3 Threading is a highly experimental feature. There are still a
4 few race conditions that show up under high contention on SMP
5 machines. Internal implementation is still subject to changes.
6 It is not recommended for production use at this time.
10 If you want to build with multi-threading support and you are
11 running one of the following:
13 * Linux 2.x (with the LinuxThreads library installed: that's
14 the linuxthreads and linuxthreads-devel RPMs for RedHat)
18 * Digital UNIX 3.x (Formerly DEC OSF/1), see additional note below
20 * Solaris 2.x for recentish x (2.5 is OK)
22 * IRIX 6.2 or newer. 6.2 will require a few os patches.
23 IMPORTANT: Without patch 2401, a kernel bug in IRIX 6.2 will
24 cause your machine to panic and crash when running threaded perl.
25 IRIX 6.3 and up should be OK. See lower down for patch details.
27 then you should be able to use
29 ./Configure -Dusethreads -des
32 and ignore the rest of this "Building" section. If it doesn't
33 work or you are using another platform which you believe supports
34 POSIX.1c threads then read on. Additional information may be in
35 a platform-specific "hints" file in the hints/ subdirectory.
37 On other platforms that use Configure to build perl, omit the -d
38 from your ./Configure arguments. For example, use:
40 ./Configure -Dusethreads
42 When Configure prompts you for ccflags, insert any other arguments in
43 there that your compiler needs to use POSIX threads. When Configure
44 prompts you for linking flags, include any flags required for
45 threading (usually nothing special is required here). Finally, when
46 COnfigure prompts you for libraries, include any necessary libraries
47 (e.g. -lpthread). Pay attention to the order of libraries. It is
48 probably necessary to specify your threading library *before* your
49 standard C library, e.g. it might be necessary to have -lpthread -lc,
50 instead of -lc -lpthread.
52 Once you have specified all your compiler flags, you can have Configure
53 accept all the defaults for the remainder of the session by typing &-d
54 at any Configure prompt.
56 Some additional notes (some of these may be obsolete now, other items
57 may be handled automatically):
60 Add -pthread to ccflags
61 Add -pthread to ldflags
62 Add -lpthread -lc_r to lddlflags
64 For some reason, the extra includes for pthreads make Digital UNIX
65 complain fatally about the sbrk() delcaration in perl's malloc.c
66 so use the native malloc, e.g. sh Configure -Uusemymalloc, or
67 manually edit your config.sh as follows:
68 Change usemymalloc to n
69 Zap mallocobj and mallocsrc (foo='')
70 Change d_mymalloc to undef
72 For Digital Unix 3.x (Formerly DEC OSF/1):
73 Add -DOLD_PTHREADS_API to ccflags
74 If compiling with the GNU cc compiler, remove -thread from ccflags
76 (The following should be done automatically if you call Configure
77 with the -Dusethreads option).
78 Add -lpthread -lmach -lc_r to libs (in the order specified).
81 (This should all be done automatically by the hint file).
83 For IRIX 6.2, you have to have the following patches installed:
84 1404 Irix 6.2 Posix 1003.1b man pages
85 1645 IRIX 6.2 & 6.3 POSIX header file updates
86 2000 Irix 6.2 Posix 1003.1b support modules
87 2254 Pthread library fixes
88 2401 6.2 all platform kernel rollup
89 IMPORTANT: Without patch 2401, a kernel bug in IRIX 6.2 will
90 cause your machine to panic and crash when running threaded perl.
91 IRIX 6.3 and up should be OK.
93 For IRIX 6.3 and 6.4 the pthreads should work out of the box.
94 Thanks to Hannu Napari <Hannu.Napari@hut.fi> for the IRIX
95 pthreads patches information.
97 (This should all be done automatically by the hint file).
98 Change cc to xlc_r or cc_r.
99 Add -DNEED_PTHREAD_INIT to ccflags and cppflags
100 Add -lc_r to libswanted
101 Change -lc in lddflags to be -lpthread -lc_r -lc
104 See README.win32, and the notes at the beginning of win32/Makefile
105 or win32/makefile.mk.
113 Irix 6.2: See the Irix warning above.
115 LinuxThreads 0.5 has a bug which can cause file descriptor 0 to be
116 closed after a fork() leading to many strange symptoms. Version 0.6
117 has this fixed but the following patch can be applied to 0.5 for now:
119 ----------------------------- cut here -----------------------------
120 --- linuxthreads-0.5/pthread.c.ORI Mon Oct 6 13:55:50 1997
121 +++ linuxthreads-0.5/pthread.c Mon Oct 6 13:57:24 1997
123 free(pthread_manager_thread_bos);
124 pthread_manager_thread_bos = pthread_manager_thread_tos = NULL;
125 /* Close the two ends of the pipe */
126 - close(pthread_manager_request);
127 - close(pthread_manager_reader);
128 + if (pthread_manager_request >= 0) {
129 + close(pthread_manager_request);
130 + close(pthread_manager_reader);
132 pthread_manager_request = pthread_manager_reader = -1;
133 /* Update the pid of the main thread */
134 self->p_pid = getpid();
135 ----------------------------- cut here -----------------------------
138 Building the Thread extension
140 The Thread extension is now part of the main perl distribution tree.
141 If you did Configure -Dusethreads then it will have been added to
142 the list of extensions automatically.
