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1 | =for maintainers |
2 | Generated by perlmodlib.PL -- DO NOT EDIT! |
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3 | |
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4 | =head1 NAME |
5 | |
6 | perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones |
7 | |
8 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
9 | |
10 | =head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY |
11 | |
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12 | Many modules are included the Perl distribution. These are described |
13 | below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library |
14 | file (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be |
15 | autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated |
16 | by the installation process. You may also discover files in the |
17 | library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are |
18 | old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still |
19 | run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard |
20 | modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up |
21 | as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may |
22 | already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) |
23 | The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion, |
24 | but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof. |
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25 | |
26 | =head2 Pragmatic Modules |
27 | |
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28 | They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they |
29 | tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually |
30 | work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these |
31 | are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them |
32 | by saying: |
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33 | |
34 | no integer; |
35 | no strict 'refs'; |
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36 | no warnings; |
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37 | |
38 | which lasts until the end of that BLOCK. |
39 | |
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40 | Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the |
41 | C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, |
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42 | like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a |
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43 | variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than |
44 | just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file |
45 | for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no |
46 | vars> or C<no subs>. |
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47 | |
48 | The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation). |
49 | |
50 | =over 12 |
51 | |
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52 | =item attributes |
53 | |
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54 | Get/set subroutine or variable attributes |
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55 | |
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56 | =item attrs |
57 | |
58 | Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated) |
59 | |
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60 | =item autouse |
61 | |
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62 | Postpone load of modules until a function is used |
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63 | |
64 | =item base |
65 | |
66 | Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time |
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67 | |
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68 | =item bigint |
69 | |
70 | Transparent big integer support for Perl |
71 | |
72 | =item bignum |
73 | |
74 | Transparent BigNumber support for Perl |
75 | |
76 | =item bigrat |
77 | |
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78 | Transparent BigNumber/BigRational support for Perl |
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79 | |
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80 | =item blib |
81 | |
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82 | Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package |
83 | |
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84 | =item bytes |
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85 | |
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86 | Force byte semantics rather than character semantics |
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87 | |
88 | =item charnames |
89 | |
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90 | Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escapes |
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91 | |
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92 | =item constant |
93 | |
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94 | Declare constants |
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95 | |
96 | =item diagnostics |
97 | |
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98 | Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning diagnostics |
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99 | |
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100 | =item encoding |
101 | |
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102 | Allows you to write your script in non-ascii or non-utf8 |
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103 | |
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104 | =item fields |
105 | |
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106 | Compile-time class fields |
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107 | |
108 | =item filetest |
109 | |
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110 | Control the filetest permission operators |
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111 | |
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112 | =item if |
113 | |
114 | C<use> a Perl module if a condition holds |
115 | |
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116 | =item integer |
117 | |
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118 | Use integer arithmetic instead of floating point |
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119 | |
120 | =item less |
121 | |
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122 | Request less of something from the compiler |
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123 | |
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124 | =item locale |
125 | |
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126 | Use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations |
127 | |
128 | =item open |
129 | |
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130 | Set default PerlIO layers for input and output |
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131 | |
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132 | =item ops |
133 | |
134 | Restrict unsafe operations when compiling |
135 | |
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136 | =item overload |
137 | |
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138 | Package for overloading perl operations |
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139 | |
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140 | =item re |
141 | |
142 | Alter regular expression behaviour |
143 | |
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144 | =item sigtrap |
145 | |
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146 | Enable simple signal handling |
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147 | |
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148 | =item sort |
149 | |
150 | Control sort() behaviour |
151 | |
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152 | =item strict |
153 | |
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154 | Restrict unsafe constructs |
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155 | |
156 | =item subs |
157 | |
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158 | Predeclare sub names |
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159 | |
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160 | =item threads |
161 | |
162 | Perl extension allowing use of interpreter based threads from perl |
163 | |
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164 | =item utf8 |
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165 | |
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166 | Enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code |
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167 | |
168 | =item vars |
169 | |
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170 | Predeclare global variable names (obsolete) |
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171 | |
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172 | =item vmsish |
173 | |
174 | Control VMS-specific language features |
175 | |
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176 | =item warnings |
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177 | |
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178 | Control optional warnings |
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179 | |
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180 | =item warnings::register |
181 | |
182 | Warnings import function |
183 | |
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184 | =back |
185 | |
186 | =head2 Standard Modules |
187 | |
188 | Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined |
189 | manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the |
190 | Exporter module. See their own documentation for details. |
191 | |
192 | =over 12 |
193 | |
194 | =item AnyDBM_File |
195 | |
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196 | Provide framework for multiple DBMs |
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197 | |
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198 | =item Attribute::Handlers |
199 | |
200 | Simpler definition of attribute handlers |
201 | |
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202 | =item AutoLoader |
203 | |
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204 | Load subroutines only on demand |
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205 | |
206 | =item AutoSplit |
207 | |
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208 | Split a package for autoloading |
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209 | |
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210 | =item B |
211 | |
212 | The Perl Compiler |
213 | |
214 | =item B::Asmdata |
215 | |
216 | Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode |
217 | |
218 | =item B::Assembler |
219 | |
220 | Assemble Perl bytecode |
221 | |
222 | =item B::Bblock |
223 | |
224 | Walk basic blocks |
225 | |
226 | =item B::Bytecode |
227 | |
228 | Perl compiler's bytecode backend |
229 | |
230 | =item B::C |
231 | |
232 | Perl compiler's C backend |
233 | |
234 | =item B::CC |
235 | |
236 | Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend |
237 | |
238 | =item B::Concise |
239 | |
240 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops |
241 | |
242 | =item B::Debug |
243 | |
244 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops |
245 | |
246 | =item B::Deparse |
247 | |
248 | Perl compiler backend to produce perl code |
249 | |
250 | =item B::Disassembler |
