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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
3 | perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter |
4 | |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 | |
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7 | B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]> |
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8 | S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]> |
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9 | S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]> |
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10 | S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]> |
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11 | S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ]> |
12 | S<[ B<-P> ]> |
13 | S<[ B<-S> ]> |
14 | S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]> |
15 | S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]> |
16 | S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...> |
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17 | S<[ B<-A [I<assertions>] >]> |
18 | S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]> |
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19 | |
20 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
21 | |
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22 | The normal way to run a Perl program is by making it directly |
23 | executable, or else by passing the name of the source file as an |
24 | argument on the command line. (An interactive Perl environment |
25 | is also possible--see L<perldebug> for details on how to do that.) |
26 | Upon startup, Perl looks for your program in one of the following |
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27 | places: |
28 | |
29 | =over 4 |
30 | |
31 | =item 1. |
32 | |
33 | Specified line by line via B<-e> switches on the command line. |
34 | |
35 | =item 2. |
36 | |
37 | Contained in the file specified by the first filename on the command line. |
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38 | (Note that systems supporting the #! notation invoke interpreters this |
39 | way. See L<Location of Perl>.) |
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40 | |
41 | =item 3. |
42 | |
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43 | Passed in implicitly via standard input. This works only if there are |
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44 | no filename arguments--to pass arguments to a STDIN-read program you |
45 | must explicitly specify a "-" for the program name. |
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46 | |
47 | =back |
48 | |
49 | With methods 2 and 3, Perl starts parsing the input file from the |
50 | beginning, unless you've specified a B<-x> switch, in which case it |
51 | scans for the first line starting with #! and containing the word |
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52 | "perl", and starts there instead. This is useful for running a program |
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53 | embedded in a larger message. (In this case you would indicate the end |
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54 | of the program using the C<__END__> token.) |
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55 | |
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56 | The #! line is always examined for switches as the line is being |
57 | parsed. Thus, if you're on a machine that allows only one argument |
58 | with the #! line, or worse, doesn't even recognize the #! line, you |
59 | still can get consistent switch behavior regardless of how Perl was |
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60 | invoked, even if B<-x> was used to find the beginning of the program. |
61 | |
62 | Because historically some operating systems silently chopped off |
63 | kernel interpretation of the #! line after 32 characters, some |
64 | switches may be passed in on the command line, and some may not; |
65 | you could even get a "-" without its letter, if you're not careful. |
66 | You probably want to make sure that all your switches fall either |
67 | before or after that 32-character boundary. Most switches don't |
68 | actually care if they're processed redundantly, but getting a "-" |
69 | instead of a complete switch could cause Perl to try to execute |
70 | standard input instead of your program. And a partial B<-I> switch |
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71 | could also cause odd results. |
72 | |
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73 | Some switches do care if they are processed twice, for instance |
74 | combinations of B<-l> and B<-0>. Either put all the switches after |
75 | the 32-character boundary (if applicable), or replace the use of |
76 | B<-0>I<digits> by C<BEGIN{ $/ = "\0digits"; }>. |
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77 | |
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78 | Parsing of the #! switches starts wherever "perl" is mentioned in the line. |
79 | The sequences "-*" and "- " are specifically ignored so that you could, |
80 | if you were so inclined, say |
81 | |
82 | #!/bin/sh -- # -*- perl -*- -p |
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83 | eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}' |
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84 | if $running_under_some_shell; |
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85 | |
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86 | to let Perl see the B<-p> switch. |
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87 | |
88 | A similar trick involves the B<env> program, if you have it. |
89 | |
90 | #!/usr/bin/env perl |
91 | |
92 | The examples above use a relative path to the perl interpreter, |
93 | getting whatever version is first in the user's path. If you want |
94 | a specific version of Perl, say, perl5.005_57, you should place |
95 | that directly in the #! line's path. |
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96 | |
97 | If the #! line does not contain the word "perl", the program named after |
98 | the #! is executed instead of the Perl interpreter. This is slightly |
99 | bizarre, but it helps people on machines that don't do #!, because they |
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100 | can tell a program that their SHELL is F</usr/bin/perl>, and Perl will then |
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101 | dispatch the program to the correct interpreter for them. |
102 | |
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103 | After locating your program, Perl compiles the entire program to an |
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104 | internal form. If there are any compilation errors, execution of the |
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105 | program is not attempted. (This is unlike the typical shell script, |
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106 | which might run part-way through before finding a syntax error.) |
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107 | |
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108 | If the program is syntactically correct, it is executed. If the program |
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109 | runs off the end without hitting an exit() or die() operator, an implicit |
110 | C<exit(0)> is provided to indicate successful completion. |
111 | |
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112 | =head2 #! and quoting on non-Unix systems |
113 | |
114 | Unix's #! technique can be simulated on other systems: |
115 | |
116 | =over 4 |
117 | |
118 | =item OS/2 |
119 | |
120 | Put |
121 | |
122 | extproc perl -S -your_switches |
123 | |
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124 | as the first line in C<*.cmd> file (B<-S> due to a bug in cmd.exe's |
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125 | `extproc' handling). |
126 | |
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127 | =item MS-DOS |
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128 | |
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129 | Create a batch file to run your program, and codify it in |
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130 | C<ALTERNATE_SHEBANG> (see the F<dosish.h> file in the source |
