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1 | # Generated by perlmodlib.PL DO NOT EDIT! |
2 | |
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3 | =head1 NAME |
4 | |
5 | perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones |
6 | |
7 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
8 | |
9 | =head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY |
10 | |
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11 | Many modules are included the Perl distribution. These are described |
12 | below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library |
13 | file (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be |
14 | autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated |
15 | by the installation process. You may also discover files in the |
16 | library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are |
17 | old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still |
18 | run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard |
19 | modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up |
20 | as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may |
21 | already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) |
22 | The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion, |
23 | but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof. |
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24 | |
25 | =head2 Pragmatic Modules |
26 | |
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27 | They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they |
28 | tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually |
29 | work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these |
30 | are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them |
31 | by saying: |
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32 | |
33 | no integer; |
34 | no strict 'refs'; |
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35 | no warnings; |
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36 | |
37 | which lasts until the end of that BLOCK. |
38 | |
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39 | Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the |
40 | C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, |
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41 | like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a |
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42 | variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than |
43 | just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file |
44 | for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no |
45 | vars> or C<no subs>. |
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46 | |
47 | The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation). |
48 | |
49 | =over 12 |
50 | |
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51 | =item attributes |
52 | |
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53 | Get/set subroutine or variable attributes |
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54 | |
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55 | =item attrs |
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56 | |
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57 | Set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated) |
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58 | |
59 | =item autouse |
60 | |
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61 | Postpone load of modules until a function is used |
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62 | |
63 | =item base |
64 | |
65 | Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time |
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66 | |
67 | =item blib |
68 | |
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69 | Use MakeMaker's uninstalled version of a package |
70 | |
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71 | =item bytes |
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72 | |
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73 | Force byte semantics rather than character semantics |
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74 | |
75 | =item charnames |
76 | |
77 | Define character names for C<\N{named}> string literal escape. |
78 | |
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79 | =item constant |
80 | |
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81 | Declare constants |
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82 | |
83 | =item diagnostics |
84 | |
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85 | Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning diagnostics |
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86 | |
87 | =item fields |
88 | |
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89 | Compile-time class fields |
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90 | |
91 | =item filetest |
92 | |
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93 | Control the filetest permission operators |
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94 | |
95 | =item integer |
96 | |
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97 | Use integer arithmetic instead of floating point |
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98 | |
99 | =item less |
100 | |
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101 | Request less of something from the compiler |
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102 | |
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103 | =item locale |
104 | |
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105 | Use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations |
106 | |
107 | =item open |
108 | |
109 | Set default disciplines for input and output |
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110 | |
111 | =item ops |
112 | |
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113 | Restrict unsafe operations when compiling |
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114 | |
115 | =item overload |
116 | |
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117 | Package for overloading perl operations |
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118 | |
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119 | =item re |
120 | |
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121 | Alter regular expression behaviour |
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122 | |
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123 | =item sigtrap |
124 | |
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125 | Enable simple signal handling |
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126 | |
127 | =item strict |
128 | |
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129 | Restrict unsafe constructs |
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130 | |
131 | =item subs |
132 | |
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133 | Predeclare sub names |
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134 | |
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135 | =item unicode::distinct |
136 | |
137 | Strictly distinguish UTF8 data and non-UTF data. |
138 | |
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139 | =item utf8 |
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140 | |
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141 | Enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code |
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142 | |
143 | =item vars |
144 | |
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145 | Predeclare global variable names (obsolete) |
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146 | |
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147 | =item warnings |
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148 | |
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149 | Control optional warnings |
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150 | |
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151 | =item warnings::register |
152 | |
153 | Warnings import function |
154 | |
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155 | =back |
156 | |
157 | =head2 Standard Modules |
158 | |
159 | Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined |
160 | manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the |
161 | Exporter module. See their own documentation for details. |
162 | |
163 | =over 12 |
164 | |
165 | =item AnyDBM_File |
166 | |
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167 | Provide framework for multiple DBMs |
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168 | |
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169 | =item Attribute::Handlers |
170 | |
171 | Simpler definition of attribute handlers |
172 | |
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173 | =item AutoLoader |
174 | |
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175 | Load subroutines only on demand |
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176 | |
177 | =item AutoSplit |
178 | |
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179 | Split a package for autoloading |
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180 | |
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181 | =item B |
182 | |
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183 | The Perl Compiler |
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184 | |
185 | =item B::Asmdata |
186 | |
187 | Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode |
188 | |
189 | =item B::Assembler |
190 | |
191 | Assemble Perl bytecode |
192 | |
193 | =item B::Bblock |
194 | |
195 | Walk basic blocks |
196 | |
197 | =item B::Bytecode |
198 | |
199 | Perl compiler's bytecode backend |
200 | |
201 | =item B::C |
202 | |
203 | Perl compiler's C backend |
204 | |
205 | =item B::CC |
206 | |
207 | Perl compiler's optimized C translation backend |
208 | |
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209 | =item B::Concise |
210 | |
211 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops |
212 | |
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213 | =item B::Debug |
214 | |
215 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops |
216 | |
217 | =item B::Deparse |
218 | |