144 You can try some of the tests with
151 The io one leaves a thread reading from the keyboard on stdin so
152 as the ping messages appear you can type lines and see them echoed.
154 Try running the main perl test suite too. There are known
155 failures for some of the DBM/DB extensions (if their underlying
156 libraries were not compiled to be thread-aware).
161 * FAKE_THREADS should produce a working perl but the Thread
162 extension won't build with it yet. (FAKE_THREADS has not been
163 tested at all in recent times.)
165 * There may still be races where bugs show up under contention.
167 * Need to document "lock", Thread.pm, Queue.pm, ...
172 Use the -DS command-line option to turn on debugging of the
173 multi-threading code. Under Linux, that also turns on a quick
174 hack I did to grab a bit of extra information from segfaults.
175 If you have a fancier gdb/threads setup than I do then you'll
176 have to delete the lines in perl.c which say
177 #if defined(DEBUGGING) && defined(USE_THREADS) && defined(__linux__)
178 DEBUG_S(signal(SIGSEGV, (void(*)(int))catch_sigsegv););
184 Some old globals (e.g. stack_sp, op) and some old per-interpreter
185 variables (e.g. tmps_stack, cxstack) move into struct thread.
186 All fields of struct thread which derived from original perl
187 variables have names of the form Tfoo. For example, stack_sp becomes
188 the field Tstack_sp of struct thread. For those fields which moved
189 from original perl, thread.h does
190 #define foo (thr->Tfoo)
191 This means that all functions in perl which need to use one of these
192 fields need an (automatic) variable thr which points at the current
193 thread's struct thread. For pp_foo functions, it is passed around as
194 an argument, for other functions they do
196 which declares and initialises thr from thread-specific data
197 via pthread_getspecific. If a function fails to compile with an
198 error about "no such variable thr", it probably just needs a dTHR
204 For FAKE_THREADS, thr is a global variable and perl schedules threads
205 by altering thr in between appropriate ops. The next and prev fields
206 of struct thread keep all fake threads on a doubly linked list and
207 the next_run and prev_run fields keep all runnable threads on a
208 doubly linked list. Mutexes are stubs for FAKE_THREADS. Condition
209 variables are implemented as a list of waiting threads.
212 Mutexes and condition variables
214 The API is via macros MUTEX_{INIT,LOCK,UNLOCK,DESTROY} and
215 COND_{INIT,WAIT,SIGNAL,BROADCAST,DESTROY}.
217 A mutex is only required to be a simple, fast mutex (e.g. it does not
218 have to be recursive). It is only ever held across very short pieces
219 of code. Condition variables are only ever signalled/broadcast while
220 their associated mutex is held. (This constraint simplifies the
221 implementation of condition variables in certain porting situations.)
222 For POSIX threads, perl mutexes and condition variables correspond to
223 POSIX ones. For FAKE_THREADS, mutexes are stubs and condition variables
224 are implmented as lists of waiting threads. For FAKE_THREADS, a thread
225 waits on a condition variable by removing itself from the runnable
226 list, calling SCHEDULE to change thr to the next appropriate
227 runnable thread and returning op (i.e. the new threads next op).
228 This means that fake threads can only block while in PP code.
229 A PP function which contains a COND_WAIT must be prepared to
230 handle such restarts and can use the field "private" of struct
231 thread to record its state. For fake threads, COND_SIGNAL and
232 COND_BROADCAST work by putting back all the threads on the
233 condition variables list into the run queue. Note that a mutex
234 must *not* be held while returning from a PP function.
236 Perl locks and condition variables are both implemented as a
237 condpair_t structure, containing a mutex, an "owner" condition
238 variable, an owner thread field and another condition variable).
239 The structure is attached by 'm' magic to any SV. pp_lock locks
240 such an object by waiting on the ownercond condition variable until
241 the owner field is zero and then setting the owner field to its own
242 thread pointer. The lock is semantically recursive so if the owner
243 field already matches the current thread then pp_lock returns
244 straight away. If the owner field has to be filled in then
245 unlock_condpair is queued as an end-of-block destructor and
246 that function zeroes out the owner field and signals the ownercond
247 condition variable, thus waking up any other thread that wants to
248 lock it. When used as a condition variable, the condpair is locked
249 (involving the above wait-for-ownership and setting the owner field)
250 and the spare condition variable field is used for waiting on.
257 R_JOINABLE ---------------------> R_JOINED >----\
258 | \ pthread_join(t) | ^ |
259 | \ | | join | pthread_join
264 | $t->detach\ pthread_detach |
266 ends| R_DETACHED ends | unlink
275 ZOMBIE ----------------------------> DEAD
276 pthread_join pthread_detach
277 and unlink and unlink
282 mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk
283 Last updated: 27 November 1997
285 Configure-related info updated 16 July 1998 by
286 Andy Dougherty <doughera@lafayette.edu>
288 Other minor updates 10 Feb 1999 by