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131 | distribution for more information). |
132 | |
133 | =item Win95/NT |
134 | |
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135 | The Win95/NT installation, when using the ActiveState installer for Perl, |
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136 | will modify the Registry to associate the F<.pl> extension with the perl |
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137 | interpreter. If you install Perl by other means (including building from |
138 | the sources), you may have to modify the Registry yourself. Note that |
139 | this means you can no longer tell the difference between an executable |
140 | Perl program and a Perl library file. |
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141 | |
142 | =item Macintosh |
143 | |
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144 | Under "Classic" MacOS, a perl program will have the appropriate Creator and |
145 | Type, so that double-clicking them will invoke the MacPerl application. |
146 | Under Mac OS X, clickable apps can be made from any C<#!> script using Wil |
147 | Sanchez' DropScript utility: http://www.wsanchez.net/software/ . |
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148 | |
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149 | =item VMS |
150 | |
151 | Put |
152 | |
153 | $ perl -mysw 'f$env("procedure")' 'p1' 'p2' 'p3' 'p4' 'p5' 'p6' 'p7' 'p8' ! |
154 | $ exit++ + ++$status != 0 and $exit = $status = undef; |
155 | |
19799a22 |
156 | at the top of your program, where B<-mysw> are any command line switches you |
157 | want to pass to Perl. You can now invoke the program directly, by saying |
158 | C<perl program>, or as a DCL procedure, by saying C<@program> (or implicitly |
159 | via F<DCL$PATH> by just using the name of the program). |
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160 | |
161 | This incantation is a bit much to remember, but Perl will display it for |
162 | you if you say C<perl "-V:startperl">. |
163 | |
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164 | =back |
165 | |
166 | Command-interpreters on non-Unix systems have rather different ideas |
167 | on quoting than Unix shells. You'll need to learn the special |
168 | characters in your command-interpreter (C<*>, C<\> and C<"> are |
169 | common) and how to protect whitespace and these characters to run |
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170 | one-liners (see B<-e> below). |
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171 | |
172 | On some systems, you may have to change single-quotes to double ones, |
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173 | which you must I<not> do on Unix or Plan 9 systems. You might also |
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174 | have to change a single % to a %%. |
175 | |
176 | For example: |
177 | |
178 | # Unix |
179 | perl -e 'print "Hello world\n"' |
180 | |
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181 | # MS-DOS, etc. |
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182 | perl -e "print \"Hello world\n\"" |
183 | |
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184 | # Macintosh |
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185 | print "Hello world\n" |
186 | (then Run "Myscript" or Shift-Command-R) |
187 | |
188 | # VMS |
189 | perl -e "print ""Hello world\n""" |
190 | |
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191 | The problem is that none of this is reliable: it depends on the |
192 | command and it is entirely possible neither works. If B<4DOS> were |
193 | the command shell, this would probably work better: |
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194 | |
195 | perl -e "print <Ctrl-x>"Hello world\n<Ctrl-x>"" |
196 | |
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197 | B<CMD.EXE> in Windows NT slipped a lot of standard Unix functionality in |
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198 | when nobody was looking, but just try to find documentation for its |
199 | quoting rules. |
200 | |
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201 | Under the Macintosh, it depends which environment you are using. The MacPerl |
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202 | shell, or MPW, is much like Unix shells in its support for several |
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203 | quoting variants, except that it makes free use of the Macintosh's non-ASCII |
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204 | characters as control characters. |
205 | |
206 | There is no general solution to all of this. It's just a mess. |
207 | |
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208 | =head2 Location of Perl |
209 | |
210 | It may seem obvious to say, but Perl is useful only when users can |
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211 | easily find it. When possible, it's good for both F</usr/bin/perl> |
212 | and F</usr/local/bin/perl> to be symlinks to the actual binary. If |
213 | that can't be done, system administrators are strongly encouraged |
214 | to put (symlinks to) perl and its accompanying utilities into a |
215 | directory typically found along a user's PATH, or in some other |
216 | obvious and convenient place. |
217 | |
218 | In this documentation, C<#!/usr/bin/perl> on the first line of the program |
219 | will stand in for whatever method works on your system. You are |
220 | advised to use a specific path if you care about a specific version. |
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221 | |
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222 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl5.00554 |
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223 | |
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224 | or if you just want to be running at least version, place a statement |
225 | like this at the top of your program: |
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226 | |
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227 | use 5.005_54; |
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228 | |
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229 | =head2 Command Switches |
230 | |
231 | As with all standard commands, a single-character switch may be |
232 | clustered with the following switch, if any. |
233 | |
234 | #!/usr/bin/perl -spi.orig # same as -s -p -i.orig |
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235 | |
236 | Switches include: |
237 | |
238 | =over 5 |
239 | |
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240 | =item B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] |
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241 | |
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242 | specifies the input record separator (C<$/>) as an octal or |
243 | hexadecimal number. If there are no digits, the null character is the |
244 | separator. Other switches may precede or follow the digits. For |
245 | example, if you have a version of B<find> which can print filenames |
246 | terminated by the null character, you can say this: |
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247 | |
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248 | find . -name '*.orig' -print0 | perl -n0e unlink |
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249 | |
250 | The special value 00 will cause Perl to slurp files in paragraph mode. |
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251 | The value 0777 will cause Perl to slurp files whole because there is no |
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252 | legal byte with that value. |
253 | |
254 | If you want to specify any Unicode character, use the hexadecimal |
255 | format: C<-0xHHH...>, where the C<H> are valid hexadecimal digits. |
256 | (This means that you cannot use the C<-x> with a directory name that |
257 | consists of hexadecimal digits.) |
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258 | |
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259 | =item B<-A [I<assertions>]> |
260 | |
261 | Activates the assertions given after the switch as a comma-separated |
262 | list of assertion names. If no assertion name is given, activates all |
263 | assertions. See L<assertions>. |
264 | |
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265 | =item B<-a> |
266 | |
267 | turns on autosplit mode when used with a B<-n> or B<-p>. An implicit |
