1 If you read this file _as_is_, just ignore the funny characters you
2 see. It is written in the POD format (see pod/perlpod.pod) which is
3 specially designed to be readable as is.
7 README.cygwin - Perl for Cygwin
11 This document will help you configure, make, test and install Perl
12 on Cygwin. This document also describes features of Cygwin that will
13 affect how Perl behaves at runtime.
15 B<NOTE:> There are pre-built Perl packages available for Cygwin and a
16 version of Perl is provided on the Cygwin CD. If you have no need to
17 customize the configuration, consider using one of these packages:
19 http://cygutils.netpedia.net/
23 =head2 Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don't leave UNIX without it)
25 The Cygwin tools are ports of the popular GNU development tools for Win32
26 platforms. They run thanks to the Cygwin library which provides the UNIX
27 system calls and environment these programs expect. More information
28 about this project can be found at:
30 http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/
32 A recent net or commercial release of Cygwin is required.
34 At the time this document was written, the port required recent
35 development snapshots that were expected to stabilize early in 2000 and
36 be released to the net as B21 and commercially as v1.1.
38 B<NOTE:> At this point, minimal effort has been made to provide
39 compatibility with old (beta) Cygwin releases. The focus has been to
40 provide a high quality release and not worry about working around old
41 Cygwin bugs. If you wish to use Perl with Cygwin B20.1 or earlier,
42 consider using either perl5.005_03 or perl5.005_62, which are available
43 in source and binary form at C<http://cygutils.netpedia.net/> or on the
44 Cygwin CD. If there is significant demand, a patch kit can be developed
45 to port back to earlier Cygwin versions.
49 A recent net or commercial release of I<gcc> is required.
51 At the time this document was written, I<gcc-2.95.2> was current and
52 could be downloaded from:
54 ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/cygwin/gcc-2.95.2/
56 =head2 Cygwin Configuration
58 While building Perl some changes may be necessary to your Cygwin setup so
59 that Perl builds cleanly. These changes are B<not> required for normal
62 B<NOTE:> The binaries that are built will run on all Win32 versions.
63 They do not depend on your host system (Win9x, WinNT) or your Cygwin
64 configuration (I<ntea>, I<ntsec>, binary/text mounts). The only
65 dependencies come from hardcoded pathnames like C</usr/local>. However,
66 your host system and Cygwin configuration will affect Perl's runtime
67 behavior (see L</"TEST">). Some regression tests may fail in different
68 ways depending on your setup. For now, the test suite does not skip
69 tests that do not make sense given a particular setup. If a test can
70 pass in some Cygwin setup, it is left in and explainable test failures
77 Set the C<PATH> environment variable so that Configure finds the Cygwin
78 versions of programs. Any Windows directories should be removed or
79 moved to the end of your C<PATH>.
81 =item * F</bin/cat.exe>
83 There should be an instance of I<cat> in F</bin> (or F</usr/bin>).
84 Configure tests C<#!/bin/cat> and if it is not found, you will see
87 Configure: ./try: No such file or directory
91 If you do not have a F</usr/bin> directory, Configure will B<not> prompt
92 you to install I<perl> into F</usr/bin>.
96 If you do not have I<nroff> (which is part of the I<groff> package),
97 Configure will B<not> prompt you to install man pages.
101 On WinNT with either the I<ntea> or I<ntsec> C<CYGWIN> settings, directory
102 and file permissions may not be set correctly. Since the build process
103 creates files and directories, to be safe you may want to run a `C<chmod
104 -R +w *>' on the entire Perl source tree.
106 Also, it is a well known WinNT "feature" that files created by a login
107 that is a member of the I<Administrators> group will be owned by the
108 I<Administrators> group. Depending on your umask, you may find that you
109 can not write to files that you just created (because you are no longer
110 the owner). When using the I<ntsec> C<CYGWIN> setting, this is not an
111 issue because it "corrects" the ownership to what you would expect on
118 The default options gathered by Configure with the assistance of
119 F<hints/cygwin.sh> will build a Perl that supports dynamic loading
120 (which requires a shared F<libperl.dll>).
