { listop(@_, "getprotobynumber") }
2243 sub pp_gsbyname { listop(@_, "getservbyname") }
2244 sub pp_gsbyport { listop(@_, "getservbyport") }
2245 sub pp_syscall { listop(@_, "syscall") }
2250 my $text = $self->dq($op->first->sibling); # skip pushmark
2251 if ($text =~ /^\$?(\w|::|\`)+$/ # could look like a readline
2252 or $text =~ /[<>]/) {
2253 return 'glob(' . single_delim('qq', '"', $text) . ')';
2255 return '<' . $text . '>';
2259 # Truncate is special because OPf_SPECIAL makes a bareword first arg
2260 # be a filehandle. This could probably be better fixed in the core
2261 # by moving the GV lookup into ck_truc.
2267 my $parens = ($cx >= 5) || $self->{'parens'};
2268 my $kid = $op->first->sibling;
2270 if ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) {
2271 # $kid is an OP_CONST
2272 $fh = $self->const_sv($kid)->PV;
2274 $fh = $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2275 $fh = "+$fh" if not $parens and substr($fh, 0, 1) eq "(";
2277 my $len = $self->deparse($kid->sibling, 6);
2279 return "truncate($fh, $len)";
2281 return "truncate $fh, $len";
2287 my($op, $cx, $name) = @_;
2289 my $kid = $op->first->sibling;
2291 if ($op->flags & OPf_STACKED) {
2293 $indir = $indir->first; # skip rv2gv
2294 if (is_scope($indir)) {
2295 $indir = "{" . $self->deparse($indir, 0) . "}";
2296 $indir = "{;}" if $indir eq "{}";
2297 } elsif ($indir->name eq "const" && $indir->private & OPpCONST_BARE) {
2298 $indir = $self->const_sv($indir)->PV;
2300 $indir = $self->deparse($indir, 24);
2302 $indir = $indir . " ";
2303 $kid = $kid->sibling;
2305 if ($name eq "sort" && $op->private & (OPpSORT_NUMERIC | OPpSORT_INTEGER)) {
2306 $indir = ($op->private & OPpSORT_DESCEND) ? '{$b <=> $a} '
2309 elsif ($name eq "sort" && $op->private & OPpSORT_DESCEND) {
2310 $indir = '{$b cmp $a} ';
2312 for (; !null($kid); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
2313 $expr = $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2317 if ($name eq "sort" && $op->private & OPpSORT_REVERSE) {
2318 $name2 = 'reverse sort';
2320 if ($name eq "sort" && ($op->private & OPpSORT_INPLACE)) {
2321 return "$exprs[0] = $name2 $indir $exprs[0]";
2324 my $args = $indir . join(", ", @exprs);
2325 if ($indir ne "" and $name eq "sort") {
2326 # We don't want to say "sort(f 1, 2, 3)", since perl -w will
2327 # give bareword warnings in that case. Therefore if context
2328 # requires, we'll put parens around the outside "(sort f 1, 2,
2329 # 3)". Unfortunately, we'll currently think the parens are
2330 # neccessary more often that they really are, because we don't
2331 # distinguish which side of an assignment we're on.
2333 return "($name2 $args)";
2335 return "$name2 $args";
2338 return $self->maybe_parens_func($name2, $args, $cx, 5);
2343 sub pp_prtf { indirop(@_, "printf") }
2344 sub pp_print { indirop(@_, "print") }
2345 sub pp_sort { indirop(@_, "sort") }
2349 my($op, $cx, $name) = @_;
2351 my $kid = $op->first; # this is the (map|grep)start
2352 $kid = $kid->first->sibling; # skip a pushmark
2353 my $code = $kid->first; # skip a null
2354 if (is_scope $code) {
2355 $code = "{" . $self->deparse($code, 0) . "} ";
2357 $code = $self->deparse($code, 24) . ", ";
2359 $kid = $kid->sibling;
2360 for (; !null($kid); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
2361 $expr = $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2362 push @exprs, $expr if defined $expr;
2364 return $self->maybe_parens_func($name, $code . join(", ", @exprs), $cx, 5);
2367 sub pp_mapwhile { mapop(@_, "map") }
2368 sub pp_grepwhile { mapop(@_, "grep") }
2374 my $kid = $op->first->sibling; # skip pushmark
2376 my $local = "either"; # could be local(...), my(...) or our(...)
2377 for ($lop = $kid; !null($lop); $lop = $lop->sibling) {
2378 # This assumes that no other private flags equal 128, and that
2379 # OPs that store things other than flags in their op_private,
2380 # like OP_AELEMFAST, won't be immediate children of a list.
2382 # OP_ENTERSUB can break this logic, so check for it.
2383 # I suspect that open and exit can too.
2385 if (!($lop->private & (OPpLVAL_INTRO|OPpOUR_INTRO)
2386 or $lop->name eq "undef")
2387 or $lop->name eq "entersub"
2388 or $lop->name eq "exit"
2389 or $lop->name eq "open")
2391 $local = ""; # or not
2394 if ($lop->name =~ /^pad[ash]v$/) { # my()
2395 ($local = "", last) if $local eq "local" || $local eq "our";
2397 } elsif ($lop->name =~ /^(gv|rv2)[ash]v$/
2398 && $lop->private & OPpOUR_INTRO
2399 or $lop->name eq "null" && $lop->first->name eq "gvsv"
2400 && $lop->first->private & OPpOUR_INTRO) { # our()
2401 ($local = "", last) if $local eq "my" || $local eq "local";
2403 } elsif ($lop->name ne "undef"
2404 # specifically avoid the "reverse sort" optimisation,
2405 # where "reverse" is nullified
2406 && !($lop->name eq 'sort' && ($lop->flags | OPpSORT_REVERSE)))
2409 ($local = "", last) if $local eq "my" || $local eq "our";
2413 $local = "" if $local eq "either"; # no point if it's all undefs
2414 return $self->deparse($kid, $cx) if null $kid->sibling and not $local;
2415 for (; !null($kid); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
2417 if (class($kid) eq "UNOP" and $kid->first->name eq "gvsv") {
2422 $self->{'avoid_local'}{$$lop}++;
2423 $expr = $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2424 delete $self->{'avoid_local'}{$$lop};
2426 $expr = $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2431 return "$local(" . join(", ", @exprs) . ")";
2433 return $self->maybe_parens( join(", ", @exprs), $cx, 6);
2437 sub is_ifelse_cont {
2439 return ($op->name eq "null" and class($op) eq "UNOP"
2440 and $op->first->name =~ /^(and|cond_expr)$/
2441 and is_scope($op->first->first->sibling));
2447 my $cond = $op->first;
2448 my $true = $cond->sibling;
2449 my $false = $true->sibling;
2450 my $cuddle = $self->{'cuddle'};
2451 unless ($cx < 1 and (is_scope($true) and $true->name ne "null") and
2452 (is_scope($false) || is_ifelse_cont($false))
2453 and $self->{'expand'} < 7) {
2454 $cond = $self->deparse($cond, 8);
2455 $true = $self->deparse($true, 8);
2456 $false = $self->deparse($false, 8);
2457 return $self->maybe_parens("$cond ? $true : $false", $cx, 8);
2460 $cond = $self->deparse($cond, 1);
2461 $true = $self->deparse($true, 0);
2462 my $head = "if ($cond) {\n\t$true\n\b}";
2464 while (!null($false) and is_ifelse_cont($false)) {
2465 my $newop = $false->first;
2466 my $newcond = $newop->first;
2467 my $newtrue = $newcond->sibling;
2468 $false = $newtrue->sibling; # last in chain is OP_AND => no else
2469 $newcond = $self->deparse($newcond, 1);
2470 $newtrue = $self->deparse($newtrue, 0);
2471 push @elsifs, "elsif ($newcond) {\n\t$newtrue\n\b}";
2473 if (!null($false)) {
2474 $false = $cuddle . "else {\n\t" .
2475 $self->deparse($false, 0) . "\n\b}\cK";
2479 return $head . join($cuddle, "", @elsifs) . $false;
2484 my($op, $cx, $init) = @_;
2485 my $enter = $op->first;
2486 my $kid = $enter->sibling;
2487 local(@$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'})
2488 = @$self{qw'curstash warnings hints'};
2493 if ($kid->name eq "lineseq") { # bare or infinite loop
2494 if ($kid->last->name eq "unstack") { # infinite
2495 $head = "while (1) "; # Can't use for(;;) if there's a continue
2501 } elsif ($enter->name eq "enteriter") { # foreach
2502 my $ary = $enter->first->sibling; # first was pushmark
2503 my $var = $ary->sibling;
2504 if ($enter->flags & OPf_STACKED
2505 and not null $ary->first->sibling->sibling)
2507 $ary = $self->deparse($ary->first->sibling, 9) . " .. " .
