Commit | Line | Data |
2e1d04bc |
1 | #!../miniperl |
2 | |
1fa7ca25 |
3 | $ENV{LC_ALL} = 'C'; |
4 | |
2e1d04bc |
5 | open (OUT, ">perlmodlib.tmp") or die $!; |
1fa7ca25 |
6 | my (@pragma, @mod, @MANIFEST); |
4d671226 |
7 | |
2e1d04bc |
8 | open (MANIFEST, "../MANIFEST") or die $!; |
4d671226 |
9 | @MANIFEST = grep !m</(?:t|demo)/>, <MANIFEST>; |
7ef5744c |
10 | push @MANIFEST, 'lib/Config.pod', 'lib/Errno.pm', 'lib/lib.pm', |
11 | 'lib/DynaLoader.pm', 'lib/XSLoader.pm'; |
2e1d04bc |
12 | |
4d671226 |
13 | for (@MANIFEST) { |
2e1d04bc |
14 | my $filename; |
15 | next unless s|^lib/|| or m|^ext/|; |
7ef5744c |
16 | my ($origfilename) = ($filename) = m|^(\S+)|; |
2e1d04bc |
17 | $filename =~ s|^[^/]+/|| if $filename =~ s|^ext/||; |
1fa7ca25 |
18 | next unless $filename =~ m!\.p(m|od)$!; |
7ef5744c |
19 | unless (open (MOD, "../lib/$filename")) { |
20 | unless (open (MOD, "../$origfilename")) { |
21 | warn "Couldn't open ../$origfilename: $!"; |
22 | next; |
23 | } |
24 | $filename = $origfilename; |
25 | } |
4e860d0a |
26 | |
1fa7ca25 |
27 | |
2e1d04bc |
28 | my ($name, $thing); |
29 | my $foundit=0; |
4e860d0a |
30 | { |
31 | local $/=""; |
32 | while (<MOD>) { |
33 | next unless /^=head1 NAME/; |
34 | $foundit++; |
35 | last; |
36 | } |
2e1d04bc |
37 | } |
4e860d0a |
38 | unless ($foundit) { |
1fa7ca25 |
39 | warn "$filename missing =head1 NAME (okay if there is respective .pod)\n"; |
4e860d0a |
40 | next; |
2e1d04bc |
41 | } |
2e1d04bc |
42 | my $title = <MOD>; |
43 | chomp($title); |
44 | close MOD; |
45 | |
46 | my $perlname = $filename; |
7ef5744c |
47 | $perlname =~ s!^.*\b(ext|lib)/!!; |
4e860d0a |
48 | $perlname =~ s!\.p(m|od)$!!; |
7ef5744c |
49 | $perlname =~ s!\b(\w+)/\1\b!$1!; |
4e860d0a |
50 | $perlname =~ s!/!::!g; |
51 | |
52 | ($name, $thing) = split / --? /, $title, 2; |
53 | |
54 | unless ($name and $thing) { |
55 | warn "$filename missing name\n" unless $name; |
56 | warn "$filename missing thing\n" unless $thing; |
57 | next; |
58 | } |
2e1d04bc |
59 | |
1fa7ca25 |
60 | |
4e860d0a |
61 | $thing =~ s/^perl pragma to //i; |
62 | $thing = ucfirst($thing); |
2e1d04bc |
63 | $title = "=item $perlname\n\n$thing\n\n"; |
64 | |
1fa7ca25 |
65 | if ($filename =~ /[A-Z]/) { |
2e1d04bc |
66 | push @mod, $title; |
67 | } else { |
68 | push @pragma, $title; |
69 | } |
70 | } |
71 | |
72 | print OUT <<'EOF'; |
c165c82a |
73 | =for maintainers |
74 | Generated by perlmodlib.PL -- DO NOT EDIT! |
843dbe26 |
75 | |
2e1d04bc |
76 | =head1 NAME |
77 | |
78 | perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones |
79 | |
2e1d04bc |
80 | =head1 THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY |
81 | |
7ef5744c |
82 | Many modules are included in the Perl distribution. These are described |
2e1d04bc |
83 | below, and all end in F<.pm>. You may discover compiled library |
7ef5744c |
84 | files (usually ending in F<.so>) or small pieces of modules to be |
2e1d04bc |
85 | autoloaded (ending in F<.al>); these were automatically generated |
86 | by the installation process. You may also discover files in the |
87 | library directory that end in either F<.pl> or F<.ph>. These are |
88 | old libraries supplied so that old programs that use them still |
89 | run. The F<.pl> files will all eventually be converted into standard |
90 | modules, and the F<.ph> files made by B<h2ph> will probably end up |
91 | as extension modules made by B<h2xs>. (Some F<.ph> values may |
92 | already be available through the POSIX, Errno, or Fcntl modules.) |
93 | The B<pl2pm> file in the distribution may help in your conversion, |
94 | but it's just a mechanical process and therefore far from bulletproof. |
95 | |
96 | =head2 Pragmatic Modules |
97 | |
98 | They work somewhat like compiler directives (pragmata) in that they |
99 | tend to affect the compilation of your program, and thus will usually |
100 | work well only when used within a C<use>, or C<no>. Most of these |
101 | are lexically scoped, so an inner BLOCK may countermand them |
102 | by saying: |
103 | |
104 | no integer; |
105 | no strict 'refs'; |
106 | no warnings; |
107 | |
108 | which lasts until the end of that BLOCK. |
109 | |
110 | Some pragmas are lexically scoped--typically those that affect the |
111 | C<$^H> hints variable. Others affect the current package instead, |
112 | like C<use vars> and C<use subs>, which allow you to predeclare a |
113 | variables or subroutines within a particular I<file> rather than |
114 | just a block. Such declarations are effective for the entire file |
115 | for which they were declared. You cannot rescind them with C<no |
116 | vars> or C<no subs>. |
117 | |
118 | The following pragmas are defined (and have their own documentation). |
119 | |
120 | =over 12 |
121 | |
122 | EOF |
123 | |
124 | print OUT $_ for (sort @pragma); |
125 | |
126 | print OUT <<EOF; |
127 | =back |
128 | |
129 | =head2 Standard Modules |
130 | |
131 | Standard, bundled modules are all expected to behave in a well-defined |
132 | manner with respect to namespace pollution because they use the |
133 | Exporter module. See their own documentation for details. |
134 | |
7ef5744c |
135 | It's possible that not all modules listed below are installed on your |
136 | system. For example, the GDBM_File module will not be installed if you |
137 | don't have the gdbm library. |
138 | |
2e1d04bc |
139 | =over 12 |
140 | |
141 | EOF |
142 | |
143 | print OUT $_ for (sort @mod); |
144 | |
145 | print OUT <<'EOF'; |
146 | =back |
147 | |
148 | To find out I<all> modules installed on your system, including |
149 | those without documentation or outside the standard release, |
a4373870 |
150 | just use the following command (under the default win32 shell, |
151 | double quotes should be used instead of single quotes). |
2e1d04bc |
152 | |
a4373870 |
153 | % perl -MFile::Find=find -MFile::Spec::Functions -Tlwe \ |
154 | 'find { wanted => sub { print canonpath $_ if /\.pm\z/ }, |
155 | no_chdir => 1 }, @INC' |
2e1d04bc |
156 | |
8518420c |
157 | (The -T is here to prevent '.' from being listed in @INC.) |
2e1d04bc |
158 | They should all have their own documentation installed and accessible |
159 | via your system man(1) command. If you do not have a B<find> |
160 | program, you can use the Perl B<find2perl> program instead, which |
161 | generates Perl code as output you can run through perl. If you |
162 | have a B<man> program but it doesn't find your modules, you'll have |
163 | to fix your manpath. See L<perl> for details. If you have no |
164 | system B<man> command, you might try the B<perldoc> program. |
165 | |
8518420c |
166 | Note also that the command C<perldoc perllocal> gives you a (possibly |
167 | incomplete) list of the modules that have been further installed on |
168 | your system. (The perllocal.pod file is updated by the standard MakeMaker |
169 | install process.) |
170 | |
2e1d04bc |
171 | =head2 Extension Modules |
172 | |
173 | Extension modules are written in C (or a mix of Perl and C). They |
174 | are usually dynamically loaded into Perl if and when you need them, |
da75cd15 |
175 | but may also be linked in statically. Supported extension modules |
2e1d04bc |
176 | include Socket, Fcntl, and POSIX. |
177 | |
178 | Many popular C extension modules do not come bundled (at least, not |
179 | completely) due to their sizes, volatility, or simply lack of time |
180 | for adequate testing and configuration across the multitude of |
181 | platforms on which Perl was beta-tested. You are encouraged to |