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219 | Perl compiler backend to produce perl code |
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220 | |
221 | =item B::Disassembler |
222 | |
223 | Disassemble Perl bytecode |
224 | |
225 | =item B::Lint |
226 | |
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227 | Perl lint |
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228 | |
229 | =item B::Showlex |
230 | |
231 | Show lexical variables used in functions or files |
232 | |
233 | =item B::Stackobj |
234 | |
235 | Helper module for CC backend |
236 | |
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237 | =item B::Stash |
238 | |
239 | Show what stashes are loaded |
240 | |
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241 | =item B::Terse |
242 | |
243 | Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops |
244 | |
245 | =item B::Xref |
246 | |
247 | Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs |
248 | |
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249 | =item Benchmark |
250 | |
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251 | Benchmark running times of Perl code |
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252 | |
253 | =item ByteLoader |
254 | |
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255 | Load byte compiled perl code |
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256 | |
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257 | =item CGI |
258 | |
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259 | Simple Common Gateway Interface Class |
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260 | |
261 | =item CGI::Apache |
262 | |
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263 | Backward compatibility module for CGI.pm |
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264 | |
265 | =item CGI::Carp |
266 | |
267 | CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log |
268 | |
269 | =item CGI::Cookie |
270 | |
271 | Interface to Netscape Cookies |
272 | |
273 | =item CGI::Fast |
274 | |
275 | CGI Interface for Fast CGI |
276 | |
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277 | =item CGI::Pretty |
278 | |
279 | Module to produce nicely formatted HTML code |
280 | |
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281 | =item CGI::Push |
282 | |
283 | Simple Interface to Server Push |
284 | |
285 | =item CGI::Switch |
286 | |
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287 | Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI::Switch |
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288 | |
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289 | =item CGI::Util |
290 | |
291 | Internal utilities used by CGI module |
292 | |
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293 | =item CPAN |
294 | |
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295 | Query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites |
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296 | |
297 | =item CPAN::FirstTime |
298 | |
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299 | Utility for CPAN::Config file Initialization |
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300 | |
301 | =item CPAN::Nox |
302 | |
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303 | Wrapper around CPAN.pm without using any XS module |
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304 | |
305 | =item Carp |
306 | |
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307 | Warn of errors (from perspective of caller) |
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308 | |
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309 | =item Carp::Heavy |
310 | |
311 | No user serviceable parts inside |
312 | |
313 | =item Class::ISA |
314 | |
315 | Report the search path for a class's ISA tree |
316 | |
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317 | =item Class::Struct |
318 | |
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319 | Declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes |
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320 | |
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321 | =item Cwd |
322 | |
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323 | Get pathname of current working directory |
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324 | |
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325 | =item DB |
326 | |
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327 | Programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to |
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328 | |
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329 | =item DB_File |
330 | |
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331 | Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x |
332 | |
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333 | =item Devel::SelfStubber |
334 | |
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335 | Generate stubs for a SelfLoading module |
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336 | |
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337 | =item Digest |
338 | |
339 | Modules that calculate message digests |
340 | |
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341 | =item DirHandle |
342 | |
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343 | Supply object methods for directory handles |
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344 | |
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345 | =item Dumpvalue |
346 | |
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347 | Provides screen dump of Perl data. |
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348 | |
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349 | =item Encode |
350 | |
351 | Character encodings |
352 | |
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353 | =item Encode::EncodeFormat |
354 | |
355 | The format of encoding tables of the Encode extension |
356 | |
357 | =item Encode::Tcl |
358 | |
359 | Tcl encodings |
360 | |
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361 | =item English |
362 | |
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363 | Use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables |
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364 | |
365 | =item Env |
366 | |
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367 | Perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays |
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368 | |
369 | =item Exporter |
370 | |
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371 | Implements default import method for modules |
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372 | |
373 | =item Exporter::Heavy |
374 | |
375 | Exporter guts |
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376 | |
377 | =item ExtUtils::Command |
378 | |
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379 | Utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc. |
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380 | |
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381 | =item ExtUtils::Constant |
382 | |
383 | Generate XS code to import C header constants |
384 | |
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385 | =item ExtUtils::Embed |
386 | |
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387 | Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C++ applications |
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388 | |
389 | =item ExtUtils::Install |
390 | |
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391 | Install files from here to there |
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392 | |
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393 | =item ExtUtils::Installed |
394 | |
395 | Inventory management of installed modules |
396 | |
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397 | =item ExtUtils::Liblist |
398 | |
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399 | Determine libraries to use and how to use them |
400 | |
401 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin |
402 | |
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403 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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404 | |
405 | =item ExtUtils::MM_OS2 |
406 | |
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407 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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408 | |
409 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Unix |
410 | |
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411 | Methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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412 | |
413 | =item ExtUtils::MM_VMS |
414 | |
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415 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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416 | |
417 | =item ExtUtils::MM_Win32 |
418 | |
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419 | Methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
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420 | |
421 | =item ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
422 | |
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423 | Create an extension Makefile |
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424 | |
425 | =item ExtUtils::Manifest |
426 | |
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427 | Utilities to write and check a MANIFEST file |
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428 | |
429 | =item ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap |
430 | |
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431 | Make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader |
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432 | |
433 | =item ExtUtils::Mksymlists |
434 | |
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435 | Write linker options files for dynamic extension |
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436 | |
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437 | =item ExtUtils::Packlist |
438 | |
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439 | Manage .packlist files |
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440 | |
