Commit | Line | Data |
a0d0e21e |
1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
3 | perlguts - Perl's Internal Functions |
4 | |
5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
6 | |
7 | This document attempts to describe some of the internal functions of the |
8 | Perl executable. It is far from complete and probably contains many errors. |
9 | Please refer any questions or comments to the author below. |
10 | |
0a753a76 |
11 | =head1 Variables |
12 | |
5f05dabc |
13 | =head2 Datatypes |
a0d0e21e |
14 | |
15 | Perl has three typedefs that handle Perl's three main data types: |
16 | |
17 | SV Scalar Value |
18 | AV Array Value |
19 | HV Hash Value |
20 | |
d1b91892 |
21 | Each typedef has specific routines that manipulate the various data types. |
a0d0e21e |
22 | |
23 | =head2 What is an "IV"? |
24 | |
5f05dabc |
25 | Perl uses a special typedef IV which is a simple integer type that is |
26 | guaranteed to be large enough to hold a pointer (as well as an integer). |
a0d0e21e |
27 | |
d1b91892 |
28 | Perl also uses two special typedefs, I32 and I16, which will always be at |
29 | least 32-bits and 16-bits long, respectively. |
a0d0e21e |
30 | |
5f05dabc |
31 | =head2 Working with SV's |
a0d0e21e |
32 | |
33 | An SV can be created and loaded with one command. There are four types of |
34 | values that can be loaded: an integer value (IV), a double (NV), a string, |
35 | (PV), and another scalar (SV). |
36 | |
37 | The four routines are: |
38 | |
39 | SV* newSViv(IV); |
40 | SV* newSVnv(double); |
41 | SV* newSVpv(char*, int); |
42 | SV* newSVsv(SV*); |
43 | |
5fb8527f |
44 | To change the value of an *already-existing* SV, there are five routines: |
a0d0e21e |
45 | |
46 | void sv_setiv(SV*, IV); |
47 | void sv_setnv(SV*, double); |
48 | void sv_setpvn(SV*, char*, int) |
49 | void sv_setpv(SV*, char*); |
50 | void sv_setsv(SV*, SV*); |
51 | |
52 | Notice that you can choose to specify the length of the string to be |
d1b91892 |
53 | assigned by using C<sv_setpvn> or C<newSVpv>, or you may allow Perl to |
cb1a09d0 |
54 | calculate the length by using C<sv_setpv> or by specifying 0 as the second |
d1b91892 |
55 | argument to C<newSVpv>. Be warned, though, that Perl will determine the |
a0d0e21e |
56 | string's length by using C<strlen>, which depends on the string terminating |
57 | with a NUL character. |
58 | |
5f05dabc |
59 | All SV's that will contain strings should, but need not, be terminated |
60 | with a NUL character. If it is not NUL-terminated there is a risk of |
61 | core dumps and corruptions from code which passes the string to C |
62 | functions or system calls which expect a NUL-terminated string. |
63 | Perl's own functions typically add a trailing NUL for this reason. |
64 | Nevertheless, you should be very careful when you pass a string stored |
65 | in an SV to a C function or system call. |
66 | |
a0d0e21e |
67 | To access the actual value that an SV points to, you can use the macros: |
68 | |
69 | SvIV(SV*) |
70 | SvNV(SV*) |
71 | SvPV(SV*, STRLEN len) |
72 | |
73 | which will automatically coerce the actual scalar type into an IV, double, |
74 | or string. |
75 | |
76 | In the C<SvPV> macro, the length of the string returned is placed into the |
77 | variable C<len> (this is a macro, so you do I<not> use C<&len>). If you do not |
78 | care what the length of the data is, use the global variable C<na>. Remember, |
79 | however, that Perl allows arbitrary strings of data that may both contain |
5f05dabc |
80 | NUL's and might not be terminated by a NUL. |
a0d0e21e |
81 | |
07fa94a1 |
82 | If you want to know if the scalar value is TRUE, you can use: |
a0d0e21e |
83 | |
84 | SvTRUE(SV*) |
85 | |
86 | Although Perl will automatically grow strings for you, if you need to force |
87 | Perl to allocate more memory for your SV, you can use the macro |
88 | |
89 | SvGROW(SV*, STRLEN newlen) |
90 | |
91 | which will determine if more memory needs to be allocated. If so, it will |
92 | call the function C<sv_grow>. Note that C<SvGROW> can only increase, not |
5f05dabc |
93 | decrease, the allocated memory of an SV and that it does not automatically |
94 | add a byte for the a trailing NUL (perl's own string functions typically do |
8ebc5c01 |
95 | C<SvGROW(sv, len + 1)>). |
a0d0e21e |
96 | |
97 | If you have an SV and want to know what kind of data Perl thinks is stored |
98 | in it, you can use the following macros to check the type of SV you have. |
99 | |
100 | SvIOK(SV*) |
101 | SvNOK(SV*) |
102 | SvPOK(SV*) |
103 | |
104 | You can get and set the current length of the string stored in an SV with |
105 | the following macros: |
106 | |
107 | SvCUR(SV*) |
108 | SvCUR_set(SV*, I32 val) |
109 | |
cb1a09d0 |
110 | You can also get a pointer to the end of the string stored in the SV |
111 | with the macro: |
112 | |
113 | SvEND(SV*) |
114 | |
115 | But note that these last three macros are valid only if C<SvPOK()> is true. |