122 This will run Configure and keep a record:
124 ./Configure 2>&1 | tee log.configure
126 If you are willing to accept all the defaults add a B<-d> option.
127 However, several useful customizations are available.
129 =head2 Strip Binaries
131 It is possible to strip the EXEs and DLLs created by the build process.
132 The resulting binaries will be significantly smaller. If you want the
133 binaries to be stripped, you can either add a B<-s> option when Configure
136 Any additional ld flags (NOT including libraries)? [none] -s
137 Any special flags to pass to gcc to use dynamic linking? [none] -s
138 Any special flags to pass to ld2 to create a dynamically loaded library?
141 or you can edit F<hints/cygwin.sh> and uncomment the relevant variables
142 near the end of the file.
144 =head2 Optional Libraries
146 Several Perl functions and modules depend on the existence of
147 some optional libraries. Configure will find them if they are
148 installed in one of the directories listed as being used for library
149 searches. Pre-built packages for most of these are available at
150 C<http://cygutils.netpedia.net/>.
156 The crypt libraries in GNU libc have been ported to Cygwin.
158 The DES based Ultra Fast Crypt port was done by Alexey Truhan:
160 http://dome.weeg.uiowa.edu/pub/domestic/sos/cw32crypt-dist-0.tgz
162 NOTE: There are various export restrictions on DES implementations,
163 see the glibc README for more details.
165 The MD5 port was done by Andy Piper:
167 http://dome.weeg.uiowa.edu/pub/domestic/sos/libcrypt.tgz
169 More information can also be found at:
171 http://miracle.geol.msu.ru/sos/
173 =item * C<-lgdbm> (C<use GDBM_File>)
175 GDBM is available for Cygwin. GDBM's ndbm/dbm compatibility feature
176 also makes C<NDBM_File> and C<ODBM_File> possible (although they add
179 =item * C<-ldb> (C<use DB_File>)
181 BerkeleyDB is available for Cygwin. Some details can be found in
182 F<ext/DB_File/DB_File.pm>.
184 =item * C<-lcygipc> (C<use IPC::SysV>)
186 A port of SysV IPC is available for Cygwin.
188 NOTE: This has B<not> been extensively tested. In particular,
189 C<d_semctl_semun> is undefined because it fails a configure test and on
190 Win9x the shm*() functions seem to hang.
194 =head2 Configure-time Options
196 The F<INSTALL> document describes several Configure-time options. Some of
197 these will work with Cygwin, others are not yet possible. Also, some of
198 these are experimental. You can either select an option when Configure
199 prompts you or you can define (undefine) symbols on the command line.
205 Undefining this symbol forces Perl to be compiled statically.
207 =item * C<-Uusemymalloc>
209 By default Perl uses the malloc() included with the Perl source. If you
210 want to force Perl to build with the system malloc() undefine this symbol.
212 =item * C<-Dusemultiplicity>
214 Multiplicity is required when embedding Perl in a C program and using
215 more than one interpreter instance. This works with the Cygwin port.
217 =item * C<-Duseperlio>
219 The PerlIO abstraction works with the Cygwin port.
221 =item * C<-Duse64bitint>
223 I<gcc> supports 64-bit integers. However, several additional long long
224 functions are necessary to use them within Perl (I<{strtol,strtoul}l>).
225 These are B<not> yet available with Cygwin.
227 =item * C<-Duselongdouble>
229 I<gcc> supports long doubles (12 bytes). However, several additional
230 long double math functions are necessary to use them within Perl
231 (I<{atan2,cos,exp,floor,fmod,frexp,log,modf,pow,sin,sqrt}l,strtold>).
232 These are B<not> yet available with Cygwin.
234 =item * C<-Dusethreads>
236 POSIX threads are B<not> yet implemented in Cygwin.
238 =item * C<-Duselargefiles>
240 Although Win32 supports large files, Cygwin currently uses 32-bit integers
241 for internal size and position calculations.