182 | look for them on CPAN (described below), or using web search engines |
7ef5744c |
183 | like Alta Vista or Google. |
2e1d04bc |
184 | |
185 | =head1 CPAN |
186 | |
187 | CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network; it's a globally |
188 | replicated trove of Perl materials, including documentation, style |
189 | guides, tricks and traps, alternate ports to non-Unix systems and |
190 | occasional binary distributions for these. Search engines for |
1577cd80 |
191 | CPAN can be found at http://www.cpan.org/ |
2e1d04bc |
192 | |
193 | Most importantly, CPAN includes around a thousand unbundled modules, |
194 | some of which require a C compiler to build. Major categories of |
195 | modules are: |
196 | |
197 | =over |
198 | |
199 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
200 | |
2e1d04bc |
201 | Language Extensions and Documentation Tools |
202 | |
203 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
204 | |
2e1d04bc |
205 | Development Support |
206 | |
207 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
208 | |
2e1d04bc |
209 | Operating System Interfaces |
210 | |
211 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
212 | |
2e1d04bc |
213 | Networking, Device Control (modems) and InterProcess Communication |
214 | |
215 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
216 | |
2e1d04bc |
217 | Data Types and Data Type Utilities |
218 | |
219 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
220 | |
2e1d04bc |
221 | Database Interfaces |
222 | |
223 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
224 | |
2e1d04bc |
225 | User Interfaces |
226 | |
227 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
228 | |
2e1d04bc |
229 | Interfaces to / Emulations of Other Programming Languages |
230 | |
231 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
232 | |
2e1d04bc |
233 | File Names, File Systems and File Locking (see also File Handles) |
234 | |
235 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
236 | |
2e1d04bc |
237 | String Processing, Language Text Processing, Parsing, and Searching |
238 | |
239 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
240 | |
2e1d04bc |
241 | Option, Argument, Parameter, and Configuration File Processing |
242 | |
243 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
244 | |
2e1d04bc |
245 | Internationalization and Locale |
246 | |
247 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
248 | |
2e1d04bc |
249 | Authentication, Security, and Encryption |
250 | |
251 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
252 | |
2e1d04bc |
253 | World Wide Web, HTML, HTTP, CGI, MIME |
254 | |
255 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
256 | |
2e1d04bc |
257 | Server and Daemon Utilities |
258 | |
259 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
260 | |
2e1d04bc |
261 | Archiving and Compression |
262 | |
263 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
264 | |
2e1d04bc |
265 | Images, Pixmap and Bitmap Manipulation, Drawing, and Graphing |
266 | |
267 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
268 | |
2e1d04bc |
269 | Mail and Usenet News |
270 | |
271 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
272 | |
2e1d04bc |
273 | Control Flow Utilities (callbacks and exceptions etc) |
274 | |
275 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
276 | |
2e1d04bc |
277 | File Handle and Input/Output Stream Utilities |
278 | |
279 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
280 | |
2e1d04bc |
281 | Miscellaneous Modules |
282 | |
283 | =back |
284 | |
5df44211 |
285 | The list of the registered CPAN sites as of this writing follows. |
286 | Please note that the sorting order is alphabetical on fields: |
287 | |
288 | Continent |
289 | | |
290 | |-->Country |
291 | | |
292 | |-->[state/province] |
293 | | |
294 | |-->ftp |
295 | | |
296 | |-->[http] |
297 | |
298 | and thus the North American servers happen to be listed between the |
299 | European and the South American sites. |
300 | |
301 | You should try to choose one close to you. |
2e1d04bc |
302 | |
4e860d0a |
303 | =head2 Africa |
304 | |
305 | =over 4 |
306 | |
5df44211 |
307 | =item South Africa |
4e860d0a |
308 | |
5c5c2539 |
309 | http://ftp.rucus.ru.ac.za/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
310 | ftp://ftp.rucus.ru.ac.za/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
311 | ftp://ftp.is.co.za/programming/perl/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
312 | ftp://ftp.saix.net/pub/CPAN/ |
313 | ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/CPAN/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
314 | |
315 | =back |
316 | |
317 | =head2 Asia |
318 | |
319 | =over 4 |
320 | |
5df44211 |
321 | =item China |
4e860d0a |
322 | |
5c5c2539 |
323 | http://cpan.linuxforum.net/ |
5df44211 |
324 | http://cpan.shellhung.org/ |
325 | ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/CPAN |
5c5c2539 |
326 | ftp://mirrors.hknet.com/CPAN |
c165c82a |
327 | |
5df44211 |
328 | =item Indonesia |
c165c82a |
329 | |
5c5c2539 |
330 | http://mirrors.tf.itb.ac.id/cpan/ |
5df44211 |
331 | http://cpan.cbn.net.id/ |
332 | ftp://ftp.cbn.net.id/mirror/CPAN |
c165c82a |
333 | |
5df44211 |
334 | =item Israel |
c165c82a |
335 | |
5df44211 |
336 | ftp://ftp.iglu.org.il/pub/CPAN/ |
337 | http://cpan.lerner.co.il/ |
338 | http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ |
339 | ftp://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/pub/software/perl/CPAN/ |
c165c82a |
340 | |
5df44211 |
341 | =item Japan |
c165c82a |
342 | |
5df44211 |
343 | ftp://ftp.u-aizu.ac.jp/pub/CPAN |
344 | ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/CPAN/ |
345 | http://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ |
346 | ftp://mirror.nucba.ac.jp/mirror/Perl/ |
5df44211 |
347 | ftp://ftp.ayamura.org/pub/CPAN/ |
348 | ftp://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
349 | ftp://ftp.dti.ad.jp/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
350 | ftp://ftp.ring.gr.jp/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
c165c82a |
351 | |
5c5c2539 |
352 | =item Malaysia |
c165c82a |
353 | |
5c5c2539 |
354 | http://cpan.MyBSD.org.my |
355 | http://mirror.leafbug.org/pub/CPAN |
356 | http://ossig.mncc.com.my/mirror/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
357 | |
5df44211 |
358 | =item Russian Federation |
4e860d0a |
359 | |
5df44211 |
360 | http://cpan.tomsk.ru |
361 | ftp://cpan.tomsk.ru/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
362 | |
5df44211 |
363 | =item Saudi Arabia |
4e860d0a |
364 | |
5df44211 |
365 | ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
366 | |
5df44211 |
367 | =item Singapore |
4e860d0a |
368 | |
5c5c2539 |
369 | http://CPAN.en.com.sg/ |
370 | ftp://cpan.en.com.sg/ |
5df44211 |
371 | http://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN |
372 | ftp://mirror.averse.net/pub/CPAN |
5c5c2539 |
373 | http://cpan.oss.eznetsols.org |
374 | ftp://ftp.oss.eznetsols.org/cpan |
4e860d0a |
375 | |
5df44211 |
376 | =item South Korea |
4e860d0a |
377 | |
5df44211 |
378 | http://CPAN.bora.net/ |
379 | ftp://ftp.bora.net/pub/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
380 | http://mirror.kr.FreeBSD.org/CPAN |
381 | ftp://ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
382 | |
5df44211 |
383 | =item Taiwan |
4e860d0a |
384 | |
5df44211 |
385 | ftp://ftp.nctu.edu.tw/UNIX/perl/CPAN |
