5 use File::Spec::Functions;
7 our($capture_stderr, $raw, $VERSION, $AUTOLOAD);
10 $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
12 use if $] >= 5.011, 'deprecate';
14 sub new { bless \my $foo, shift }
19 my ($callpack, $callfile, $callline) = caller;
26 foreach my $sym (@EXPORT) {
28 *{"${callpack}::$sym"} = \&{"Shell::$sym"};
32 # NOTE: this is used to enable constant folding in
33 # expressions like (OS eq 'MSWin32') and
34 # (OS eq 'os2') just like it happened in 0.6 version
35 # which used eval "string" to install subs on the fly.
36 use constant OS => $^O;
42 $sub = _make_cmd($cmd);
43 $sub = $shell->_make_cmd($cmd);
45 Creates a closure which invokes the system command C<$cmd>.
52 shift if ref $_[0] && $_[0]->isa( 'Shell' );
54 my $null = File::Spec::Functions::devnull();
55 $Shell::capture_stderr ||= 0;
56 # closing over $^O, $cmd, and $null
58 shift if ref $_[0] && $_[0]->isa( 'Shell' );
60 $Shell::capture_stderr == 1 ? `$cmd 2>&1` :
61 $Shell::capture_stderr == -1 ? `$cmd 2>$null` :
63 } elsif (OS eq 'os2') {
64 local(*SAVEOUT, *READ, *WRITE);
66 open SAVEOUT, '>&STDOUT' or die;
67 pipe READ, WRITE or die;
68 open STDOUT, '>&WRITE' or die;
71 my $pid = system(1, $cmd, @_);
72 die "Can't execute $cmd: $!\n" if $pid < 0;
74 open STDOUT, '>&SAVEOUT' or die;
92 unless( $Shell::raw ){
93 if (OS eq 'MSWin32') {
94 # XXX this special-casing should not be needed
95 # if we do quoting right on Windows. :-(
97 # First, escape all quotes. Cover the case where we
98 # want to pass along a quote preceded by a backslash
99 # (i.e., C<"param \""" end">).
100 # Ugly, yup? You know, windoze.
101 # Enclose in quotes only the parameters that need it:
102 # try this: c:> dir "/w"
103 # and this: c:> dir /w
107 $_ = qq["$_"] if /\s/;
116 push @arr, '2>&1' if $Shell::capture_stderr == 1;
117 push @arr, '2>$null' if $Shell::capture_stderr == -1;
118 open(SUBPROC, join(' ', $cmd, @arr, '|'))
119 or die "Can't exec $cmd: $!\n";
122 close SUBPROC; # XXX Oughta use a destructor.
135 shift if ref $_[0] && $_[0]->isa( 'Shell' );
139 *$AUTOLOAD = _make_cmd($cmd);
149 Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl
153 use Shell qw(cat ps cp);
154 $passwd = cat('</etc/passwd');
155 @pslines = ps('-ww'),
156 cp("/etc/passwd", "/tmp/passwd");
166 This package is included as a show case, illustrating a few Perl features.
167 It shouldn't be used for production programs. Although it does provide a
168 simple interface for obtaining the standard output of arbitrary commands,
169 there may be better ways of achieving what you need.
171 Running shell commands while obtaining standard output can be done with the
172 C<qx/STRING/> operator, or by calling C<open> with a filename expression that
173 ends with C<|>, giving you the option to process one line at a time.
174 If you don't need to process standard output at all, you might use C<system>
175 (in preference of doing a print with the collected standard output).
177 Since Shell.pm and all of the aforementioned techniques use your system's
178 shell to call some local command, none of them is portable across different
179 systems. Note, however, that there are several built in functions and
180 library packages providing portable implementations of functions operating
181 on files, such as: C<glob>, C<link> and C<unlink>, C<mkdir> and C<rmdir>,
182 C<rename>, C<File::Compare>, C<File::Copy>, C<File::Find> etc.
184 Using Shell.pm while importing C<foo> creates a subroutine C<foo> in the
185 namespace of the importing package. Calling C<foo> with arguments C<arg1>,
186 C<arg2>,... results in a shell command C<foo arg1 arg2...>, where the
187 function name and the arguments are joined with a blank. (See the subsection
188 on Escaping magic characters.) Since the result is essentially a command
189 line to be passed to the shell, your notion of arguments to the Perl
190 function is not necessarily identical to what the shell treats as a
191 command line token, to be passed as an individual argument to the program.
192 Furthermore, note that this implies that C<foo> is callable by file name
193 only, which frequently depends on the setting of the program's environment.
195 Creating a Shell object gives you the opportunity to call any command
196 in the usual OO notation without requiring you to announce it in the
197 C<use Shell> statement. Don't assume any additional semantics being
198 associated with a Shell object: in no way is it similar to a shell
199 process with its environment or current working directory or any
202 =head2 Escaping Magic Characters
204 It is, in general, impossible to take care of quoting the shell's
205 magic characters. For some obscure reason, however, Shell.pm quotes
206 apostrophes (C<'>) and backslashes (C<\>) on UNIX, and spaces and
207 quotes (C<">) on Windows.
211 If you set $Shell::capture_stderr to 1, the module will attempt to
212 capture the standard error output of the process as well. This is
213 done by adding C<2E<gt>&1> to the command line, so don't try this on
214 a system not supporting this redirection.
216 Setting $Shell::capture_stderr to -1 will send standard error to the
217 bit bucket (i.e., the equivalent of adding C<2E<gt>/dev/null> to the
218 command line). The same caveat regarding redirection applies.
220 If you set $Shell::raw to true no quoting whatsoever is done.
224 Quoting should be off by default.
226 It isn't possible to call shell built in commands, but it can be
227 done by using a workaround, e.g. shell( '-c', 'set' ).
229 Capturing standard error does not work on some systems (e.g. VMS).
233 Date: Thu, 22 Sep 94 16:18:16 -0700
234 Message-Id: <9409222318.AA17072@scalpel.netlabs.com>
235 To: perl5-porters@isu.edu
236 From: Larry Wall <lwall@scalpel.netlabs.com>
237 Subject: a new module I just wrote
239 Here's one that'll whack your mind a little out.
245 $foo = echo("howdy", "<funny>", "world");
248 $passwd = cat("</etc/passwd");
254 cp("/etc/passwd", "/etc/passwd.orig");
256 That's maybe too gonzo. It actually exports an AUTOLOAD to the current
257 package (and uncovered a bug in Beta 3, by the way). Maybe the usual
260 use Shell qw(echo cat ps cp);
264 Changes by Jenda@Krynicky.cz and Dave Cottle <d.cottle@csc.canterbury.ac.nz>.
266 Changes for OO syntax and bug fixes by Casey West <casey@geeknest.com>.
268 C<$Shell::raw> and pod rewrite by Wolfgang Laun.
270 Rewritten to use closures rather than C<eval "string"> by Adriano Ferreira.