245 =head2 Suspicious Warnings
247 You may see some messages during Configure that seem suspicious.
253 Cygwin does not yet implement chroot(), setegid() or seteuid()
254 functionality, but has stub functions that return C<ENOSYS>. You will
255 see a message when Configure detects that its guess conflicts with the
258 *** WHOA THERE!!! ***
259 The recommended value for $d_chroot on this machine was "undef"!
260 Keep the recommended value? [y]
262 You should keep the recommended value.
266 I<ld2> is needed to build dynamic libraries, but it does not exist
267 when dlsym() checking occurs (it is not created until `C<make>' runs).
268 You will see the following message:
270 Checking whether your dlsym() needs a leading underscore ...
271 I can't compile and run the test program.
272 I'm guessing that dlsym doesn't need a leading underscore.
274 Since the guess is correct, this is not a problem.
276 =item * Win9x and d_eofnblk
278 Win9x does not correctly report C<EOF> with a non-blocking read on a
279 closed pipe. You will see the following messages:
281 But it also returns -1 to signal EOF, so be careful!
282 WARNING: you can't distinguish between EOF and no data!
284 *** WHOA THERE!!! ***
285 The recommended value for $d_eofnblk on this machine was "define"!
286 Keep the recommended value? [y]
288 At least for consistency with WinNT, you should keep the recommended
291 =item * Checking how std your stdio is...
295 Your stdio doesn't appear very std.
299 =item * Compiler/Preprocessor defines
301 The following error occurs because of the Cygwin C<#define> of
304 Guessing which symbols your C compiler and preprocessor define...
305 try.c:3847: parse error
307 This failure does not seem to cause any problems.
313 Simply run make and wait:
315 make 2>&1 | tee log.make
319 Warnings like these are normal:
321 warning: overriding commands for target <file>
322 warning: ignoring old commands for target <file>
324 Warning: no export definition file provided
325 dllwrap will create one, but may not be what you want
329 During `C<make>', I<ld2> will be created and installed in your $installbin
330 directory (where you said to put public executables). It does not
331 wait until the `C<make install>' process to install the I<ld2> script,
332 this is because the remainder of the `C<make>' refers to I<ld2> without
333 fully specifying its path and does this from multiple subdirectories.
334 The assumption is that $installbin is in your current C<PATH>. If this
335 is not the case or if you do not have an I<install> program, `C<make>'
336 will fail at some point. If this happens, just manually copy I<ld2>
337 from the source directory to someplace in your C<PATH>.
341 There are two steps to running the test suite:
343 make test 2>&1 | tee log.make-test
345 cd t;./perl harness 2>&1 | tee ../log.harness
347 The same tests are run both times, but more information is provided when
348 running as `C<./perl harness>'.
350 Test results vary depending on your host system and your Cygwin
351 configuration. It is possible that Cygwin will pass all the tests,
352 but it is more likely that some tests will fail for one of these reasons.
354 =head2 File Permissions
356 UNIX file permissions are based on sets of mode bits for
357 {read,write,execute} for each {user,group,other}. By default Cygwin only
358 tracks the Win32 readonly attribute represented as the UNIX file user
359 write bit (files are always readable, files are executable if they have
360 a F<.{com,bat,exe}> extension or begin with C<#!>, directories are always
361 readable and executable). On WinNT with the I<ntea> C<CYGWIN> setting,
362 the remaining mode bits are stored as extended attributes. On WinNT
363 with the I<ntsec> C<CYGWIN> setting, permissions use the standard WinNT
364 security descriptors and access control lists. Without one of these
365 options, these tests will fail:
367 Failed Test List of failed
368 ------------------------------------
378 op/stat.t 9, 20 (.tmp not an executable extension)
382 FAT partitions do not support hard links (whereas NTFS does), in which
383 case Cygwin implements link() by copying the file. These tests will fail:
385 Failed Test List of failed
386 ------------------------------------
390 =head2 Filetime Granularity
392 On FAT partitions the filetime granularity is 2 seconds. The following
395 Failed Test List of failed
396 ------------------------------------
399 =head2 Tainting Checks
401 When Perl is running in taint mode, C<$ENV{PATH}> is considered tainted
402 and not used, so DLLs not in the default system directories will not
403 be found. While the tests are running you will see warnings popup from
404 the system with messages like:
407 Error Starting Program
408 A required .DLL file, CYGWIN1.DLL, was not found
411 perl.exe or sh.exe - Unable to Locate DLL
412 The dynamic link library cygwin1.dll could not be found in the
415 Just click OK and ignore them. When running `C<make test>', 2 popups
416 occur. During `C<./perl harness>', 4 popups occur. Also, these tests
419 Failed Test List of failed
420 ------------------------------------
421 op/taint.t 1, 3, 31, 37
423 Alternatively, you can copy F<cygwin1.dll> into one of the Windows system
424 directories (although, this is B<not> recommended).
