3 If you want to build with multi-threading support and you are
4 running one of the following:
6 * Linux 2.x (with the LinuxThreads library installed: that's
7 the linuxthreads and linuxthreads-devel RPMs for RedHat)
11 * Digital UNIX 3.x (Formerly DEC OSF/1), see additional note below
13 * Solaris 2.x for recentish x (2.5 is OK)
15 * IRIX 6.2 or newer. 6.2 will require a few os patches.
16 IMPORTANT: Without patch 2401, a kernel bug in IRIX 6.2 will
17 cause your machine to panic and crash when running threaded perl.
18 IRIX 6.3 and up should be OK. See lower down for patch details.
20 then you should be able to use
22 ./Configure -Dusethreads -des
25 and ignore the rest of this "Building" section. If it doesn't
26 work or you are using another platform which you believe supports
27 POSIX.1c threads then read on. Additional information may be in
28 a platform-specific "hints" file in the hints/ subdirectory.
30 Omit the -d from your ./Configure arguments. For example, use
32 ./Configure -Dusethreads
34 When Configure prompts you for ccflags, insert any other arguments in
35 there that your compiler needs to use POSIX threads. When Configure
36 prompts you for linking flags, include any flags required for
37 threading (usually nothing special is required here). Finally, when
38 COnfigure prompts you for libraries, include any necessary libraries
39 (e.g. -lpthread). Pay attention to the order of libraries. It is
40 probably necessary to specify your threading library *before* your
41 standard C library, e.g. it might be necessary to have -lpthread -lc,
42 instead of -lc -lpthread.
44 Once you have specified all your compiler flags, you can have Configure
45 accept all the defaults for the remainder of the session by typing &-d
46 at any Configure prompt.
48 Some additional notes (some of these may be obsolete now, other items
49 may be handled automatically):
52 Add -pthread to ccflags
53 Add -pthread to ldflags
54 Add -lpthread -lc_r to lddlflags
56 For some reason, the extra includes for pthreads make Digital UNIX
57 complain fatally about the sbrk() delcaration in perl's malloc.c
58 so use the native malloc, e.g. sh Configure -Uusemymalloc, or
59 manually edit your config.sh as follows:
60 Change usemymalloc to n
61 Zap mallocobj and mallocsrc (foo='')
62 Change d_mymalloc to undef
64 For Digital Unix 3.x (Formerly DEC OSF/1):
65 Add -DOLD_PTHREADS_API to ccflags
66 If compiling with the GNU cc compiler, remove -thread from ccflags
68 (The following should be done automatically if you call Configure
69 with the -Dusethreads option).
70 Add -lpthread -lmach -lc_r to libs (in the order specified).
73 (This should all be done automatically by the hint file).
75 For IRIX 6.2, you have to have the following patches installed:
76 1404 Irix 6.2 Posix 1003.1b man pages
77 1645 IRIX 6.2 & 6.3 POSIX header file updates
78 2000 Irix 6.2 Posix 1003.1b support modules
79 2254 Pthread library fixes
80 2401 6.2 all platform kernel rollup
81 IMPORTANT: Without patch 2401, a kernel bug in IRIX 6.2 will
82 cause your machine to panic and crash when running threaded perl.
83 IRIX 6.3 and up should be OK.
85 For IRIX 6.3 and 6.4 the pthreads should work out of the box.
86 Thanks to Hannu Napari <Hannu.Napari@hut.fi> for the IRIX
87 pthreads patches information.
89 (This should all be done automatically by the hint file).
90 Change cc to xlc_r or cc_r.
91 Add -DNEED_PTHREAD_INIT to ccflags and cppflags
92 Add -lc_r to libswanted
93 Change -lc in lddflags to be -lpthread -lc_r -lc
101 Irix 6.2: See the Irix warning above.
103 LinuxThreads 0.5 has a bug which can cause file descriptor 0 to be
104 closed after a fork() leading to many strange symptoms. Version 0.6
105 has this fixed but the following patch can be applied to 0.5 for now:
107 ----------------------------- cut here -----------------------------
108 --- linuxthreads-0.5/pthread.c.ORI Mon Oct 6 13:55:50 1997
109 +++ linuxthreads-0.5/pthread.c Mon Oct 6 13:57:24 1997
111 free(pthread_manager_thread_bos);
112 pthread_manager_thread_bos = pthread_manager_thread_tos = NULL;
113 /* Close the two ends of the pipe */
114 - close(pthread_manager_request);
115 - close(pthread_manager_reader);
116 + if (pthread_manager_request >= 0) {
117 + close(pthread_manager_request);
118 + close(pthread_manager_reader);
120 pthread_manager_request = pthread_manager_reader = -1;
121 /* Update the pid of the main thread */
122 self->p_pid = getpid();
123 ----------------------------- cut here -----------------------------
126 Building the Thread extension
128 The Thread extension is now part of the main perl distribution tree.
129 If you did Configure -Dusethreads then it will have been added to
130 the list of extensions automatically.