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441 | =item ExtUtils::testlib |
442 | |
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443 | Add blib/* directories to @INC |
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444 | |
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445 | =item Fatal |
446 | |
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447 | Replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die |
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448 | |
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449 | =item Fcntl |
450 | |
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451 | Load the C Fcntl.h defines |
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452 | |
453 | =item File::Basename |
454 | |
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455 | Split a pathname into pieces |
456 | |
457 | =item File::CheckTree |
458 | |
459 | Run many filetest checks on a tree |
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460 | |
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461 | =item File::Compare |
462 | |
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463 | Compare files or filehandles |
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464 | |
465 | =item File::Copy |
466 | |
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467 | Copy files or filehandles |
468 | |
469 | =item File::DosGlob |
470 | |
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471 | DOS like globbing and then some |
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472 | |
473 | =item File::Find |
474 | |
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475 | Traverse a file tree |
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476 | |
477 | =item File::Path |
478 | |
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479 | Create or remove directory trees |
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480 | |
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481 | =item File::Spec |
482 | |
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483 | Portably perform operations on file names |
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484 | |
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485 | =item File::Spec::Epoc |
486 | |
487 | Methods for Epoc file specs |
488 | |
f505c983 |
489 | =item File::Spec::Functions |
490 | |
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491 | Portably perform operations on file names |
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492 | |
493 | =item File::Spec::Mac |
494 | |
495 | File::Spec for MacOS |
496 | |
497 | =item File::Spec::OS2 |
498 | |
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499 | Methods for OS/2 file specs |
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500 | |
501 | =item File::Spec::Unix |
502 | |
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503 | Methods used by File::Spec |
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504 | |
505 | =item File::Spec::VMS |
506 | |
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507 | Methods for VMS file specs |
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508 | |
509 | =item File::Spec::Win32 |
510 | |
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511 | Methods for Win32 file specs |
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512 | |
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513 | =item File::Temp |
514 | |
515 | Return name and handle of a temporary file safely |
516 | |
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517 | =item File::stat |
518 | |
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519 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in stat() functions |
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520 | |
521 | =item FileCache |
522 | |
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523 | Keep more files open than the system permits |
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524 | |
525 | =item FileHandle |
526 | |
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527 | Supply object methods for filehandles |
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528 | |
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529 | =item Filter::Simple |
530 | |
531 | Simplified source filtering |
532 | |
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533 | =item FindBin |
534 | |
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535 | Locate directory of original perl script |
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536 | |
537 | =item Getopt::Long |
538 | |
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539 | Extended processing of command line options |
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540 | |
541 | =item Getopt::Std |
542 | |
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543 | Process single-character switches with switch clustering |
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544 | |
545 | =item I18N::Collate |
546 | |
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547 | Compare 8-bit scalar data according to the current locale |
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548 | |
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549 | =item I18N::LangTags |
550 | |
551 | Functions for dealing with RFC3066-style language tags |
552 | |
553 | =item I18N::LangTags::List |
554 | |
555 | List of tags for human languages |
556 | |
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557 | =item IO |
558 | |
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559 | Load various IO modules |
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560 | |
561 | =item IPC::Open2 |
562 | |
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563 | Open a process for both reading and writing |
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564 | |
565 | =item IPC::Open3 |
566 | |
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567 | Open a process for reading, writing, and error handling |
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568 | |
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569 | =item Locale::Constants |
570 | |
571 | Constants for Locale codes |
572 | |
573 | =item Locale::Country |
574 | |
575 | ISO codes for country identification (ISO 3166) |
576 | |
577 | =item Locale::Currency |
578 | |
579 | ISO three letter codes for currency identification (ISO 4217) |
580 | |
581 | =item Locale::Language |
582 | |
583 | ISO two letter codes for language identification (ISO 639) |
584 | |
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585 | =item Locale::Maketext |
586 | |
587 | Framework for localization |
588 | |
589 | =item Locale::Maketext::TPJ13 |
590 | |
591 | Article about software localization |
592 | |
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593 | =item Math::BigFloat |
594 | |
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595 | Arbitrary length float math package |
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596 | |
597 | =item Math::BigInt |
598 | |
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599 | Arbitrary size integer math package |
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600 | |
601 | =item Math::Complex |
602 | |
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603 | Complex numbers and associated mathematical functions |
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604 | |
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605 | =item Math::Trig |
606 | |
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607 | Trigonometric functions |
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608 | |
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609 | =item NDBM_File |
610 | |
611 | Tied access to ndbm files |
612 | |
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613 | =item NEXT |
614 | |
615 | Provide a pseudo-class NEXT that allows method redispatch |
616 | |
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617 | =item Net::Ping |
618 | |
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619 | Check a remote host for reachability |
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620 | |
621 | =item Net::hostent |
622 | |
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623 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in gethost*() functions |
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624 | |
625 | =item Net::netent |
626 | |
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627 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getnet*() functions |
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628 | |
629 | =item Net::protoent |
630 | |
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631 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getproto*() functions |
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632 | |
633 | =item Net::servent |
634 | |
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635 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getserv*() functions |
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636 | |
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637 | =item O |
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638 | |
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639 | Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends |
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640 | |
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641 | =item ODBM_File |
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642 | |
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643 | Tied access to odbm files |
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644 | |
2e1d04bc |
645 | =item Opcode |
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646 | |
2e1d04bc |
647 | Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code |
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648 | |
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649 | =item POSIX |
650 | |
651 | Perl interface to IEEE Std 1003.1 |
652 | |
653 | =item PerlIO |
654 | |
655 | On demand loader for PerlIO layers and root of PerlIO::* name space |
656 | |
9e107c59 |
657 | =item Pod::Checker |
658 | |
659 | Check pod documents for syntax errors |