5c5c2539 |
386 | http://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ |
387 | ftp://cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN |
388 | http://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN |
389 | ftp://ftp.isu.edu.tw/pub/CPAN |
5df44211 |
390 | ftp://ftp1.sinica.edu.tw/pub1/perl/CPAN/ |
391 | http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ |
392 | ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
393 | =item Thailand |
4e860d0a |
394 | |
5df44211 |
395 | ftp://ftp.loxinfo.co.th/pub/cpan/ |
396 | ftp://ftp.cs.riubon.ac.th/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
397 | |
398 | =back |
399 | |
400 | =head2 Central America |
401 | |
402 | =over 4 |
403 | |
5df44211 |
404 | =item Costa Rica |
4e860d0a |
405 | |
5df44211 |
406 | http://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/Unix/CPAN/ |
407 | ftp://ftp.ucr.ac.cr/pub/Unix/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
408 | |
409 | =back |
410 | |
411 | =head2 Europe |
412 | |
413 | =over 4 |
414 | |
5df44211 |
415 | =item Austria |
4e860d0a |
416 | |
5df44211 |
417 | ftp://ftp.tuwien.ac.at/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
418 | |
5df44211 |
419 | =item Belgium |
4e860d0a |
420 | |
5df44211 |
421 | http://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ |
422 | ftp://ftp.easynet.be/pub/CPAN/ |
423 | http://cpan.skynet.be |
5c5c2539 |
424 | ftp://ftp.cpan.skynet.be/pub/CPAN |
5df44211 |
425 | ftp://ftp.kulnet.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
426 | |
5df44211 |
427 | =item Bulgaria |
4e860d0a |
428 | |
5c5c2539 |
429 | http://cpan.online.bg |
430 | ftp://cpan.online.bg/cpan |
431 | http://cpan.zadnik.org |
432 | ftp://ftp.zadnik.org/mirrors/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
433 | http://cpan.lirex.net/ |
434 | ftp://ftp.lirex.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
435 | |
5df44211 |
436 | =item Croatia |
4e860d0a |
437 | |
5df44211 |
438 | http://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ |
439 | ftp://ftp.linux.hr/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
440 | |
5df44211 |
441 | =item Czech Republic |
4e860d0a |
442 | |
5df44211 |
443 | http://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/ |
444 | ftp://ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/CPAN/ |
445 | ftp://sunsite.mff.cuni.cz/MIRRORS/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
446 | |
5df44211 |
447 | =item Denmark |
4e860d0a |
448 | |
5df44211 |
449 | http://mirrors.sunsite.dk/cpan/ |
450 | ftp://sunsite.dk/mirrors/cpan/ |
451 | http://cpan.cybercity.dk |
452 | http://www.cpan.dk/CPAN/ |
453 | ftp://www.cpan.dk/ftp.cpan.org/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
454 | |
5df44211 |
455 | =item Estonia |
4e860d0a |
456 | |
5df44211 |
457 | ftp://ftp.ut.ee/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
458 | |
5df44211 |
459 | =item Finland |
4e860d0a |
460 | |
5df44211 |
461 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
462 | http://mirror.eunet.fi/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
463 | |
5df44211 |
464 | =item France |
c165c82a |
465 | |
5c5c2539 |
466 | http://www.enstimac.fr/Perl/CPAN |
5df44211 |
467 | http://ftp.u-paris10.fr/perl/CPAN |
468 | ftp://ftp.u-paris10.fr/perl/CPAN |
469 | http://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/ |
470 | ftp://cpan.mirrors.easynet.fr/pub/ftp.cpan.org/ |
471 | ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
472 | http://fr.cpan.org/ |
473 | ftp://ftp.lip6.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
474 | ftp://ftp.oleane.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
475 | ftp://ftp.pasteur.fr/pub/computing/CPAN/ |
476 | http://mir2.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org |
477 | ftp://mir1.ovh.net/ftp.cpan.org |
5c5c2539 |
478 | http://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
479 | ftp://ftp.crihan.fr/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
5df44211 |
480 | http://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN |
481 | ftp://ftp.u-strasbg.fr/CPAN |
482 | http://cpan.cict.fr/ |
483 | ftp://cpan.cict.fr/pub/CPAN/ |
484 | ftp://ftp.uvsq.fr/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
c165c82a |
485 | |
5df44211 |
486 | =item Germany |
c165c82a |
487 | |
5c5c2539 |
488 | ftp://ftp.rub.de/pub/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
489 | ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.cpan.org/pub/CPAN/ |
490 | ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/source/CPAN/ |
491 | ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/CPAN |
492 | http://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/ |
493 | ftp://pandemonium.tiscali.de/pub/CPAN/ |
494 | http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
495 | ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
496 | ftp://ftp.uni-hamburg.de/pub/soft/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
497 | ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/CPAN/ |
498 | http://cpan.noris.de/ |
499 | ftp://cpan.noris.de/pub/CPAN/ |
500 | ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
501 | ftp://ftp.gmd.de/mirrors/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
502 | |
5df44211 |
503 | =item Greece |
4e860d0a |
504 | |
5c5c2539 |
505 | ftp://ftp.acn.gr/pub/lang/perl |
5df44211 |
506 | ftp://ftp.forthnet.gr/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
507 | ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/lang/perl/ |
4e860d0a |
508 | |
5df44211 |
509 | =item Hungary |
4e860d0a |
510 | |
5df44211 |
511 | http://ftp.kfki.hu/packages/perl/CPAN/ |
512 | ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
513 | |
5df44211 |
514 | =item Iceland |
4e860d0a |
515 | |
5df44211 |
516 | http://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ |
517 | ftp://ftp.rhnet.is/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
518 | |
5df44211 |
519 | =item Ireland |
4e860d0a |
520 | |
5df44211 |
521 | http://cpan.indigo.ie/ |
522 | ftp://cpan.indigo.ie/pub/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
523 | http://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN |
524 | ftp://ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN |
5df44211 |
525 | http://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ |
526 | ftp://sunsite.compapp.dcu.ie/pub/perl/ |
4e860d0a |
527 | |
5df44211 |
528 | =item Italy |
4e860d0a |
529 | |
5df44211 |
530 | http://cpan.nettuno.it/ |
531 | http://gusp.dyndns.org/CPAN/ |
532 | ftp://gusp.dyndns.org/pub/CPAN |
533 | http://softcity.iol.it/cpan |
534 | ftp://softcity.iol.it/pub/cpan |
535 | ftp://ftp.unina.it/pub/Other/CPAN/CPAN/ |
536 | ftp://ftp.unipi.it/pub/mirror/perl/CPAN/ |
537 | ftp://cis.uniRoma2.it/CPAN/ |
538 | ftp://ftp.edisontel.it/pub/CPAN_Mirror/ |
5c5c2539 |
539 | http://cpan.flashnet.it/ |
5df44211 |
540 | ftp://ftp.flashnet.it/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
541 | |
5df44211 |
542 | =item Latvia |
4e860d0a |
543 | |
5df44211 |
544 | http://kvin.lv/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
545 | |
5df44211 |
546 | =item Lithuania |
4e860d0a |
547 | |
5df44211 |
548 | ftp://ftp.unix.lt/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
549 | |
5df44211 |
550 | =item Netherlands |
4e860d0a |
551 | |
5df44211 |
552 | ftp://download.xs4all.nl/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
553 | ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/CPAN/ |