251 | |
252 | Disassemble Perl bytecode |
253 | |
254 | =item B::Lint |
255 | |
256 | Perl lint |
257 | |
258 | =item B::Showlex |
259 | |
260 | Show lexical variables used in functions or files |
261 | |
262 | =item B::Stackobj |
263 | |
264 | Helper module for CC backend |
265 | |
266 | =item B::Stash |
267 | |
268 | Show what stashes are loaded |
269 | |
270 | =item B::Terse |
271 | |
272 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops |
273 | |
274 | =item B::Xref |
275 | |
276 | Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs |
277 | |
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278 | =item Benchmark |
279 | |
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280 | Benchmark running times of Perl code |
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281 | |
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282 | =item ByteLoader |
283 | |
284 | Load byte compiled perl code |
285 | |
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286 | =item CGI |
287 | |
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288 | Simple Common Gateway Interface Class |
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289 | |
290 | =item CGI::Apache |
291 | |
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292 | Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm |
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293 | |
294 | =item CGI::Carp |
295 | |
296 | CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log |
297 | |
298 | =item CGI::Cookie |
299 | |
300 | Interface to Netscape Cookies |
301 | |
302 | =item CGI::Fast |
303 | |
304 | CGI Interface for Fast CGI |
305 | |
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306 | =item CGI::Pretty |
307 | |
308 | Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code |
309 | |
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310 | =item CGI::Push |
311 | |
312 | Simple Interface to Server Push |
313 | |
314 | =item CGI::Switch |
315 | |
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316 | Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch |
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317 | |
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318 | =item CGI::Util |
319 | |
320 | Internal utilities used by CGI module |
321 | |
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322 | =item CPAN |
323 | |
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324 | Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites |
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325 | |
326 | =item CPAN::FirstTime |
327 | |
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328 | Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization |
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329 | |
330 | =item CPAN::Nox |
331 | |
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332 | Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module |
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333 | |
334 | =item Carp |
335 | |
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336 | Warn of errors (from perspective of caller) |
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337 | |
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338 | =item Carp::Heavy |
339 | |
340 | No user serviceable parts inside |
341 | |
342 | =item Class::ISA |
343 | |
344 | Report the search path for a class's ISA tree |
345 | |
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346 | =item Class::Struct |
347 | |
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348 | Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes |
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349 | |
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350 | =item Config |
351 | |
352 | Access Perl configuration information |
353 | |
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354 | =item Cwd |
355 | |
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356 | Get pathname of current working directory |
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357 | |
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358 | =item DB |
359 | |
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360 | Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to |
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361 | |
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362 | =item DB_File |
363 | |
364 | Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x |
365 | |
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366 | =item Devel::SelfStubber |
367 | |
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368 | Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module |
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369 | |
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370 | =item Digest |
371 | |
372 | Modules that calculate message digests |
373 | |
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374 | =item DirHandle |
375 | |
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376 | Supply object methods for directory handles |
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377 | |
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378 | =item Dumpvalue |
379 | |
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380 | Provides screen dump of Perl data. |
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381 | |
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382 | =item Encode |
383 | |
384 | Character encodings |
385 | |
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386 | =item English |
387 | |
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388 | Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables |
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389 | |
390 | =item Env |
391 | |
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392 | Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays |
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393 | |
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394 | =item Errno |
395 | |
396 | System errno constants |
397 | |
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398 | =item Exporter |
399 | |
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400 | Implements default import method for modules |
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401 | |
402 | =item Exporter::Heavy |
403 | |
404 | Exporter guts |
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405 | |
406 | =item ExtUtils::Command |
407 | |
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408 | Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc. |
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409 | |
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410 | =item ExtUtils::Command::MM |
411 | |
412 | Commands for the MM's to use in Makefiles |
413 | |
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414 | =item ExtUtils::Constant |
415 | |
416 | Generate XS code to import C header constants |
417 | |
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418 | =item ExtUtils::Embed |
419 | |
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420 | Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications |
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421 | |
422 | =item ExtUtils::Install |
423 | |
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424 | Install files from here to there |
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425 | |
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426 | =item ExtUtils::Installed |
427 | |
428 | Inventory management of installed modules |
429 | |
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430 | =item ExtUtils::Liblist |
431 | |
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432 | Determine libraries to use and how to use them |
433 | |
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434 | =item ExtUtils::MM |
435 | |
436 | OS adjusted ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass |
437 | |
438 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Any |
439 | |
440 | Platform agnostic MM methods |
441 | |
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442 | =item ExtUtils::MM_BeOS |
443 | |
444 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
445 | |
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446 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin |
447 | |
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448 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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449 | |
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450 | =item ExtUtils::MM_DOS |
451 | |
452 | DOS specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix |
453 | |
454 | =item ExtUtils::MM_MacOS |
455 | |
456 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
457 | |
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458 | =item ExtUtils::MM_NW5 |
459 | |
460 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
461 | |
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462 | =item ExtUtils::MM_OS2 |
463 | |
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464 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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465 | |
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466 | =item ExtUtils::MM_UWIN |
467 | |
468 | U/WIN specific subclass of ExtUtils::MM_Unix |
469 | |
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470 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Unix |
471 | |
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472 | Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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473 | |
474 | =item ExtUtils::MM_VMS |
475 | |
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476 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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477 | |
478 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Win32 |
479 | |
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480 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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481 | |
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482 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Win95 |
483 | |
484 | Method to customize MakeMaker for Win9X |
485 | |
486 | =item ExtUtils::MY |
487 | |
488 | ExtUtils::MakeMaker subclass for customization |
489 | |
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490 | =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
491 | |
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492 | Create an extension Makefile |
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493 | |
494 | =item ExtUtils::Manifest |
495 | |
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496 | Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file |
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497 | |
498 | =item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap |
499 | |
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500 | Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader |
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501 | |
502 | =item ExtUtils::Mksymlists |
503 | |
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504 | Write linker options files for dynamic extension |
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505 | |
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506 | =item ExtUtils::Packlist |
507 | |