2508 $self->deparse($ary->first->sibling->sibling, 9);
2510 $ary = $self->deparse($ary, 1);
2513 if ($enter->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) { # thread special var
2514 $var = $self->pp_threadsv($enter, 1);
2515 } else { # regular my() variable
2516 $var = $self->pp_padsv($enter, 1);
2518 } elsif ($var->name eq "rv2gv") {
2519 $var = $self->pp_rv2sv($var, 1);
2520 if ($enter->private & OPpOUR_INTRO) {
2521 # our declarations don't have package names
2522 $var =~ s/^(.).*::/$1/;
2525 } elsif ($var->name eq "gv") {
2526 $var = "\$" . $self->deparse($var, 1);
2528 $body = $kid->first->first->sibling; # skip OP_AND and OP_ITER
2529 if (!is_state $body->first and $body->first->name ne "stub") {
2530 confess unless $var eq '$_';
2531 $body = $body->first;
2532 return $self->deparse($body, 2) . " foreach ($ary)";
2534 $head = "foreach $var ($ary) ";
2535 } elsif ($kid->name eq "null") { # while/until
2537 my $name = {"and" => "while", "or" => "until"}->{$kid->name};
2538 $cond = $self->deparse($kid->first, 1);
2539 $head = "$name ($cond) ";
2540 $body = $kid->first->sibling;
2541 } elsif ($kid->name eq "stub") { # bare and empty
2542 return "{;}"; # {} could be a hashref
2544 # If there isn't a continue block, then the next pointer for the loop
2545 # will point to the unstack, which is kid's last child, except
2546 # in a bare loop, when it will point to the leaveloop. When neither of
2547 # these conditions hold, then the second-to-last child is the continue
2548 # block (or the last in a bare loop).
2549 my $cont_start = $enter->nextop;
2551 if ($$cont_start != $$op && ${$cont_start} != ${$body->last}) {
2553 $cont = $body->last;
2555 $cont = $body->first;
2556 while (!null($cont->sibling->sibling)) {
2557 $cont = $cont->sibling;
2560 my $state = $body->first;
2561 my $cuddle = $self->{'cuddle'};
2563 for (; $$state != $$cont; $state = $state->sibling) {
2564 push @states, $state;
2566 $body = $self->lineseq(undef, @states);
2567 if (defined $cond and not is_scope $cont and $self->{'expand'} < 3) {
2568 $head = "for ($init; $cond; " . $self->deparse($cont, 1) .") ";
2571 $cont = $cuddle . "continue {\n\t" .
2572 $self->deparse($cont, 0) . "\n\b}\cK";
2575 return "" if !defined $body;
2577 $head = "for ($init; $cond;) ";
2580 $body = $self->deparse($body, 0);
2582 $body =~ s/;?$/;\n/;
2584 return $head . "{\n\t" . $body . "\b}" . $cont;
2587 sub pp_leaveloop { loop_common(@_, "") }
2592 my $init = $self->deparse($op, 1);
2593 return $self->loop_common($op->sibling->first->sibling, $cx, $init);
2598 return "eval {\n\t" . $self->pp_leave(@_) . "\n\b}";
2601 BEGIN { eval "sub OP_CONST () {" . opnumber("const") . "}" }
2602 BEGIN { eval "sub OP_STRINGIFY () {" . opnumber("stringify") . "}" }
2603 BEGIN { eval "sub OP_RV2SV () {" . opnumber("rv2sv") . "}" }
2604 BEGIN { eval "sub OP_LIST () {" . opnumber("list") . "}" }
2609 if (class($op) eq "OP") {
2611 return $self->{'ex_const'} if $op->targ == OP_CONST;
2612 } elsif ($op->first->name eq "pushmark") {
2613 return $self->pp_list($op, $cx);
2614 } elsif ($op->first->name eq "enter") {
2615 return $self->pp_leave($op, $cx);
2616 } elsif ($op->targ == OP_STRINGIFY) {
2617 return $self->dquote($op, $cx);
2618 } elsif (!null($op->first->sibling) and
2619 $op->first->sibling->name eq "readline" and
2620 $op->first->sibling->flags & OPf_STACKED) {
2621 return $self->maybe_parens($self->deparse($op->first, 7) . " = "
2622 . $self->deparse($op->first->sibling, 7),
2624 } elsif (!null($op->first->sibling) and
2625 $op->first->sibling->name eq "trans" and
2626 $op->first->sibling->flags & OPf_STACKED) {
2627 return $self->maybe_parens($self->deparse($op->first, 20) . " =~ "
2628 . $self->deparse($op->first->sibling, 20),
2630 } elsif ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL && $cx < 1 && !$op->targ) {
2631 return "do {\n\t". $self->deparse($op->first, $cx) ."\n\b};";
2632 } elsif (!null($op->first->sibling) and
2633 $op->first->sibling->name eq "null" and
2634 class($op->first->sibling) eq "UNOP" and
2635 $op->first->sibling->first->flags & OPf_STACKED and
2636 $op->first->sibling->first->name eq "rcatline") {
2637 return $self->maybe_parens($self->deparse($op->first, 18) . " .= "
2638 . $self->deparse($op->first->sibling, 18),
2641 return $self->deparse($op->first, $cx);
2648 return $self->padname_sv($targ)->PVX;
2654 return substr($self->padname($op->targ), 1); # skip $/@/%
2660 return $self->maybe_my($op, $cx, $self->padname($op->targ));
2663 sub pp_padav { pp_padsv(@_) }
2664 sub pp_padhv { pp_padsv(@_) }
2669 @threadsv_names = ("_", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9",
2670 "&", "`", "'", "+", "/", ".", ",", "\\", '"', ";",
2671 "^", "-", "%", "=", "|", "~", ":", "^A", "^E",
2678 return $self->maybe_local($op, $cx, "\$" . $threadsv_names[$op->targ]);
2684 if (class($op) eq "PADOP") {
2685 return $self->padval($op->padix);
2686 } else { # class($op) eq "SVOP"
2694 my $gv = $self->gv_or_padgv($op);
2695 return $self->maybe_local($op, $cx, $self->stash_variable("\$",
2696 $self->gv_name($gv)));
2702 my $gv = $self->gv_or_padgv($op);
2703 return $self->gv_name($gv);
2710 if ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL) { # optimised PADAV
2711 $name = $self->padname($op->targ);
2715 my $gv = $self->gv_or_padgv($op);
2716 $name = $self->gv_name($gv);
2717 $name = $self->{'curstash'}."::$name"
2718 if $name !~ /::/ && $self->lex_in_scope('@'.$name);
2719 $name = '$' . $name;
2722 return $name . "[" . ($op->private + $self->{'arybase'}) . "]";
2727 my($op, $cx, $type) = @_;
2729 if (class($op) eq 'NULL' || !$op->can("first")) {
2730 carp("Unexpected op in pp_rv2x");
2733 my $kid = $op->first;
2734 if ($kid->name eq "gv") {
2735 return $self->stash_variable($type, $self->deparse($kid, 0));
2736 } elsif (is_scalar $kid) {
2737 my $str = $self->deparse($kid, 0);
2738 if ($str =~ /^\$([^\w\d])\z/) {
2739 # "$$+" isn't a legal way to write the scalar dereference
2740 # of $+, since the lexer can't tell you aren't trying to
2741 # do something like "$$ + 1" to get one more than your
2742 # PID. Either "${$+}" or "$${+}" are workable
2743 # disambiguations, but if the programmer did the former,
2744 # they'd be in the "else" clause below rather than here.
2745 # It's not clear if this should somehow be unified with
2746 # the code in dq and re_dq that also adds lexer
2747 # disambiguation braces.