660 | |
2e1d04bc |
661 | =item Pod::Find |
662 | |
663 | Find POD documents in directory trees |
664 | |
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665 | =item Pod::Html |
666 | |
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667 | Module to convert pod files to HTML |
668 | |
669 | =item Pod::InputObjects |
670 | |
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671 | Objects representing POD input paragraphs, commands, etc. |
9e107c59 |
672 | |
13a2d996 |
673 | =item Pod::LaTeX |
674 | |
675 | Convert Pod data to formatted Latex |
676 | |
9e107c59 |
677 | =item Pod::Man |
678 | |
679 | Convert POD data to formatted *roff input |
680 | |
2e1d04bc |
681 | =item Pod::ParseUtils |
682 | |
683 | Helpers for POD parsing and conversion |
684 | |
9e107c59 |
685 | =item Pod::Parser |
686 | |
687 | Base class for creating POD filters and translators |
688 | |
2e1d04bc |
689 | =item Pod::Plainer |
690 | |
691 | Perl extension for converting Pod to old style Pod. |
692 | |
9e107c59 |
693 | =item Pod::Select |
694 | |
695 | Extract selected sections of POD from input |
19799a22 |
696 | |
697 | =item Pod::Text |
698 | |
9e107c59 |
699 | Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text |
700 | |
701 | =item Pod::Text::Color |
702 | |
703 | Convert POD data to formatted color ASCII text |
704 | |
4e860d0a |
705 | =item Pod::Text::Overstrike |
706 | |
707 | Convert POD data to formatted overstrike text |
708 | |
2e1d04bc |
709 | =item Pod::Text::Termcap |
710 | |
711 | Convert POD data to ASCII text with format escapes |
712 | |
9e107c59 |
713 | =item Pod::Usage |
714 | |
715 | Print a usage message from embedded pod documentation |
f102b883 |
716 | |
717 | =item SDBM_File |
718 | |
19799a22 |
719 | Tied access to sdbm files |
f102b883 |
720 | |
721 | =item Safe |
722 | |
19799a22 |
723 | Compile and execute code in restricted compartments |
f102b883 |
724 | |
725 | =item Search::Dict |
726 | |
9e107c59 |
727 | Search for key in dictionary file |
f102b883 |
728 | |
729 | =item SelectSaver |
730 | |
9e107c59 |
731 | Save and restore selected file handle |
f102b883 |
732 | |
733 | =item SelfLoader |
734 | |
9e107c59 |
735 | Load functions only on demand |
f102b883 |
736 | |
737 | =item Shell |
738 | |
2e1d04bc |
739 | Run shell commands transparently within perl |
f102b883 |
740 | |
741 | =item Socket |
742 | |
2e1d04bc |
743 | Load the C socket.h defines and structure manipulators |
f102b883 |
744 | |
13a2d996 |
745 | =item Storable |
746 | |
747 | Persistency for perl data structures |
748 | |
4e860d0a |
749 | =item Switch |
750 | |
751 | A switch statement for Perl |
752 | |
f102b883 |
753 | =item Symbol |
754 | |
9e107c59 |
755 | Manipulate Perl symbols and their names |
f102b883 |
756 | |
2e1d04bc |
757 | =item Term::ANSIColor |
f102b883 |
758 | |
2e1d04bc |
759 | Color screen output using ANSI escape sequences |
f102b883 |
760 | |
761 | =item Term::Cap |
762 | |
2e1d04bc |
763 | Perl termcap interface |
f102b883 |
764 | |
765 | =item Term::Complete |
766 | |
2e1d04bc |
767 | Perl word completion module |
f102b883 |
768 | |
769 | =item Term::ReadLine |
770 | |
2e1d04bc |
771 | Perl interface to various C<readline> packages. If |
19799a22 |
772 | |
773 | =item Test |
774 | |
9e107c59 |
775 | Provides a simple framework for writing test scripts |
f102b883 |
776 | |
777 | =item Test::Harness |
778 | |
2e1d04bc |
779 | Run perl standard test scripts with statistics |
f102b883 |
780 | |
781 | =item Text::Abbrev |
782 | |
9e107c59 |
783 | Create an abbreviation table from a list |
f102b883 |
784 | |
4e860d0a |
785 | =item Text::Balanced |
786 | |
787 | Extract delimited text sequences from strings. |
788 | |
f102b883 |
789 | =item Text::ParseWords |
790 | |
2e1d04bc |
791 | Parse text into an array of tokens or array of arrays |
f102b883 |
792 | |
793 | =item Text::Soundex |
794 | |
2e1d04bc |
795 | Implementation of the Soundex Algorithm as Described by Knuth |
f102b883 |
796 | |
4e860d0a |
797 | =item Text::Tabs |
798 | |
799 | Expand and unexpand tabs per the unix expand(1) and unexpand(1) |
800 | |
f102b883 |
801 | =item Text::Wrap |
802 | |
9e107c59 |
803 | Line wrapping to form simple paragraphs |
19799a22 |
804 | |
805 | =item Tie::Array |
806 | |
9e107c59 |
807 | Base class for tied arrays |
19799a22 |
808 | |
809 | =item Tie::Handle |
810 | |
9e107c59 |
811 | Base class definitions for tied handles |
19799a22 |
812 | |
9e107c59 |
813 | =item Tie::Hash |
f102b883 |
814 | |
9e107c59 |
815 | Base class definitions for tied hashes |
f102b883 |
816 | |
817 | =item Tie::RefHash |
818 | |
9e107c59 |
819 | Use references as hash keys |
f102b883 |
820 | |
9e107c59 |
821 | =item Tie::Scalar |
f102b883 |
822 | |
9e107c59 |
823 | Base class definitions for tied scalars |
f102b883 |
824 | |
825 | =item Tie::SubstrHash |
826 | |
19799a22 |
827 | Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing |
f102b883 |
828 | |
829 | =item Time::Local |
830 | |
9e107c59 |
831 | Efficiently compute time from local and GMT time |
f102b883 |
832 | |
833 | =item Time::gmtime |
834 | |
9e107c59 |
835 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in gmtime() function |
f102b883 |
836 | |
837 | =item Time::localtime |
838 | |
9e107c59 |
839 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in localtime() function |
f102b883 |
840 | |
841 | =item Time::tm |
842 | |
9e107c59 |
843 | Internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime |
f102b883 |
844 | |
845 | =item UNIVERSAL |
846 | |
9e107c59 |
847 | Base class for ALL classes (blessed references) |
f102b883 |
848 | |
849 | =item User::grent |
850 | |
9e107c59 |
851 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getgr*() functions |
f102b883 |
852 | |
853 | =item User::pwent |
854 | |
9e107c59 |
855 | By-name interface to Perl's built-in getpw*() functions |
f102b883 |
856 | |
4e860d0a |
857 | =item Win32 |
858 | |
859 | Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions |
860 | |
f102b883 |
861 | =back |
862 | |
19799a22 |
863 | To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including |
2e1d04bc |
864 | those without documentation or outside the standard release, |
b1866b2d |
865 | just do this: |
f102b883 |
866 | |
5a964f20 |
867 | % find `perl -e 'print "@INC"'` -name '*.pm' -print |
f102b883 |
868 | |
2e1d04bc |
869 | They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible |
870 | via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find> |
19799a22 |
871 | program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which |
872 | generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you |
873 | have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have |
2e1d04bc |
874 | to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no |
875 | system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program. |
f102b883 |
876 | |
877 | =head2 Extension Modules |
878 | |
19799a22 |
879 | Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They |
880 | are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, |
2e1d04bc |
881 | but may also be be linked in statically. Supported extension modules |
19799a22 |
882 | include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX. |
f102b883 |
883 | |
884 | Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not |
19799a22 |
885 | completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time |
886 | for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of |
887 | platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to |
888 | look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines |
889 | like Alta Vista or Deja News. |
f102b883 |
890 | |
891 | =head1 CPAN |
892 | |
19799a22 |
893 | CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally |
894 | replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style |
2e1d04bc |
895 | guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and |
19799a22 |
896 | occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for |
897 | CPAN can be found at http://cpan.perl.com/ and at |
898 | http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_perl/cpan-search.pl . |
899 | |
900 | Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, |
901 | some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of |
902 | modules are: |
f102b883 |
903 | |
4e860d0a |
904 | =over |
f102b883 |
905 | |
906 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
907 | |
f102b883 |
908 | Language Extensions and Documentation Tools |
909 | |
910 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
911 | |
f102b883 |
912 | Development Support |
913 | |
914 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
915 | |
f102b883 |
916 | Operating System Interfaces |
917 | |
918 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
919 | |
f102b883 |
920 | Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication |
921 | |
922 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
923 | |
f102b883 |
924 | Data Types and Data Type Utilities |
925 | |
926 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
927 | |
f102b883 |
928 | Database Interfaces |
929 | |
930 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
931 | |
f102b883 |
932 | User Interfaces |
933 | |
934 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
935 | |
f102b883 |
936 | Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages |
937 | |
938 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
939 | |
f102b883 |
940 | File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles) |
941 | |
942 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
943 | |
f102b883 |
944 | String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching |
945 | |
946 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
947 | |
f102b883 |
948 | Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing |
949 | |
950 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
951 | |
f102b883 |
952 | Internationalization and Locale |
953 | |
954 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
955 | |
f102b883 |
956 | Authentication, Security, and Encryption |
957 | |
958 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
959 | |
f102b883 |
960 | World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME |
961 | |
962 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