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508 | Manage .packlist files |
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509 | |
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510 | =item ExtUtils::testlib |
511 | |
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512 | Add blib/* directories to @INC |
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513 | |
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514 | =item Fatal |
515 | |
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516 | Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die |
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517 | |
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518 | =item Fcntl |
519 | |
520 | Load the C Fcntl.h defines |
521 | |
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522 | =item File::Basename |
523 | |
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524 | Split a pathname into pieces |
525 | |
526 | =item File::CheckTree |
527 | |
528 | Run many filetest checks on a tree |
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529 | |
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530 | =item File::Compare |
531 | |
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532 | Compare files or filehandles |
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533 | |
534 | =item File::Copy |
535 | |
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536 | Copy files or filehandles |
537 | |
538 | =item File::DosGlob |
539 | |
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540 | DOS like globbing and then some |
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541 | |
542 | =item File::Find |
543 | |
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544 | Traverse a directory tree. |
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545 | |
546 | =item File::Path |
547 | |
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548 | Create or remove directory trees |
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549 | |
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550 | =item File::Spec |
551 | |
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552 | Portably perform operations on file names |
f505c983 |
553 | |
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554 | =item File::Spec::Cygwin |
555 | |
556 | Methods for Cygwin file specs |
557 | |
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558 | =item File::Spec::Epoc |
559 | |
560 | Methods for Epoc file specs |
561 | |
f505c983 |
562 | =item File::Spec::Functions |
563 | |
9e107c59 |
564 | Portably perform operations on file names |
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565 | |
566 | =item File::Spec::Mac |
567 | |
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568 | File::Spec for Mac OS (Classic) |
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569 | |
570 | =item File::Spec::OS2 |
571 | |
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572 | Methods for OS/2 file specs |
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573 | |
574 | =item File::Spec::Unix |
575 | |
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576 | File::Spec for Unix, base for other File::Spec modules |
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577 | |
578 | =item File::Spec::VMS |
579 | |
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580 | Methods for VMS file specs |
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581 | |
582 | =item File::Spec::Win32 |
583 | |
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584 | Methods for Win32 file specs |
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585 | |
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586 | =item File::Temp |
587 | |
588 | Return name and handle of a temporary file safely |
589 | |
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590 | =item File::stat |
591 | |
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592 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions |
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593 | |
594 | =item FileCache |
595 | |
9e107c59 |
596 | Keep more files open than the system permits |
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597 | |
598 | =item FileHandle |
599 | |
9e107c59 |
600 | Supply object methods for filehandles |
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601 | |
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602 | =item Filter::Simple |
603 | |
604 | Simplified source filtering |
605 | |
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606 | =item FindBin |
607 | |
2e1d04bc |
608 | Locate directory of original perl script |
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609 | |
610 | =item Getopt::Long |
611 | |
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612 | Extended processing of command line options |
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613 | |
614 | =item Getopt::Std |
615 | |
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616 | Process single-character switches with switch clustering |
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617 | |
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618 | =item Hash::Util |
619 | |
620 | A selection of general-utility hash subroutines |
621 | |
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622 | =item I18N::Collate |
623 | |
2e1d04bc |
624 | Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale |
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625 | |
422a9aca |
626 | =item I18N::LangTags |
627 | |
628 | Functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags |
629 | |
630 | =item I18N::LangTags::List |
631 | |
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632 | Tags and names for human languages |
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633 | |
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634 | =item IO |
635 | |
636 | Load various IO modules |
637 | |
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638 | =item IPC::Open2 |
639 | |
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640 | Open a process for both reading and writing |
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641 | |
642 | =item IPC::Open3 |
643 | |
9e107c59 |
644 | Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling |
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645 | |
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646 | =item Locale::Constants |
647 | |
648 | Constants for Locale codes |
649 | |
650 | =item Locale::Country |
651 | |
652 | ISO codes for country identification (ISO 3166) |
653 | |
654 | =item Locale::Currency |
655 | |
656 | ISO three letter codes for currency identification (ISO 4217) |
657 | |
658 | =item Locale::Language |
659 | |
660 | ISO two letter codes for language identification (ISO 639) |
661 | |
422a9aca |
662 | =item Locale::Maketext |
663 | |
664 | Framework for localization |
665 | |
666 | =item Locale::Maketext::TPJ13 |
667 | |
668 | Article about software localization |
669 | |
d63e6bb6 |
670 | =item Locale::Script |
671 | |
672 | ISO codes for script identification (ISO 15924) |
673 | |
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674 | =item Math::BigFloat |
675 | |
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676 | Arbitrary size floating point math package |
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677 | |
678 | =item Math::BigInt |
679 | |
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680 | Arbitrary size integer math package |
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681 | |
d0363f02 |
682 | =item Math::BigInt::Calc |
683 | |
684 | Pure Perl module to support Math::BigInt |
685 | |
fa1c7b03 |
686 | =item Math::BigRat |
687 | |
556e28cf |
688 | Arbitrarily big rationals |
fa1c7b03 |
689 | |
f102b883 |
690 | =item Math::Complex |
691 | |
9e107c59 |
692 | Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions |
f102b883 |
693 | |
404b15a1 |
694 | =item Math::Trig |
695 | |
9e107c59 |
696 | Trigonometric functions |
f102b883 |
697 | |
5d80033a |
698 | =item Memoize |
699 | |
ec90690f |
700 | Make functions faster by trading space for time |
5d80033a |
701 | |
702 | =item Memoize::AnyDBM_File |
703 | |
704 | Glue to provide EXISTS for AnyDBM_File for Storable use |
705 | |
706 | =item Memoize::Expire |
707 | |
708 | Plug-in module for automatic expiration of memoized values |
709 | |
710 | =item Memoize::ExpireFile |
711 | |
712 | Test for Memoize expiration semantics |
713 | |
714 | =item Memoize::ExpireTest |
715 | |
716 | Test for Memoize expiration semantics |
717 | |
718 | =item Memoize::NDBM_File |
719 | |
720 | Glue to provide EXISTS for NDBM_File for Storable use |
721 | |
722 | =item Memoize::SDBM_File |
723 | |
724 | Glue to provide EXISTS for SDBM_File for Storable use |
725 | |
5d80033a |
726 | =item Memoize::Storable |
727 | |
728 | Store Memoized data in Storable database |
729 | |
ec90690f |
730 | =item NDBM_File |
731 | |
732 | Tied access to ndbm files |
733 | |
1fa7ca25 |
734 | =item NEXT |
735 | |
736 | Provide a pseudo-class NEXT that allows method redispatch |
737 | |
5d80033a |
738 | =item Net::Cmd |
739 | |
740 | Network Command class (as used by FTP, SMTP etc) |
741 | |
742 | =item Net::Config |
743 | |
744 | Local configuration data for libnet |
745 | |
746 | =item Net::Domain |
747 | |
748 | Attempt to evaluate the current host's internet name and domain |
749 | |
5d80033a |
750 | =item Net::FTP |
751 | |
752 | FTP Client class |
753 | |
754 | =item Net::NNTP |
755 | |
756 | NNTP Client class |
757 | |
758 | =item Net::Netrc |
759 | |
760 | OO interface to users netrc file |
761 | |
5d80033a |
762 | =item Net::POP3 |
763 | |
d63e6bb6 |
764 | Post Office Protocol 3 Client class (RFC1939) |
5d80033a |
765 | |
f102b883 |
766 | =item Net::Ping |
767 | |
9e107c59 |
768 | Check a remote host for reachability |
f102b883 |
769 | |
5d80033a |
770 | =item Net::SMTP |
771 | |
772 | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Client |
773 | |
5d80033a |
774 | =item Net::Time |
775 | |
776 | Time and daytime network client interface |
777 | |
f102b883 |
778 | =item Net::hostent |
779 | |
9e107c59 |
780 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions |
f102b883 |
781 | |
5d80033a |
782 | =item Net::libnetFAQ |
783 | |
784 | Libnet Frequently Asked Questions |
785 | |
f102b883 |
786 | =item Net::netent |
787 | |
9e107c59 |
788 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions |
f102b883 |
789 | |
790 | =item Net::protoent |
791 | |
9e107c59 |
792 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions |
f102b883 |
793 | |
794 | =item Net::servent |
795 | |
9e107c59 |
796 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions |
f102b883 |
797 | |
ec90690f |
798 | =item O |
799 | |
800 | Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends |
801 | |
802 | =item ODBM_File |
803 | |
804 | Tied access to odbm files |
805 | |
806 | =item Opcode |
807 | |
808 | Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code |
809 | |
810 | =item POSIX |
811 | |
812 | Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1 |
813 | |
4e860d0a |
814 | =item PerlIO |
815 | |
816 | On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space |
817 | |
c40f6c4a |
818 | =item PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint |
819 | |
820 | PerlIO layer for quoted-printable strings |
821 | |
9e107c59 |
822 | =item Pod::Checker |
823 | |
824 | Check pod documents for syntax errors |
825 | |