428 Cygwin does not require F</etc/group>, in which case the F<op/grent.t>
429 test will be skipped. The check performed by F<op/grent.t> expects to
430 see entries that use the members field, otherwise this test will fail:
432 Failed Test List of failed
433 ------------------------------------
436 =head2 Unexplained Failures
438 Any additional tests that fail are likely due to bugs in Cygwin or the
439 optional libraries. It is expected that by the time of the next net
440 release most of these will be solved so they are not described here.
442 =head2 Script Portability
444 Cygwin does an outstanding job of providing UNIX-like semantics on
445 top of Win32 systems. However, in addition to the items noted above,
446 there are some differences that you should know about. This is only a
447 very brief guide to portability, more information can be found in the
448 Cygwin documentation.
454 Cygwin pathnames can be separated by forward (F</>) or backward (F<\>)
455 slashes. They may also begin with drive letters (F<C:>) or Universal
456 Naming Codes (F<//UNC>). DOS device names (F<aux>, F<con>, F<prn>,
457 F<com*>, F<lpt?>) are invalid as base filenames. However, they can be
458 used in extensions (e.g., F<hello.aux>). Names may not contain these
463 File names are case insensitive, but case preserving. With the I<mixed>
464 C<CYGWIN> setting, file names are mixed-case (although, directory names
465 remain case insensitive).
467 The I<mixed> setting is only available with the "coolview" version of
468 F<cygwin1.dll> provided by Sergey Okhapkin at:
470 ftp://ftp.franken.de/pub/win32/develop/gnuwin32/cygwin/porters/Okhapkin_Sergey/
474 When a file is opened it is in either text or binary mode. In text mode
475 a file is subject to CR/LF/Ctrl-Z translations. With Cygwin, the default
476 mode for an open() is determined by the mode of the mount that underlies
477 the file. Perl provides a binmode() function to set binary mode on files
478 that otherwise would be treated as text. sysopen() with the C<O_TEXT>
479 flag sets text mode on files that otherwise would be treated as binary:
481 sysopen(FOO, "bar", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TEXT)
483 lseek(), tell() and sysseek() only work with files opened in binary mode.
485 The text/binary issue is covered at length in the Cygwin documentation.
489 The Cygwin stat() makes the F<.exe> extension transparent by looking for
490 a F<foo.exe> when you ask for F<foo> (unless a F<foo> also exists).
491 Cygwin does not require a F<.exe> extension, but I<gcc> adds it
492 automatically when building a program. However, when accessing an
493 executable as a normal file (e.g., I<install> or I<cp> in a makefile)
494 the F<.exe> is not transparent.
496 NOTE: There is a version of I<install> that understands the F<.exe>
497 semantics, it can be found at:
499 ftp://ftp.franken.de/pub/win32/develop/gnuwin32/cygwin/porters/Humblet_Pierre_A/
503 On WinNT with the I<ntsec> C<CYGWIN> setting, chown() can change a file's
504 user and group IDs. In all other configurations chown() is a no-op,
505 although this is appropriate on Win9x since there is no security model.