554 | ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
555 | http://cpan.cybercomm.nl/ |
556 | ftp://mirror.cybercomm.nl/pub/CPAN |
5c5c2539 |
557 | ftp://mirror.vuurwerk.nl/pub/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
558 | ftp://ftp.cpan.nl/pub/CPAN/ |
559 | http://ftp.easynet.nl/mirror/CPAN |
560 | ftp://ftp.easynet.nl/mirror/CPAN |
561 | http://archive.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ |
562 | ftp://ftp.cs.uu.nl/mirror/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
563 | |
5df44211 |
564 | =item Norway |
565 | |
566 | ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
567 | ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/languages/perl/cpan/ |
568 | |
569 | =item Poland |
570 | |
5df44211 |
571 | ftp://ftp.man.torun.pl/pub/doc/CPAN/ |
572 | ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/CPAN/ |
573 | |
574 | =item Portugal |
575 | |
576 | ftp://ftp.ua.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
577 | ftp://perl.di.uminho.pt/pub/CPAN/ |
578 | http://cpan.dei.uc.pt/ |
579 | ftp://ftp.dei.uc.pt/pub/CPAN |
5c5c2539 |
580 | ftp://ftp.nfsi.pt/pub/CPAN |
581 | http://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/CPAN |
582 | ftp://ftp.linux.pt/pub/mirrors/CPAN |
5df44211 |
583 | http://cpan.ip.pt/ |
584 | ftp://cpan.ip.pt/pub/cpan/ |
5c5c2539 |
585 | http://cpan.telepac.pt/ |
586 | ftp://ftp.telepac.pt/pub/cpan/ |
4e860d0a |
587 | |
5df44211 |
588 | =item Romania |
4e860d0a |
589 | |
5c5c2539 |
590 | ftp://ftp.bio-net.ro/pub/CPAN |
5df44211 |
591 | ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
592 | ftp://ftp.roedu.net/pub/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
593 | ftp://ftp.dntis.ro/pub/cpan/ |
5c5c2539 |
594 | ftp://ftp.iasi.roedu.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.cpan.org/ |
595 | http://cpan.ambra.ro/ |
596 | ftp://ftp.ambra.ro/pub/CPAN |
5df44211 |
597 | ftp://ftp.dnttm.ro/pub/CPAN/ |
598 | ftp://ftp.lasting.ro/pub/CPAN |
599 | ftp://ftp.timisoara.roedu.net/mirrors/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
600 | |
5df44211 |
601 | =item Russia |
4e860d0a |
602 | |
5df44211 |
603 | ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
604 | http://cpan.rinet.ru/ |
605 | ftp://cpan.rinet.ru/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
606 | ftp://ftp.aha.ru/pub/CPAN/ |
607 | http://cpan.sai.msu.ru/ |
608 | ftp://ftp.sai.msu.su/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
609 | |
5df44211 |
610 | =item Slovakia |
4e860d0a |
611 | |
5df44211 |
612 | ftp://ftp.cvt.stuba.sk/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
613 | |
5df44211 |
614 | =item Slovenia |
4e860d0a |
615 | |
5df44211 |
616 | ftp://ftp.arnes.si/software/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
617 | |
5df44211 |
618 | =item Spain |
4e860d0a |
619 | |
5df44211 |
620 | http://cpan.imasd.elmundo.es/ |
621 | ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
622 | ftp.ri.telefonica-data.net |
5df44211 |
623 | ftp://ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/perl/ |
4e860d0a |
624 | |
5df44211 |
625 | =item Sweden |
4e860d0a |
626 | |
5df44211 |
627 | http://ftp.du.se/CPAN/ |
628 | ftp://ftp.du.se/pub/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
629 | http://mirror.dataphone.se/CPAN |
5df44211 |
630 | ftp://mirror.dataphone.se/pub/CPAN |
631 | ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/lang/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
632 | |
5df44211 |
633 | =item Switzerland |
4e860d0a |
634 | |
5df44211 |
635 | ftp://ftp.danyk.ch/CPAN/ |
636 | ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
637 | |
5df44211 |
638 | =item Turkey |
4e860d0a |
639 | |
5df44211 |
640 | http://ftp.ulak.net.tr/perl/CPAN/ |
641 | ftp://ftp.ulak.net.tr/perl/CPAN |
642 | ftp://sunsite.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/languages/CPAN/ |
c165c82a |
643 | |
5df44211 |
644 | =item Ukraine |
c165c82a |
645 | |
5df44211 |
646 | http://cpan.org.ua/ |
647 | ftp://cpan.org.ua/ |
648 | ftp://ftp.perl.org.ua/pub/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
649 | http://no-more.kiev.ua/CPAN/ |
650 | ftp://no-more.kiev.ua/pub/CPAN/ |
c165c82a |
651 | |
5df44211 |
652 | =item United Kingdom |
d4858812 |
653 | |
5df44211 |
654 | http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
655 | ftp://ftp.mirror.ac.uk/sites/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
656 | http://cpan.teleglobe.net/ |
657 | ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN |
5c5c2539 |
658 | http://cpan.mirror.anlx.net/ |
659 | ftp://ftp.mirror.anlx.net/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
660 | ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/CPAN/ |
661 | http://cpan.m.flirble.org/ |
662 | ftp://ftp.flirble.org/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
663 | ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
664 | http://cpan.hambule.co.uk/ |
5df44211 |
665 | http://cpan.mirrors.clockerz.net/ |
666 | ftp://ftp.clockerz.net/pub/CPAN/ |
667 | ftp://usit.shef.ac.uk/pub/packages/CPAN/ |
d4858812 |
668 | |
4e860d0a |
669 | =back |
670 | |
671 | =head2 North America |
672 | |
673 | =over 4 |
674 | |
5c5c2539 |
675 | =item Canada |
676 | |
677 | =over 4 |
678 | |
5df44211 |
679 | =item Alberta |
4e860d0a |
680 | |
5c5c2539 |
681 | http://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/ |
682 | ftp://cpan.sunsite.ualberta.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
683 | |
5df44211 |
684 | =item Manitoba |
4e860d0a |
685 | |
5df44211 |
686 | http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
687 | ftp://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
688 | |
5df44211 |
689 | =item Nova Scotia |
4e860d0a |
690 | |
5df44211 |
691 | ftp://cpan.chebucto.ns.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
692 | |
5df44211 |
693 | =item Ontario |
4e860d0a |
694 | |
5c5c2539 |
695 | ftp://ftp.nrc.ca/pub/CPAN/ |
c165c82a |
696 | |
5df44211 |
697 | =item Mexico |
c165c82a |
698 | |
5df44211 |
699 | http://cpan.azc.uam.mx |
700 | ftp://cpan.azc.uam.mx/mirrors/CPAN |
701 | http://cpan.unam.mx/ |
702 | ftp://cpan.unam.mx/pub/CPAN |
703 | http://www.msg.com.mx/CPAN/ |
704 | ftp://ftp.msg.com.mx/pub/CPAN/ |
c165c82a |
705 | |
706 | =back |
4e860d0a |
707 | |
5c5c2539 |
708 | =item United States |
d4858812 |
709 | |
5df44211 |
710 | =over 4 |
4e860d0a |
711 | |
5df44211 |
712 | =item Alabama |
4e860d0a |
713 | |
5df44211 |
714 | http://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ |
715 | ftp://mirror.hiwaay.net/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
716 | |
5df44211 |
717 | =item California |
4e860d0a |
718 | |
5df44211 |
719 | http://cpan.develooper.com/ |
720 | http://www.cpan.org/ |
721 | ftp://cpan.valueclick.com/pub/CPAN/ |
722 | http://mirrors.gossamer-threads.com/CPAN |
723 | ftp://cpan.nas.nasa.gov/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
724 | http://mirrors.kernel.org/cpan/ |
725 | ftp://mirrors.kernel.org/pub/CPAN |
726 | http://cpan.digisle.net/ |
727 | ftp://cpan.digisle.net/pub/CPAN |
728 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
729 | |
5df44211 |
730 | =item Colorado |
4e860d0a |
731 | |
5df44211 |
732 | ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
733 | |
5df44211 |
734 | =item Delaware |
4e860d0a |
735 | |
5df44211 |
736 | http://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN |
737 | ftp://ftp.lug.udel.edu/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