2e1d04bc |
826 | =item Pod::Find |
827 | |
828 | Find POD documents in directory trees |
829 | |
06a5f41f |
830 | =item Pod::Functions |
831 | |
832 | Group Perl's functions a la perlfunc.pod |
833 | |
19799a22 |
834 | =item Pod::Html |
835 | |
9e107c59 |
836 | Module to convert pod files to HTML |
837 | |
838 | =item Pod::InputObjects |
839 | |
2e1d04bc |
840 | Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc. |
9e107c59 |
841 | |
13a2d996 |
842 | =item Pod::LaTeX |
843 | |
844 | Convert Pod data to formatted Latex |
845 | |
9e107c59 |
846 | =item Pod::Man |
847 | |
848 | Convert POD data to formatted *roff input |
849 | |
1bb908c3 |
850 | =item Pod::ParseLink |
851 | |
248e172a |
852 | Parse an LE<lt>E<gt> formatting code in POD text |
1bb908c3 |
853 | |
2e1d04bc |
854 | =item Pod::ParseUtils |
855 | |
856 | Helpers for POD parsing and conversion |
857 | |
9e107c59 |
858 | =item Pod::Parser |
859 | |
860 | Base class for creating POD filters and translators |
861 | |
2e1d04bc |
862 | =item Pod::Plainer |
863 | |
864 | Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod. |
865 | |
9e107c59 |
866 | =item Pod::Select |
867 | |
868 | Extract selected sections of POD from input |
19799a22 |
869 | |
870 | =item Pod::Text |
871 | |
9e107c59 |
872 | Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text |
873 | |
874 | =item Pod::Text::Color |
875 | |
876 | Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text |
877 | |
4e860d0a |
878 | =item Pod::Text::Overstrike |
879 | |
880 | Convert POD data to formatted overstrike text |
881 | |
2e1d04bc |
882 | =item Pod::Text::Termcap |
883 | |
884 | Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes |
885 | |
9e107c59 |
886 | =item Pod::Usage |
887 | |
888 | Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation |
f102b883 |
889 | |
ec90690f |
890 | =item SDBM_File |
891 | |
892 | Tied access to sdbm files |
893 | |
894 | =item Safe |
895 | |
896 | Compile and execute code in restricted compartments |
897 | |
f102b883 |
898 | =item Search::Dict |
899 | |
9e107c59 |
900 | Search for key in dictionary file |
f102b883 |
901 | |
902 | =item SelectSaver |
903 | |
9e107c59 |
904 | Save and restore selected file handle |
f102b883 |
905 | |
906 | =item SelfLoader |
907 | |
9e107c59 |
908 | Load functions only on demand |
f102b883 |
909 | |
910 | =item Shell |
911 | |
2e1d04bc |
912 | Run shell commands transparently within perl |
f102b883 |
913 | |
ec90690f |
914 | =item Socket |
915 | |
916 | Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators |
917 | |
918 | =item Storable |
919 | |
920 | Persistence for Perl data structures |
921 | |
4e860d0a |
922 | =item Switch |
923 | |
924 | A switch statement for Perl |
925 | |
f102b883 |
926 | =item Symbol |
927 | |
9e107c59 |
928 | Manipulate Perl symbols and their names |
f102b883 |
929 | |
2e1d04bc |
930 | =item Term::ANSIColor |
f102b883 |
931 | |
2e1d04bc |
932 | Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences |
f102b883 |
933 | |
934 | =item Term::Cap |
935 | |
2e1d04bc |
936 | Perl termcap interface |
f102b883 |
937 | |
938 | =item Term::Complete |
939 | |
2e1d04bc |
940 | Perl word completion module |
f102b883 |
941 | |
942 | =item Term::ReadLine |
943 | |
2e1d04bc |
944 | Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If |
19799a22 |
945 | |
946 | =item Test |
947 | |
9e107c59 |
948 | Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts |
f102b883 |
949 | |
1bb908c3 |
950 | =item Test::Builder |
951 | |
952 | Backend for building test libraries |
953 | |
f102b883 |
954 | =item Test::Harness |
955 | |
2e1d04bc |
956 | Run perl standard test scripts with statistics |
f102b883 |
957 | |
d63e6bb6 |
958 | =item Test::Harness::Assert |
959 | |
960 | Simple assert |
961 | |
962 | =item Test::Harness::Iterator |
963 | |
964 | Internal Test::Harness Iterator |
965 | |
966 | =item Test::Harness::Straps |
967 | |
968 | Detailed analysis of test results |
969 | |
7a49b635 |
970 | =item Test::More |
971 | |
972 | Yet another framework for writing test scripts |
973 | |
974 | =item Test::Simple |
975 | |
976 | Basic utilities for writing tests. |
977 | |
e61ecf27 |
978 | =item Test::Tutorial |
979 | |
980 | A tutorial about writing really basic tests |
981 | |
f102b883 |
982 | =item Text::Abbrev |
983 | |
9e107c59 |
984 | Create an abbreviation table from a list |
f102b883 |
985 | |
4e860d0a |
986 | =item Text::Balanced |
987 | |
988 | Extract delimited text sequences from strings. |
989 | |
f102b883 |
990 | =item Text::ParseWords |
991 | |
2e1d04bc |
992 | Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays |
f102b883 |
993 | |
994 | =item Text::Soundex |
995 | |
2e1d04bc |
996 | Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth |
f102b883 |
997 | |
4e860d0a |
998 | =item Text::Tabs |
999 | |
1000 | Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1) |
1001 | |
f102b883 |
1002 | =item Text::Wrap |
1003 | |
9e107c59 |
1004 | Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs |
19799a22 |
1005 | |
1bb908c3 |
1006 | =item Thread |
1007 | |
416e7255 |
1008 | Manipulate threads in Perl (for old code only) |
1bb908c3 |
1009 | |
ec90690f |
1010 | =item Thread::Queue |
1011 | |
416e7255 |
1012 | Thread-safe queues (for old code only) |
ec90690f |
1013 | |
1014 | =item Thread::Semaphore |
1015 | |
416e7255 |
1016 | Thread-safe semaphores (for old code only) |
ec90690f |
1017 | |
19799a22 |
1018 | =item Tie::Array |
1019 | |
9e107c59 |
1020 | Base class for tied arrays |
19799a22 |
1021 | |
d63e6bb6 |
1022 | =item Tie::File |
1023 | |
1024 | Access the lines of a disk file via a Perl array |
1025 | |
19799a22 |
1026 | =item Tie::Handle |
1027 | |
9e107c59 |
1028 | Base class definitions for tied handles |
19799a22 |
1029 | |
9e107c59 |
1030 | =item Tie::Hash |
f102b883 |
1031 | |
9e107c59 |
1032 | Base class definitions for tied hashes |
f102b883 |
1033 | |
d63e6bb6 |
1034 | =item Tie::Memoize |
1035 | |
1036 | Add data to hash when needed |
1037 | |
f102b883 |
1038 | =item Tie::RefHash |
1039 | |
9e107c59 |
1040 | Use references as hash keys |
f102b883 |
1041 | |
9e107c59 |
1042 | =item Tie::Scalar |
f102b883 |
1043 | |
9e107c59 |
1044 | Base class definitions for tied scalars |
f102b883 |
1045 | |
1046 | =item Tie::SubstrHash |
1047 | |
19799a22 |
1048 | Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing |
f102b883 |
1049 | |
1050 | =item Time::Local |
1051 | |
9e107c59 |
1052 | Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time |
f102b883 |
1053 | |
1054 | =item Time::gmtime |
1055 | |
9e107c59 |
1056 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function |
f102b883 |
1057 | |
1058 | =item Time::localtime |
1059 | |
9e107c59 |
1060 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function |
f102b883 |
1061 | |
1062 | =item Time::tm |
1063 | |
9e107c59 |
1064 | Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime |
f102b883 |
1065 | |
1066 | =item UNIVERSAL |
1067 | |
9e107c59 |
1068 | Base class for ALL classes (blessed references) |
f102b883 |
1069 | |
e61ecf27 |
1070 | =item Unicode::Collate |
1071 | |
ec90690f |
1072 | Unicode Collation Algorithm |
e61ecf27 |
1073 | |
e61ecf27 |
1074 | =item Unicode::UCD |
fbe3d936 |
1075 | |
1076 | Unicode character database |
1077 | |
f102b883 |
1078 | =item User::grent |
1079 | |
9e107c59 |
1080 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions |
f102b883 |
1081 | |
1082 | =item User::pwent |
1083 | |
9e107c59 |
1084 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions |
f102b883 |
1085 | |
4e860d0a |
1086 | =item Win32 |
1087 | |
1088 | Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions |
1089 | |
f102b883 |
1090 | =back |
1091 | |
19799a22 |
1092 | To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including |
2e1d04bc |
1093 | those without documentation or outside the standard release, |
b1866b2d |
1094 | just do this: |
f102b883 |
1095 | |
5a964f20 |
1096 | % find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print |
f102b883 |
1097 | |
2e1d04bc |
1098 | They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible |
1099 | via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find> |
19799a22 |
1100 | program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which |
1101 | generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you |
1102 | have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have |
2e1d04bc |
1103 | to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no |
1104 | system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program. |
f102b883 |
1105 | |
1106 | =head2 Extension Modules |
1107 | |
19799a22 |
1108 | Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They |
1109 | are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, |
d1be9408 |
1110 | but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules |
19799a22 |
1111 | include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX. |
f102b883 |
1112 | |
1113 | Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not |
19799a22 |
1114 | completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time |
1115 | for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of |
1116 | platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to |
1117 | look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines |
1118 | like Alta Vista or Deja News. |
f102b883 |
1119 | |
1120 | =head1 CPAN |
1121 | |
19799a22 |
1122 | CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally |
1123 | replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style |
2e1d04bc |
1124 | guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and |
19799a22 |
1125 | occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for |
1577cd80 |
1126 | CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/ |
19799a22 |
1127 | |
1128 | Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, |
1129 | some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of |
1130 | modules are: |
f102b883 |
1131 | |
4e860d0a |
1132 | =over |
f102b883 |
1133 | |
1134 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1135 | |
f102b883 |
1136 | Language Extensions and Documentation Tools |
1137 | |
1138 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1139 | |
f102b883 |
1140 | Development Support |
1141 | |
1142 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1143 | |
f102b883 |
1144 | Operating System Interfaces |
1145 | |
1146 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1147 | |
f102b883 |
1148 | Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication |
1149 | |
1150 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1151 | |
f102b883 |
1152 | Data Types and Data Type Utilities |
1153 | |
1154 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1155 | |
f102b883 |
1156 | Database Interfaces |
1157 | |
1158 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1159 | |
f102b883 |
1160 | User Interfaces |
1161 | |
1162 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1163 | |
f102b883 |
1164 | Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages |
1165 | |
1166 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1167 | |
f102b883 |
1168 | File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles) |
1169 | |
1170 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1171 | |
f102b883 |
1172 | String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching |
1173 | |
1174 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1175 | |
f102b883 |
1176 | Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing |
1177 | |
1178 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1179 | |
f102b883 |
1180 | Internationalization and Locale |
1181 | |
1182 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1183 | |
f102b883 |
1184 | Authentication, Security, and Encryption |
1185 | |
1186 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1187 | |
f102b883 |
1188 | World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME |
1189 | |
1190 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1191 | |
f102b883 |
1192 | Server and Daemon Utilities |
1193 | |
1194 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1195 | |
f102b883 |
1196 | Archiving and Compression |
1197 | |
1198 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1199 | |
f102b883 |
1200 | Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing |
1201 | |
1202 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1203 | |
f102b883 |
1204 | Mail and Usenet News |
1205 | |
1206 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1207 | |
f102b883 |
1208 | Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc) |
1209 | |
1210 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1211 | |
f102b883 |
1212 | File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities |
1213 | |
1214 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
1215 | |
f102b883 |
1216 | Miscellaneous Modules |
1217 | |
1218 | =back |
1219 | |
19799a22 |
1220 | Registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following. |
f102b883 |
1221 | You should try to choose one close to you: |
1222 | |
4e860d0a |
1223 | =head2 Africa |
1224 | |
cea6626f |
1225 | =over 4 |
f102b883 |
1226 | |
4e860d0a |
1227 | =item * |
1228 | |
1229 | South Africa |
1230 | |
1231 | ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1232 | ftp://ftp.mweb.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/ |
4e860d0a |
1233 | ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1234 | ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1235 | |
1236 | =back |
1237 | |
1238 | =head2 Asia |
1239 | |
1240 | =over 4 |
1241 | |
1242 | =item * |
1243 | |
1244 | China |
1245 | |
1246 | ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1247 | http://www2.linuxforum.net/mirror/CPAN/ |
1248 | http://cpan.shellhung.org/ |
1249 | ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN |
1250 | |
1251 | =item * |
1252 | |
37a78d01 |
1253 | India |
4e860d0a |
1254 | |
37a78d01 |
1255 | http://cpan.in.freeos.com |
1256 | ftp://cpan.in.freeos.com/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1257 | |
1258 | =item * |
1259 | |
1260 | Indonesia |
1261 | |
37a78d01 |
1262 | http://cpan.itb.web.id/ |
4e860d0a |
1263 | ftp://mirrors.piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/ |
1264 | http://CPAN.mweb.co.id/ |
1265 | ftp://ftp.mweb.co.id/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1266 | |
1267 | =item * |
1268 | |
1269 | Israel |
1270 | |
1271 | http://www.iglu.org.il:/pub/CPAN/ |
1272 | ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1273 | http://cpan.lerner.co.il/ |
4e860d0a |
1274 | http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ |
1275 | ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ |
1276 | |
1277 | =item * |
1278 | |
1279 | Japan |
1280 | |
37a78d01 |
1281 | ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1282 | ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/ |
1283 | http://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ |
1284 | ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ |
1285 | ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1286 | ftp://ftp.ayamura.org/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1287 | ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1288 | ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
1289 | ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1290 | |
1291 | =item * |
1292 | |
37a78d01 |
1293 | Korea |
1294 | |
1295 | http://mirror.Mazic.org/pub/CPAN |
1296 | ftp://mirror.Mazic.org/pub/CPAN |
1297 | |
1298 | =item * |
1299 | |
1300 | Philippines |
1301 | |
1302 | http://www.adzu.edu.ph/CPAN |
1303 | |
1304 | =item * |
1305 | |
1306 | Russian Federation |
1307 | |
1308 | http://cpan.tomsk.ru |
1309 | ftp://cpan.tomsk.ru/pub/CPAN |
1310 | |
1311 | =item * |
1312 | |
4e860d0a |
1313 | Saudi Arabia |
1314 | |
1315 | ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/ |
1316 | |
1317 | =item * |
1318 | |
1319 | Singapore |
1320 | |
1321 | http://cpan.hjc.edu.sg |
4e860d0a |
1322 | |
1323 | =item * |
1324 | |
1325 | South Korea |
1326 | |
1327 | http://CPAN.bora.net/ |
1328 | ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1329 | http://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1330 | ftp://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1331 | ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1332 | http://ftp.xgate.co.kr/cpan/ |
1333 | ftp://ftp.xgate.co.kr/pub/mirror/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1334 | |
1335 | =item * |
1336 | |
1337 | Taiwan |
1338 | |
4e860d0a |
1339 | ftp://ftp.ee.ncku.edu.tw/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1340 | ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1341 | http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ |
1342 | ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1343 | |
1344 | =item * |
1345 | |
1346 | Thailand |
1347 | |
4e860d0a |
1348 | ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1349 | |
1350 | =back |
1351 | |
1352 | =head2 Central America |
1353 | |
1354 | =over 4 |
1355 | |
1356 | =item * |
1357 | |
1358 | Costa Rica |
1359 | |
1360 | ftp://ftp.linux.co.cr/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1361 | http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/ |
1362 | ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/ |
1363 | |
1364 | =back |
1365 | |
1366 | =head2 Europe |
1367 | |
1368 | =over 4 |
1369 | |
1370 | =item * |
1371 | |
1372 | Austria |
1373 | |
37a78d01 |
1374 | ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1375 | |
1376 | =item * |
1377 | |
1378 | Belgium |
1379 | |
37a78d01 |
1380 | http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ |
1381 | ftp://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ |
1382 | http://cpan.skynet.be |
1383 | ftp://ftp.skynet.be/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1384 | ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1385 | |
1386 | =item * |
1387 | |
1388 | Bulgaria |
1389 | |
556e28cf |
1390 | http://cpan.lirex.net/ |
1391 | ftp://ftp.lirex.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1392 | |
1393 | =item * |
1394 | |
1395 | Croatia |
1396 | |
1397 | ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ |
1398 | |
1399 | =item * |
1400 | |
1401 | Czech Republic |
1402 | |
37a78d01 |
1403 | http://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/ |
1404 | ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1405 | ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1406 | |
1407 | =item * |
1408 | |
1409 | Denmark |
1410 | |
37a78d01 |
1411 | http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/cpan/ |
1412 | ftp://sunsite.dk/mirrors/cpan/ |
4e860d0a |
1413 | http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/ |
1414 | ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ |
1415 | |
1416 | =item * |
1417 | |
4e860d0a |
1418 | Estonia |
1419 | |
1420 | ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1421 | |
1422 | =item * |
1423 | |
1424 | Finland |
1425 | |
1426 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1427 | http://cpan.kpnqwest.fi/ |
4e860d0a |
1428 | |
1429 | =item * |
1430 | |
1431 | France |
1432 | |
37a78d01 |
1433 | http://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/ |
1434 | ftp://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/pub/ftp.cpan.org/ |
4e860d0a |
1435 | ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1436 | http://fr.cpan.org/ |
4e860d0a |
1437 | ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1438 | ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1439 | ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1440 | http://cpan.cict.fr/ |
4e860d0a |
1441 | ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/ |
1442 | ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1443 | |
1444 | =item * |
1445 | |
1446 | Germany |
1447 | |
1448 | ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/ |
1449 | ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1450 | ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/ |
1451 | ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN |
1452 | ftp://ftp.gigabell.net/pub/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1453 | http://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/ |
1454 | ftp://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1455 | http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1456 | ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1457 | ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1458 | ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1459 | http://cpan.noris.de/ |
1460 | ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1461 | ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1462 | ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1463 | |
1464 | =item * |
1465 | |
1466 | Greece |
1467 | |
556e28cf |
1468 | ftp://ftp.acn.gr/pub/lang/perl/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1469 | ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
1470 | ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/ |
1471 | |
1472 | =item * |
1473 | |
1474 | Hungary |
1475 | |
1476 | http://cpan.artifact.hu/ |
1477 | ftp://cpan.artifact.hu/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1478 | http://ftp.kfki.hu/packages/perl/CPAN/ |
1479 | ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1480 | |
1481 | =item * |
1482 | |
1483 | Iceland |
1484 | |
37a78d01 |
1485 | http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ |
1486 | ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1487 | |
1488 | =item * |
1489 | |
1490 | Ireland |
1491 | |
1492 | http://cpan.indigo.ie/ |
1493 | ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/ |
1494 | http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ |
1495 | ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ |
1496 | |
1497 | =item * |
1498 | |
1499 | Italy |
1500 | |
1501 | http://cpan.nettuno.it/ |
1502 | http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/ |
1503 | ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN |
1504 | http://softcity.iol.it/cpan |
1505 | ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan |
556e28cf |
1506 | ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1507 | ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/ |
1508 | ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/ |
1509 | ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/ |
1510 | ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/ |
1511 | |
1512 | =item * |
1513 | |
1514 | Latvia |
1515 | |
1516 | http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/ |
1517 | |
1518 | =item * |
1519 | |
37a78d01 |
1520 | Lithuania |
1521 | |
1522 | ftp://ftp.unix.lt/pub/CPAN/ |
1523 | |
1524 | =item * |
1525 | |
4e860d0a |
1526 | Netherlands |
1527 | |
1528 | ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1529 | ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1530 | ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1531 | ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/ |