963 | |
f102b883 |
964 | Server and Daemon Utilities |
965 | |
966 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
967 | |
f102b883 |
968 | Archiving and Compression |
969 | |
970 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
971 | |
f102b883 |
972 | Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing |
973 | |
974 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
975 | |
f102b883 |
976 | Mail and Usenet News |
977 | |
978 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
979 | |
f102b883 |
980 | Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc) |
981 | |
982 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
983 | |
f102b883 |
984 | File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities |
985 | |
986 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
987 | |
f102b883 |
988 | Miscellaneous Modules |
989 | |
990 | =back |
991 | |
19799a22 |
992 | Registered CPAN sites as of this writing include the following. |
f102b883 |
993 | You should try to choose one close to you: |
994 | |
4e860d0a |
995 | =head2 Africa |
996 | |
cea6626f |
997 | =over 4 |
f102b883 |
998 | |
4e860d0a |
999 | =item * |
1000 | |
1001 | South Africa |
1002 | |
1003 | ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/ |
1004 | ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1005 | ftp://ftpza.co.za/pub/mirrors/cpan/ |
1006 | ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/ |
1007 | |
1008 | =back |
1009 | |
1010 | =head2 Asia |
1011 | |
1012 | =over 4 |
1013 | |
1014 | =item * |
1015 | |
1016 | China |
1017 | |
1018 | ftp://freesoft.cei.gov.cn/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1019 | http://www2.linuxforum.net/mirror/CPAN/ |
1020 | http://cpan.shellhung.org/ |
1021 | ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN |
1022 | |
1023 | =item * |
1024 | |
1025 | Hong Kong |
1026 | |
1027 | http://CPAN.pacific.net.hk/ |
1028 | ftp://ftp.pacific.net.hk/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1029 | |
1030 | =item * |
1031 | |
1032 | Indonesia |
1033 | |
1034 | http://piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/ |
1035 | ftp://mirrors.piksi.itb.ac.id/CPAN/ |
1036 | http://CPAN.mweb.co.id/ |
1037 | ftp://ftp.mweb.co.id/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1038 | |
1039 | =item * |
1040 | |
1041 | Israel |
1042 | |
1043 | http://www.iglu.org.il:/pub/CPAN/ |
1044 | ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/ |
1045 | http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ |
1046 | ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ |
1047 | |
1048 | =item * |
1049 | |
1050 | Japan |
1051 | |
1052 | ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1053 | ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/ |
1054 | http://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ |
1055 | ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ |
1056 | ftp://ftp.meisei-u.ac.jp/pub/CPAN/ |
1057 | ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1058 | ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
1059 | ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1060 | |
1061 | =item * |
1062 | |
1063 | Saudi Arabia |
1064 | |
1065 | ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/ |
1066 | |
1067 | =item * |
1068 | |
1069 | Singapore |
1070 | |
1071 | http://cpan.hjc.edu.sg |
1072 | http://ftp.nus.edu.sg/unix/perl/CPAN/ |
1073 | ftp://ftp.nus.edu.sg/pub/unix/perl/CPAN/ |
1074 | |
1075 | =item * |
1076 | |
1077 | South Korea |
1078 | |
1079 | http://CPAN.bora.net/ |
1080 | ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1081 | http://ftp.kornet.net/CPAN/ |
1082 | ftp://ftp.kornet.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1083 | ftp://ftp.nuri.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1084 | |
1085 | =item * |
1086 | |
1087 | Taiwan |
1088 | |
1089 | ftp://coda.nctu.edu.tw/UNIX/perl/CPAN |
1090 | ftp://ftp.ee.ncku.edu.tw/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1091 | ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/ |
1092 | |
1093 | =item * |
1094 | |
1095 | Thailand |
1096 | |
1097 | http://download.nectec.or.th/CPAN/ |
1098 | ftp://ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/languages/CPAN/ |
1099 | ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1100 | |
1101 | =back |
1102 | |
1103 | =head2 Central America |
1104 | |
1105 | =over 4 |
1106 | |
1107 | =item * |
1108 | |
1109 | Costa Rica |
1110 | |
1111 | ftp://ftp.linux.co.cr/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1112 | http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/ |
1113 | ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/ |
1114 | |
1115 | =back |
1116 | |
1117 | =head2 Europe |
1118 | |
1119 | =over 4 |
1120 | |
1121 | =item * |
1122 | |
1123 | Austria |
1124 | |
1125 | ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1126 | |
1127 | =item * |
1128 | |
1129 | Belgium |
1130 | |
1131 | http://ftp.easynet.be/CPAN/ |
1132 | ftp://ftp.easynet.be/CPAN/ |
1133 | ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1134 | |
1135 | =item * |
1136 | |
1137 | Bulgaria |
1138 | |
1139 | ftp://ftp.ntrl.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1140 | |
1141 | =item * |
1142 | |
1143 | Croatia |
1144 | |
1145 | ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ |
1146 | |
1147 | =item * |
1148 | |
1149 | Czech Republic |
1150 | |
1151 | http://www.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/ |
1152 | ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/perl/ |
1153 | ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1154 | |
1155 | =item * |
1156 | |
1157 | Denmark |
1158 | |
1159 | ftp://sunsite.auc.dk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1160 | http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/ |
1161 | ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ |
1162 | |
1163 | =item * |
1164 | |
1165 | England |
1166 | |
1167 | http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
1168 | ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1169 | ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/mirrors/perl/CPAN/ |
1170 | ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1171 | ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1172 | ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/CPAN/ |
1173 | http://mirror.uklinux.net/CPAN/ |
1174 | ftp://mirror.uklinux.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1175 | ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/ |
1176 | |
1177 | =item * |
1178 | |
1179 | Estonia |
1180 | |
1181 | ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1182 | |
1183 | =item * |
1184 | |
1185 | Finland |
1186 | |
1187 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1188 | |
1189 | =item * |
1190 | |
1191 | France |
1192 | |
1193 | ftp://cpan.ftp.worldonline.fr/pub/CPAN/ |
1194 | ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1195 | ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1196 | ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1197 | ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/ |
1198 | ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/ |
1199 | ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1200 | |
1201 | =item * |
1202 | |
1203 | Germany |
1204 | |
1205 | ftp://ftp.rz.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pub/CPAN/ |
1206 | ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1207 | ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/ |
1208 | ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN |
1209 | ftp://ftp.gigabell.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1210 | http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1211 | ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1212 | ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1213 | ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/comp/general/programming/languages/script/perl/CPAN/ |
1214 | ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1215 | ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1216 | |
1217 | =item * |
1218 | |
1219 | Greece |
1220 | |
1221 | ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
1222 | ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/ |
1223 | |
1224 | =item * |
1225 | |
1226 | Hungary |
1227 | |
1228 | http://cpan.artifact.hu/ |
1229 | ftp://cpan.artifact.hu/CPAN/ |
1230 | ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ |
1231 | |
1232 | =item * |
1233 | |
1234 | Iceland |
1235 | |
1236 | http://cpan.gm.is/ |
1237 | ftp://ftp.gm.is/pub/CPAN/ |
1238 | |
1239 | =item * |
1240 | |
1241 | Ireland |
1242 | |
1243 | http://cpan.indigo.ie/ |
1244 | ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/ |
1245 | http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ |
1246 | ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ |
1247 | |
1248 | =item * |
1249 | |
1250 | Italy |
1251 | |
1252 | http://cpan.nettuno.it/ |
1253 | http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/ |
1254 | ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN |
1255 | http://softcity.iol.it/cpan |
1256 | ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan |
1257 | ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/ |
1258 | ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/ |
1259 | ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/ |
1260 | ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/ |
1261 | ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/ |
1262 | |
1263 | =item * |
1264 | |
1265 | Latvia |
1266 | |
1267 | http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/ |
1268 | |
1269 | =item * |
1270 | |
1271 | Netherlands |
1272 | |
1273 | ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1274 | ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1275 | ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1276 | ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/ |
1277 | http://www.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ |
1278 | ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ |
1279 | |
1280 | =item * |
1281 | |
1282 | Norway |
1283 | |
1284 | ftp://sunsite.uio.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1285 | ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/ |
1286 | |
1287 | =item * |