738 | |
5df44211 |
739 | =item District of Columbia |
4e860d0a |
740 | |
5df44211 |
741 | ftp://ftp.dc.aleron.net/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
742 | |
5df44211 |
743 | =item Florida |
c165c82a |
744 | |
5df44211 |
745 | ftp://ftp.cise.ufl.edu/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
746 | http://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
747 | ftp://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
748 | http://cpan.mirrors.nks.net/ |
c165c82a |
749 | |
5df44211 |
750 | =item Illinois |
4e860d0a |
751 | |
5df44211 |
752 | http://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/cpan.cse.msu.edu/ |
753 | ftp://uiarchive.uiuc.edu/mirrors/ftp/cpan.cse.msu.edu/ |
4e860d0a |
754 | |
5df44211 |
755 | =item Indiana |
4e860d0a |
756 | |
5df44211 |
757 | ftp://ftp.uwsg.iu.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
758 | http://cpan.netnitco.net/ |
759 | ftp://cpan.netnitco.net/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
760 | http://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/ |
761 | ftp://archive.progeny.com/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
762 | http://fx.saintjoe.edu/pub/CPAN |
763 | ftp://ftp.saintjoe.edu/pub/CPAN |
5df44211 |
764 | http://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN |
765 | ftp://csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
766 | |
5df44211 |
767 | =item Kentucky |
4e860d0a |
768 | |
5df44211 |
769 | http://cpan.uky.edu/ |
770 | ftp://cpan.uky.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
771 | http://slugsite.louisville.edu/cpan |
772 | ftp://slugsite.louisville.edu/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
773 | |
5df44211 |
774 | =item Massachusetts |
4e860d0a |
775 | |
5c5c2539 |
776 | http://mirrors.towardex.com/CPAN |
777 | ftp://mirrors.towardex.com/pub/CPAN |
5df44211 |
778 | ftp://ftp.ccs.neu.edu/net/mirrors/ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
779 | |
5df44211 |
780 | =item Michigan |
4e860d0a |
781 | |
5df44211 |
782 | ftp://cpan.cse.msu.edu/ |
4e860d0a |
783 | |
5c5c2539 |
784 | =item Nevada |
785 | |
786 | http://www.oss.redundant.com/pub/CPAN |
787 | ftp://www.oss.redundant.com/pub/CPAN |
788 | |
5df44211 |
789 | =item New Jersey |
4e860d0a |
790 | |
5c5c2539 |
791 | http://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ |
5df44211 |
792 | ftp://ftp.cpanel.net/pub/CPAN/ |
793 | http://cpan.teleglobe.net/ |
794 | ftp://cpan.teleglobe.net/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
795 | |
5df44211 |
796 | =item New York |
4e860d0a |
797 | |
5df44211 |
798 | http://cpan.belfry.net/ |
5c5c2539 |
799 | http://cpan.erlbaum.net/ |
800 | ftp://cpan.erlbaum.net/ |
5df44211 |
801 | http://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/ |
802 | ftp://cpan.thepirtgroup.com/ |
803 | ftp://ftp.stealth.net/pub/CPAN/ |
804 | http://www.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ |
805 | ftp://ftp.rge.com/pub/languages/perl/ |
4e860d0a |
806 | |
5df44211 |
807 | =item North Carolina |
4e860d0a |
808 | |
5df44211 |
809 | ftp://ftp.duke.edu/pub/perl/ |
5c5c2539 |
810 | ftp://ftp.ncsu.edu/pub/mirror/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
811 | |
5df44211 |
812 | =item Oklahoma |
4e860d0a |
813 | |
5df44211 |
814 | ftp://ftp.ou.edu/mirrors/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
815 | |
5df44211 |
816 | =item Oregon |
4e860d0a |
817 | |
5df44211 |
818 | ftp://ftp.orst.edu/pub/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
819 | |
5df44211 |
820 | =item Pennsylvania |
4e860d0a |
821 | |
5df44211 |
822 | http://ftp.epix.net/CPAN/ |
823 | ftp://ftp.epix.net/pub/languages/perl/ |
824 | http://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/ |
825 | ftp://mirrors.phenominet.com/pub/CPAN/ |
826 | http://cpan.pair.com/ |
827 | ftp://cpan.pair.com/pub/CPAN/ |
828 | ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
829 | |
5df44211 |
830 | =item Tennessee |
4e860d0a |
831 | |
5df44211 |
832 | ftp://ftp.sunsite.utk.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
833 | |
5df44211 |
834 | =item Texas |
4e860d0a |
835 | |
5df44211 |
836 | http://ftp.sedl.org/pub/mirrors/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
837 | http://www.binarycode.org/cpan |
5df44211 |
838 | ftp://mirror.telentente.com/pub/CPAN |
5c5c2539 |
839 | http://mirrors.theonlinerecordstore.com/CPAN |
4e860d0a |
840 | |
5df44211 |
841 | =item Utah |
4e860d0a |
842 | |
5df44211 |
843 | ftp://mirror.xmission.com/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
844 | |
5df44211 |
845 | =item Virginia |
4e860d0a |
846 | |
5df44211 |
847 | http://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
848 | ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/lang/CPAN/ |
849 | http://perl.secsup.org/ |
850 | ftp://perl.secsup.org/pub/perl/ |
5c5c2539 |
851 | http://noc.cvaix.com/mirrors/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
852 | |
5c5c2539 |
853 | =item Washington |
4e860d0a |
854 | |
5df44211 |
855 | http://cpan.llarian.net/ |
856 | ftp://cpan.llarian.net/pub/CPAN/ |
857 | http://cpan.mirrorcentral.com/ |
858 | ftp://ftp.mirrorcentral.com/pub/CPAN/ |
859 | ftp://ftp-mirror.internap.com/pub/CPAN/ |
d4858812 |
860 | |
5df44211 |
861 | =item Wisconsin |
d4858812 |
862 | |
5df44211 |
863 | http://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
864 | ftp://mirror.sit.wisc.edu/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
865 | |
866 | =back |
867 | |
5c5c2539 |
868 | =back |
869 | |
4e860d0a |
870 | =head2 Oceania |
871 | |
872 | =over 4 |
873 | |
5df44211 |
874 | =item Australia |
4e860d0a |
875 | |
5df44211 |
876 | http://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ |
877 | ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/CPAN/ |
878 | ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
879 | ftp://cpan.topend.com.au/pub/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
880 | |
5df44211 |
881 | =item New Zealand |
d4858812 |
882 | |
5df44211 |
883 | ftp://ftp.auckland.ac.nz/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
884 | |
885 | =item United States |
886 | |
887 | http://aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu/CPAN/ |
888 | ftp://aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu/CPAN/ |
4e860d0a |
889 | |
890 | =back |
891 | |
892 | =head2 South America |
893 | |
894 | =over 4 |
895 | |
5df44211 |
896 | =item Argentina |
4e860d0a |
897 | |
5df44211 |
898 | ftp://mirrors.bannerlandia.com.ar/mirrors/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
899 | http://www.linux.org.ar/mirrors/cpan |
900 | ftp://ftp.linux.org.ar/mirrors/cpan |
4e860d0a |
901 | |
5df44211 |
902 | =item Brazil |
4e860d0a |
903 | |
5df44211 |
904 | ftp://cpan.pop-mg.com.br/pub/CPAN/ |
905 | ftp://ftp.matrix.com.br/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
5c5c2539 |
906 | http://cpan.hostsul.com.br/ |
907 | ftp://cpan.hostsul.com.br/ |
4e860d0a |
908 | |
5df44211 |
909 | =item Chile |
4e860d0a |
910 | |
5df44211 |
911 | http://cpan.netglobalis.net/ |
912 | ftp://cpan.netglobalis.net/pub/CPAN/ |
2e1d04bc |
913 | |
914 | =back |
915 | |
5df44211 |
916 | =head2 RSYNC Mirrors |
917 | |
5c5c2539 |
918 | ftp.shellhung.org::CPAN |
919 | ftp.cbn.net.id::CPAN |
920 | ftp.iglu.org.il::CPAN |
921 | ftp.kddlabs.co.jp::cpan |
922 | ftp.ayamura.org::pub/CPAN/ |
923 | mirror.leafbug.org::CPAN |
924 | rsync.en.com.sg::CPAN |