268 | split command to the @F array is done as the first thing inside the |
269 | implicit while loop produced by the B<-n> or B<-p>. |
270 | |
271 | perl -ane 'print pop(@F), "\n";' |
272 | |
273 | is equivalent to |
274 | |
275 | while (<>) { |
276 | @F = split(' '); |
277 | print pop(@F), "\n"; |
278 | } |
279 | |
280 | An alternate delimiter may be specified using B<-F>. |
281 | |
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282 | =item B<-C [I<number/list>]> |
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283 | |
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284 | The C<-C> flag controls some Unicode of the Perl Unicode features. |
285 | |
286 | As of 5.8.1, the C<-C> can be followed either by a number or a list |
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287 | of option letters. The letters, their numeric values, and effects |
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288 | are as follows; listing the letters is equal to summing the numbers. |
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289 | |
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290 | I 1 STDIN is assumed to be in UTF-8 |
291 | O 2 STDOUT will be in UTF-8 |
292 | E 4 STDERR will be in UTF-8 |
293 | S 7 I + O + E |
294 | i 8 UTF-8 is the default PerlIO layer for input streams |
295 | o 16 UTF-8 is the default PerlIO layer for output streams |
296 | D 24 i + o |
297 | A 32 the @ARGV elements are expected to be strings encoded |
298 | in UTF-8 |
299 | L 64 normally the "IOEioA" are unconditional, |
300 | the L makes them conditional on the locale environment |
301 | variables (the LC_ALL, LC_TYPE, and LANG, in the order |
302 | of decreasing precedence) -- if the variables indicate |
303 | UTF-8, then the selected "IOEioA" are in effect |
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304 | |
305 | For example, C<-COE> and C<-C6> will both turn on UTF-8-ness on both |
306 | STDOUT and STDERR. Repeating letters is just redundant, not cumulative |
307 | nor toggling. |
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308 | |
44505768 |
309 | The C<io> options mean that any subsequent open() (or similar I/O |
310 | operations) will have the C<:utf8> PerlIO layer implicitly applied |
311 | to them, in other words, UTF-8 is expected from any input stream, |
312 | and UTF-8 is produced to any output stream. This is just the default, |
313 | with explicit layers in open() and with binmode() one can manipulate |
314 | streams as usual. |
315 | |
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316 | C<-C> on its own (not followed by any number or option list), or the |
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317 | empty string C<""> for the C<PERL_UNICODE> environment variable, has the |
318 | same effect as C<-CSDL>. In other words, the standard I/O handles and |
319 | the default C<open()> layer are UTF-8-fied B<but> only if the locale |
320 | environment variables indicate a UTF-8 locale. This behaviour follows |
321 | the I<implicit> (and problematic) UTF-8 behaviour of Perl 5.8.0. |
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322 | |
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323 | You can use C<-C0> (or C<"0"> for C<PERL_UNICODE>) to explicitly |
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324 | disable all the above Unicode features. |
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325 | |
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326 | The read-only magic variable C<${^UNICODE}> reflects the numeric value |
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327 | of this setting. This is variable is set during Perl startup and is |
328 | thereafter read-only. If you want runtime effects, use the three-arg |
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329 | open() (see L<perlfunc/open>), the two-arg binmode() (see L<perlfunc/binmode>), |
ab9e1bb7 |
330 | and the C<open> pragma (see L<open>). |
fde18df1 |
331 | |
332 | (In Perls earlier than 5.8.1 the C<-C> switch was a Win32-only switch |
333 | that enabled the use of Unicode-aware "wide system call" Win32 APIs. |
334 | This feature was practically unused, however, and the command line |
335 | switch was therefore "recycled".) |
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336 | |
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337 | =item B<-c> |
338 | |
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339 | causes Perl to check the syntax of the program and then exit without |
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340 | executing it. Actually, it I<will> execute C<BEGIN>, C<CHECK>, and |
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341 | C<use> blocks, because these are considered as occurring outside the |
342 | execution of your program. C<INIT> and C<END> blocks, however, will |
343 | be skipped. |
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344 | |
345 | =item B<-d> |
346 | |
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347 | =item B<-dt> |
348 | |
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349 | runs the program under the Perl debugger. See L<perldebug>. |
2cbb2ee1 |
350 | If B<t> is specified, it indicates to the debugger that threads |
351 | will be used in the code being debugged. |
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352 | |
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353 | =item B<-d:>I<foo[=bar,baz]> |
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354 | |
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355 | =item B<-dt:>I<foo[=bar,baz]> |
356 | |
19799a22 |
357 | runs the program under the control of a debugging, profiling, or |
358 | tracing module installed as Devel::foo. E.g., B<-d:DProf> executes |
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359 | the program using the Devel::DProf profiler. As with the B<-M> |
360 | flag, options may be passed to the Devel::foo package where they |
361 | will be received and interpreted by the Devel::foo::import routine. |
362 | The comma-separated list of options must follow a C<=> character. |
2cbb2ee1 |
363 | If B<t> is specified, it indicates to the debugger that threads |
364 | will be used in the code being debugged. |
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365 | See L<perldebug>. |
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366 | |
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367 | =item B<-D>I<letters> |
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368 | |
db2ba183 |
369 | =item B<-D>I<number> |
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370 | |
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371 | sets debugging flags. To watch how it executes your program, use |
db2ba183 |
372 | B<-Dtls>. (This works only if debugging is compiled into your |
373 | Perl.) Another nice value is B<-Dx>, which lists your compiled |
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374 | syntax tree. And B<-Dr> displays compiled regular expressions; |
44a4342c |
375 | the format of the output is explained in L<perldebguts>. |
4197b13f |
376 | |
377 | As an alternative, specify a number instead of list of letters (e.g., |
378 | B<-D14> is equivalent to B<-Dtls>): |
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379 | |
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380 | 1 p Tokenizing and parsing (with v, displays parse stack) |
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381 | 2 s Stack snapshots (with v, displays all stacks) |
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382 | 4 l Context (loop) stack processing |
383 | 8 t Trace execution |
384 | 16 o Method and overloading resolution |
385 | 32 c String/numeric conversions |
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386 | 64 P Print profiling info, preprocessor command for -P, source file input state |
db2ba183 |
387 | 128 m Memory allocation |
388 | 256 f Format processing |
389 | 512 r Regular expression parsing and execution |
390 | 1024 x Syntax tree dump |
391 | 2048 u Tainting checks |
7bab3ede |
392 | 4096 (Obsolete, previously used for LEAKTEST) |
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393 | 8192 H Hash dump -- usurps values() |
394 | 16384 X Scratchpad allocation |
395 | 32768 D Cleaning up |
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396 | 65536 S Thread synchronization |
607df283 |
397 | 131072 T Tokenising |