2748 $str = '$' . "{$1}"; #'
2750 return $type . $str;
2752 return $type . "{" . $self->deparse($kid, 0) . "}";
2756 sub pp_rv2sv { maybe_local(@_, rv2x(@_, "\$")) }
2757 sub pp_rv2hv { maybe_local(@_, rv2x(@_, "%")) }
2758 sub pp_rv2gv { maybe_local(@_, rv2x(@_, "*")) }
2764 if ($op->first->name eq "padav") {
2765 return $self->maybe_local($op, $cx, '$#' . $self->padany($op->first));
2767 return $self->maybe_local($op, $cx,
2768 $self->rv2x($op->first, $cx, '$#'));
2772 # skip down to the old, ex-rv2cv
2774 my ($self, $op, $cx) = @_;
2775 if (!null($op->first) && $op->first->name eq 'null' &&
2776 $op->first->targ eq OP_LIST)
2778 return $self->rv2x($op->first->first->sibling, $cx, "&")
2781 return $self->rv2x($op, $cx, "")
2787 my($cx, @list) = @_;
2788 my @a = map $self->const($_, 6), @list;
2793 } elsif ( @a > 2 and !grep(!/^-?\d+$/, @a)) {
2794 # collapse (-1,0,1,2) into (-1..2)
2795 my ($s, $e) = @a[0,-1];
2797 return $self->maybe_parens("$s..$e", $cx, 9)
2798 unless grep $i++ != $_, @a;
2800 return $self->maybe_parens(join(", ", @a), $cx, 6);
2806 my $kid = $op->first;
2807 if ($kid->name eq "const") { # constant list
2808 my $av = $self->const_sv($kid);
2809 return $self->list_const($cx, $av->ARRAY);
2811 return $self->maybe_local($op, $cx, $self->rv2x($op, $cx, "\@"));
2815 sub is_subscriptable {
2817 if ($op->name =~ /^[ahg]elem/) {
2819 } elsif ($op->name eq "entersub") {
2820 my $kid = $op->first;
2821 return 0 unless null $kid->sibling;
2823 $kid = $kid->sibling until null $kid->sibling;
2824 return 0 if is_scope($kid);
2826 return 0 if $kid->name eq "gv";
2827 return 0 if is_scalar($kid);
2828 return is_subscriptable($kid);
2836 my ($op, $cx, $left, $right, $padname) = @_;
2837 my($array, $idx) = ($op->first, $op->first->sibling);
2838 unless ($array->name eq $padname) { # Maybe this has been fixed
2839 $array = $array->first; # skip rv2av (or ex-rv2av in _53+)
2841 if ($array->name eq $padname) {
2842 $array = $self->padany($array);
2843 } elsif (is_scope($array)) { # ${expr}[0]
2844 $array = "{" . $self->deparse($array, 0) . "}";
2845 } elsif ($array->name eq "gv") {
2846 $array = $self->gv_name($self->gv_or_padgv($array));
2847 if ($array !~ /::/) {
2848 my $prefix = ($left eq '[' ? '@' : '%');
2849 $array = $self->{curstash}.'::'.$array
2850 if $self->lex_in_scope($prefix . $array);
2852 } elsif (is_scalar $array) { # $x[0], $$x[0], ...
2853 $array = $self->deparse($array, 24);
2855 # $x[20][3]{hi} or expr->[20]
2856 my $arrow = is_subscriptable($array) ? "" : "->";
2857 return $self->deparse($array, 24) . $arrow .
2858 $left . $self->deparse($idx, 1) . $right;
2860 $idx = $self->deparse($idx, 1);
2862 # Outer parens in an array index will confuse perl
2863 # if we're interpolating in a regular expression, i.e.
2864 # /$x$foo[(-1)]/ is *not* the same as /$x$foo[-1]/
2866 # If $self->{parens}, then an initial '(' will
2867 # definitely be paired with a final ')'. If
2868 # !$self->{parens}, the misleading parens won't
2869 # have been added in the first place.
2871 # [You might think that we could get "(...)...(...)"
2872 # where the initial and final parens do not match
2873 # each other. But we can't, because the above would
2874 # only happen if there's an infix binop between the
2875 # two pairs of parens, and *that* means that the whole
2876 # expression would be parenthesized as well.]
2878 $idx =~ s/^\((.*)\)$/$1/ if $self->{'parens'};
2880 # Hash-element braces will autoquote a bareword inside themselves.
2881 # We need to make sure that C<$hash{warn()}> doesn't come out as
2882 # C<$hash{warn}>, which has a quite different meaning. Currently
2883 # B::Deparse will always quote strings, even if the string was a
2884 # bareword in the original (i.e. the OPpCONST_BARE flag is ignored
2885 # for constant strings.) So we can cheat slightly here - if we see
2886 # a bareword, we know that it is supposed to be a function call.
2888 $idx =~ s/^([A-Za-z_]\w*)$/$1()/;
2890 return "\$" . $array . $left . $idx . $right;
2893 sub pp_aelem { maybe_local(@_, elem(@_, "[", "]", "padav")) }
2894 sub pp_helem { maybe_local(@_, elem(@_, "{", "}", "padhv")) }
2899 my($glob, $part) = ($op->first, $op->last);
2900 $glob = $glob->first; # skip rv2gv
2901 $glob = $glob->first if $glob->name eq "rv2gv"; # this one's a bug
2902 my $scope = is_scope($glob);
2903 $glob = $self->deparse($glob, 0);
2904 $part = $self->deparse($part, 1);
2905 return "*" . ($scope ? "{$glob}" : $glob) . "{$part}";
2910 my ($op, $cx, $left, $right, $regname, $padname) = @_;
2912 my(@elems, $kid, $array, $list);
2913 if (class($op) eq "LISTOP") {
2915 } else { # ex-hslice inside delete()
2916 for ($kid = $op->first; !null $kid->sibling; $kid = $kid->sibling) {}
2920 $array = $array->first
2921 if $array->name eq $regname or $array->name eq "null";
2922 if (is_scope($array)) {
2923 $array = "{" . $self->deparse($array, 0) . "}";
2924 } elsif ($array->name eq $padname) {
2925 $array = $self->padany($array);
2927 $array = $self->deparse($array, 24);
2929 $kid = $op->first->sibling; # skip pushmark
2930 if ($kid->name eq "list") {
2931 $kid = $kid->first->sibling; # skip list, pushmark
2932 for (; !null $kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
2933 push @elems, $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2935 $list = join(", ", @elems);
2937 $list = $self->deparse($kid, 1);
2939 return "\@" . $array . $left . $list . $right;
2942 sub pp_aslice { maybe_local(@_, slice(@_, "[", "]", "rv2av", "padav")) }
2943 sub pp_hslice { maybe_local(@_, slice(@_, "{", "}", "rv2hv", "padhv")) }
2948 my $idx = $op->first;
2949 my $list = $op->last;
2951 $list = $self->deparse($list, 1);
2952 $idx = $self->deparse($idx, 1);
2953 return "($list)" . "[$idx]";
2958 return ($op->flags & OPf_WANT) == OPf_WANT_SCALAR;
2963 return ($op->flags & OPf_WANT) == OPf_WANT_LIST;
2969 my $kid = $op->first->sibling; # skip pushmark
2970 my($meth, $obj, @exprs);
2971 if ($kid->name eq "list" and want_list $kid) {
2972 # When an indirect object isn't a bareword but the args are in
2973 # parens, the parens aren't part of the method syntax (the LLAFR
2974 # doesn't apply), but they make a list with OPf_PARENS set that
2975 # doesn't get flattened by the append_elem that adds the method,
2976 # making a (object, arg1, arg2, ...) list where the object
2977 # usually is. This can be distinguished from
2978 # `($obj, $arg1, $arg2)->meth()' (which is legal if $arg2 is an
2979 # object) because in the later the list is in scalar context
2980 # as the left side of -> always is, while in the former
2981 # the list is in list context as method arguments always are.
2982 # (Good thing there aren't method prototypes!)
2983 $meth = $kid->sibling;
2984 $kid = $kid->first->sibling; # skip pushmark
2986 $kid = $kid->sibling;
2987 for (; not null $kid; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
2988 push @exprs, $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2992 $kid = $kid->sibling;
2993 for (; !null ($kid->sibling) && $kid->name ne "method_named";
2994 $kid = $kid->sibling) {
2995 push @exprs, $self->deparse($kid, 6);
2999 $obj = $self->deparse($obj, 24);
3000 if ($meth->name eq "method_named") {
3001 $meth = $self->const_sv($meth)->PV;
3003 $meth = $meth->first;
3004 if ($meth->name eq "const") {
3005 # As of 5.005_58, this case is probably obsoleted by the
3006 # method_named case above
3007 $meth = $self->const_sv($meth)->PV; # needs to be bare
3009 $meth = $self->deparse($meth, 1);
3012 my $args = join(", ", @exprs);
3013 $kid = $obj . "->" . $meth;
3015 return $kid . "(" . $args . ")"; # parens mandatory
3021 # returns "&" if the prototype doesn't match the args,
3022 # or ("", $args_after_prototype_demunging) if it does.