925 | mirror.averse.net::cpan |
926 | rsync.oss.eznetsols.org |
927 | ftp.kr.FreeBSD.org::CPAN |
928 | cpan.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw::CPAN |
929 | rsync.nic.funet.fi::CPAN |
930 | ftp.u-paris10.fr::CPAN |
931 | mir1.ovh.net::CPAN |
932 | ftp.crihan.fr::CPAN |
933 | ftp.gwdg.de::FTP/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
934 | ftp.leo.org::CPAN |
935 | ftp.heanet.ie/mirrors/ftp.perl.org/pub/CPAN |
936 | gusp.dyndns.org::cpan |
937 | cpan.teleglobe.net::CPAN |
938 | rsync://rsync.mirror.anlx.net::CPAN |
939 | theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca::CPAN |
940 | ftp.sedl.org::cpan |
941 | archive.progeny.com::CPAN |
942 | slugsite.louisville.edu::CPAN |
943 | cpan.teleglobe.net::CPAN |
944 | ftp.lug.udel.edu::cpan |
945 | mirrors.kernel.org::mirrors/CPAN |
946 | mirrors.phenominet.com::CPAN |
947 | mirror.csit.fsu.edu::CPAN |
948 | csociety-ftp.ecn.purdue.edu::CPAN |
949 | aniani.ifa.hawaii.edu::CPAN |
950 | www.linux.org.ar::cpan |
5df44211 |
951 | |
2e1d04bc |
952 | For an up-to-date listing of CPAN sites, |
4e860d0a |
953 | see http://www.cpan.org/SITES or ftp://www.cpan.org/SITES . |
2e1d04bc |
954 | |
955 | =head1 Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse |
956 | |
957 | (The following section is borrowed directly from Tim Bunce's modules |
958 | file, available at your nearest CPAN site.) |
959 | |
960 | Perl implements a class using a package, but the presence of a |
961 | package doesn't imply the presence of a class. A package is just a |
962 | namespace. A class is a package that provides subroutines that can be |
963 | used as methods. A method is just a subroutine that expects, as its |
964 | first argument, either the name of a package (for "static" methods), |
965 | or a reference to something (for "virtual" methods). |
966 | |
967 | A module is a file that (by convention) provides a class of the same |
968 | name (sans the .pm), plus an import method in that class that can be |
969 | called to fetch exported symbols. This module may implement some of |
970 | its methods by loading dynamic C or C++ objects, but that should be |
971 | totally transparent to the user of the module. Likewise, the module |
972 | might set up an AUTOLOAD function to slurp in subroutine definitions on |
973 | demand, but this is also transparent. Only the F<.pm> file is required to |
974 | exist. See L<perlsub>, L<perltoot>, and L<AutoLoader> for details about |
975 | the AUTOLOAD mechanism. |
976 | |
977 | =head2 Guidelines for Module Creation |
978 | |
979 | =over 4 |
980 | |
ac634a9a |
981 | =item * |
982 | |
983 | Do similar modules already exist in some form? |
2e1d04bc |
984 | |
985 | If so, please try to reuse the existing modules either in whole or |
986 | by inheriting useful features into a new class. If this is not |
987 | practical try to get together with the module authors to work on |
988 | extending or enhancing the functionality of the existing modules. |
989 | A perfect example is the plethora of packages in perl4 for dealing |
990 | with command line options. |
991 | |
992 | If you are writing a module to expand an already existing set of |
993 | modules, please coordinate with the author of the package. It |
994 | helps if you follow the same naming scheme and module interaction |
995 | scheme as the original author. |
996 | |
ac634a9a |
997 | =item * |
998 | |
999 | Try to design the new module to be easy to extend and reuse. |
2e1d04bc |
1000 | |
1001 | Try to C<use warnings;> (or C<use warnings qw(...);>). |
1002 | Remember that you can add C<no warnings qw(...);> to individual blocks |
1003 | of code that need less warnings. |
1004 | |
1005 | Use blessed references. Use the two argument form of bless to bless |
1006 | into the class name given as the first parameter of the constructor, |
1007 | e.g.,: |
1008 | |
1009 | sub new { |
1010 | my $class = shift; |
1011 | return bless {}, $class; |
1012 | } |
1013 | |
1014 | or even this if you'd like it to be used as either a static |
1015 | or a virtual method. |
1016 | |
1017 | sub new { |
1018 | my $self = shift; |
1019 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
1020 | return bless {}, $class; |
1021 | } |
1022 | |
1023 | Pass arrays as references so more parameters can be added later |
1024 | (it's also faster). Convert functions into methods where |
1025 | appropriate. Split large methods into smaller more flexible ones. |
1026 | Inherit methods from other modules if appropriate. |
1027 | |
1028 | Avoid class name tests like: C<die "Invalid" unless ref $ref eq 'FOO'>. |
1029 | Generally you can delete the C<eq 'FOO'> part with no harm at all. |
1030 | Let the objects look after themselves! Generally, avoid hard-wired |
1031 | class names as far as possible. |
1032 | |
1033 | Avoid C<< $r->Class::func() >> where using C<@ISA=qw(... Class ...)> and |
1034 | C<< $r->func() >> would work (see L<perlbot> for more details). |
1035 | |
1036 | Use autosplit so little used or newly added functions won't be a |
1037 | burden to programs that don't use them. Add test functions to |
1038 | the module after __END__ either using AutoSplit or by saying: |
1039 | |
1040 | eval join('',<main::DATA>) || die $@ unless caller(); |
1041 | |
1042 | Does your module pass the 'empty subclass' test? If you say |
1043 | C<@SUBCLASS::ISA = qw(YOURCLASS);> your applications should be able |
1044 | to use SUBCLASS in exactly the same way as YOURCLASS. For example, |
1045 | does your application still work if you change: C<$obj = new YOURCLASS;> |
1046 | into: C<$obj = new SUBCLASS;> ? |
1047 | |
1048 | Avoid keeping any state information in your packages. It makes it |
1049 | difficult for multiple other packages to use yours. Keep state |
1050 | information in objects. |
1051 | |
1052 | Always use B<-w>. |
1053 | |
1054 | Try to C<use strict;> (or C<use strict qw(...);>). |
1055 | Remember that you can add C<no strict qw(...);> to individual blocks |
1056 | of code that need less strictness. |
1057 | |
1058 | Always use B<-w>. |
1059 | |
1060 | Follow the guidelines in the perlstyle(1) manual. |
1061 | |
1062 | Always use B<-w>. |
1063 | |
ac634a9a |
1064 | =item * |
1065 | |
1066 | Some simple style guidelines |
2e1d04bc |
1067 | |
1068 | The perlstyle manual supplied with Perl has many helpful points. |
1069 | |
1070 | Coding style is a matter of personal taste. Many people evolve their |
1071 | style over several years as they learn what helps them write and |
1072 | maintain good code. Here's one set of assorted suggestions that |
1073 | seem to be widely used by experienced developers: |
1074 | |
1075 | Use underscores to separate words. It is generally easier to read |
1076 | $var_names_like_this than $VarNamesLikeThis, especially for |
1077 | non-native speakers of English. It's also a simple rule that works |
1078 | consistently with VAR_NAMES_LIKE_THIS. |
1079 | |
1080 | Package/Module names are an exception to this rule. Perl informally |
1081 | reserves lowercase module names for 'pragma' modules like integer |
1082 | and strict. Other modules normally begin with a capital letter and |
1083 | use mixed case with no underscores (need to be short and portable). |
1084 | |
1085 | You may find it helpful to use letter case to indicate the scope |
1086 | or nature of a variable. For example: |
1087 | |
1088 | $ALL_CAPS_HERE constants only (beware clashes with Perl vars) |
1089 | $Some_Caps_Here package-wide global/static |
