3 If you want to build with multi-threading support and you are
4 running one of the following:
6 * Linux 2.x (with the LinuxThreads library installed: that's
7 the linuxthreads and linuxthreads-devel RPMs for RedHat)
11 * Solaris 2.x for recentish x (2.5 is OK)
13 * IRIX 6.2 or newer. 6.2 will require a few os patches.
14 IMPORTANT: Without patch 2401, a kernel bug in IRIX 6.2 will
15 cause your machine to panic and crash when running threaded perl.
16 IRIX 6.3 and up should be OK. See lower down for patch details.
18 then you should be able to use
20 ./Configure -Dusethreads -des
23 and ignore the rest of this "Building" section. If it doesn't
24 work or you are using another platform which you believe supports
25 POSIX.1c threads then read on. Additional information may be in
26 a platform-specific "hints" file in the hints/ subdirectory.
28 Omit the -d from your ./Configure arguments. For example, use
30 ./Configure -Dusethreads
32 When Configure prompts you for ccflags, insert any other arguments in
33 there that your compiler needs to use POSIX threads. When Configure
34 prompts you for linking flags, include any flags required for
35 threading (usually nothing special is required here). Finally, when
36 COnfigure prompts you for libraries, include any necessary libraries
37 (e.g. -lpthread). Pay attention to the order of libraries. It is
38 probably necessary to specify your threading library *before* your
39 standard C library, e.g. it might be necessary to have -lpthread -lc,
40 instead of -lc -lpthread.
42 Once you have specified all your compiler flags, you can have Configure
43 accept all the defaults for the remainder of the session by typing &-d
44 at any Configure prompt.
46 Some additional notes (some of these may be obsolete now, other items
47 may be handled automatically):
50 Add -pthread to ccflags
51 Add -pthread to ldflags
52 Add -lpthread -lc_r to lddlflags
54 For some reason, the extra includes for pthreads make Digital UNIX
55 complain fatally about the sbrk() delcaration in perl's malloc.c
56 so use the native malloc, e.g. sh Configure -Uusemymalloc, or
57 manually edit your config.sh as follows:
58 Change usemymalloc to n
59 Zap mallocobj and mallocsrc (foo='')
60 Change d_mymalloc to undef
63 (This should all be done automatically by the hint file).
65 For IRIX 6.2, you have to have the following patches installed:
66 1404 Irix 6.2 Posix 1003.1b man pages
67 1645 IRIX 6.2 & 6.3 POSIX header file updates
68 2000 Irix 6.2 Posix 1003.1b support modules
69 2254 Pthread library fixes
70 2401 6.2 all platform kernel rollup
71 IMPORTANT: Without patch 2401, a kernel bug in IRIX 6.2 will
72 cause your machine to panic and crash when running threaded perl.
73 IRIX 6.3 and up should be OK.
75 For IRIX 6.3 and 6.4 the pthreads should work out of the box.
76 Thanks to Hannu Napari <Hannu.Napari@hut.fi> for the IRIX
77 pthreads patches information.
79 (This should all be done automatically by the hint file).
80 Change cc to xlc_r or cc_r.
81 Add -DNEED_PTHREAD_INIT to ccflags and cppflags
82 Add -lc_r to libswanted
83 Change -lc in lddflags to be -lpthread -lc_r -lc
91 Irix 6.2: See the Irix warning above.
93 LinuxThreads 0.5 has a bug which can cause file descriptor 0 to be
94 closed after a fork() leading to many strange symptoms. Version 0.6
95 has this fixed but the following patch can be applied to 0.5 for now:
97 ----------------------------- cut here -----------------------------
98 --- linuxthreads-0.5/pthread.c.ORI Mon Oct 6 13:55:50 1997
99 +++ linuxthreads-0.5/pthread.c Mon Oct 6 13:57:24 1997
101 free(pthread_manager_thread_bos);
102 pthread_manager_thread_bos = pthread_manager_thread_tos = NULL;
103 /* Close the two ends of the pipe */
104 - close(pthread_manager_request);
105 - close(pthread_manager_reader);
106 + if (pthread_manager_request >= 0) {
107 + close(pthread_manager_request);
108 + close(pthread_manager_reader);
110 pthread_manager_request = pthread_manager_reader = -1;
111 /* Update the pid of the main thread */
112 self->p_pid = getpid();
113 ----------------------------- cut here -----------------------------
116 Building the Thread extension
118 The Thread extension is now part of the main perl distribution tree.
119 If you did Configure -Dusethreads then it will have been added to
120 the list of extensions automatically.
122 You can try some of the tests with
129 The io one leaves a thread reading from the keyboard on stdin so
130 as the ping messages appear you can type lines and see them echoed.