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398 | 262144 R Include reference counts of dumped variables (eg when using -Ds) |
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399 | 524288 J Do not s,t,P-debug (Jump over) opcodes within package DB |
d6721266 |
400 | 1048576 v Verbose: use in conjunction with other flags |
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401 | 2097152 C Copy On Write |
ecae49c0 |
402 | 4194304 A Consistency checks on internal structures |
3679267a |
403 | 8388608 q quiet - currently only suppresses the "EXECUTING" message |
a0d0e21e |
404 | |
19799a22 |
405 | All these flags require B<-DDEBUGGING> when you compile the Perl |
1045810a |
406 | executable (but see L<Devel::Peek>, L<re> which may change this). |
44a4342c |
407 | See the F<INSTALL> file in the Perl source distribution |
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408 | for how to do this. This flag is automatically set if you include B<-g> |
8c52afec |
409 | option when C<Configure> asks you about optimizer/debugger flags. |
410 | |
19799a22 |
411 | If you're just trying to get a print out of each line of Perl code |
412 | as it executes, the way that C<sh -x> provides for shell scripts, |
44a4342c |
413 | you can't use Perl's B<-D> switch. Instead do this |
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414 | |
c406981e |
415 | # If you have "env" utility |
416 | env=PERLDB_OPTS="NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2" perl -dS program |
417 | |
19799a22 |
418 | # Bourne shell syntax |
419 | $ PERLDB_OPTS="NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2" perl -dS program |
420 | |
421 | # csh syntax |
422 | % (setenv PERLDB_OPTS "NonStop=1 AutoTrace=1 frame=2"; perl -dS program) |
423 | |
424 | See L<perldebug> for details and variations. |
425 | |
a0d0e21e |
426 | =item B<-e> I<commandline> |
427 | |
19799a22 |
428 | may be used to enter one line of program. If B<-e> is given, Perl |
429 | will not look for a filename in the argument list. Multiple B<-e> |
430 | commands may be given to build up a multi-line script. Make sure |
431 | to use semicolons where you would in a normal program. |
a0d0e21e |
432 | |
e0ebc809 |
433 | =item B<-F>I<pattern> |
a0d0e21e |
434 | |
e0ebc809 |
435 | specifies the pattern to split on if B<-a> is also in effect. The |
5f05dabc |
436 | pattern may be surrounded by C<//>, C<"">, or C<''>, otherwise it will be |
e0ebc809 |
437 | put in single quotes. |
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438 | |
e0ebc809 |
439 | =item B<-h> |
440 | |
441 | prints a summary of the options. |
442 | |
443 | =item B<-i>[I<extension>] |
a0d0e21e |
444 | |
2d259d92 |
445 | specifies that files processed by the C<E<lt>E<gt>> construct are to be |
446 | edited in-place. It does this by renaming the input file, opening the |
447 | output file by the original name, and selecting that output file as the |
448 | default for print() statements. The extension, if supplied, is used to |
449 | modify the name of the old file to make a backup copy, following these |
450 | rules: |
451 | |
452 | If no extension is supplied, no backup is made and the current file is |
453 | overwritten. |
454 | |
19799a22 |
455 | If the extension doesn't contain a C<*>, then it is appended to the |
456 | end of the current filename as a suffix. If the extension does |
457 | contain one or more C<*> characters, then each C<*> is replaced |
458 | with the current filename. In Perl terms, you could think of this |
459 | as: |
2d259d92 |
460 | |
66606d78 |
461 | ($backup = $extension) =~ s/\*/$file_name/g; |
2d259d92 |
462 | |
463 | This allows you to add a prefix to the backup file, instead of (or in |
464 | addition to) a suffix: |
465 | |
ddffceb7 |
466 | $ perl -pi'orig_*' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'orig_fileA' |
2d259d92 |
467 | |
468 | Or even to place backup copies of the original files into another |
469 | directory (provided the directory already exists): |
470 | |
ddffceb7 |
471 | $ perl -pi'old/*.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'old/fileA.orig' |
2d259d92 |
472 | |
66606d78 |
473 | These sets of one-liners are equivalent: |
474 | |
475 | $ perl -pi -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # overwrite current file |
ddffceb7 |
476 | $ perl -pi'*' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # overwrite current file |
66606d78 |
477 | |
ddffceb7 |
478 | $ perl -pi'.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'fileA.orig' |
479 | $ perl -pi'*.orig' -e 's/bar/baz/' fileA # backup to 'fileA.orig' |
66606d78 |
480 | |
2d259d92 |
481 | From the shell, saying |
a0d0e21e |
482 | |
19799a22 |
483 | $ perl -p -i.orig -e "s/foo/bar/; ... " |
a0d0e21e |
484 | |
19799a22 |
485 | is the same as using the program: |
a0d0e21e |
486 | |
19799a22 |
487 | #!/usr/bin/perl -pi.orig |
a0d0e21e |
488 | s/foo/bar/; |
489 | |
490 | which is equivalent to |
491 | |
492 | #!/usr/bin/perl |
19799a22 |
493 | $extension = '.orig'; |
494 | LINE: while (<>) { |
a0d0e21e |
495 | if ($ARGV ne $oldargv) { |
66606d78 |
496 | if ($extension !~ /\*/) { |
497 | $backup = $ARGV . $extension; |
498 | } |
499 | else { |
500 | ($backup = $extension) =~ s/\*/$ARGV/g; |
501 | } |
502 | rename($ARGV, $backup); |
a0d0e21e |
503 | open(ARGVOUT, ">$ARGV"); |
504 | select(ARGVOUT); |
505 | $oldargv = $ARGV; |
506 | } |
507 | s/foo/bar/; |
508 | } |
509 | continue { |
510 | print; # this prints to original filename |
511 | } |
512 | select(STDOUT); |
513 | |
514 | except that the B<-i> form doesn't need to compare $ARGV to $oldargv to |
515 | know when the filename has changed. It does, however, use ARGVOUT for |
66606d78 |
516 | the selected filehandle. Note that STDOUT is restored as the default |
517 | output filehandle after the loop. |
518 | |
519 | As shown above, Perl creates the backup file whether or not any output |
520 | is actually changed. So this is just a fancy way to copy files: |
521 | |
cd2d1bac |
522 | $ perl -p -i'/some/file/path/*' -e 1 file1 file2 file3... |
19799a22 |
523 | or |
cd2d1bac |
524 | $ perl -p -i'.orig' -e 1 file1 file2 file3... |
66606d78 |
525 | |
526 | You can use C<eof> without parentheses to locate the end of each input |
527 | file, in case you want to append to each file, or reset line numbering |
528 | (see example in L<perlfunc/eof>). |
529 | |
530 | If, for a given file, Perl is unable to create the backup file as |
531 | specified in the extension then it will skip that file and continue on |
532 | with the next one (if it exists). |
533 | |
19799a22 |
534 | For a discussion of issues surrounding file permissions and B<-i>, |
cea6626f |
535 | see L<perlfaq5/Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does -i clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl?>. |
66606d78 |
536 | |
537 | You cannot use B<-i> to create directories or to strip extensions from |
538 | files. |
a0d0e21e |
539 | |
19799a22 |
540 | Perl does not expand C<~> in filenames, which is good, since some |
541 | folks use it for their backup files: |
a0d0e21e |
542 | |
19799a22 |
543 | $ perl -pi~ -e 's/foo/bar/' file1 file2 file3... |
544 | |
a66b22ca |
545 | Note that because B<-i> renames or deletes the original file before |
0cb0633f |
546 | creating a new file of the same name, UNIX-style soft and hard links will |
547 | not be preserved. |
a66b22ca |
548 | |
19799a22 |
549 | Finally, the B<-i> switch does not impede execution when no |
a2008d6d |
550 | files are given on the command line. In this case, no backup is made |
551 | (the original file cannot, of course, be determined) and processing |
552 | proceeds from STDIN to STDOUT as might be expected. |
553 | |
a0d0e21e |
554 | =item B<-I>I<directory> |
555 | |
e0ebc809 |
556 | Directories specified by B<-I> are prepended to the search path for |
1fef88e7 |
557 | modules (C<@INC>), and also tells the C preprocessor where to search for |
e0ebc809 |
558 | include files. The C preprocessor is invoked with B<-P>; by default it |
559 | searches /usr/include and /usr/lib/perl. |
a0d0e21e |
560 | |
e0ebc809 |
561 | =item B<-l>[I<octnum>] |
a0d0e21e |
562 | |
19799a22 |
563 | enables automatic line-ending processing. It has two separate |
564 | effects. First, it automatically chomps C<$/> (the input record |
565 | separator) when used with B<-n> or B<-p>. Second, it assigns C<$\> |
566 | (the output record separator) to have the value of I<octnum> so |