1090 | $no_caps_here function scope my() or local() variables |
1091 | |
1092 | Function and method names seem to work best as all lowercase. |
1093 | e.g., C<< $obj->as_string() >>. |
1094 | |
1095 | You can use a leading underscore to indicate that a variable or |
1096 | function should not be used outside the package that defined it. |
1097 | |
ac634a9a |
1098 | =item * |
1099 | |
1100 | Select what to export. |
2e1d04bc |
1101 | |
1102 | Do NOT export method names! |
1103 | |
1104 | Do NOT export anything else by default without a good reason! |
1105 | |
1106 | Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must |
1107 | export try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid |
1108 | short or common names to reduce the risk of name clashes. |
1109 | |
1110 | Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the |
1111 | module using the ModuleName::item_name (or C<< $blessed_ref->method >>) |
1112 | syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to |
1113 | indicate informally that they are 'internal' and not for public use. |
1114 | |
1115 | (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: |
1116 | C<my $subref = sub { ... }; &$subref;>. But there's no way to call that |
1117 | directly as a method, because a method must have a name in the symbol |
1118 | table.) |
1119 | |
1120 | As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented |
1121 | then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then |
1122 | @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. |
1123 | |
ac634a9a |
1124 | =item * |
1125 | |
1126 | Select a name for the module. |
2e1d04bc |
1127 | |
1128 | This name should be as descriptive, accurate, and complete as |
1129 | possible. Avoid any risk of ambiguity. Always try to use two or |
1130 | more whole words. Generally the name should reflect what is special |
1131 | about what the module does rather than how it does it. Please use |
1132 | nested module names to group informally or categorize a module. |
1133 | There should be a very good reason for a module not to have a nested name. |
1134 | Module names should begin with a capital letter. |
1135 | |
1136 | Having 57 modules all called Sort will not make life easy for anyone |
1137 | (though having 23 called Sort::Quick is only marginally better :-). |
1138 | Imagine someone trying to install your module alongside many others. |
1139 | If in any doubt ask for suggestions in comp.lang.perl.misc. |
1140 | |
1141 | If you are developing a suite of related modules/classes it's good |
1142 | practice to use nested classes with a common prefix as this will |
1143 | avoid namespace clashes. For example: Xyz::Control, Xyz::View, |
1144 | Xyz::Model etc. Use the modules in this list as a naming guide. |
1145 | |
1146 | If adding a new module to a set, follow the original author's |
1147 | standards for naming modules and the interface to methods in |
1148 | those modules. |
1149 | |
4844a3be |
1150 | If developing modules for private internal or project specific use, |
1151 | that will never be released to the public, then you should ensure |
1152 | that their names will not clash with any future public module. You |
1153 | can do this either by using the reserved Local::* category or by |
1154 | using a category name that includes an underscore like Foo_Corp::*. |
1155 | |
2e1d04bc |
1156 | To be portable each component of a module name should be limited to |
1157 | 11 characters. If it might be used on MS-DOS then try to ensure each is |
1158 | unique in the first 8 characters. Nested modules make this easier. |
1159 | |
ac634a9a |
1160 | =item * |
1161 | |
1162 | Have you got it right? |
2e1d04bc |
1163 | |
1164 | How do you know that you've made the right decisions? Have you |
1165 | picked an interface design that will cause problems later? Have |
1166 | you picked the most appropriate name? Do you have any questions? |
1167 | |
1168 | The best way to know for sure, and pick up many helpful suggestions, |
1169 | is to ask someone who knows. Comp.lang.perl.misc is read by just about |
1170 | all the people who develop modules and it's the best place to ask. |
1171 | |
1172 | All you need to do is post a short summary of the module, its |
1173 | purpose and interfaces. A few lines on each of the main methods is |
1174 | probably enough. (If you post the whole module it might be ignored |
1175 | by busy people - generally the very people you want to read it!) |
1176 | |
1177 | Don't worry about posting if you can't say when the module will be |
1178 | ready - just say so in the message. It might be worth inviting |
1179 | others to help you, they may be able to complete it for you! |
1180 | |
ac634a9a |
1181 | =item * |
1182 | |
1183 | README and other Additional Files. |
2e1d04bc |
1184 | |
1185 | It's well known that software developers usually fully document the |
1186 | software they write. If, however, the world is in urgent need of |
1187 | your software and there is not enough time to write the full |
1188 | documentation please at least provide a README file containing: |
1189 | |
1190 | =over 10 |
1191 | |
1192 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1193 | |
2e1d04bc |
1194 | A description of the module/package/extension etc. |
1195 | |
1196 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1197 | |
2e1d04bc |
1198 | A copyright notice - see below. |
1199 | |
1200 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1201 | |
2e1d04bc |
1202 | Prerequisites - what else you may need to have. |
1203 | |
1204 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1205 | |
2e1d04bc |
1206 | How to build it - possible changes to Makefile.PL etc. |
1207 | |
1208 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1209 | |
2e1d04bc |
1210 | How to install it. |
1211 | |
1212 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1213 | |
2e1d04bc |
1214 | Recent changes in this release, especially incompatibilities |
1215 | |
1216 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1217 | |
2e1d04bc |
1218 | Changes / enhancements you plan to make in the future. |
1219 | |
1220 | =back |
1221 | |
1222 | If the README file seems to be getting too large you may wish to |
1223 | split out some of the sections into separate files: INSTALL, |
1224 | Copying, ToDo etc. |
1225 | |
1226 | =over 4 |
1227 | |
c165c82a |
1228 | =item * |
2e1d04bc |
1229 | |
c165c82a |
1230 | Adding a Copyright Notice. |
ac634a9a |
1231 | |
2e1d04bc |
1232 | How you choose to license your work is a personal decision. |
1233 | The general mechanism is to assert your Copyright and then make |
1234 | a declaration of how others may copy/use/modify your work. |
1235 | |
2a551100 |
1236 | Perl, for example, is supplied with two types of licence: The GNU GPL |
1237 | and The Artistic Licence (see the files README, Copying, and Artistic, |
1238 | or L<perlgpl> and L<perlartistic>). Larry has good reasons for NOT |
1239 | just using the GNU GPL. |
2e1d04bc |
1240 | |
1241 | My personal recommendation, out of respect for Larry, Perl, and the |
1242 | Perl community at large is to state something simply like: |
1243 | |
1244 | Copyright (c) 1995 Your Name. All rights reserved. |
1245 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or |
1246 | modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. |
1247 | |
1248 | This statement should at least appear in the README file. You may |
1249 | also wish to include it in a Copying file and your source files. |