3025 return "&" if $self->{'noproto'};
3026 my($proto, @args) = @_;
3030 # An unbackslashed @ or % gobbles up the rest of the args
3031 1 while $proto =~ s/(?<!\\)([@%])[^\]]+$/$1/;
3033 $proto =~ s/^(\\?[\$\@&%*]|\\\[[\$\@&%*]+\]|;)//;
3036 return "&" if @args;
3037 } elsif ($chr eq ";") {
3039 } elsif ($chr eq "@" or $chr eq "%") {
3040 push @reals, map($self->deparse($_, 6), @args);
3046 if (want_scalar $arg) {
3047 push @reals, $self->deparse($arg, 6);
3051 } elsif ($chr eq "&") {
3052 if ($arg->name =~ /^(s?refgen|undef)$/) {
3053 push @reals, $self->deparse($arg, 6);
3057 } elsif ($chr eq "*") {
3058 if ($arg->name =~ /^s?refgen$/
3059 and $arg->first->first->name eq "rv2gv")
3061 $real = $arg->first->first; # skip refgen, null
3062 if ($real->first->name eq "gv") {
3063 push @reals, $self->deparse($real, 6);
3065 push @reals, $self->deparse($real->first, 6);
3070 } elsif (substr($chr, 0, 1) eq "\\") {
3072 if ($arg->name =~ /^s?refgen$/ and
3073 !null($real = $arg->first) and
3074 ($chr =~ /\$/ && is_scalar($real->first)
3076 && class($real->first->sibling) ne 'NULL'
3077 && $real->first->sibling->name
3080 && class($real->first->sibling) ne 'NULL'
3081 && $real->first->sibling->name
3083 #or ($chr =~ /&/ # This doesn't work
3084 # && $real->first->name eq "rv2cv")
3086 && $real->first->name eq "rv2gv")))
3088 push @reals, $self->deparse($real, 6);
3095 return "&" if $proto and !$doneok; # too few args and no `;'
3096 return "&" if @args; # too many args
3097 return ("", join ", ", @reals);
3103 return $self->method($op, $cx) unless null $op->first->sibling;
3107 if ($op->flags & OPf_SPECIAL && !($op->flags & OPf_MOD)) {
3109 } elsif ($op->private & OPpENTERSUB_AMPER) {
3113 $kid = $kid->first->sibling; # skip ex-list, pushmark
3114 for (; not null $kid->sibling; $kid = $kid->sibling) {
3119 if (is_scope($kid)) {
3121 $kid = "{" . $self->deparse($kid, 0) . "}";
3122 } elsif ($kid->first->name eq "gv") {
3123 my $gv = $self->gv_or_padgv($kid->first);
3124 if (class($gv->CV) ne "SPECIAL") {
3125 $proto = $gv->CV->PV if $gv->CV->FLAGS & SVf_POK;
3127 $simple = 1; # only calls of named functions can be prototyped
3128 $kid = $self->deparse($kid, 24);
3129 } elsif (is_scalar ($kid->first) && $kid->first->name ne 'rv2cv') {
3131 $kid = $self->deparse($kid, 24);
3134 my $arrow = is_subscriptable($kid->first) ? "" : "->";
3135 $kid = $self->deparse($kid, 24) . $arrow;
3138 # Doesn't matter how many prototypes there are, if
3139 # they haven't happened yet!
3143 no warnings 'uninitialized';
3144 $declared = exists $self->{'subs_declared'}{$kid}
3146 defined &{ %{$self->{'curstash'}."::"}->{$kid} }
3148 $self->{'subs_deparsed'}{$self->{'curstash'}."::".$kid}
3149 && defined prototype $self->{'curstash'}."::".$kid
3151 if (!$declared && defined($proto)) {
3152 # Avoid "too early to check prototype" warning
3153 ($amper, $proto) = ('&');
3158 if ($declared and defined $proto and not $amper) {
3159 ($amper, $args) = $self->check_proto($proto, @exprs);
3160 if ($amper eq "&") {
3161 $args = join(", ", map($self->deparse($_, 6), @exprs));
3164 $args = join(", ", map($self->deparse($_, 6), @exprs));
3166 if ($prefix or $amper) {
3167 if ($op->flags & OPf_STACKED) {
3168 return $prefix . $amper . $kid . "(" . $args . ")";
3170 return $prefix . $amper. $kid;
3173 # glob() invocations can be translated into calls of
3174 # CORE::GLOBAL::glob with a second parameter, a number.
3176 if ($kid eq "CORE::GLOBAL::glob") {
3178 $args =~ s/\s*,[^,]+$//;
3181 # It's a syntax error to call CORE::GLOBAL::foo without a prefix,
3182 # so it must have been translated from a keyword call. Translate
3184 $kid =~ s/^CORE::GLOBAL:://;
3186 my $dproto = defined($proto) ? $proto : "undefined";
3188 return "$kid(" . $args . ")";
3189 } elsif ($dproto eq "") {
3191 } elsif ($dproto eq "\$" and is_scalar($exprs[0])) {
3192 # is_scalar is an excessively conservative test here:
3193 # really, we should be comparing to the precedence of the
3194 # top operator of $exprs[0] (ala unop()), but that would
3195 # take some major code restructuring to do right.
3196 return $self->maybe_parens_func($kid, $args, $cx, 16);
3197 } elsif ($dproto ne '$' and defined($proto) || $simple) { #'
3198 return $self->maybe_parens_func($kid, $args, $cx, 5);
3200 return "$kid(" . $args . ")";
3205 sub pp_enterwrite { unop(@_, "write") }
3207 # escape things that cause interpolation in double quotes,
3208 # but not character escapes
3211 $str =~ s/(^|\G|[^\\])((?:\\\\)*)([\$\@]|\\[uUlLQE])/$1$2\\$3/g;
3219 # Matches any string which is balanced with respect to {braces}
3230 # the same, but treat $|, $), $( and $ at the end of the string differently
3244 (\(\?\??\{$bal\}\)) # $4
3250 /defined($4) && length($4) ? "$1$2$4" : "$1$2\\$3"/xeg;
3255 # This is for regular expressions with the /x modifier
3256 # We have to leave comments unmangled.
3257 sub re_uninterp_extended {
3270 ( \(\?\??\{$bal\}\) # $4 (skip over (?{}) and (??{}) blocks)
3271 | \#[^\n]* # (skip over comments)
3278 /defined($4) && length($4) ? "$1$2$4" : "$1$2\\$3"/xeg;
3284 my %unctrl = # portable to to EBCDIC
3286 "\c@" => '\c@', # unused
3313 "\c[" => '\c[', # unused
3314 "\c\\" => '\c\\', # unused
3315 "\c]" => '\c]', # unused
3316 "\c_" => '\c_', # unused
3319 # character escapes, but not delimiters that might need to be escaped
3320 sub escape_str { # ASCII, UTF8
3322 $str =~ s/(.)/ord($1) > 255 ? sprintf("\\x{%x}", ord($1)) : $1/eg;
3324 # $str =~ s/\cH/\\b/g; # \b means something different in a regex
3330 $str =~ s/([\cA-\cZ])/$unctrl{$1}/ge;
3331 $str =~ s/([[:^print:]])/sprintf("\\%03o", ord($1))/ge;
3335 # For regexes with the /x modifier.
3336 # Leave whitespace unmangled.
3337 sub escape_extended_re {
3339 $str =~ s/(.)/ord($1) > 255 ? sprintf("\\x{%x}", ord($1)) : $1/eg;
3340 $str =~ s/([[:^print:]])/
3341 ($1 =~ y! \t\n!!) ? $1 : sprintf("\\%03o", ord($1))/ge;
3342 $str =~ s/\n/\n\f/g;
3346 # Don't do this for regexen
3349 $str =~ s/\\/\\\\/g;
3353 # Remove backslashes which precede literal control characters,
3354 # to avoid creating ambiguity when we escape the latter.
3358 # the insane complexity here is due to the behaviour of "\c\"
3359 $str =~ s/(^|[^\\]|\\c\\)(?<!\\c)\\(\\\\)*(?=[[:^print:]])/$1$2/g;
3363 sub balanced_delim {
3365 my @str = split //, $str;
3366 my($ar, $open, $close, $fail, $c, $cnt);
3367 for $ar (['[',']'], ['(',')'], ['<','>'], ['{','}']) {
3368 ($open, $close) = @$ar;
3369 $fail = 0; $cnt = 0;
3373 } elsif ($c eq $close) {
3382 $fail = 1 if $cnt != 0;
3383 return ($open, "$open$str$close") if not $fail;
3389 my($q, $default, $str) = @_;
3390 return "$default$str$default" if $default and index($str, $default) == -1;
3392 (my $succeed, $str) = balanced_delim($str);
3393 return "$q$str" if $succeed;
3395 for my $delim ('/', '"', '#') {
3396 return "$q$delim" . $str . $delim if index($str, $delim) == -1;
3399 $str =~ s/$default/\\$default/g;
3400 return "$default$str$default";
3408 BEGIN { $max_prec = int(0.999 + 8*length(pack("F", 42))*log(2)/log(10)); }
3410 # Split a floating point number into an integer mantissa and a binary
3411 # exponent. Assumes you've already made sure the number isn't zero or
3412 # some weird infinity or NaN.