1532 | http://www.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ |
1533 | ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ |
1534 | |
1535 | =item * |
1536 | |
1537 | Norway |
1538 | |
37a78d01 |
1539 | ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1540 | ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/ |
1541 | |
1542 | =item * |
1543 | |
1544 | Poland |
1545 | |
1546 | ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1547 | ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.com/ |
1548 | ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/ |
1549 | ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/ |
1550 | |
1551 | =item * |
1552 | |
1553 | Portugal |
1554 | |
1555 | ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
1556 | ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1557 | http://cpan.dei.uc.pt/ |
1558 | ftp://ftp.dei.uc.pt/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1559 | ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1560 | http://cpan.ip.pt/ |
1561 | ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/ |
4e860d0a |
1562 | ftp://ftp.netc.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1563 | ftp://ftp.up.pt/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1564 | |
1565 | =item * |
1566 | |
1567 | Romania |
1568 | |
4e860d0a |
1569 | ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1570 | ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/ |
4e860d0a |
1571 | ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1572 | ftp://ftp.lasting.ro/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1573 | ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1574 | |
1575 | =item * |
1576 | |
1577 | Russia |
1578 | |
1579 | ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1580 | http://cpan.rinet.ru/ |
1581 | ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1582 | ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1583 | http://cpan.sai.msu.ru/ |
4e860d0a |
1584 | ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1585 | |
1586 | =item * |
1587 | |
1588 | Slovakia |
1589 | |
556e28cf |
1590 | http://ftp.cvt.stuba.sk/pub/CPAN/ |
1591 | ftp://ftp.cvt.stuba.sk/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1592 | |
1593 | =item * |
1594 | |
1595 | Slovenia |
1596 | |
1597 | ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/ |
1598 | |
1599 | =item * |
1600 | |
1601 | Spain |
1602 | |
556e28cf |
1603 | http://cpan.imasd.elmundo.es/ |
4e860d0a |
1604 | ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/ |
1605 | ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/ |
1606 | |
1607 | =item * |
1608 | |
1609 | Sweden |
1610 | |
1611 | http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/ |
1612 | ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1613 | ftp://mirror.dataphone.se/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1614 | ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1615 | |
1616 | =item * |
1617 | |
1618 | Switzerland |
1619 | |
1620 | ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/ |
1621 | ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/ |
1622 | |
1623 | =item * |
1624 | |
1625 | Turkey |
1626 | |
1627 | ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/ |
1628 | |
37a78d01 |
1629 | =item * |
1630 | |
1631 | Ukraine |
1632 | |
1633 | http://cpan.org.ua/ |
1634 | ftp://cpan.org.ua/ |
1635 | ftp://ftp.perl.org.ua/pub/CPAN/ |
1636 | |
556e28cf |
1637 | =item * |
1638 | |
1639 | United Kingdom |
1640 | |
1641 | http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
1642 | ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1643 | http://cpan.teleglobe.net/ |
1644 | ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN |
1645 | http://cpan.crazygreek.co.uk |
1646 | ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/ |
1647 | ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1648 | ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1649 | http://mirror.uklinux.net/CPAN/ |
1650 | ftp://mirror.uklinux.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1651 | http://cpan.mirrors.clockerz.net/ |
1652 | ftp://ftp.clockerz.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1653 | ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/ |
1654 | |
4e860d0a |
1655 | =back |
1656 | |
1657 | =head2 North America |
1658 | |
1659 | =over 4 |
1660 | |
1661 | =item * |
1662 | |
1663 | Canada |
1664 | |
1665 | =over 8 |
1666 | |
1667 | =item * |
1668 | |
1669 | Alberta |
1670 | |
1671 | http://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/ |
1672 | ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/ |
1673 | |
1674 | =item * |
1675 | |
1676 | Manitoba |
1677 | |
1678 | http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
1679 | ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
1680 | |
1681 | =item * |
1682 | |
1683 | Nova Scotia |
1684 | |
1685 | ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
1686 | |
1687 | =item * |
1688 | |
1689 | Ontario |
1690 | |
37a78d01 |
1691 | ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
1692 | |
1693 | =item * |
1694 | |
1695 | Quebec |
1696 | |
1697 | http://cpan.mirror.smartworker.org/ |
37a78d01 |
1698 | |
1699 | =back |
4e860d0a |
1700 | |
1701 | =item * |
1702 | |
1703 | Mexico |
1704 | |
37a78d01 |
1705 | http://cpan.azc.uam.mx |
1706 | ftp://cpan.azc.uam.mx/mirrors/CPAN |
1707 | http://cpan.unam.mx/ |
1708 | ftp://cpan.unam.mx/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1709 | http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/ |
1710 | ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/ |
1711 | |
4e860d0a |
1712 | =item * |
1713 | |
1714 | United States |
1715 | |
1716 | =over 8 |
1717 | |
1718 | =item * |
1719 | |
1720 | Alabama |
1721 | |
1722 | http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ |
1723 | ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ |
1724 | |
1725 | =item * |
1726 | |
1727 | California |
1728 | |
1729 | http://www.cpan.org/ |
37a78d01 |
1730 | ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1731 | http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1732 | ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1733 | http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/ |
1734 | ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN |
1735 | http://cpan.digisle.net/ |
1736 | ftp://cpan.digisle.net/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1737 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ |
1738 | http://download.sourceforge.net/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1739 | |
1740 | =item * |
1741 | |
1742 | Colorado |
1743 | |
1744 | ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1745 | |
1746 | =item * |
1747 | |
556e28cf |
1748 | Delaware |
1749 | |
1750 | http://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN |
1751 | ftp://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN |
1752 | |
1753 | =item * |
1754 | |
37a78d01 |
1755 | District of Columbia |
4e860d0a |
1756 | |
556e28cf |
1757 | ftp://ftp.dc.aleron.net/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1758 | |
1759 | =item * |
1760 | |
37a78d01 |
1761 | Florida |
4e860d0a |
1762 | |
37a78d01 |
1763 | ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1764 | http://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1765 | ftp://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1766 | |
1767 | =item * |
1768 | |
1769 | Illinois |
1770 | |
37a78d01 |
1771 | http://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/cpan.cse.msu.edu/ |
1772 | ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/cpan.cse.msu.edu/ |
4e860d0a |
1773 | |
1774 | =item * |
1775 | |
1776 | Indiana |
1777 | |
556e28cf |
1778 | ftp://ftp.uwsg.iu.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1779 | http://cpan.netnitco.net/ |
1780 | ftp://cpan.netnitco.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1781 | http://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/ |
1782 | ftp://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1783 | ftp://cpan.in-span.net/ |
1784 | http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN |
1785 | ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN |
1786 | |
1787 | =item * |
1788 | |
1789 | Kentucky |
1790 | |
1791 | http://cpan.uky.edu/ |
1792 | ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1793 | |
1794 | =item * |
1795 | |
1796 | Massachusetts |
1797 | |
1798 | ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1799 | http://cpan.mirrors.netnumina.com/ |
1800 | ftp://mirrors.netnumina.com/cpan/ |
4e860d0a |
1801 | |
1802 | =item * |
1803 | |
37a78d01 |
1804 | Michigan |
1805 | |
1806 | ftp://cpan.cse.msu.edu/ |
1807 | |
1808 | =item * |
1809 | |
4e860d0a |
1810 | New Jersey |
1811 | |
1812 | ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1813 | http://cpan.teleglobe.net/ |
1814 | ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1815 | |
1816 | =item * |
1817 | |
1818 | New York |
1819 | |
556e28cf |
1820 | ftp://ftp.exobit.org/pub/perl/CPAN |
1821 | http://cpan.belfry.net/ |
1822 | http://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/ |
1823 | ftp://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/ |
37a78d01 |
1824 | ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1825 | http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ |
1826 | ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ |
1827 | ftp://mirrors.cloud9.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1828 | |
1829 | =item * |
1830 | |
1831 | North Carolina |
1832 | |
1833 | ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/ |
1834 | |
1835 | =item * |
1836 | |
1837 | Ohio |
1838 | |
1839 | ftp://ftp.loaded.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1840 | |
1841 | =item * |
1842 | |
1843 | Oklahoma |
1844 | |
1845 | ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1846 | |
1847 | =item * |
1848 | |
1849 | Oregon |
1850 | |
37a78d01 |
1851 | ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1852 | |
1853 | =item * |
1854 | |
1855 | Pennsylvania |
1856 | |
1857 | http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/ |
1858 | ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/ |
37a78d01 |
1859 | http://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1860 | ftp://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1861 | http://cpan.pair.com/ |
1862 | ftp://cpan.pair.com/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1863 | ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1864 | |
1865 | =item * |
1866 | |
1867 | Tennessee |
1868 | |
1869 | ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1870 | |
1871 | =item * |
1872 | |
1873 | Texas |
1874 | |
1875 | http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1876 | ftp://mirror.telentente.com/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
1877 | |
1878 | =item * |
1879 | |
1880 | Utah |
1881 | |
1882 | ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/ |
1883 | |
1884 | =item * |
1885 | |
1886 | Virginia |
1887 | |
1888 | http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
1889 | ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
556e28cf |
1890 | http://perl.secsup.org/ |
1891 | ftp://perl.secsup.org/pub/perl/ |
1892 | http://mirrors.phihost.com/CPAN/ |
1893 | ftp://mirrors.phihost.com/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1894 | ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1895 | http://perl.Liquidation.com/CPAN/ |