132 You can try some of the tests with
139 The io one leaves a thread reading from the keyboard on stdin so
140 as the ping messages appear you can type lines and see them echoed.
142 Try running the main perl test suite too. There are known
143 failures for some of the DBM/DB extensions (if their underlying
144 libraries were not compiled to be thread-aware).
149 * FAKE_THREADS should produce a working perl but the Thread
150 extension won't build with it yet.
152 * There's a known memory leak (curstack isn't freed at the end
153 of each thread because it causes refcount problems that I
154 haven't tracked down yet) and there are very probably others too.
156 * There may still be races where bugs show up under contention.
158 * Need to document "lock", Thread.pm, Queue.pm, ...
163 Use the -DS command-line option to turn on debugging of the
164 multi-threading code. Under Linux, that also turns on a quick
165 hack I did to grab a bit of extra information from segfaults.
166 If you have a fancier gdb/threads setup than I do then you'll
167 have to delete the lines in perl.c which say
168 #if defined(DEBUGGING) && defined(USE_THREADS) && defined(__linux__)
169 DEBUG_S(signal(SIGSEGV, (void(*)(int))catch_sigsegv););
175 Some old globals (e.g. stack_sp, op) and some old per-interpreter
176 variables (e.g. tmps_stack, cxstack) move into struct thread.
177 All fields of struct thread which derived from original perl
178 variables have names of the form Tfoo. For example, stack_sp becomes
179 the field Tstack_sp of struct thread. For those fields which moved
180 from original perl, thread.h does
181 #define foo (thr->Tfoo)
182 This means that all functions in perl which need to use one of these
183 fields need an (automatic) variable thr which points at the current
184 thread's struct thread. For pp_foo functions, it is passed around as
185 an argument, for other functions they do
187 which declares and initialises thr from thread-specific data
188 via pthread_getspecific. If a function fails to compile with an
189 error about "no such variable thr", it probably just needs a dTHR
195 For FAKE_THREADS, thr is a global variable and perl schedules threads
196 by altering thr in between appropriate ops. The next and prev fields
197 of struct thread keep all fake threads on a doubly linked list and
198 the next_run and prev_run fields keep all runnable threads on a
199 doubly linked list. Mutexes are stubs for FAKE_THREADS. Condition
200 variables are implemented as a list of waiting threads.
203 Mutexes and condition variables
205 The API is via macros MUTEX_{INIT,LOCK,UNLOCK,DESTROY} and
206 COND_{INIT,WAIT,SIGNAL,BROADCAST,DESTROY}.
208 A mutex is only required to be a simple, fast mutex (e.g. it does not
209 have to be recursive). It is only ever held across very short pieces
210 of code. Condition variables are only ever signalled/broadcast while
211 their associated mutex is held. (This constraint simplifies the
212 implementation of condition variables in certain porting situations.)
213 For POSIX threads, perl mutexes and condition variables correspond to
214 POSIX ones. For FAKE_THREADS, mutexes are stubs and condition variables
215 are implmented as lists of waiting threads. For FAKE_THREADS, a thread
216 waits on a condition variable by removing itself from the runnable
217 list, calling SCHEDULE to change thr to the next appropriate
218 runnable thread and returning op (i.e. the new threads next op).
219 This means that fake threads can only block while in PP code.
220 A PP function which contains a COND_WAIT must be prepared to
221 handle such restarts and can use the field "private" of struct
222 thread to record its state. For fake threads, COND_SIGNAL and
223 COND_BROADCAST work by putting back all the threads on the
224 condition variables list into the run queue. Note that a mutex
225 must *not* be held while returning from a PP function.
227 Perl locks and condition variables are both implemented as a
228 condpair_t structure, containing a mutex, an "owner" condition
229 variable, an owner thread field and another condition variable).
230 The structure is attached by 'm' magic to any SV. pp_lock locks
231 such an object by waiting on the ownercond condition variable until
232 the owner field is zero and then setting the owner field to its own
233 thread pointer. The lock is semantically recursive so if the owner
234 field already matches the current thread then pp_lock returns
235 straight away. If the owner field has to be filled in then
236 unlock_condpair is queued as an end-of-block destructor and
237 that function zeroes out the owner field and signals the ownercond
238 condition variable, thus waking up any other thread that wants to
239 lock it. When used as a condition variable, the condpair is locked
240 (involving the above wait-for-ownership and setting the owner field)
241 and the spare condition variable field is used for waiting on.
248 R_JOINABLE ---------------------> R_JOINED >----\
249 | \ pthread_join(t) | ^ |
250 | \ | | join | pthread_join
255 | $t->detach\ pthread_detach |
257 ends| R_DETACHED ends | unlink
266 ZOMBIE ----------------------------> DEAD
267 pthread_join pthread_detach
268 and unlink and unlink
273 mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk
274 Last updated: 27 November 1997
276 Configure-related info updated 16 July 1998 by
277 Andy Dougherty <doughera@lafayette.edu>