1250 | Remember to include the other words in addition to the Copyright. |
1251 | |
ac634a9a |
1252 | =item * |
1253 | |
1254 | Give the module a version/issue/release number. |
2e1d04bc |
1255 | |
1256 | To be fully compatible with the Exporter and MakeMaker modules you |
1257 | should store your module's version number in a non-my package |
1258 | variable called $VERSION. This should be a floating point |
1259 | number with at least two digits after the decimal (i.e., hundredths, |
1260 | e.g, C<$VERSION = "0.01">). Don't use a "1.3.2" style version. |
1261 | See L<Exporter> for details. |
1262 | |
1263 | It may be handy to add a function or method to retrieve the number. |
1264 | Use the number in announcements and archive file names when |
1265 | releasing the module (ModuleName-1.02.tar.Z). |
1266 | See perldoc ExtUtils::MakeMaker.pm for details. |
1267 | |
ac634a9a |
1268 | =item * |
1269 | |
1270 | How to release and distribute a module. |
2e1d04bc |
1271 | |
1272 | It's good idea to post an announcement of the availability of your |
1273 | module (or the module itself if small) to the comp.lang.perl.announce |
1274 | Usenet newsgroup. This will at least ensure very wide once-off |
1275 | distribution. |
1276 | |
1277 | If possible, register the module with CPAN. You should |
1278 | include details of its location in your announcement. |
1279 | |
1280 | Some notes about ftp archives: Please use a long descriptive file |
1281 | name that includes the version number. Most incoming directories |
1282 | will not be readable/listable, i.e., you won't be able to see your |
1283 | file after uploading it. Remember to send your email notification |
1284 | message as soon as possible after uploading else your file may get |
1285 | deleted automatically. Allow time for the file to be processed |
1286 | and/or check the file has been processed before announcing its |
1287 | location. |
1288 | |
1289 | FTP Archives for Perl Modules: |
1290 | |
1291 | Follow the instructions and links on: |
1292 | |
4e860d0a |
1293 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/00modlist.long.html |
1294 | http://www.cpan.org/modules/04pause.html |
2e1d04bc |
1295 | |
1296 | or upload to one of these sites: |
1297 | |
1298 | https://pause.kbx.de/pause/ |
1299 | http://pause.perl.org/pause/ |
1300 | |
1301 | and notify <modules@perl.org>. |
1302 | |
1303 | By using the WWW interface you can ask the Upload Server to mirror |
1304 | your modules from your ftp or WWW site into your own directory on |
1305 | CPAN! |
1306 | |
1307 | Please remember to send me an updated entry for the Module list! |
1308 | |
ac634a9a |
1309 | =item * |
1310 | |
1311 | Take care when changing a released module. |
2e1d04bc |
1312 | |
1313 | Always strive to remain compatible with previous released versions. |
1314 | Otherwise try to add a mechanism to revert to the |
1315 | old behavior if people rely on it. Document incompatible changes. |
1316 | |
1317 | =back |
1318 | |
1319 | =back |
1320 | |
1321 | =head2 Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules |
1322 | |
1323 | =over 4 |
1324 | |
ac634a9a |
1325 | =item * |
1326 | |
1327 | There is no requirement to convert anything. |
2e1d04bc |
1328 | |
1329 | If it ain't broke, don't fix it! Perl 4 library scripts should |
1330 | continue to work with no problems. You may need to make some minor |
1331 | changes (like escaping non-array @'s in double quoted strings) but |
1332 | there is no need to convert a .pl file into a Module for just that. |
1333 | |
ac634a9a |
1334 | =item * |
1335 | |
1336 | Consider the implications. |
2e1d04bc |
1337 | |
1338 | All Perl applications that make use of the script will need to |
1339 | be changed (slightly) if the script is converted into a module. Is |
1340 | it worth it unless you plan to make other changes at the same time? |
1341 | |
ac634a9a |
1342 | =item * |
1343 | |
1344 | Make the most of the opportunity. |
2e1d04bc |
1345 | |
1346 | If you are going to convert the script to a module you can use the |
1347 | opportunity to redesign the interface. The guidelines for module |
1348 | creation above include many of the issues you should consider. |
1349 | |
ac634a9a |
1350 | =item * |
1351 | |
1352 | The pl2pm utility will get you started. |
2e1d04bc |
1353 | |
1354 | This utility will read *.pl files (given as parameters) and write |
1355 | corresponding *.pm files. The pl2pm utilities does the following: |
1356 | |
1357 | =over 10 |
1358 | |
1359 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1360 | |
2e1d04bc |
1361 | Adds the standard Module prologue lines |
1362 | |
1363 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1364 | |
2e1d04bc |
1365 | Converts package specifiers from ' to :: |
1366 | |
1367 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1368 | |
2e1d04bc |
1369 | Converts die(...) to croak(...) |
1370 | |
1371 | =item * |
ac634a9a |
1372 | |
2e1d04bc |
1373 | Several other minor changes |
1374 | |
1375 | =back |
1376 | |
1377 | Being a mechanical process pl2pm is not bullet proof. The converted |
1378 | code will need careful checking, especially any package statements. |
1379 | Don't delete the original .pl file till the new .pm one works! |
1380 | |
1381 | =back |
1382 | |
1383 | =head2 Guidelines for Reusing Application Code |
1384 | |
1385 | =over 4 |
1386 | |
ac634a9a |
1387 | =item * |
1388 | |
1389 | Complete applications rarely belong in the Perl Module Library. |
1390 | |
1391 | =item * |
2e1d04bc |
1392 | |
ac634a9a |
1393 | Many applications contain some Perl code that could be reused. |
2e1d04bc |
1394 | |
1395 | Help save the world! Share your code in a form that makes it easy |
1396 | to reuse. |
1397 | |
ac634a9a |
1398 | =item * |
1399 | |
1400 | Break-out the reusable code into one or more separate module files. |
1401 | |
1402 | =item * |
1403 | |
1404 | Take the opportunity to reconsider and redesign the interfaces. |
2e1d04bc |
1405 | |
ac634a9a |
1406 | =item * |
2e1d04bc |
1407 | |
ac634a9a |
1408 | In some cases the 'application' can then be reduced to a small |
2e1d04bc |
1409 | |
1410 | fragment of code built on top of the reusable modules. In these cases |
1411 | the application could invoked as: |
1412 | |
1413 | % perl -e 'use Module::Name; method(@ARGV)' ... |
1414 | or |
1415 | % perl -mModule::Name ... (in perl5.002 or higher) |
1416 | |
1417 | =back |
1418 | |
1419 | =head1 NOTE |
1420 | |
1421 | Perl does not enforce private and public parts of its modules as you may |
1422 | have been used to in other languages like C++, Ada, or Modula-17. Perl |
1423 | doesn't have an infatuation with enforced privacy. It would prefer |
1424 | that you stayed out of its living room because you weren't invited, not |
1425 | because it has a shotgun. |
1426 | |
1427 | The module and its user have a contract, part of which is common law, |
1428 | and part of which is "written". Part of the common law contract is |
1429 | that a module doesn't pollute any namespace it wasn't asked to. The |
1430 | written contract for the module (A.K.A. documentation) may make other |
1431 | provisions. But then you know when you C<use RedefineTheWorld> that |
1432 | you're redefining the world and willing to take the consequences. |
1433 | EOF |
1434 | |
1435 | close MANIFEST or warn "$0: failed to close MANIFEST (../MANIFEST): $!"; |
1436 | close OUT or warn "$0: failed to close OUT (perlmodlib.tmp): $!"; |
1437 | |