1896 | |
1897 | =item * |
1898 | |
1899 | Washington |
1900 | |
1901 | http://cpan.llarian.net/ |
1902 | ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1903 | http://cpan.mirrorcentral.com/ |
1904 | ftp://ftp.mirrorcentral.com/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1905 | ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1906 | |
556e28cf |
1907 | =item * |
1908 | |
1909 | Wisconsin |
1910 | |
1911 | http://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1912 | ftp://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1913 | |
1914 | =back |
1915 | |
1916 | =head2 Oceania |
1917 | |
1918 | =over 4 |
1919 | |
1920 | =item * |
1921 | |
1922 | Australia |
1923 | |
1924 | http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1925 | ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1926 | ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1927 | ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/ |
1928 | |
1929 | =item * |
1930 | |
1931 | New Zealand |
556e28cf |
1932 | |
4e860d0a |
1933 | ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1934 | |
1935 | =back |
1936 | |
1937 | =head2 South America |
1938 | |
1939 | =over 4 |
1940 | |
1941 | =item * |
1942 | |
1943 | Argentina |
1944 | |
1945 | ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1946 | |
1947 | =item * |
1948 | |
1949 | Brazil |
1950 | |
1951 | ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/ |
37a78d01 |
1952 | ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
1953 | |
1954 | =item * |
1955 | |
1956 | Chile |
1957 | |
1958 | ftp://ftp.psinet.cl/pub/programming/perl/CPAN/ |
f102b883 |
1959 | |
1960 | =back |
1961 | |
1962 | For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, |
4e860d0a |
1963 | see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES . |
f102b883 |
1964 | |
1965 | =head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse |
1966 | |
1967 | (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules |
1968 | file, available at your nearest CPAN site.) |
1969 | |
1970 | Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a |
1971 | package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a |
1972 | namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be |
1973 | used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its |
1974 | first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), |
1975 | or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods). |
1976 | |
1977 | A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same |
1978 | name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be |
1979 | called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of |
1980 | its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be |
1981 | totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module |
1982 | might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on |
1983 | demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to |
2e1d04bc |
1984 | exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about |
f102b883 |
1985 | the AUTOLOAD mechanism. |
1986 | |
1987 | =head2 Guidelines for Module Creation |
1988 | |
1989 | =over 4 |
1990 | |
4e860d0a |
1991 | =item * |
1992 | |
1993 | Do similar modules already exist in some form? |
f102b883 |
1994 | |
1995 | If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or |
1996 | by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not |
1997 | practical try to get together with the module authors to work on |
1998 | extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules. |
1999 | A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing |
2000 | with command line options. |
2001 | |
2002 | If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of |
2003 | modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It |
2004 | helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction |
2005 | scheme as the original author. |
2006 | |
4e860d0a |
2007 | =item * |
2008 | |
2009 | Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse. |
f102b883 |
2010 | |
9f1b1f2d |
2011 | Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>). |
2012 | Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks |
2e1d04bc |
2013 | of code that need less warnings. |
19799a22 |
2014 | |
f102b883 |
2015 | Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless |
2016 | into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor, |
2017 | e.g.,: |
2018 | |
2019 | sub new { |
2e1d04bc |
2020 | my $class = shift; |
2021 | return bless {}, $class; |
f102b883 |
2022 | } |
2023 | |
2024 | or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static |
2025 | or a virtual method. |
2026 | |
2027 | sub new { |
2e1d04bc |
2028 | my $self = shift; |
2029 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
2030 | return bless {}, $class; |
f102b883 |
2031 | } |
2032 | |
2033 | Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later |
2034 | (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where |
2035 | appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones. |
2036 | Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate. |
2037 | |
2038 | Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>. |
19799a22 |
2039 | Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all. |
f102b883 |
2040 | Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired |
2041 | class names as far as possible. |
2042 | |
c47ff5f1 |
2043 | Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and |
2044 | C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details). |
f102b883 |
2045 | |
2046 | Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a |
5a964f20 |
2047 | burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to |
f102b883 |
2048 | the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying: |
2049 | |
2050 | eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller(); |
2051 | |
2052 | Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say |
19799a22 |
2053 | C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able |
f102b883 |
2054 | to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example, |
2055 | does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;> |
2056 | into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ? |
2057 | |
2058 | Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it |
2059 | difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state |
2060 | information in objects. |
2061 | |
2e1d04bc |
2062 | Always use B<-w>. |
19799a22 |
2063 | |
2064 | Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>). |
f102b883 |
2065 | Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks |
2e1d04bc |
2066 | of code that need less strictness. |
19799a22 |
2067 | |
2e1d04bc |
2068 | Always use B<-w>. |
19799a22 |
2069 | |
f102b883 |
2070 | Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual. |
2071 | |
19799a22 |
2072 | Always use B<-w>. |
2073 | |
4e860d0a |
2074 | =item * |
2075 | |
2076 | Some simple style guidelines |
f102b883 |
2077 | |
5a964f20 |
2078 | The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points. |
f102b883 |
2079 | |
2080 | Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their |
2081 | style over several years as they learn what helps them write and |
2082 | maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that |
2083 | seem to be widely used by experienced developers: |
2084 | |
2085 | Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read |
2086 | $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for |
2087 | non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works |
2088 | consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS. |
2089 | |
2090 | Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally |
2091 | reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer |
2092 | and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and |
2093 | use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable). |
2094 | |
2095 | You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope |
2096 | or nature of a variable. For example: |
2097 | |
5a964f20 |
2098 | $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars) |
f102b883 |
2099 | $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static |
2100 | $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables |
2101 | |
2102 | Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase. |
c47ff5f1 |
2103 | e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>. |
f102b883 |
2104 | |
2105 | You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or |
2106 | function should not be used outside the package that defined it. |
2107 | |
4e860d0a |
2108 | =item * |
2109 | |
2110 | Select what to export. |
f102b883 |
2111 | |
2112 | Do NOT export method names! |
2113 | |
2114 | Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason! |
2115 | |
2116 | Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must |
2117 | export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid |
2118 | short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes. |
2119 | |
2120 | Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the |
c47ff5f1 |
2121 | module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>) |
f102b883 |
2122 | syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to |
2123 | indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use. |
2124 | |
2125 | (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: |
2126 | C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that |
2127 | directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol |
2128 | table.) |
2129 | |
2130 | As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented |
2131 | then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then |
2132 | @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. |
2133 | |
4e860d0a |
2134 | =item * |
2135 | |
2136 | Select a name for the module. |
f102b883 |
2137 | |
2138 | This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as |
2139 | possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or |
2140 | more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special |
2141 | about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use |
2142 | nested module names to group informally or categorize a module. |
2143 | There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name. |
2144 | Module names should begin with a capital letter. |
2145 | |
2146 | Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone |
2147 | (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-). |
2148 | Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others. |
2149 | If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc. |
2150 | |
2151 | If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good |
2152 | practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will |
2153 | avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, |
2154 | Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide. |
2155 | |
2156 | If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's |
2157 | standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in |
2158 | those modules. |
2159 | |
165c0277 |
2160 | If developing modules for private internal or project specific use, |
2161 | that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure |
2162 | that their names will not clash with any future public module. You |
2163 | can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by |