567 | that any print statements will have that separator added back on. |
568 | If I<octnum> is omitted, sets C<$\> to the current value of |
569 | C<$/>. For instance, to trim lines to 80 columns: |
a0d0e21e |
570 | |
571 | perl -lpe 'substr($_, 80) = ""' |
572 | |
573 | Note that the assignment C<$\ = $/> is done when the switch is processed, |
574 | so the input record separator can be different than the output record |
575 | separator if the B<-l> switch is followed by a B<-0> switch: |
576 | |
577 | gnufind / -print0 | perl -ln0e 'print "found $_" if -p' |
578 | |
1fef88e7 |
579 | This sets C<$\> to newline and then sets C<$/> to the null character. |
a0d0e21e |
580 | |
e0ebc809 |
581 | =item B<-m>[B<->]I<module> |
582 | |
583 | =item B<-M>[B<->]I<module> |
c07a80fd |
584 | |
e0ebc809 |
585 | =item B<-M>[B<->]I<'module ...'> |
586 | |
587 | =item B<-[mM]>[B<->]I<module=arg[,arg]...> |
3c81428c |
588 | |
19799a22 |
589 | B<-m>I<module> executes C<use> I<module> C<();> before executing your |
590 | program. |
3c81428c |
591 | |
19799a22 |
592 | B<-M>I<module> executes C<use> I<module> C<;> before executing your |
593 | program. You can use quotes to add extra code after the module name, |
594 | e.g., C<'-Mmodule qw(foo bar)'>. |
3c81428c |
595 | |
19799a22 |
596 | If the first character after the B<-M> or B<-m> is a dash (C<->) |
a5f75d66 |
597 | then the 'use' is replaced with 'no'. |
598 | |
54310121 |
599 | A little builtin syntactic sugar means you can also say |
19799a22 |
600 | B<-mmodule=foo,bar> or B<-Mmodule=foo,bar> as a shortcut for |
601 | C<'-Mmodule qw(foo bar)'>. This avoids the need to use quotes when |
602 | importing symbols. The actual code generated by B<-Mmodule=foo,bar> is |
e0ebc809 |
603 | C<use module split(/,/,q{foo,bar})>. Note that the C<=> form |
19799a22 |
604 | removes the distinction between B<-m> and B<-M>. |
3c81428c |
605 | |
a0d0e21e |
606 | =item B<-n> |
607 | |
19799a22 |
608 | causes Perl to assume the following loop around your program, which |
a0d0e21e |
609 | makes it iterate over filename arguments somewhat like B<sed -n> or |
610 | B<awk>: |
611 | |
19799a22 |
612 | LINE: |
a0d0e21e |
613 | while (<>) { |
19799a22 |
614 | ... # your program goes here |
a0d0e21e |
615 | } |
616 | |
617 | Note that the lines are not printed by default. See B<-p> to have |
08e9d68e |
618 | lines printed. If a file named by an argument cannot be opened for |
19799a22 |
619 | some reason, Perl warns you about it and moves on to the next file. |
08e9d68e |
620 | |
fa11829f |
621 | Here is an efficient way to delete all files that haven't been modified for |
9976c5c7 |
622 | at least a week: |
a0d0e21e |
623 | |
19799a22 |
624 | find . -mtime +7 -print | perl -nle unlink |
a0d0e21e |
625 | |
19799a22 |
626 | This is faster than using the B<-exec> switch of B<find> because you don't |
627 | have to start a process on every filename found. It does suffer from |
628 | the bug of mishandling newlines in pathnames, which you can fix if |
44a4342c |
629 | you follow the example under B<-0>. |
a0d0e21e |
630 | |
631 | C<BEGIN> and C<END> blocks may be used to capture control before or after |
19799a22 |
632 | the implicit program loop, just as in B<awk>. |
a0d0e21e |
633 | |
634 | =item B<-p> |
635 | |
19799a22 |
636 | causes Perl to assume the following loop around your program, which |
a0d0e21e |
637 | makes it iterate over filename arguments somewhat like B<sed>: |
638 | |
639 | |
19799a22 |
640 | LINE: |
a0d0e21e |
641 | while (<>) { |
19799a22 |
642 | ... # your program goes here |
a0d0e21e |
643 | } continue { |
08e9d68e |
644 | print or die "-p destination: $!\n"; |
a0d0e21e |
645 | } |
646 | |
08e9d68e |
647 | If a file named by an argument cannot be opened for some reason, Perl |
648 | warns you about it, and moves on to the next file. Note that the |
c2611fb3 |
649 | lines are printed automatically. An error occurring during printing is |
08e9d68e |
650 | treated as fatal. To suppress printing use the B<-n> switch. A B<-p> |
651 | overrides a B<-n> switch. |
a0d0e21e |
652 | |
653 | C<BEGIN> and C<END> blocks may be used to capture control before or after |
19799a22 |
654 | the implicit loop, just as in B<awk>. |
a0d0e21e |
655 | |
656 | =item B<-P> |
657 | |
079a94c4 |
658 | B<NOTE: Use of -P is strongly discouraged because of its inherent |
659 | problems, including poor portability.> |
660 | |
661 | This option causes your program to be run through the C preprocessor before |
efdf3af0 |
662 | compilation by Perl. Because both comments and B<cpp> directives begin |
a0d0e21e |
663 | with the # character, you should avoid starting comments with any words |
efdf3af0 |
664 | recognized by the C preprocessor such as C<"if">, C<"else">, or C<"define">. |
079a94c4 |
665 | |
666 | If you're considering using C<-P>, you might also want to look at the |
667 | Filter::cpp module from CPAN. |
668 | |
669 | The problems of -P include, but are not limited to: |
670 | |
671 | =over 10 |
672 | |
673 | =item * |
674 | |
675 | The C<#!> line is stripped, so any switches there don't apply. |
676 | |
677 | =item * |
678 | |
679 | A C<-P> on a C<#!> line doesn't work. |
680 | |
681 | =item * |
682 | |
683 | B<All> lines that begin with (whitespace and) a C<#> but |
684 | do not look like cpp commands, are stripped, including anything |
44a4342c |
685 | inside Perl strings, regular expressions, and here-docs . |
079a94c4 |
686 | |
687 | =item * |
688 | |
689 | In some platforms the C preprocessor knows too much: it knows about |
690 | the C++ -style until-end-of-line comments starting with C<"//">. |
efdf3af0 |
691 | This will cause problems with common Perl constructs like |
692 | |
693 | s/foo//; |
694 | |
695 | because after -P this will became illegal code |
696 | |
697 | s/foo |
698 | |
699 | The workaround is to use some other quoting separator than C<"/">, |
700 | like for example C<"!">: |
701 | |
702 | s!foo!!; |
a0d0e21e |
703 | |
079a94c4 |
704 | |
705 | |
706 | =item * |
707 | |
708 | It requires not only a working C preprocessor but also a working |
709 | F<sed>. If not on UNIX, you are probably out of luck on this. |
710 | |
711 | =item * |
712 | |
713 | Script line numbers are not preserved. |
714 | |
715 | =item * |
716 | |
717 | The C<-x> does not work with C<-P>. |
718 | |
719 | =back |
9a1f07e7 |
720 | |
a0d0e21e |
721 | =item B<-s> |
722 | |
19799a22 |
723 | enables rudimentary switch parsing for switches on the command |
724 | line after the program name but before any filename arguments (or before |
3bbcc830 |
725 | an argument of B<-->). This means you can have switches with two leading |
726 | dashes (B<--help>). Any switch found there is removed from @ARGV and sets the |
19799a22 |
727 | corresponding variable in the Perl program. The following program |
3c0facb2 |
728 | prints "1" if the program is invoked with a B<-xyz> switch, and "abc" |
729 | if it is invoked with B<-xyz=abc>. |
a0d0e21e |
730 | |
731 | #!/usr/bin/perl -s |
3c0facb2 |
732 | if ($xyz) { print "$xyz\n" } |
a0d0e21e |
733 | |
3bbcc830 |
734 | Do note that B<--help> creates the variable ${-help}, which is not compliant |
50b5b186 |
735 | with C<strict refs>. Also, when using this option on a script with |
736 | warnings enabled you may get a lot of spurious "used only once" warnings. |
3bbcc830 |
737 | |
a0d0e21e |
738 | =item B<-S> |
739 | |
740 | makes Perl use the PATH environment variable to search for the |
19799a22 |
741 | program (unless the name of the program contains directory separators). |
742 | |
2a92aaa0 |
743 | On some platforms, this also makes Perl append suffixes to the |
744 | filename while searching for it. For example, on Win32 platforms, |
745 | the ".bat" and ".cmd" suffixes are appended if a lookup for the |
746 | original name fails, and if the name does not already end in one |
747 | of those suffixes. If your Perl was compiled with DEBUGGING turned |
748 | on, using the -Dp switch to Perl shows how the search progresses. |
749 | |
fa3aa65a |
750 | Typically this is used to emulate #! startup on platforms that don't |
751 | support #!. Its also convenient when debugging a script that uses #!, |
752 | and is thus normally found by the shell's $PATH search mechanism. |
753 | |
754 | This example works on many platforms that have a shell compatible with |
755 | Bourne shell: |
a0d0e21e |
756 | |
757 | #!/usr/bin/perl |
a3cb178b |
758 | eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}' |