3416 if ($f == int($f)) {
3417 while ($f % 2 == 0) {
3422 while ($f != int($f)) {
3427 my $mantissa = sprintf("%.0f", $f);
3428 return ($mantissa, $exponent);
3434 if ($self->{'use_dumper'}) {
3435 return $self->const_dumper($sv, $cx);
3437 if (class($sv) eq "SPECIAL") {
3438 # sv_undef, sv_yes, sv_no
3439 return ('undef', '1', $self->maybe_parens("!1", $cx, 21))[$$sv-1];
3440 } elsif (class($sv) eq "NULL") {
3443 # convert a version object into the "v1.2.3" string in its V magic
3444 if ($sv->FLAGS & SVs_RMG) {
3445 for (my $mg = $sv->MAGIC; $mg; $mg = $mg->MOREMAGIC) {
3446 return $mg->PTR if $mg->TYPE eq 'V';
3450 if ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_IOK) {
3451 my $str = $sv->int_value;
3452 $str = $self->maybe_parens($str, $cx, 21) if $str < 0;
3454 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_NOK) {
3457 if (pack("F", $nv) eq pack("F", 0)) {
3462 return $self->maybe_parens("-.0", $cx, 21);
3464 } elsif (1/$nv == 0) {
3467 return $self->maybe_parens("9**9**9", $cx, 22);
3470 return $self->maybe_parens("-9**9**9", $cx, 21);
3472 } elsif ($nv != $nv) {
3474 if (pack("F", $nv) eq pack("F", sin(9**9**9))) {
3476 return "sin(9**9**9)";
3477 } elsif (pack("F", $nv) eq pack("F", -sin(9**9**9))) {
3479 return $self->maybe_parens("-sin(9**9**9)", $cx, 21);
3482 my $hex = unpack("h*", pack("F", $nv));
3483 return qq'unpack("F", pack("h*", "$hex"))';
3486 # first, try the default stringification
3489 # failing that, try using more precision
3490 $str = sprintf("%.${max_prec}g", $nv);
3491 # if (pack("F", $str) ne pack("F", $nv)) {
3493 # not representable in decimal with whatever sprintf()
3494 # and atof() Perl is using here.
3495 my($mant, $exp) = split_float($nv);
3496 return $self->maybe_parens("$mant * 2**$exp", $cx, 19);
3499 $str = $self->maybe_parens($str, $cx, 21) if $nv < 0;
3501 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_ROK && $sv->can("RV")) {
3503 if (class($ref) eq "AV") {
3504 return "[" . $self->list_const(2, $ref->ARRAY) . "]";
3505 } elsif (class($ref) eq "HV") {
3506 my %hash = $ref->ARRAY;
3508 for my $k (sort keys %hash) {
3509 push @elts, "$k => " . $self->const($hash{$k}, 6);
3511 return "{" . join(", ", @elts) . "}";
3512 } elsif (class($ref) eq "CV") {
3513 return "sub " . $self->deparse_sub($ref);
3515 if ($ref->FLAGS & SVs_SMG) {
3516 for (my $mg = $ref->MAGIC; $mg; $mg = $mg->MOREMAGIC) {
3517 if ($mg->TYPE eq 'r') {
3518 my $re = re_uninterp(escape_str(re_unback($mg->precomp)));
3519 return single_delim("qr", "", $re);
3524 return $self->maybe_parens("\\" . $self->const($ref, 20), $cx, 20);
3525 } elsif ($sv->FLAGS & SVf_POK) {
3527 if ($str =~ /[^ -~]/) { # ASCII for non-printing
3528 return single_delim("qq", '"', uninterp escape_str unback $str);
3530 return single_delim("q", "'", unback $str);
3540 my $ref = $sv->object_2svref();
3541 my $dumper = Data::Dumper->new([$$ref], ['$v']);
3542 $dumper->Purity(1)->Terse(1)->Deparse(1)->Indent(0)->Useqq(1)->Sortkeys(1);
3543 my $str = $dumper->Dump();
3544 if ($str =~ /^\$v/) {
3545 return '${my ' . $str . ' \$v}';
3555 # the constant could be in the pad (under useithreads)
3556 $sv = $self->padval($op->targ) unless $$sv;
3563 if ($op->private & OPpCONST_ARYBASE) {
3566 # if ($op->private & OPpCONST_BARE) { # trouble with `=>' autoquoting
3567 # return $self->const_sv($op)->PV;
3569 my $sv = $self->const_sv($op);
3570 return $self->const($sv, $cx);
3576 my $type = $op->name;
3577 if ($type eq "const") {
3578 return '$[' if $op->private & OPpCONST_ARYBASE;
3579 return uninterp(escape_str(unback($self->const_sv($op)->as_string)));
3580 } elsif ($type eq "concat") {
3581 my $first = $self->dq($op->first);
3582 my $last = $self->dq($op->last);
3584 # Disambiguate "${foo}bar", "${foo}{bar}", "${foo}[1]", "$foo\::bar"
3585 ($last =~ /^[A-Z\\\^\[\]_?]/ &&
3586 $first =~ s/([\$@])\^$/${1}{^}/) # "${^}W" etc
3587 || ($last =~ /^[:'{\[\w_]/ && #'
3588 $first =~ s/([\$@])([A-Za-z_]\w*)$/${1}{$2}/);
3590 return $first . $last;
3591 } elsif ($type eq "uc") {
3592 return '\U' . $self->dq($op->first->sibling) . '\E';
3593 } elsif ($type eq "lc") {
3594 return '\L' . $self->dq($op->first->sibling) . '\E';
3595 } elsif ($type eq "ucfirst") {
3596 return '\u' . $self->dq($op->first->sibling);
3597 } elsif ($type eq "lcfirst") {
3598 return '\l' . $self->dq($op->first->sibling);
3599 } elsif ($type eq "quotemeta") {
3600 return '\Q' . $self->dq($op->first->sibling) . '\E';
3601 } elsif ($type eq "join") {
3602 return $self->deparse($op->last, 26); # was join($", @ary)
3604 return $self->deparse($op, 26);
3612 return single_delim("qx", '`', $self->dq($op->first->sibling));
3618 my $kid = $op->first->sibling; # skip ex-stringify, pushmark
3619 return $self->deparse($kid, $cx) if $self->{'unquote'};
3620 $self->maybe_targmy($kid, $cx,
3621 sub {single_delim("qq", '"', $self->dq($_[1]))});
3624 # OP_STRINGIFY is a listop, but it only ever has one arg
3625 sub pp_stringify { maybe_targmy(@_, \&dquote) }
3627 # tr/// and s/// (and tr[][], tr[]//, tr###, etc)
3628 # note that tr(from)/to/ is OK, but not tr/from/(to)
3630 my($from, $to) = @_;
3631 my($succeed, $delim);
3632 if ($from !~ m[/] and $to !~ m[/]) {
3633 return "/$from/$to/";
3634 } elsif (($succeed, $from) = balanced_delim($from) and $succeed) {
3635 if (($succeed, $to) = balanced_delim($to) and $succeed) {
3638 for $delim ('/', '"', '#') { # note no `'' -- s''' is special
3639 return "$from$delim$to$delim" if index($to, $delim) == -1;
3642 return "$from/$to/";
3645 for $delim ('/', '"', '#') { # note no '
3646 return "$delim$from$delim$to$delim"
3647 if index($to . $from, $delim) == -1;
3649 $from =~ s[/][\\/]g;
3651 return "/$from/$to/";
3655 # Only used by tr///, so backslashes hyphens
3658 if ($n == ord '\\') {
3660 } elsif ($n == ord "-") {
3662 } elsif ($n >= ord(' ') and $n <= ord('~')) {
3664 } elsif ($n == ord "\a") {
3666 } elsif ($n == ord "\b") {
3668 } elsif ($n == ord "\t") {
3670 } elsif ($n == ord "\n") {
3672 } elsif ($n == ord "\e") {
3674 } elsif ($n == ord "\f") {
3676 } elsif ($n == ord "\r") {
3678 } elsif ($n >= ord("\cA") and $n <= ord("\cZ")) {
3679 return '\\c' . chr(ord("@") + $n);
3681 # return '\x' . sprintf("%02x", $n);
3682 return '\\' . sprintf("%03o", $n);
3688 my($str, $c, $tr) = ("");
3689 for ($c = 0; $c < @chars; $c++) {
3692 if ($c <= $#chars - 2 and $chars[$c + 1] == $tr + 1 and
3693 $chars[$c + 2] == $tr + 2)
3695 for (; $c <= $#chars-1 and $chars[$c + 1] == $chars[$c] + 1; $c++)
3698 $str .= pchr($chars[$c]);
3704 sub tr_decode_byte {
3705 my($table, $flags) = @_;
3706 my(@table) = unpack("s*", $table);
3707 splice @table, 0x100, 1; # Number of subsequent elements
3708 my($c, $tr, @from, @to, @delfrom, $delhyphen);
3709 if ($table[ord "-"] != -1 and
3710 $table[ord("-") - 1] == -1 || $table[ord("-") + 1] == -1)
3712 $tr = $table[ord "-"];
3713 $table[ord "-"] = -1;
3717 } else { # -2 ==> delete
3721 for ($c = 0; $c < @table; $c++) {
3724 push @from, $c; push @to, $tr;
3725 } elsif ($tr == -2) {
3729 @from = (@from, @delfrom);
3730 if ($flags & OPpTRANS_COMPLEMENT) {
3733 @from{@from} = (1) x @from;
3734 for ($c = 0; $c < 256; $c++) {
3735 push @newfrom, $c unless $from{$c};
3739 unless ($flags & OPpTRANS_DELETE || !@to) {
3740 pop @to while $#to and $to[$#to] == $to[$#to -1];
3743 $from = collapse(@from);
3744 $to = collapse(@to);
3745 $from .= "-" if $delhyphen;
3746 return ($from, $to);
3751 if ($x == ord "-") {
3753 } elsif ($x == ord "\\") {
3760 # XXX This doesn't yet handle all cases correctly either
3762 sub tr_decode_utf8 {
3763 my($swash_hv, $flags) = @_;