132 Try running the main perl test suite too. There are known
133 failures for some of the DBM/DB extensions (if their underlying
134 libraries were not compiled to be thread-aware).
139 * FAKE_THREADS should produce a working perl but the Thread
140 extension won't build with it yet.
142 * There's a known memory leak (curstack isn't freed at the end
143 of each thread because it causes refcount problems that I
144 haven't tracked down yet) and there are very probably others too.
146 * There may still be races where bugs show up under contention.
148 * Need to document "lock", Thread.pm, Queue.pm, ...
153 Use the -DL command-line option to turn on debugging of the
154 multi-threading code. Under Linux, that also turns on a quick
155 hack I did to grab a bit of extra information from segfaults.
156 If you have a fancier gdb/threads setup than I do then you'll
157 have to delete the lines in perl.c which say
158 #if defined(DEBUGGING) && defined(USE_THREADS) && defined(__linux__)
159 DEBUG_L(signal(SIGSEGV, (void(*)(int))catch_sigsegv););
165 Some old globals (e.g. stack_sp, op) and some old per-interpreter
166 variables (e.g. tmps_stack, cxstack) move into struct thread.
167 All fields of struct thread which derived from original perl
168 variables have names of the form Tfoo. For example, stack_sp becomes
169 the field Tstack_sp of struct thread. For those fields which moved
170 from original perl, thread.h does
171 #define foo (thr->Tfoo)
172 This means that all functions in perl which need to use one of these
173 fields need an (automatic) variable thr which points at the current
174 thread's struct thread. For pp_foo functions, it is passed around as
175 an argument, for other functions they do
177 which declares and initialises thr from thread-specific data
178 via pthread_getspecific. If a function fails to compile with an
179 error about "no such variable thr", it probably just needs a dTHR
185 For FAKE_THREADS, thr is a global variable and perl schedules threads
186 by altering thr in between appropriate ops. The next and prev fields
187 of struct thread keep all fake threads on a doubly linked list and
188 the next_run and prev_run fields keep all runnable threads on a
189 doubly linked list. Mutexes are stubs for FAKE_THREADS. Condition
190 variables are implemented as a list of waiting threads.
193 Mutexes and condition variables
195 The API is via macros MUTEX_{INIT,LOCK,UNLOCK,DESTROY} and
196 COND_{INIT,WAIT,SIGNAL,BROADCAST,DESTROY}.
198 A mutex is only required to be a simple, fast mutex (e.g. it does not
199 have to be recursive). It is only ever held across very short pieces
200 of code. Condition variables are only ever signalled/broadcast while
201 their associated mutex is held. (This constraint simplifies the
202 implementation of condition variables in certain porting situations.)
203 For POSIX threads, perl mutexes and condition variables correspond to
204 POSIX ones. For FAKE_THREADS, mutexes are stubs and condition variables
205 are implmented as lists of waiting threads. For FAKE_THREADS, a thread
206 waits on a condition variable by removing itself from the runnable
207 list, calling SCHEDULE to change thr to the next appropriate
208 runnable thread and returning op (i.e. the new threads next op).
209 This means that fake threads can only block while in PP code.
210 A PP function which contains a COND_WAIT must be prepared to
211 handle such restarts and can use the field "private" of struct
212 thread to record its state. For fake threads, COND_SIGNAL and
213 COND_BROADCAST work by putting back all the threads on the
214 condition variables list into the run queue. Note that a mutex
215 must *not* be held while returning from a PP function.
217 Perl locks and condition variables are both implemented as a
218 condpair_t structure, containing a mutex, an "owner" condition
219 variable, an owner thread field and another condition variable).
220 The structure is attached by 'm' magic to any SV. pp_lock locks
221 such an object by waiting on the ownercond condition variable until
222 the owner field is zero and then setting the owner field to its own
223 thread pointer. The lock is semantically recursive so if the owner
224 field already matches the current thread then pp_lock returns
225 straight away. If the owner field has to be filled in then
226 unlock_condpair is queued as an end-of-block destructor and
227 that function zeroes out the owner field and signals the ownercond
228 condition variable, thus waking up any other thread that wants to
229 lock it. When used as a condition variable, the condpair is locked
230 (involving the above wait-for-ownership and setting the owner field)
231 and the spare condition variable field is used for waiting on.
238 R_JOINABLE ---------------------> R_JOINED >----\
239 | \ pthread_join(t) | ^ |
240 | \ | | join | pthread_join
245 | $t->detach\ pthread_detach |
247 ends| R_DETACHED ends | unlink
256 ZOMBIE ----------------------------> DEAD
257 pthread_join pthread_detach
258 and unlink and unlink
263 mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk
264 Last updated: 27 November 1997
266 Configure-related info updated 16 July 1998 by
267 Andy Dougherty <doughera@lafayette.edu>