1288 | |
1289 | Poland |
1290 | |
1291 | ftp://ftp.pk.edu.pl/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1292 | ftp://ftp.mega.net.pl/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.com/ |
1293 | ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/ |
1294 | ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/ |
1295 | |
1296 | =item * |
1297 | |
1298 | Portugal |
1299 | |
1300 | ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
1301 | ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
1302 | ftp://ftp.ist.utl.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
1303 | ftp://ftp.netc.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
1304 | |
1305 | =item * |
1306 | |
1307 | Romania |
1308 | |
1309 | ftp://archive.logicnet.ro/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ |
1310 | ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1311 | ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/ |
1312 | ftp://ftp.opsynet.com/cpan/ |
1313 | ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/ |
1314 | ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1315 | |
1316 | =item * |
1317 | |
1318 | Russia |
1319 | |
1320 | ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1321 | http://cpan.rinet.ru/ |
1322 | ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1323 | ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/ |
1324 | ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1325 | |
1326 | =item * |
1327 | |
1328 | Slovakia |
1329 | |
1330 | ftp://ftp.entry.sk/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1331 | |
1332 | =item * |
1333 | |
1334 | Slovenia |
1335 | |
1336 | ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/ |
1337 | |
1338 | =item * |
1339 | |
1340 | Spain |
1341 | |
1342 | ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/ |
1343 | ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/ |
1344 | |
1345 | =item * |
1346 | |
1347 | Sweden |
1348 | |
1349 | http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/ |
1350 | ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/ |
1351 | ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1352 | |
1353 | =item * |
1354 | |
1355 | Switzerland |
1356 | |
1357 | ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/ |
1358 | ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/ |
1359 | |
1360 | =item * |
1361 | |
1362 | Turkey |
1363 | |
1364 | ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/ |
1365 | |
1366 | =back |
1367 | |
1368 | =head2 North America |
1369 | |
1370 | =over 4 |
1371 | |
1372 | =item * |
1373 | |
1374 | Canada |
1375 | |
1376 | =over 8 |
1377 | |
1378 | =item * |
1379 | |
1380 | Alberta |
1381 | |
1382 | http://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/ |
1383 | ftp://sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/Mirror/CPAN/ |
1384 | |
1385 | =item * |
1386 | |
1387 | Manitoba |
1388 | |
1389 | http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
1390 | ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
1391 | |
1392 | =item * |
1393 | |
1394 | Nova Scotia |
1395 | |
1396 | ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
1397 | |
1398 | =item * |
1399 | |
1400 | Ontario |
1401 | |
1402 | ftp://ftp.crc.ca/pub/packages/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
1403 | |
1404 | =item * |
1405 | |
1406 | Mexico |
1407 | |
1408 | http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/ |
1409 | ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/ |
1410 | |
1411 | =back |
1412 | |
1413 | =item * |
1414 | |
1415 | United States |
1416 | |
1417 | =over 8 |
1418 | |
1419 | =item * |
1420 | |
1421 | Alabama |
1422 | |
1423 | http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ |
1424 | ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ |
1425 | |
1426 | =item * |
1427 | |
1428 | California |
1429 | |
1430 | http://www.cpan.org/ |
1431 | ftp://ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ |
1432 | ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1433 | ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/plan/perl/CPAN/ |
1434 | http://www.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/cpan/ |
1435 | ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/mirrors/cpan/ |
1436 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ |
1437 | http://download.sourceforge.net/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1438 | |
1439 | =item * |
1440 | |
1441 | Colorado |
1442 | |
1443 | ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1444 | |
1445 | =item * |
1446 | |
1447 | Florida |
1448 | |
1449 | ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1450 | |
1451 | =item * |
1452 | |
1453 | Georgia |
1454 | |
1455 | ftp://ftp.twoguys.org/CPAN/ |
1456 | |
1457 | =item * |
1458 | |
1459 | Illinois |
1460 | |
1461 | http://www.neurogames.com/mirrors/CPAN |
1462 | http://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1463 | ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1464 | |
1465 | =item * |
1466 | |
1467 | Indiana |
1468 | |
1469 | ftp://ftp.uwsg.indiana.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1470 | http://cpan.nitco.com/ |
1471 | ftp://cpan.nitco.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1472 | ftp://cpan.in-span.net/ |
1473 | http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN |
1474 | ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN |
1475 | |
1476 | =item * |
1477 | |
1478 | Kentucky |
1479 | |
1480 | http://cpan.uky.edu/ |
1481 | ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1482 | |
1483 | =item * |
1484 | |
1485 | Massachusetts |
1486 | |
1487 | ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
1488 | ftp://ftp.iguide.com/pub/mirrors/packages/perl/CPAN/ |
1489 | |
1490 | =item * |
1491 | |
1492 | New Jersey |
1493 | |
1494 | ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1495 | |
1496 | =item * |
1497 | |
1498 | New York |
1499 | |
1500 | ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1501 | http://www.deao.net/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1502 | ftp://ftp.deao.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1503 | ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ |
1504 | http://mirror.nyc.anidea.com/CPAN/ |
1505 | ftp://mirror.nyc.anidea.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1506 | http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ |
1507 | ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ |
1508 | ftp://mirrors.cloud9.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1509 | |
1510 | =item * |
1511 | |
1512 | North Carolina |
1513 | |
1514 | ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/ |
1515 | |
1516 | =item * |
1517 | |
1518 | Ohio |
1519 | |
1520 | ftp://ftp.loaded.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1521 | |
1522 | =item * |
1523 | |
1524 | Oklahoma |
1525 | |
1526 | ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1527 | |
1528 | =item * |
1529 | |
1530 | Oregon |
1531 | |
1532 | ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/packages/CPAN/ |
1533 | |
1534 | =item * |
1535 | |
1536 | Pennsylvania |
1537 | |
1538 | http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/ |
1539 | ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/ |
1540 | ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1541 | |
1542 | =item * |
1543 | |
1544 | Tennessee |
1545 | |
1546 | ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1547 | |
1548 | =item * |
1549 | |
1550 | Texas |
1551 | |
1552 | http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1553 | http://jhcloos.com/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1554 | ftp://jhcloos.com/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1555 | |
1556 | =item * |
1557 | |
1558 | Utah |
1559 | |
1560 | ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/ |
1561 | |
1562 | =item * |
1563 | |
1564 | Virginia |
1565 | |
1566 | http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
1567 | ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
1568 | ftp://ruff.cs.jmu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1569 | http://perl.Liquidation.com/CPAN/ |
1570 | |
1571 | =item * |
1572 | |
1573 | Washington |
1574 | |
1575 | http://cpan.llarian.net/ |
1576 | ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/ |
1577 | ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1578 | ftp://ftp.spu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
1579 | |
1580 | =back |
1581 | |
1582 | =back |
1583 | |
1584 | =head2 Oceania |
1585 | |
1586 | =over 4 |
1587 | |
1588 | =item * |
1589 | |
1590 | Australia |
1591 | |
1592 | http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1593 | ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ |
1594 | ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1595 | ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/ |
1596 | |
1597 | =item * |
1598 | |
1599 | New Zealand |
1600 | |
1601 | ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
1602 | |
1603 | =back |
1604 | |
1605 | =head2 South America |
1606 | |
1607 | =over 4 |
1608 | |
1609 | =item * |
1610 | |
1611 | Argentina |
1612 | |
1613 | ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/ |
1614 | |
1615 | =item * |
1616 | |
1617 | Brazil |
1618 | |
1619 | ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/ |
1620 | ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/ |
1621 | ftp://cpan.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
1622 | |
1623 | =item * |
1624 | |
1625 | Chile |
1626 | |
1627 | ftp://ftp.psinet.cl/pub/programming/perl/CPAN/ |
1628 | ftp://sunsite.dcc.uchile.cl/pub/lang/perl/ |
f102b883 |
1629 | |
1630 | =back |
1631 | |
1632 | For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, |
4e860d0a |
1633 | see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES . |
f102b883 |
1634 | |
1635 | =head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse |
1636 | |
1637 | (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules |
1638 | file, available at your nearest CPAN site.) |
1639 | |
1640 | Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a |
1641 | package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a |
1642 | namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be |