3764 my %swash = $swash_hv->ARRAY;
3766 $final = $swash{'FINAL'}->IV if exists $swash{'FINAL'};
3767 my $none = $swash{"NONE"}->IV;
3768 my $extra = $none + 1;
3769 my(@from, @delfrom, @to);
3771 foreach $line (split /\n/, $swash{'LIST'}->PV) {
3772 my($min, $max, $result) = split(/\t/, $line);
3779 $result = hex $result;
3780 if ($result == $extra) {
3781 push @delfrom, [$min, $max];
3783 push @from, [$min, $max];
3784 push @to, [$result, $result + $max - $min];
3787 for my $i (0 .. $#from) {
3788 if ($from[$i][0] == ord '-') {
3789 unshift @from, splice(@from, $i, 1);
3790 unshift @to, splice(@to, $i, 1);
3792 } elsif ($from[$i][1] == ord '-') {
3795 unshift @from, ord '-';
3796 unshift @to, ord '-';
3800 for my $i (0 .. $#delfrom) {
3801 if ($delfrom[$i][0] == ord '-') {
3802 push @delfrom, splice(@delfrom, $i, 1);
3804 } elsif ($delfrom[$i][1] == ord '-') {
3806 push @delfrom, ord '-';
3810 if (defined $final and $to[$#to][1] != $final) {
3811 push @to, [$final, $final];
3813 push @from, @delfrom;
3814 if ($flags & OPpTRANS_COMPLEMENT) {
3817 for my $i (0 .. $#from) {
3818 push @newfrom, [$next, $from[$i][0] - 1];
3819 $next = $from[$i][1] + 1;
3822 for my $range (@newfrom) {
3823 if ($range->[0] <= $range->[1]) {
3828 my($from, $to, $diff);
3829 for my $chunk (@from) {
3830 $diff = $chunk->[1] - $chunk->[0];
3832 $from .= tr_chr($chunk->[0]) . "-" . tr_chr($chunk->[1]);
3833 } elsif ($diff == 1) {
3834 $from .= tr_chr($chunk->[0]) . tr_chr($chunk->[1]);
3836 $from .= tr_chr($chunk->[0]);
3839 for my $chunk (@to) {
3840 $diff = $chunk->[1] - $chunk->[0];
3842 $to .= tr_chr($chunk->[0]) . "-" . tr_chr($chunk->[1]);
3843 } elsif ($diff == 1) {
3844 $to .= tr_chr($chunk->[0]) . tr_chr($chunk->[1]);
3846 $to .= tr_chr($chunk->[0]);
3849 #$final = sprintf("%04x", $final) if defined $final;
3850 #$none = sprintf("%04x", $none) if defined $none;
3851 #$extra = sprintf("%04x", $extra) if defined $extra;
3852 #print STDERR "final: $final\n none: $none\nextra: $extra\n";
3853 #print STDERR $swash{'LIST'}->PV;
3854 return (escape_str($from), escape_str($to));
3861 if (class($op) eq "PVOP") {
3862 ($from, $to) = tr_decode_byte($op->pv, $op->private);
3863 } else { # class($op) eq "SVOP"
3864 ($from, $to) = tr_decode_utf8($op->sv->RV, $op->private);
3867 $flags .= "c" if $op->private & OPpTRANS_COMPLEMENT;
3868 $flags .= "d" if $op->private & OPpTRANS_DELETE;
3869 $to = "" if $from eq $to and $flags eq "";
3870 $flags .= "s" if $op->private & OPpTRANS_SQUASH;
3871 return "tr" . double_delim($from, $to) . $flags;
3874 # Like dq(), but different
3877 my ($op, $extended) = @_;
3879 my $type = $op->name;
3880 if ($type eq "const") {
3881 return '$[' if $op->private & OPpCONST_ARYBASE;
3882 my $unbacked = re_unback($self->const_sv($op)->as_string);
3883 return re_uninterp_extended(escape_extended_re($unbacked))
3885 return re_uninterp(escape_str($unbacked));
3886 } elsif ($type eq "concat") {
3887 my $first = $self->re_dq($op->first, $extended);
3888 my $last = $self->re_dq($op->last, $extended);
3890 # Disambiguate "${foo}bar", "${foo}{bar}", "${foo}[1]"
3891 ($last =~ /^[A-Z\\\^\[\]_?]/ &&
3892 $first =~ s/([\$@])\^$/${1}{^}/) # "${^}W" etc
3893 || ($last =~ /^[{\[\w_]/ &&
3894 $first =~ s/([\$@])([A-Za-z_]\w*)$/${1}{$2}/);
3896 return $first . $last;
3897 } elsif ($type eq "uc") {
3898 return '\U' . $self->re_dq($op->first->sibling, $extended) . '\E';
3899 } elsif ($type eq "lc") {
3900 return '\L' . $self->re_dq($op->first->sibling, $extended) . '\E';
3901 } elsif ($type eq "ucfirst") {
3902 return '\u' . $self->re_dq($op->first->sibling, $extended);
3903 } elsif ($type eq "lcfirst") {
3904 return '\l' . $self->re_dq($op->first->sibling, $extended);
3905 } elsif ($type eq "quotemeta") {
3906 return '\Q' . $self->re_dq($op->first->sibling, $extended) . '\E';
3907 } elsif ($type eq "join") {
3908 return $self->deparse($op->last, 26); # was join($", @ary)
3910 return $self->deparse($op, 26);
3915 my ($self, $op) = @_;
3916 return 0 if null $op;
3917 my $type = $op->name;
3919 if ($type eq 'const') {
3922 elsif ($type =~ /^[ul]c(first)?$/ || $type eq 'quotemeta') {
3923 return $self->pure_string($op->first->sibling);
3925 elsif ($type eq 'join') {
3926 my $join_op = $op->first->sibling; # Skip pushmark
3927 return 0 unless $join_op->name eq 'null' && $join_op->targ eq OP_RV2SV;
3929 my $gvop = $join_op->first;
3930 return 0 unless $gvop->name eq 'gvsv';
3931 return 0 unless '"' eq $self->gv_name($self->gv_or_padgv($gvop));
3933 return 0 unless ${$join_op->sibling} eq ${$op->last};
3934 return 0 unless $op->last->name =~ /^(rv2|pad)av$/;
3936 elsif ($type eq 'concat') {
3937 return $self->pure_string($op->first)
3938 && $self->pure_string($op->last);
3940 elsif (is_scalar($op) || $type =~ /^[ah]elem$/) {
3943 elsif ($type eq "null" and $op->can('first') and not null $op->first and
3944 $op->first->name eq "null" and $op->first->can('first')
3945 and not null $op->first->first and
3946 $op->first->first->name eq "aelemfast") {
3958 my($op, $cx, $extended) = @_;
3959 my $kid = $op->first;
3960 $kid = $kid->first if $kid->name eq "regcmaybe";
3961 $kid = $kid->first if $kid->name eq "regcreset";
3962 if ($kid->name eq "null" and !null($kid->first)
3963 and $kid->first->name eq 'pushmark')
3966 $kid = $kid->first->sibling;
3967 while (!null($kid)) {
3968 $str .= $self->re_dq($kid, $extended);
3969 $kid = $kid->sibling;
3974 return ($self->re_dq($kid, $extended), 1) if $self->pure_string($kid);
3975 return ($self->deparse($kid, $cx), 0);
3979 my ($self, $op, $cx) = @_;
3980 return (($self->regcomp($op, $cx, 0))[0]);
3983 # osmic acid -- see osmium tetroxide
3986 map($matchwords{join "", sort split //, $_} = $_, 'cig', 'cog', 'cos', 'cogs',
3987 'cox', 'go', 'is', 'ism', 'iso', 'mig', 'mix', 'osmic', 'ox', 'sic',
3988 'sig', 'six', 'smog', 'so', 'soc', 'sog', 'xi');
3992 my($op, $cx, $name, $delim) = @_;
3993 my $kid = $op->first;
3994 my ($binop, $var, $re) = ("", "", "");
3995 if ($op->flags & OPf_STACKED) {
3997 $var = $self->deparse($kid, 20);
3998 $kid = $kid->sibling;
4001 my $extended = ($op->pmflags & PMf_EXTENDED);
4003 my $unbacked = re_unback($op->precomp);
4005 $re = re_uninterp_extended(escape_extended_re($unbacked));
4007 $re = re_uninterp(escape_str(re_unback($op->precomp)));
4009 } elsif ($kid->name ne 'regcomp') {
4010 carp("found ".$kid->name." where regcomp expected");
4012 ($re, $quote) = $self->regcomp($kid, 21, $extended);
4015 $flags .= "c" if $op->pmflags & PMf_CONTINUE;
4016 $flags .= "g" if $op->pmflags & PMf_GLOBAL;
4017 $flags .= "i" if $op->pmflags & PMf_FOLD;
4018 $flags .= "m" if $op->pmflags & PMf_MULTILINE;
4019 $flags .= "o" if $op->pmflags & PMf_KEEP;
4020 $flags .= "s" if $op->pmflags & PMf_SINGLELINE;
4021 $flags .= "x" if $op->pmflags & PMf_EXTENDED;
4022 $flags = $matchwords{$flags} if $matchwords{$flags};
4023 if ($op->pmflags & PMf_ONCE) { # only one kind of delimiter works here
4027 $re = single_delim($name, $delim, $re);
4029 $re = $re . $flags if $quote;
4031 return $self->maybe_parens("$var =~ $re", $cx, 20);
4037 sub pp_match { matchop(@_, "m", "/") }
4038 sub pp_pushre { matchop(@_, "m", "/") }
4039 sub pp_qr { matchop(@_, "qr", "") }
4044 my($kid, @exprs, $ary, $expr);
4047 # For our kid (an OP_PUSHRE), pmreplroot is never actually the
4048 # root of a replacement; it's either empty, or abused to point to
4049 # the GV for an array we split into (an optimization to save
4050 # assignment overhead). Depending on whether we're using ithreads,
4051 # this OP* holds either a GV* or a PADOFFSET. Luckily, B.xs
4052 # figures out for us which it is.