507 =item * Miscellaneous
509 File locking using the C<F_GETLK> command to fcntl() is a stub that
512 Win9x can not rename() an open file (although WinNT can).
518 This will install Perl, including man pages.
520 make install | tee log.make-install
522 NOTE: If C<STDERR> is redirected `C<make install>' will B<not> prompt
523 you to install I<perl> into F</usr/bin>.
525 You may need to be I<Administrator> to run `C<make install>'. If you
526 are not, you must have write access to the directories in question.
528 Information on installing the Perl documentation in HTML format can be
529 found in the F<INSTALL> document.
533 These are the files in the Perl release that contain references to Cygwin.
534 These very brief notes attempt to explain the reason for all conditional
535 code. Hopefully, keeping this up to date will allow the Cygwin port to
536 be kept as clean as possible.
542 INSTALL README.cygwin
543 Changes Changes5.005 Changes5.004
544 AUTHORS MAINTAIN MANIFEST README.win32
545 pod/perl.pod pod/perlfaq3.pod pod/perlhist.pod pod/perlmodlib.pod
546 pod/perlport.pod pod/perltoc.pod pod/perl5004delta.pod
548 =item Build, Configure, Make, Install
553 ext/IPC/SysV/hints/cygwin.pl
554 ext/NDBM_File/hints/cygwin.pl
555 ext/ODBM_File/hints/cygwin.pl
557 Configure - help finding hints from uname,
558 shared libperl required for dynamic loading
559 Makefile.SH - linklibperl
560 Porting/patchls - cygwin in port list
561 installman - man pages with :: translated to .
562 installperl - install dll/ld2/perlld, install to pods
563 makedepend.SH - uwinfix
567 t/io/tell.t - binmode
568 t/lib/glob-basic.t - Win32 directory list access differs from read mode
569 t/op/magic.t - $^X/symlink WORKAROUND, s/.exe//
570 t/op/stat.t - no /dev, skip Win32 ftCreationTime quirk
571 (cache manager sometimes preserves ctime of file
572 previously created and deleted), no -u (setuid)
574 =item Compiled Perl Source
576 EXTERN.h - __declspec(dllimport)
577 XSUB.h - __declspec(dllexport)
578 cygwin/cygwin.c - os_extras (getcwd)
581 doio.c - win9x can not rename a file when it is open
582 pp_sys.c - do not define h_errno
583 mg.c - environ WORKAROUND
584 unixish.h - environ WORKAROUND
585 util.c - environ WORKAROUND
587 =item Compiled Module Source
589 ext/POSIX/POSIX.xs - tzname defined externally
590 ext/SDBM_File/sdbm/pair.c
591 - EXTCONST needs to be redefined from EXTERN.h
592 ext/SDBM_File/sdbm/sdbm.c
595 =item Perl Modules/Scripts
597 lib/Cwd.pm - hook to internal Cwd::cwd
598 lib/ExtUtils/MakeMaker.pm
599 - require MM_Cygwin.pm
600 lib/ExtUtils/MM_Cygwin.pm
601 - canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive
602 lib/File/Spec/Unix.pm - preserve //unc
603 lib/perl5db.pl - use stdin not /dev/tty
604 utils/perlcc.PL - DynaLoader.a in compile, -DUSEIMPORTLIB
605 utils/perldoc.PL - version comment
611 Upon each start, I<make> warns that a rule for F<perlmain.o> is overridden
612 (but there seems to be no better solution than adding an explicit define).
614 `C<make clean>' does not remove library F<.def> and F<.exe.stackdump>
617 The I<ld2> script contains references to the source directory. You should
618 change these to C</usr/local/bin> (or whatever) after install.
622 Charles Wilson E<lt>cwilson@ece.gatech.eduE<gt>,
623 Eric Fifer E<lt>efifer@sanwaint.comE<gt>,
624 alexander smishlajev E<lt>als@turnhere.comE<gt>,
625 Steven Morlock E<lt>newspost@morlock.netE<gt>,
626 Sebastien Barre E<lt>Sebastien.Barre@utc.frE<gt>,
627 Teun Burgers E<lt>burgers@ecn.nlE<gt>.
631 Last updated: 1 March 2000