1643 | used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its |
1644 | first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), |
1645 | or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods). |
1646 | |
1647 | A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same |
1648 | name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be |
1649 | called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of |
1650 | its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be |
1651 | totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module |
1652 | might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on |
1653 | demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to |
2e1d04bc |
1654 | exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about |
f102b883 |
1655 | the AUTOLOAD mechanism. |
1656 | |
1657 | =head2 Guidelines for Module Creation |
1658 | |
1659 | =over 4 |
1660 | |
4e860d0a |
1661 | =item * |
1662 | |
1663 | Do similar modules already exist in some form? |
f102b883 |
1664 | |
1665 | If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or |
1666 | by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not |
1667 | practical try to get together with the module authors to work on |
1668 | extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules. |
1669 | A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing |
1670 | with command line options. |
1671 | |
1672 | If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of |
1673 | modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It |
1674 | helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction |
1675 | scheme as the original author. |
1676 | |
4e860d0a |
1677 | =item * |
1678 | |
1679 | Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse. |
f102b883 |
1680 | |
9f1b1f2d |
1681 | Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>). |
1682 | Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks |
2e1d04bc |
1683 | of code that need less warnings. |
19799a22 |
1684 | |
f102b883 |
1685 | Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless |
1686 | into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor, |
1687 | e.g.,: |
1688 | |
1689 | sub new { |
2e1d04bc |
1690 | my $class = shift; |
1691 | return bless {}, $class; |
f102b883 |
1692 | } |
1693 | |
1694 | or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static |
1695 | or a virtual method. |
1696 | |
1697 | sub new { |
2e1d04bc |
1698 | my $self = shift; |
1699 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
1700 | return bless {}, $class; |
f102b883 |
1701 | } |
1702 | |
1703 | Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later |
1704 | (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where |
1705 | appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones. |
1706 | Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate. |
1707 | |
1708 | Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>. |
19799a22 |
1709 | Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all. |
f102b883 |
1710 | Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired |
1711 | class names as far as possible. |
1712 | |
c47ff5f1 |
1713 | Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and |
1714 | C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details). |
f102b883 |
1715 | |
1716 | Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a |
5a964f20 |
1717 | burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to |
f102b883 |
1718 | the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying: |
1719 | |
1720 | eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller(); |
1721 | |
1722 | Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say |
19799a22 |
1723 | C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able |
f102b883 |
1724 | to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example, |
1725 | does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;> |
1726 | into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ? |
1727 | |
1728 | Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it |
1729 | difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state |
1730 | information in objects. |
1731 | |
2e1d04bc |
1732 | Always use B<-w>. |
19799a22 |
1733 | |
1734 | Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>). |
f102b883 |
1735 | Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks |
2e1d04bc |
1736 | of code that need less strictness. |
19799a22 |
1737 | |
2e1d04bc |
1738 | Always use B<-w>. |
19799a22 |
1739 | |
f102b883 |
1740 | Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual. |
1741 | |
19799a22 |
1742 | Always use B<-w>. |
1743 | |
4e860d0a |
1744 | =item * |
1745 | |
1746 | Some simple style guidelines |
f102b883 |
1747 | |
5a964f20 |
1748 | The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points. |
f102b883 |
1749 | |
1750 | Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their |
1751 | style over several years as they learn what helps them write and |
1752 | maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that |
1753 | seem to be widely used by experienced developers: |
1754 | |
1755 | Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read |
1756 | $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for |
1757 | non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works |
1758 | consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS. |
1759 | |
1760 | Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally |
1761 | reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer |
1762 | and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and |
1763 | use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable). |
1764 | |
1765 | You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope |
1766 | or nature of a variable. For example: |
1767 | |
5a964f20 |
1768 | $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars) |
f102b883 |
1769 | $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static |
1770 | $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables |
1771 | |
1772 | Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase. |
c47ff5f1 |
1773 | e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>. |
f102b883 |
1774 | |
1775 | You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or |
1776 | function should not be used outside the package that defined it. |
1777 | |
4e860d0a |
1778 | =item * |
1779 | |
1780 | Select what to export. |
f102b883 |
1781 | |
1782 | Do NOT export method names! |
1783 | |
1784 | Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason! |
1785 | |
1786 | Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must |
1787 | export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid |
1788 | short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes. |
1789 | |
1790 | Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the |
c47ff5f1 |
1791 | module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>) |
f102b883 |
1792 | syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to |
1793 | indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use. |
1794 | |
1795 | (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: |
1796 | C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that |
1797 | directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol |
1798 | table.) |
1799 | |
1800 | As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented |
1801 | then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then |
1802 | @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. |
1803 | |
4e860d0a |
1804 | =item * |
1805 | |
1806 | Select a name for the module. |
f102b883 |
1807 | |
1808 | This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as |
1809 | possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or |
1810 | more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special |
1811 | about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use |
1812 | nested module names to group informally or categorize a module. |
1813 | There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name. |
1814 | Module names should begin with a capital letter. |
1815 | |
1816 | Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone |
1817 | (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-). |
1818 | Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others. |
1819 | If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc. |
1820 | |
1821 | If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good |
1822 | practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will |
1823 | avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, |
1824 | Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide. |
1825 | |
1826 | If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's |
1827 | standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in |
1828 | those modules. |
1829 | |
165c0277 |
1830 | If developing modules for private internal or project specific use, |
1831 | that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure |
1832 | that their names will not clash with any future public module. You |
1833 | can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by |
1834 | using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*. |
1835 | |
f102b883 |
1836 | To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to |
1837 | 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is |
1838 | unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier. |
1839 | |
4e860d0a |
1840 | =item * |
1841 | |
1842 | Have you got it right? |
f102b883 |
1843 | |
1844 | How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you |
1845 | picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have |
1846 | you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions? |
1847 | |
1848 | The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions, |
1849 | is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about |
1850 | all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask. |
1851 | |
1852 | All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its |
1853 | purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is |
1854 | probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored |
1855 | by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!) |
1856 | |