4053 my $replroot = $kid->pmreplroot;
4055 if (ref($replroot) eq "B::GV") {
4057 } elsif (!ref($replroot) and $replroot > 0) {
4058 $gv = $self->padval($replroot);
4060 $ary = $self->stash_variable('@', $self->gv_name($gv)) if $gv;
4062 for (; !null($kid); $kid = $kid->sibling) {
4063 push @exprs, $self->deparse($kid, 6);
4066 # handle special case of split(), and split(" ") that compiles to /\s+/
4068 if ($kid->flags & OPf_SPECIAL
4069 && $exprs[0] eq '/\\s+/'
4070 && $kid->pmflags & PMf_SKIPWHITE ) {
4074 $expr = "split(" . join(", ", @exprs) . ")";
4076 return $self->maybe_parens("$ary = $expr", $cx, 7);
4082 # oxime -- any of various compounds obtained chiefly by the action of
4083 # hydroxylamine on aldehydes and ketones and characterized by the
4084 # bivalent grouping C=NOH [Webster's Tenth]
4087 map($substwords{join "", sort split //, $_} = $_, 'ego', 'egoism', 'em',
4088 'es', 'ex', 'exes', 'gee', 'go', 'goes', 'ie', 'ism', 'iso', 'me',
4089 'meese', 'meso', 'mig', 'mix', 'os', 'ox', 'oxime', 'see', 'seem',
4090 'seg', 'sex', 'sig', 'six', 'smog', 'sog', 'some', 'xi');
4095 my $kid = $op->first;
4096 my($binop, $var, $re, $repl) = ("", "", "", "");
4097 if ($op->flags & OPf_STACKED) {
4099 $var = $self->deparse($kid, 20);
4100 $kid = $kid->sibling;
4103 if (null($op->pmreplroot)) {
4104 $repl = $self->dq($kid);
4105 $kid = $kid->sibling;
4107 $repl = $op->pmreplroot->first; # skip substcont
4108 while ($repl->name eq "entereval") {
4109 $repl = $repl->first;
4112 if ($op->pmflags & PMf_EVAL) {
4113 $repl = $self->deparse($repl->first, 0);
4115 $repl = $self->dq($repl);
4118 my $extended = ($op->pmflags & PMf_EXTENDED);
4120 my $unbacked = re_unback($op->precomp);
4122 $re = re_uninterp_extended(escape_extended_re($unbacked));
4125 $re = re_uninterp(escape_str($unbacked));
4128 ($re) = $self->regcomp($kid, 1, $extended);
4130 $flags .= "e" if $op->pmflags & PMf_EVAL;
4131 $flags .= "g" if $op->pmflags & PMf_GLOBAL;
4132 $flags .= "i" if $op->pmflags & PMf_FOLD;
4133 $flags .= "m" if $op->pmflags & PMf_MULTILINE;
4134 $flags .= "o" if $op->pmflags & PMf_KEEP;
4135 $flags .= "s" if $op->pmflags & PMf_SINGLELINE;
4136 $flags .= "x" if $extended;
4137 $flags = $substwords{$flags} if $substwords{$flags};
4139 return $self->maybe_parens("$var =~ s"
4140 . double_delim($re, $repl) . $flags,
4143 return "s". double_delim($re, $repl) . $flags;
4152 B::Deparse - Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
4156 B<perl> B<-MO=Deparse>[B<,-d>][B<,-f>I<FILE>][B<,-p>][B<,-q>][B<,-l>]
4157 [B<,-s>I<LETTERS>][B<,-x>I<LEVEL>] I<prog.pl>
4161 B::Deparse is a backend module for the Perl compiler that generates
4162 perl source code, based on the internal compiled structure that perl
4163 itself creates after parsing a program. The output of B::Deparse won't
4164 be exactly the same as the original source, since perl doesn't keep
4165 track of comments or whitespace, and there isn't a one-to-one
4166 correspondence between perl's syntactical constructions and their
4167 compiled form, but it will often be close. When you use the B<-p>
4168 option, the output also includes parentheses even when they are not
4169 required by precedence, which can make it easy to see if perl is
4170 parsing your expressions the way you intended.
4172 While B::Deparse goes to some lengths to try to figure out what your
4173 original program was doing, some parts of the language can still trip
4174 it up; it still fails even on some parts of Perl's own test suite. If
4175 you encounter a failure other than the most common ones described in
4176 the BUGS section below, you can help contribute to B::Deparse's
4177 ongoing development by submitting a bug report with a small
4182 As with all compiler backend options, these must follow directly after
4183 the '-MO=Deparse', separated by a comma but not any white space.
4189 Output data values (when they appear as constants) using Data::Dumper.
4190 Without this option, B::Deparse will use some simple routines of its
4191 own for the same purpose. Currently, Data::Dumper is better for some
4192 kinds of data (such as complex structures with sharing and
4193 self-reference) while the built-in routines are better for others
4194 (such as odd floating-point values).
4198 Normally, B::Deparse deparses the main code of a program, and all the subs
4199 defined in the same file. To include subs defined in other files, pass the
4200 B<-f> option with the filename. You can pass the B<-f> option several times, to
4201 include more than one secondary file. (Most of the time you don't want to
4202 use it at all.) You can also use this option to include subs which are
4203 defined in the scope of a B<#line> directive with two parameters.
4207 Add '#line' declarations to the output based on the line and file
4208 locations of the original code.
4212 Print extra parentheses. Without this option, B::Deparse includes
4213 parentheses in its output only when they are needed, based on the
4214 structure of your program. With B<-p>, it uses parentheses (almost)
4215 whenever they would be legal. This can be useful if you are used to
4216 LISP, or if you want to see how perl parses your input. If you say
4218 if ($var & 0x7f == 65) {print "Gimme an A!"}
4219 print ($which ? $a : $b), "\n";
4220 $name = $ENV{USER} or "Bob";
4222 C<B::Deparse,-p> will print
4225 print('Gimme an A!')
4227 (print(($which ? $a : $b)), '???');
4228 (($name = $ENV{'USER'}) or '???')
4230 which probably isn't what you intended (the C<'???'> is a sign that
4231 perl optimized away a constant value).
4235 Disable prototype checking. With this option, all function calls are
4236 deparsed as if no prototype was defined for them. In other words,
4238 perl -MO=Deparse,-P -e 'sub foo (\@) { 1 } foo @x'
4247 making clear how the parameters are actually passed to C<foo>.
4251 Expand double-quoted strings into the corresponding combinations of
4252 concatenation, uc, ucfirst, lc, lcfirst, quotemeta, and join. For
4255 print "Hello, $world, @ladies, \u$gentlemen\E, \u\L$me!";
4259 print 'Hello, ' . $world . ', ' . join($", @ladies) . ', '
4260 . ucfirst($gentlemen) . ', ' . ucfirst(lc $me . '!');
4262 Note that the expanded form represents the way perl handles such
4263 constructions internally -- this option actually turns off the reverse
4264 translation that B::Deparse usually does. On the other hand, note that
4265 C<$x = "$y"> is not the same as C<$x = $y>: the former makes the value
4266 of $y into a string before doing the assignment.