a0d0e21e |
759 | if $running_under_some_shell; |
760 | |
19799a22 |
761 | The system ignores the first line and feeds the program to F</bin/sh>, |
762 | which proceeds to try to execute the Perl program as a shell script. |
a0d0e21e |
763 | The shell executes the second line as a normal shell command, and thus |
764 | starts up the Perl interpreter. On some systems $0 doesn't always |
765 | contain the full pathname, so the B<-S> tells Perl to search for the |
19799a22 |
766 | program if necessary. After Perl locates the program, it parses the |
a0d0e21e |
767 | lines and ignores them because the variable $running_under_some_shell |
19799a22 |
768 | is never true. If the program will be interpreted by csh, you will need |
a3cb178b |
769 | to replace C<${1+"$@"}> with C<$*>, even though that doesn't understand |
770 | embedded spaces (and such) in the argument list. To start up sh rather |
a0d0e21e |
771 | than csh, some systems may have to replace the #! line with a line |
772 | containing just a colon, which will be politely ignored by Perl. Other |
773 | systems can't control that, and need a totally devious construct that |
19799a22 |
774 | will work under any of B<csh>, B<sh>, or Perl, such as the following: |
a0d0e21e |
775 | |
19799a22 |
776 | eval '(exit $?0)' && eval 'exec perl -wS $0 ${1+"$@"}' |
a3cb178b |
777 | & eval 'exec /usr/bin/perl -wS $0 $argv:q' |
5f05dabc |
778 | if $running_under_some_shell; |
a0d0e21e |
779 | |
19799a22 |
780 | If the filename supplied contains directory separators (i.e., is an |
781 | absolute or relative pathname), and if that file is not found, |
782 | platforms that append file extensions will do so and try to look |
783 | for the file with those extensions added, one by one. |
784 | |
785 | On DOS-like platforms, if the program does not contain directory |
786 | separators, it will first be searched for in the current directory |
787 | before being searched for on the PATH. On Unix platforms, the |
788 | program will be searched for strictly on the PATH. |
789 | |
6537fe72 |
790 | =item B<-t> |
791 | |
792 | Like B<-T>, but taint checks will issue warnings rather than fatal |
317ea90d |
793 | errors. These warnings can be controlled normally with C<no warnings |
794 | qw(taint)>. |
1dbad523 |
795 | |
796 | B<NOTE: this is not a substitute for -T.> This is meant only to be |
797 | used as a temporary development aid while securing legacy code: |
798 | for real production code and for new secure code written from scratch |
799 | always use the real B<-T>. |
6537fe72 |
800 | |
a0d0e21e |
801 | =item B<-T> |
802 | |
a3cb178b |
803 | forces "taint" checks to be turned on so you can test them. Ordinarily |
19799a22 |
804 | these checks are done only when running setuid or setgid. It's a |
805 | good idea to turn them on explicitly for programs that run on behalf |
806 | of someone else whom you might not necessarily trust, such as CGI |
807 | programs or any internet servers you might write in Perl. See |
808 | L<perlsec> for details. For security reasons, this option must be |
809 | seen by Perl quite early; usually this means it must appear early |
810 | on the command line or in the #! line for systems which support |
811 | that construct. |
a0d0e21e |
812 | |
813 | =item B<-u> |
814 | |
19799a22 |
815 | This obsolete switch causes Perl to dump core after compiling your |
816 | program. You can then in theory take this core dump and turn it |
817 | into an executable file by using the B<undump> program (not supplied). |
818 | This speeds startup at the expense of some disk space (which you |
819 | can minimize by stripping the executable). (Still, a "hello world" |
820 | executable comes out to about 200K on my machine.) If you want to |
821 | execute a portion of your program before dumping, use the dump() |
822 | operator instead. Note: availability of B<undump> is platform |
823 | specific and may not be available for a specific port of Perl. |
824 | |
825 | This switch has been superseded in favor of the new Perl code |
826 | generator backends to the compiler. See L<B> and L<B::Bytecode> |
827 | for details. |
a0d0e21e |
828 | |
829 | =item B<-U> |
830 | |
831 | allows Perl to do unsafe operations. Currently the only "unsafe" |
832 | operations are the unlinking of directories while running as superuser, |
833 | and running setuid programs with fatal taint checks turned into |
19799a22 |
834 | warnings. Note that the B<-w> switch (or the C<$^W> variable) must |
835 | be used along with this option to actually I<generate> the |
fb73857a |
836 | taint-check warnings. |
a0d0e21e |
837 | |
838 | =item B<-v> |
839 | |
19799a22 |
840 | prints the version and patchlevel of your perl executable. |
a0d0e21e |
841 | |
3c81428c |
842 | =item B<-V> |
843 | |
844 | prints summary of the major perl configuration values and the current |
19799a22 |
845 | values of @INC. |
3c81428c |
846 | |
307dc113 |
847 | =item B<-V:>I<configvar> |
3c81428c |
848 | |
4a305f6a |
849 | Prints to STDOUT the value of the named configuration variable(s), |
307dc113 |
850 | with multiples when your configvar argument looks like a regex (has |
851 | non-letters). For example: |
3c81428c |
852 | |
307dc113 |
853 | $ perl -V:libc |
854 | libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so'; |
4a305f6a |
855 | $ perl -V:lib. |
856 | libs='-lnsl -lgdbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc'; |
857 | libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so'; |
858 | $ perl -V:lib.* |
859 | libpth='/usr/local/lib /lib /usr/lib'; |
860 | libs='-lnsl -lgdbm -ldb -ldl -lm -lcrypt -lutil -lc'; |
861 | lib_ext='.a'; |
862 | libc='/lib/libc-2.2.4.so'; |
863 | libperl='libperl.a'; |
864 | .... |
865 | |
866 | Additionally, extra colons can be used to control formatting. A |
867 | trailing colon suppresses the linefeed and terminator ';', allowing |
868 | you to embed queries into shell commands. (mnemonic: PATH separator |
869 | ':'.) |
870 | |
871 | $ echo "compression-vars: " `perl -V:z.*: ` " are here !" |
872 | compression-vars: zcat='' zip='zip' are here ! |
873 | |
874 | A leading colon removes the 'name=' part of the response, this allows |
307dc113 |
875 | you to map to the name you need. (mnemonic: empty label) |
4a305f6a |
876 | |
877 | $ echo "goodvfork="`./perl -Ilib -V::usevfork` |
878 | goodvfork=false; |
879 | |
880 | Leading and trailing colons can be used together if you need |
881 | positional parameter values without the names. Note that in the case |
882 | below, the PERL_API params are returned in alphabetical order. |
883 | |
884 | $ echo building_on `perl -V::osname: -V::PERL_API_.*:` now |
885 | building_on 'linux' '5' '1' '9' now |
a0d0e21e |
886 | |
19799a22 |
887 | =item B<-w> |
774d564b |
888 | |
19799a22 |
889 | prints warnings about dubious constructs, such as variable names |
890 | that are mentioned only once and scalar variables that are used |
891 | before being set, redefined subroutines, references to undefined |
892 | filehandles or filehandles opened read-only that you are attempting |
893 | to write on, values used as a number that doesn't look like numbers, |
894 | using an array as though it were a scalar, if your subroutines |
895 | recurse more than 100 deep, and innumerable other things. |
896 | |
b40da996 |
897 | This switch really just enables the internal C<$^W> variable. You |
19799a22 |
898 | can disable or promote into fatal errors specific warnings using |
899 | C<__WARN__> hooks, as described in L<perlvar> and L<perlfunc/warn>. |
900 | See also L<perldiag> and L<perltrap>. A new, fine-grained warning |
901 | facility is also available if you want to manipulate entire classes |
9f1b1f2d |
902 | of warnings; see L<warnings> or L<perllexwarn>. |
a0d0e21e |
903 | |
0453d815 |
904 | =item B<-W> |
905 | |
3c0facb2 |
906 | Enables all warnings regardless of C<no warnings> or C<$^W>. |
0453d815 |
907 | See L<perllexwarn>. |
908 | |
909 | =item B<-X> |
910 | |
3c0facb2 |
911 | Disables all warnings regardless of C<use warnings> or C<$^W>. |
0453d815 |
912 | See L<perllexwarn>. |
913 | |
136e4fd6 |
914 | =item B<-x> |
915 | |
a0d0e21e |
916 | =item B<-x> I<directory> |
917 | |
19799a22 |
918 | tells Perl that the program is embedded in a larger chunk of unrelated |
919 | ASCII text, such as in a mail message. Leading garbage will be |
920 | discarded until the first line that starts with #! and contains the |