1857 | Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be |
1858 | ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting |
1859 | others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you! |
1860 | |
4e860d0a |
1861 | =item * |
1862 | |
1863 | README and other Additional Files. |
f102b883 |
1864 | |
1865 | It's well known that software developers usually fully document the |
1866 | software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of |
1867 | your software and there is not enough time to write the full |
1868 | documentation please at least provide a README file containing: |
1869 | |
1870 | =over 10 |
1871 | |
1872 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
1873 | |
f102b883 |
1874 | A description of the module/package/extension etc. |
1875 | |
1876 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
1877 | |
f102b883 |
1878 | A copyright notice - see below. |
1879 | |
1880 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
1881 | |
f102b883 |
1882 | Prerequisites - what else you may need to have. |
1883 | |
1884 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
1885 | |
f102b883 |
1886 | How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc. |
1887 | |
1888 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
1889 | |
f102b883 |
1890 | How to install it. |
1891 | |
1892 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
1893 | |
f102b883 |
1894 | Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities |
1895 | |
1896 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
1897 | |
f102b883 |
1898 | Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future. |
1899 | |
1900 | =back |
1901 | |
1902 | If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to |
1903 | split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL, |
1904 | Copying, ToDo etc. |
1905 | |
1906 | =over 4 |
1907 | |
1908 | =item Adding a Copyright Notice. |
1909 | |
4e860d0a |
1910 | |
f102b883 |
1911 | How you choose to license your work is a personal decision. |
1912 | The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make |
1913 | a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work. |
1914 | |
1915 | Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU |
1916 | GPL and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and |
1917 | Artistic). Larry has good reasons for NOT just using the GNU GPL. |
1918 | |
1919 | My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the |
5a964f20 |
1920 | Perl community at large is to state something simply like: |
f102b883 |
1921 | |
1922 | Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved. |
1923 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
1924 | modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. |
1925 | |
1926 | This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may |
1927 | also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files. |
1928 | Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright. |
1929 | |
4e860d0a |
1930 | =item * |
1931 | |
1932 | Give the module a version/issue/release number. |
f102b883 |
1933 | |
1934 | To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you |
1935 | should store your module's version number in a non-my package |
1936 | variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point |
1937 | number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, |
1938 | e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. |
19799a22 |
1939 | See L<Exporter> for details. |
f102b883 |
1940 | |
1941 | It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number. |
1942 | Use the number in announcements and archive file names when |
1943 | releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z). |
1944 | See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details. |
1945 | |
4e860d0a |
1946 | =item * |
1947 | |
1948 | How to release and distribute a module. |
f102b883 |
1949 | |
1950 | It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your |
1951 | module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce |
1952 | Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off |
1953 | distribution. |
1954 | |
2e1d04bc |
1955 | If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should |
f102b883 |
1956 | include details of its location in your announcement. |
1957 | |
1958 | Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file |
5a964f20 |
1959 | name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories |
f102b883 |
1960 | will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your |
1961 | file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification |
1962 | message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get |
1963 | deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed |
1964 | and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its |
1965 | location. |
1966 | |
1967 | FTP Archives for Perl Modules: |
1968 | |
6cecdcac |
1969 | Follow the instructions and links on: |
f102b883 |
1970 | |
4e860d0a |
1971 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html |
1972 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html |
f102b883 |
1973 | |
1974 | or upload to one of these sites: |
1975 | |
6cecdcac |
1976 | https://pause.kbx.de/pause/ |
1977 | http://pause.perl.org/pause/ |
f102b883 |
1978 | |
6cecdcac |
1979 | and notify <modules@perl.org>. |
f102b883 |
1980 | |
1981 | By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror |
1982 | your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on |
1983 | CPAN! |
1984 | |
1985 | Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list! |
1986 | |
4e860d0a |
1987 | =item * |
1988 | |
1989 | Take care when changing a released module. |
f102b883 |
1990 | |
7b8d334a |
1991 | Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions. |
1992 | Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the |
19799a22 |
1993 | old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes. |
f102b883 |
1994 | |
1995 | =back |
1996 | |
1997 | =back |
1998 | |
1999 | =head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules |
2000 | |
2001 | =over 4 |
2002 | |
4e860d0a |
2003 | =item * |
2004 | |
2005 | There is no requirement to convert anything. |
f102b883 |
2006 | |
2007 | If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should |
2008 | continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor |
2009 | changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but |
2010 | there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that. |
2011 | |
4e860d0a |
2012 | =item * |
2013 | |
2014 | Consider the implications. |
f102b883 |
2015 | |
5a964f20 |
2016 | All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to |
f102b883 |
2017 | be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is |
2018 | it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time? |
2019 | |
4e860d0a |
2020 | =item * |
2021 | |
2022 | Make the most of the opportunity. |
f102b883 |
2023 | |
2024 | If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the |
19799a22 |
2025 | opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module |
2026 | creation above include many of the issues you should consider. |
f102b883 |
2027 | |
4e860d0a |
2028 | =item * |
2029 | |
2030 | The pl2pm utility will get you started. |
f102b883 |
2031 | |
2032 | This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write |
2033 | corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following: |
2034 | |
2035 | =over 10 |
2036 | |
2037 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2038 | |
f102b883 |
2039 | Adds the standard Module prologue lines |
2040 | |
2041 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2042 | |
f102b883 |
2043 | Converts package specifiers from ' to :: |
2044 | |
2045 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2046 | |
f102b883 |
2047 | Converts die(...) to croak(...) |
2048 | |
2049 | =item * |
4e860d0a |
2050 | |
f102b883 |
2051 | Several other minor changes |
2052 | |
2053 | =back |
2054 | |
2055 | Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted |
2056 | code will need careful checking, especially any package statements. |
2057 | Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works! |
2058 | |
2059 | =back |
2060 | |
2061 | =head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code |
2062 | |
2063 | =over 4 |
2064 | |
4e860d0a |
2065 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
2066 | |
2067 | Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library. |
f102b883 |
2068 | |
4e860d0a |
2069 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
2070 | |
2071 | Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused. |
f102b883 |
2072 | |
2073 | Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy |
2074 | to reuse. |
2075 | |
4e860d0a |
2076 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
2077 | |
2078 | Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files. |
f102b883 |
2079 | |
4e860d0a |
2080 | =item * |
551e1d92 |
2081 | |
2082 | Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces. |
2083 | |
4e860d0a |
2084 | =item * |
f102b883 |
2085 | |
551e1d92 |
2086 | In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small |
f102b883 |
2087 | |
2088 | fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases |
2089 | the application could invoked as: |
2090 | |
5a964f20 |
2091 | % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ... |
f102b883 |
2092 | or |
5a964f20 |
2093 | % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher) |
f102b883 |
2094 | |
2095 | =back |
2096 | |
2097 | =head1 NOTE |
2098 | |
2099 | Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may |
2100 | have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl |
2101 | doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer |
2102 | that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not |
2103 | because it has a shotgun. |
2104 | |
2105 | The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, |
2106 | and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is |
2107 | that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The |
2108 | written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other |
2109 | provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that |
2110 | you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences. |