2164 | using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*. |
2165 | |
f102b883 |
2166 | To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to |
2167 | 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is |
2168 | unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier. |
2169 | |
4e860d0a |
2170 | =item * |
2171 | |
2172 | Have you got it right? |
f102b883 |
2173 | |
2174 | How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you |
2175 | picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have |
2176 | you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions? |
2177 | |
2178 | The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions, |
2179 | is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about |
2180 | all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask. |
2181 | |
2182 | All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its |
2183 | purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is |
2184 | probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored |
2185 | by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!) |
2186 | |
2187 | Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be |
2188 | ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting |
2189 | others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you! |
2190 | |
4e860d0a |
2191 | =item * |
2192 | |
2193 | README and other Additional Files. |
f102b883 |
2194 | |
2195 | It's well known that software developers usually fully document the |
2196 | software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of |
2197 | your software and there is not enough time to write the full |
2198 | documentation please at least provide a README file containing: |
2199 | |
2200 | =over 10 |
2201 | |
2202 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2203 | |
f102b883 |
2204 | A description of the module/package/extension etc. |
2205 | |
2206 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2207 | |
f102b883 |
2208 | A copyright notice - see below. |
2209 | |
2210 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2211 | |
f102b883 |
2212 | Prerequisites - what else you may need to have. |
2213 | |
2214 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2215 | |
f102b883 |
2216 | How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc. |
2217 | |
2218 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2219 | |
f102b883 |
2220 | How to install it. |
2221 | |
2222 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2223 | |
f102b883 |
2224 | Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities |
2225 | |
2226 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2227 | |
f102b883 |
2228 | Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future. |
2229 | |
2230 | =back |
2231 | |
2232 | If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to |
2233 | split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL, |
2234 | Copying, ToDo etc. |
2235 | |
2236 | =over 4 |
2237 | |
37a78d01 |
2238 | =item * |
f102b883 |
2239 | |
37a78d01 |
2240 | Adding a Copyright Notice. |
4e860d0a |
2241 | |
f102b883 |
2242 | How you choose to license your work is a personal decision. |
2243 | The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make |
2244 | a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work. |
2245 | |
2246 | Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU |
2247 | GPL and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and |
2248 | Artistic). Larry has good reasons for NOT just using the GNU GPL. |
2249 | |
2250 | My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the |
5a964f20 |
2251 | Perl community at large is to state something simply like: |
f102b883 |
2252 | |
2253 | Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved. |
2254 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
2255 | modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. |
2256 | |
2257 | This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may |
2258 | also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files. |
2259 | Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright. |
2260 | |
4e860d0a |
2261 | =item * |
2262 | |
2263 | Give the module a version/issue/release number. |
f102b883 |
2264 | |
2265 | To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you |
2266 | should store your module's version number in a non-my package |
2267 | variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point |
2268 | number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, |
2269 | e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. |
19799a22 |
2270 | See L<Exporter> for details. |
f102b883 |
2271 | |
2272 | It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number. |
2273 | Use the number in announcements and archive file names when |
2274 | releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z). |
2275 | See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details. |
2276 | |
4e860d0a |
2277 | =item * |
2278 | |
2279 | How to release and distribute a module. |
f102b883 |
2280 | |
2281 | It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your |
2282 | module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce |
2283 | Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off |
2284 | distribution. |
2285 | |
2e1d04bc |
2286 | If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should |
f102b883 |
2287 | include details of its location in your announcement. |
2288 | |
2289 | Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file |
5a964f20 |
2290 | name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories |
f102b883 |
2291 | will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your |
2292 | file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification |
2293 | message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get |
2294 | deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed |
2295 | and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its |
2296 | location. |
2297 | |
2298 | FTP Archives for Perl Modules: |
2299 | |
6cecdcac |
2300 | Follow the instructions and links on: |
f102b883 |
2301 | |
4e860d0a |
2302 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html |
2303 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html |
f102b883 |
2304 | |
2305 | or upload to one of these sites: |
2306 | |
6cecdcac |
2307 | https://pause.kbx.de/pause/ |
2308 | http://pause.perl.org/pause/ |
f102b883 |
2309 | |
6cecdcac |
2310 | and notify <modules@perl.org>. |
f102b883 |
2311 | |
2312 | By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror |
2313 | your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on |
2314 | CPAN! |
2315 | |
2316 | Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list! |
2317 | |
4e860d0a |
2318 | =item * |
2319 | |
2320 | Take care when changing a released module. |
f102b883 |
2321 | |
7b8d334a |
2322 | Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions. |
2323 | Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the |
19799a22 |
2324 | old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes. |
f102b883 |
2325 | |
2326 | =back |
2327 | |
2328 | =back |
2329 | |
2330 | =head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules |
2331 | |
2332 | =over 4 |
2333 | |
4e860d0a |
2334 | =item * |
2335 | |
2336 | There is no requirement to convert anything. |
f102b883 |
2337 | |
2338 | If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should |
2339 | continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor |
2340 | changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but |
2341 | there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that. |
2342 | |
4e860d0a |
2343 | =item * |
2344 | |
2345 | Consider the implications. |
f102b883 |
2346 | |
5a964f20 |
2347 | All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to |
f102b883 |
2348 | be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is |
2349 | it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time? |
2350 | |
4e860d0a |
2351 | =item * |
2352 | |
2353 | Make the most of the opportunity. |
f102b883 |
2354 | |
2355 | If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the |
19799a22 |
2356 | opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module |
2357 | creation above include many of the issues you should consider. |
f102b883 |
2358 | |
4e860d0a |
2359 | =item * |
2360 | |
2361 | The pl2pm utility will get you started. |
f102b883 |
2362 | |
2363 | This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write |
2364 | corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following: |
2365 | |
2366 | =over 10 |
2367 | |
2368 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2369 | |
f102b883 |
2370 | Adds the standard Module prologue lines |
2371 | |
2372 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2373 | |
f102b883 |
2374 | Converts package specifiers from ' to :: |
2375 | |
2376 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2377 | |
f102b883 |
2378 | Converts die(...) to croak(...) |
2379 | |
2380 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2381 | |
f102b883 |
2382 | Several other minor changes |
2383 | |
2384 | =back |
2385 | |
2386 | Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted |
2387 | code will need careful checking, especially any package statements. |
2388 | Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works! |
2389 | |
2390 | =back |
2391 | |
2392 | =head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code |
2393 | |
2394 | =over 4 |
2395 | |
4e860d0a |
2396 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
2397 | |
2398 | Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library. |
f102b883 |
2399 | |
4e860d0a |
2400 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
2401 | |
2402 | Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused. |
f102b883 |
2403 | |
2404 | Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy |
2405 | to reuse. |
2406 | |
4e860d0a |
2407 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
2408 | |
2409 | Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files. |
f102b883 |
2410 | |
4e860d0a |
2411 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
2412 | |
2413 | Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces. |
2414 | |
4e860d0a |
2415 | =item * |
f102b883 |
2416 | |
551e1d92 |
2417 | In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small |
f102b883 |
2418 | |
2419 | fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases |
2420 | the application could invoked as: |
2421 | |
5a964f20 |
2422 | % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ... |
f102b883 |
2423 | or |
5a964f20 |
2424 | % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher) |
f102b883 |
2425 | |
2426 | =back |
2427 | |
2428 | =head1 NOTE |
2429 | |
2430 | Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may |
2431 | have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl |
2432 | doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer |
2433 | that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not |
2434 | because it has a shotgun. |
2435 | |
2436 | The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, |
2437 | and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is |
2438 | that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The |
2439 | written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other |
2440 | provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that |
2441 | you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences. |