921 | string "perl". Any meaningful switches on that line will be applied. |
922 | If a directory name is specified, Perl will switch to that directory |
923 | before running the program. The B<-x> switch controls only the |
924 | disposal of leading garbage. The program must be terminated with |
925 | C<__END__> if there is trailing garbage to be ignored (the program |
926 | can process any or all of the trailing garbage via the DATA filehandle |
927 | if desired). |
a0d0e21e |
928 | |
1e422769 |
929 | =back |
930 | |
931 | =head1 ENVIRONMENT |
932 | |
933 | =over 12 |
934 | |
935 | =item HOME |
936 | |
937 | Used if chdir has no argument. |
938 | |
939 | =item LOGDIR |
940 | |
941 | Used if chdir has no argument and HOME is not set. |
942 | |
943 | =item PATH |
944 | |
19799a22 |
945 | Used in executing subprocesses, and in finding the program if B<-S> is |
1e422769 |
946 | used. |
947 | |
948 | =item PERL5LIB |
949 | |
48b971ca |
950 | A list of directories in which to look for Perl library |
1e422769 |
951 | files before looking in the standard library and the current |
951ba7fe |
952 | directory. Any architecture-specific directories under the specified |
953 | locations are automatically included if they exist. If PERL5LIB is not |
48b971ca |
954 | defined, PERLLIB is used. Directories are separated (like in PATH) by |
955 | a colon on unixish platforms and by a semicolon on Windows (the proper |
956 | path separator being given by the command C<perl -V:path_sep>). |
951ba7fe |
957 | |
958 | When running taint checks (either because the program was running setuid |
959 | or setgid, or the B<-T> switch was used), neither variable is used. |
960 | The program should instead say: |
1e422769 |
961 | |
962 | use lib "/my/directory"; |
963 | |
54310121 |
964 | =item PERL5OPT |
965 | |
966 | Command-line options (switches). Switches in this variable are taken |
1c4db469 |
967 | as if they were on every Perl command line. Only the B<-[DIMUdmtw]> |
19799a22 |
968 | switches are allowed. When running taint checks (because the program |
54310121 |
969 | was running setuid or setgid, or the B<-T> switch was used), this |
74288ac8 |
970 | variable is ignored. If PERL5OPT begins with B<-T>, tainting will be |
971 | enabled, and any subsequent options ignored. |
54310121 |
972 | |
16537909 |
973 | =item PERLIO |
974 | |
44a4342c |
975 | A space (or colon) separated list of PerlIO layers. If perl is built |
03d9e98a |
976 | to use PerlIO system for IO (the default) these layers effect perl's IO. |
44a4342c |
977 | |
978 | It is conventional to start layer names with a colon e.g. C<:perlio> to |
979 | emphasise their similarity to variable "attributes". But the code that parses |
980 | layer specification strings (which is also used to decode the PERLIO |
981 | environment variable) treats the colon as a separator. |
982 | |
3b0db4f9 |
983 | An unset or empty PERLIO is equivalent to C<:stdio>. |
984 | |
44a4342c |
985 | The list becomes the default for I<all> perl's IO. Consequently only built-in |
986 | layers can appear in this list, as external layers (such as :encoding()) need |
987 | IO in order to load them!. See L<"open pragma"|open> for how to add external |
988 | encodings as defaults. |
989 | |
990 | The layers that it makes sense to include in the PERLIO environment |
3d897973 |
991 | variable are briefly summarised below. For more details see L<PerlIO>. |
16537909 |
992 | |
993 | =over 8 |
994 | |
995 | =item :bytes |
996 | |
18aba96f |
997 | A pseudolayer that turns I<off> the C<:utf8> flag for the layer below. |
998 | Unlikely to be useful on its own in the global PERLIO environment variable. |
999 | You perhaps were thinking of C<:crlf:bytes> or C<:perlio:bytes>. |
16537909 |
1000 | |
1001 | =item :crlf |
1002 | |
3d897973 |
1003 | A layer which does CRLF to "\n" translation distinguishing "text" and |
1004 | "binary" files in the manner of MS-DOS and similar operating systems. |
1005 | (It currently does I<not> mimic MS-DOS as far as treating of Control-Z |
1006 | as being an end-of-file marker.) |
44a4342c |
1007 | |
1008 | =item :mmap |
1009 | |
1010 | A layer which implements "reading" of files by using C<mmap()> to |
1011 | make (whole) file appear in the process's address space, and then |
3d897973 |
1012 | using that as PerlIO's "buffer". |
16537909 |
1013 | |
44a4342c |
1014 | =item :perlio |
16537909 |
1015 | |
3d897973 |
1016 | This is a re-implementation of "stdio-like" buffering written as a |
1017 | PerlIO "layer". As such it will call whatever layer is below it for |
1018 | its operations (typically C<:unix>). |
16537909 |
1019 | |
18aba96f |
1020 | =item :pop |
1021 | |
1022 | An experimental pseudolayer that removes the topmost layer. |
3d897973 |
1023 | Use with the same care as is reserved for nitroglycerin. |
18aba96f |
1024 | |
44a4342c |
1025 | =item :raw |
16537909 |
1026 | |
136e4fd6 |
1027 | A pseudolayer that manipulates other layers. Applying the C<:raw> |
18aba96f |
1028 | layer is equivalent to calling C<binmode($fh)>. It makes the stream |
1029 | pass each byte as-is without any translation. In particular CRLF |
1030 | translation, and/or :utf8 intuited from locale are disabled. |
1cbfc93d |
1031 | |
3d897973 |
1032 | Unlike in the earlier versions of Perl C<:raw> is I<not> |
1033 | just the inverse of C<:crlf> - other layers which would affect the |
1034 | binary nature of the stream are also removed or disabled. |
16537909 |
1035 | |
44a4342c |
1036 | =item :stdio |
1037 | |
1038 | This layer provides PerlIO interface by wrapping system's ANSI C "stdio" |
1039 | library calls. The layer provides both buffering and IO. |
1040 | Note that C<:stdio> layer does I<not> do CRLF translation even if that |
1041 | is platforms normal behaviour. You will need a C<:crlf> layer above it |
1042 | to do that. |
1043 | |
1044 | =item :unix |
1045 | |
3d897973 |
1046 | Low level layer which calls C<read>, C<write> and C<lseek> etc. |
16537909 |
1047 | |
1048 | =item :utf8 |
1049 | |
18aba96f |
1050 | A pseudolayer that turns on a flag on the layer below to tell perl |
3d897973 |
1051 | that output should be in utf8 and that input should be regarded as |
1052 | already in utf8 form. May be useful in PERLIO environment |
1053 | variable to make UTF-8 the default. (To turn off that behaviour |
1054 | use C<:bytes> layer.) |
44a4342c |
1055 | |
1056 | =item :win32 |
1057 | |
ab4f7683 |
1058 | On Win32 platforms this I<experimental> layer uses native "handle" IO |
44a4342c |
1059 | rather than unix-like numeric file descriptor layer. Known to be |
1060 | buggy in this release. |
16537909 |
1061 | |
1062 | =back |
1063 | |
44a4342c |
1064 | On all platforms the default set of layers should give acceptable results. |
1065 | |
ab4f7683 |
1066 | For UNIX platforms that will equivalent of "unix perlio" or "stdio". |
44a4342c |
1067 | Configure is setup to prefer "stdio" implementation if system's library |
1068 | provides for fast access to the buffer, otherwise it uses the "unix perlio" |
1069 | implementation. |
1070 | |
1071 | On Win32 the default in this release is "unix crlf". Win32's "stdio" |
1072 | has a number of bugs/mis-features for perl IO which are somewhat |
99366417 |
1073 | C compiler vendor/version dependent. Using our own C<crlf> layer as |
44a4342c |
1074 | the buffer avoids those issues and makes things more uniform. |
1075 | The C<crlf> layer provides CRLF to/from "\n" conversion as well as |
1076 | buffering. |
1077 | |
1078 | This release uses C<unix> as the bottom layer on Win32 and so still uses C |
1079 | compiler's numeric file descriptor routines. There is an experimental native |
3d897973 |
1080 | C<win32> layer which is expected to be enhanced and should eventually be |
1081 | the default under Win32. |
44a4342c |
1082 | |
1083 | =item PERLIO_DEBUG |
1084 | |
1085 | If set to the name of a file or device then certain operations of PerlIO |
1086 | sub-system will be logged to that file (opened as append). Typical uses |
1087 | are UNIX: |
1088 | |
1089 | PERLIO_DEBUG=/dev/tty perl script ... |
1090 | |
1091 | and Win32 approximate equivalent: |
1092 | |
1093 | set PERLIO_DEBUG=CON |
1094 | perl script ... |
1095 | |
923e8b21 |
1096 | This functionality is disabled for setuid scripts and for scripts run |
1097 | with B<-T>. |
16537909 |
1098 | |
1e422769 |
1099 | =item PERLLIB |
1100 | |
48b971ca |
1101 | A list of directories in which to look for Perl library |