4268 =item B<-s>I<LETTERS>
4270 Tweak the style of B::Deparse's output. The letters should follow
4271 directly after the 's', with no space or punctuation. The following
4272 options are available:
4278 Cuddle C<elsif>, C<else>, and C<continue> blocks. For example, print
4295 The default is not to cuddle.
4299 Indent lines by multiples of I<NUMBER> columns. The default is 4 columns.
4303 Use tabs for each 8 columns of indent. The default is to use only spaces.
4304 For instance, if the style options are B<-si4T>, a line that's indented
4305 3 times will be preceded by one tab and four spaces; if the options were
4306 B<-si8T>, the same line would be preceded by three tabs.
4308 =item B<v>I<STRING>B<.>
4310 Print I<STRING> for the value of a constant that can't be determined
4311 because it was optimized away (mnemonic: this happens when a constant
4312 is used in B<v>oid context). The end of the string is marked by a period.
4313 The string should be a valid perl expression, generally a constant.
4314 Note that unless it's a number, it probably needs to be quoted, and on
4315 a command line quotes need to be protected from the shell. Some
4316 conventional values include 0, 1, 42, '', 'foo', and
4317 'Useless use of constant omitted' (which may need to be
4318 B<-sv"'Useless use of constant omitted'.">
4319 or something similar depending on your shell). The default is '???'.
4320 If you're using B::Deparse on a module or other file that's require'd,
4321 you shouldn't use a value that evaluates to false, since the customary
4322 true constant at the end of a module will be in void context when the
4323 file is compiled as a main program.
4329 Expand conventional syntax constructions into equivalent ones that expose
4330 their internal operation. I<LEVEL> should be a digit, with higher values
4331 meaning more expansion. As with B<-q>, this actually involves turning off
4332 special cases in B::Deparse's normal operations.
4334 If I<LEVEL> is at least 3, C<for> loops will be translated into equivalent
4335 while loops with continue blocks; for instance
4337 for ($i = 0; $i < 10; ++$i) {
4350 Note that in a few cases this translation can't be perfectly carried back
4351 into the source code -- if the loop's initializer declares a my variable,
4352 for instance, it won't have the correct scope outside of the loop.
4354 If I<LEVEL> is at least 5, C<use> declarations will be translated into
4355 C<BEGIN> blocks containing calls to C<require> and C<import>; for
4365 'strict'->import('refs')
4369 If I<LEVEL> is at least 7, C<if> statements will be translated into
4370 equivalent expressions using C<&&>, C<?:> and C<do {}>; for instance
4372 print 'hi' if $nice;
4384 $nice and print 'hi';
4385 $nice and do { print 'hi' };
4386 $nice ? do { print 'hi' } : do { print 'bye' };
4388 Long sequences of elsifs will turn into nested ternary operators, which
4389 B::Deparse doesn't know how to indent nicely.
4393 =head1 USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE
4398 $deparse = B::Deparse->new("-p", "-sC");
4399 $body = $deparse->coderef2text(\&func);
4400 eval "sub func $body"; # the inverse operation
4404 B::Deparse can also be used on a sub-by-sub basis from other perl
4409 $deparse = B::Deparse->new(OPTIONS)
4411 Create an object to store the state of a deparsing operation and any
4412 options. The options are the same as those that can be given on the
4413 command line (see L</OPTIONS>); options that are separated by commas
4414 after B<-MO=Deparse> should be given as separate strings. Some
4415 options, like B<-u>, don't make sense for a single subroutine, so
4418 =head2 ambient_pragmas
4420 $deparse->ambient_pragmas(strict => 'all', '$[' => $[);
4422 The compilation of a subroutine can be affected by a few compiler
4423 directives, B<pragmas>. These are:
4437 Assigning to the special variable $[
4457 Ordinarily, if you use B::Deparse on a subroutine which has
4458 been compiled in the presence of one or more of these pragmas,
4459 the output will include statements to turn on the appropriate
4460 directives. So if you then compile the code returned by coderef2text,
4461 it will behave the same way as the subroutine which you deparsed.
4463 However, you may know that you intend to use the results in a
4464 particular context, where some pragmas are already in scope. In
4465 this case, you use the B<ambient_pragmas> method to describe the
4466 assumptions you wish to make.
4468 Not all of the options currently have any useful effect. See
4469 L</BUGS> for more details.
4471 The parameters it accepts are:
4477 Takes a string, possibly containing several values separated
4478 by whitespace. The special values "all" and "none" mean what you'd
4481 $deparse->ambient_pragmas(strict => 'subs refs');
4485 Takes a number, the value of the array base $[.
4493 If the value is true, then the appropriate pragma is assumed to
4494 be in the ambient scope, otherwise not.
4498 Takes a string, possibly containing a whitespace-separated list of
4499 values. The values "all" and "none" are special. It's also permissible
4500 to pass an array reference here.
4502 $deparser->ambient_pragmas(re => 'eval');
4507 Takes a string, possibly containing a whitespace-separated list of
4508 values. The values "all" and "none" are special, again. It's also
4509 permissible to pass an array reference here.
4511 $deparser->ambient_pragmas(warnings => [qw[void io]]);
4513 If one of the values is the string "FATAL", then all the warnings
4514 in that list will be considered fatal, just as with the B<warnings>
4515 pragma itself. Should you need to specify that some warnings are
4516 fatal, and others are merely enabled, you can pass the B<warnings>
4519 $deparser->ambient_pragmas(
4521 warnings => [FATAL => qw/void io/],
4524 See L<perllexwarn> for more information about lexical warnings.
4530 These two parameters are used to specify the ambient pragmas in
4531 the format used by the special variables $^H and ${^WARNING_BITS}.
4533 They exist principally so that you can write code like:
4535 { my ($hint_bits, $warning_bits);
4536 BEGIN {($hint_bits, $warning_bits) = ($^H, ${^WARNING_BITS})}
4537 $deparser->ambient_pragmas (
4538 hint_bits => $hint_bits,
4539 warning_bits => $warning_bits,
4543 which specifies that the ambient pragmas are exactly those which
4544 are in scope at the point of calling.
4550 $body = $deparse->coderef2text(\&func)
4551 $body = $deparse->coderef2text(sub ($$) { ... })
4553 Return source code for the body of a subroutine (a block, optionally
4554 preceded by a prototype in parens), given a reference to the
4555 sub. Because a subroutine can have no names, or more than one name,
4556 this method doesn't return a complete subroutine definition -- if you
4557 want to eval the result, you should prepend "sub subname ", or "sub "
4558 for an anonymous function constructor. Unless the sub was defined in
4559 the main:: package, the code will include a package declaration.
4567 The only pragmas to be completely supported are: C<use warnings>,
4568 C<use strict 'refs'>, C<use bytes>, and C<use integer>. (C<$[>, which
4569 behaves like a pragma, is also supported.)
4571 Excepting those listed above, we're currently unable to guarantee that
4572 B::Deparse will produce a pragma at the correct point in the program.
4573 (Specifically, pragmas at the beginning of a block often appear right
4574 before the start of the block instead.)
4575 Since the effects of pragmas are often lexically scoped, this can mean
4576 that the pragma holds sway over a different portion of the program
4577 than in the input file.
4581 In fact, the above is a specific instance of a more general problem:
4582 we can't guarantee to produce BEGIN blocks or C<use> declarations in
4583 exactly the right place. So if you use a module which affects compilation
4584 (such as by over-riding keywords, overloading constants or whatever)
4585 then the output code might not work as intended.
4587 This is the most serious outstanding problem, and will require some help
4588 from the Perl core to fix.
4592 If a keyword is over-ridden, and your program explicitly calls
4593 the built-in version by using CORE::keyword, the output of B::Deparse
4594 will not reflect this. If you run the resulting code, it will call
4595 the over-ridden version rather than the built-in one. (Maybe there
4596 should be an option to B<always> print keyword calls as C<CORE::name>.)
4600 Some constants don't print correctly either with or without B<-d>.
4601 For instance, neither B::Deparse nor Data::Dumper know how to print
4602 dual-valued scalars correctly, as in:
4604 use constant E2BIG => ($!=7); $y = E2BIG; print $y, 0+$y;
4608 An input file that uses source filtering probably won't be deparsed into
4609 runnable code, because it will still include the B<use> declaration
4610 for the source filtering module, even though the code that is
4611 produced is already ordinary Perl which shouldn't be filtered again.
4615 Optimised away statements are rendered as '???'. This includes statements that
4616 have a compile-time side-effect, such as the obscure
4620 which is not, consequently, deparsed correctly.
4624 There are probably many more bugs on non-ASCII platforms (EBCDIC).
4630 Stephen McCamant <smcc@CSUA.Berkeley.EDU>, based on an earlier version
4631 by Malcolm Beattie <mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk>, with contributions from
4632 Gisle Aas, James Duncan, Albert Dvornik, Robin Houston, Dave Mitchell,
4633 Hugo van der Sanden, Gurusamy Sarathy, Nick Ing-Simmons, and Rafael