1e422769 |
1102 | files before looking in the standard library and the current directory. |
1103 | If PERL5LIB is defined, PERLLIB is not used. |
1104 | |
1105 | =item PERL5DB |
1106 | |
1107 | The command used to load the debugger code. The default is: |
1108 | |
1109 | BEGIN { require 'perl5db.pl' } |
1110 | |
2cbb2ee1 |
1111 | =item PERL5DB_THREADED |
1112 | |
1113 | If set to a true value, indicates to the debugger that the code being |
1114 | debugged uses threads. |
1115 | |
19799a22 |
1116 | =item PERL5SHELL (specific to the Win32 port) |
174c211a |
1117 | |
1118 | May be set to an alternative shell that perl must use internally for |
11998fdb |
1119 | executing "backtick" commands or system(). Default is C<cmd.exe /x/d/c> |
ce1da67e |
1120 | on WindowsNT and C<command.com /c> on Windows95. The value is considered |
19799a22 |
1121 | to be space-separated. Precede any character that needs to be protected |
ce1da67e |
1122 | (like a space or backslash) with a backslash. |
1123 | |
1124 | Note that Perl doesn't use COMSPEC for this purpose because |
1125 | COMSPEC has a high degree of variability among users, leading to |
1126 | portability concerns. Besides, perl can use a shell that may not be |
1127 | fit for interactive use, and setting COMSPEC to such a shell may |
1128 | interfere with the proper functioning of other programs (which usually |
1129 | look in COMSPEC to find a shell fit for interactive use). |
174c211a |
1130 | |
1c972609 |
1131 | =item PERL_ALLOW_NON_IFS_LSP (specific to the Win32 port) |
1132 | |
1133 | Set to 1 to allow the use of non-IFS compatible LSP's. |
1134 | Perl normally searches for an IFS-compatible LSP because this is required |
1135 | for its emulation of Windows sockets as real filehandles. However, this may |
1136 | cause problems if you have a firewall such as McAfee Guardian which requires |
1137 | all applications to use its LSP which is not IFS-compatible, because clearly |
1138 | Perl will normally avoid using such an LSP. |
1139 | Setting this environment variable to 1 means that Perl will simply use the |
1140 | first suitable LSP enumerated in the catalog, which keeps McAfee Guardian |
1141 | happy (and in that particular case Perl still works too because McAfee |
1142 | Guardian's LSP actually plays some other games which allow applications |
1143 | requiring IFS compatibility to work). |
1144 | |
1e422769 |
1145 | =item PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS |
1146 | |
67ce8856 |
1147 | Relevant only if perl is compiled with the malloc included with the perl |
a3cb178b |
1148 | distribution (that is, if C<perl -V:d_mymalloc> is 'define'). |
1149 | If set, this causes memory statistics to be dumped after execution. If set |
1e422769 |
1150 | to an integer greater than one, also causes memory statistics to be dumped |
1151 | after compilation. |
1152 | |
1153 | =item PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL |
1154 | |
1155 | Relevant only if your perl executable was built with B<-DDEBUGGING>, |
1156 | this controls the behavior of global destruction of objects and other |
64cea5fd |
1157 | references. See L<perlhack/PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL> for more information. |
a0d0e21e |
1158 | |
02c7413a |
1159 | =item PERL_DL_NONLAZY |
1160 | |
1161 | Set to one to have perl resolve B<all> undefined symbols when it loads |
1162 | a dynamic library. The default behaviour is to resolve symbols when |
1163 | they are used. Setting this variable is useful during testing of |
1164 | extensions as it ensures that you get an error on misspelled function |
1165 | names even if the test suite doesn't call it. |
1166 | |
5d170f3a |
1167 | =item PERL_ENCODING |
1168 | |
1169 | If using the C<encoding> pragma without an explicit encoding name, the |
1170 | PERL_ENCODING environment variable is consulted for an encoding name. |
1171 | |
504f80c1 |
1172 | =item PERL_HASH_SEED |
1173 | |
183c3da1 |
1174 | (Since Perl 5.8.1.) Used to randomise Perl's internal hash function. |
4546b9e6 |
1175 | To emulate the pre-5.8.1 behaviour, set to an integer (zero means |
1176 | exactly the same order as 5.8.0). "Pre-5.8.1" means, among other |
1177 | things, that hash keys will be ordered the same between different runs |
1178 | of Perl. |
504f80c1 |
1179 | |
4546b9e6 |
1180 | The default behaviour is to randomise unless the PERL_HASH_SEED is set. |
1181 | If Perl has been compiled with C<-DUSE_HASH_SEED_EXPLICIT>, the default |
1182 | behaviour is B<not> to randomise unless the PERL_HASH_SEED is set. |
504f80c1 |
1183 | |
1184 | If PERL_HASH_SEED is unset or set to a non-numeric string, Perl uses |
1185 | the pseudorandom seed supplied by the operating system and libraries. |
4546b9e6 |
1186 | This means that each different run of Perl will have a different |
1187 | ordering of the results of keys(), values(), and each(). |
504f80c1 |
1188 | |
26a2d347 |
1189 | B<Please note that the hash seed is sensitive information>. Hashes are |
1190 | randomized to protect against local and remote attacks against Perl |
1191 | code. By manually setting a seed this protection may be partially or |
1192 | completely lost. |
1193 | |
1194 | See L<perlsec/"Algorithmic Complexity Attacks"> and |
1195 | L</PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG> for more information. |
504f80c1 |
1196 | |
2191697e |
1197 | =item PERL_HASH_SEED_DEBUG |
1198 | |
e67b9e52 |
1199 | (Since Perl 5.8.1.) Set to one to display (to STDERR) the value of |
26a2d347 |
1200 | the hash seed at the beginning of execution. This, combined with |
1201 | L</PERL_HASH_SEED> is intended to aid in debugging nondeterministic |
1202 | behavior caused by hash randomization. |
1203 | |
1204 | B<Note that the hash seed is sensitive information>: by knowing it one |
1205 | can craft a denial-of-service attack against Perl code, even remotely, |
1206 | see L<perlsec/"Algorithmic Complexity Attacks"> for more information. |
e67b9e52 |
1207 | B<Do not disclose the hash seed> to people who don't need to know it. |
9a7034eb |
1208 | See also hash_seed() of L<Hash::Util>. |
2191697e |
1209 | |
3d0ae7ba |
1210 | =item PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port) |
1211 | |
1212 | A translation concealed rooted logical name that contains perl and the |
1213 | logical device for the @INC path on VMS only. Other logical names that |
44a4342c |
1214 | affect perl on VMS include PERLSHR, PERL_ENV_TABLES, and |
1215 | SYS$TIMEZONE_DIFFERENTIAL but are optional and discussed further in |
3d0ae7ba |
1216 | L<perlvms> and in F<README.vms> in the Perl source distribution. |
1217 | |
4ffa73a3 |
1218 | =item PERL_SIGNALS |
1219 | |
1220 | In Perls 5.8.1 and later. If set to C<unsafe> the pre-Perl-5.8.0 |
1221 | signals behaviour (immediate but unsafe) is restored. If set to |
ec488bcf |
1222 | C<safe> the safe (or deferred) signals are used. |
65c3f8ef |
1223 | See L<perlipc/"Deferred Signals (Safe Signals)">. |
4ffa73a3 |
1224 | |
a05d7ebb |
1225 | =item PERL_UNICODE |
acae81db |
1226 | |
bf61ac64 |
1227 | Equivalent to the B<-C> command-line switch. Note that this is not |
1228 | a boolean variable-- setting this to C<"1"> is not the right way to |
5b4f334e |
1229 | "enable Unicode" (whatever that would mean). You can use C<"0"> to |
e654d908 |
1230 | "disable Unicode", though (or alternatively unset PERL_UNICODE in |
1231 | your shell before starting Perl). See the description of the C<-C> |
1232 | switch for more information. |
acae81db |
1233 | |
3d0ae7ba |
1234 | =item SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port) |
1235 | |
1236 | Used if chdir has no argument and HOME and LOGDIR are not set. |
1237 | |
a0d0e21e |
1238 | =back |
1e422769 |
1239 | |
1240 | Perl also has environment variables that control how Perl handles data |
1241 | specific to particular natural languages. See L<perllocale>. |
1242 | |
1243 | Apart from these, Perl uses no other environment variables, except |
19799a22 |
1244 | to make them available to the program being executed, and to child |
1245 | processes. However, programs running setuid would do well to execute |
1e422769 |
1246 | the following lines before doing anything else, just to keep people |
1247 | honest: |
1248 | |
19799a22 |
1249 | $ENV{PATH} = '/bin:/usr/bin'; # or whatever you need |
7bac28a0 |
1250 | $ENV{SHELL} = '/bin/sh' if exists $ENV{SHELL}; |
c90c0ff4 |
1251 | delete @ENV{qw(IFS CDPATH ENV BASH_ENV)}; |