a0d0e21e |
116 | |
d1b91892 |
117 | If you want to append something to the end of string stored in an C<SV*>, |
118 | you can use the following functions: |
119 | |
120 | void sv_catpv(SV*, char*); |
121 | void sv_catpvn(SV*, char*, int); |
122 | void sv_catsv(SV*, SV*); |
123 | |
124 | The first function calculates the length of the string to be appended by |
125 | using C<strlen>. In the second, you specify the length of the string |
126 | yourself. The third function extends the string stored in the first SV |
127 | with the string stored in the second SV. It also forces the second SV to |
128 | be interpreted as a string. |
129 | |
a0d0e21e |
130 | If you know the name of a scalar variable, you can get a pointer to its SV |
131 | by using the following: |
132 | |
5f05dabc |
133 | SV* perl_get_sv("package::varname", FALSE); |
a0d0e21e |
134 | |
135 | This returns NULL if the variable does not exist. |
136 | |
d1b91892 |
137 | If you want to know if this variable (or any other SV) is actually C<defined>, |
a0d0e21e |
138 | you can call: |
139 | |
140 | SvOK(SV*) |
141 | |
142 | The scalar C<undef> value is stored in an SV instance called C<sv_undef>. Its |
143 | address can be used whenever an C<SV*> is needed. |
144 | |
145 | There are also the two values C<sv_yes> and C<sv_no>, which contain Boolean |
146 | TRUE and FALSE values, respectively. Like C<sv_undef>, their addresses can |
147 | be used whenever an C<SV*> is needed. |
148 | |
149 | Do not be fooled into thinking that C<(SV *) 0> is the same as C<&sv_undef>. |
150 | Take this code: |
151 | |
152 | SV* sv = (SV*) 0; |
153 | if (I-am-to-return-a-real-value) { |
154 | sv = sv_2mortal(newSViv(42)); |
155 | } |
156 | sv_setsv(ST(0), sv); |
157 | |
158 | This code tries to return a new SV (which contains the value 42) if it should |
159 | return a real value, or undef otherwise. Instead it has returned a null |
160 | pointer which, somewhere down the line, will cause a segmentation violation, |
5f05dabc |
161 | bus error, or just weird results. Change the zero to C<&sv_undef> in the first |
162 | line and all will be well. |
a0d0e21e |
163 | |
164 | To free an SV that you've created, call C<SvREFCNT_dec(SV*)>. Normally this |
5f05dabc |
165 | call is not necessary (see the section on L<Mortality>). |
a0d0e21e |
166 | |
d1b91892 |
167 | =head2 What's Really Stored in an SV? |
a0d0e21e |
168 | |
169 | Recall that the usual method of determining the type of scalar you have is |
5f05dabc |
170 | to use C<Sv*OK> macros. Because a scalar can be both a number and a string, |
d1b91892 |
171 | usually these macros will always return TRUE and calling the C<Sv*V> |
a0d0e21e |
172 | macros will do the appropriate conversion of string to integer/double or |
173 | integer/double to string. |
174 | |
175 | If you I<really> need to know if you have an integer, double, or string |
176 | pointer in an SV, you can use the following three macros instead: |
177 | |
178 | SvIOKp(SV*) |
179 | SvNOKp(SV*) |
180 | SvPOKp(SV*) |
181 | |
182 | These will tell you if you truly have an integer, double, or string pointer |
d1b91892 |
183 | stored in your SV. The "p" stands for private. |
a0d0e21e |
184 | |
07fa94a1 |
185 | In general, though, it's best to use the C<Sv*V> macros. |
a0d0e21e |
186 | |
5f05dabc |
187 | =head2 Working with AV's |
a0d0e21e |
188 | |
07fa94a1 |
189 | There are two ways to create and load an AV. The first method creates an |
190 | empty AV: |
a0d0e21e |
191 | |
192 | AV* newAV(); |
193 | |
5f05dabc |
194 | The second method both creates the AV and initially populates it with SV's: |
a0d0e21e |
195 | |
196 | AV* av_make(I32 num, SV **ptr); |
197 | |
5f05dabc |
198 | The second argument points to an array containing C<num> C<SV*>'s. Once the |
199 | AV has been created, the SV's can be destroyed, if so desired. |
a0d0e21e |
200 | |
5f05dabc |
201 | Once the AV has been created, the following operations are possible on AV's: |
a0d0e21e |
202 | |
203 | void av_push(AV*, SV*); |
204 | SV* av_pop(AV*); |
205 | SV* av_shift(AV*); |
206 | void av_unshift(AV*, I32 num); |
207 | |
208 | These should be familiar operations, with the exception of C<av_unshift>. |
209 | This routine adds C<num> elements at the front of the array with the C<undef> |
210 | value. You must then use C<av_store> (described below) to assign values |
211 | to these new elements. |
212 | |
213 | Here are some other functions: |
214 | |
5f05dabc |
215 | I32 av_len(AV*); |
a0d0e21e |
216 | SV** av_fetch(AV*, I32 key, I32 lval); |
a0d0e21e |
217 | SV** av_store(AV*, I32 key, SV* val); |
a0d0e21e |
218 | |
5f05dabc |
219 | The C<av_len> function returns the highest index value in array (just |
220 | like $#array in Perl). If the array is empty, -1 is returned. The |
221 | C<av_fetch> function returns the value at index C<key>, but if C<lval> |
222 | is non-zero, then C<av_fetch> will store an undef value at that index. |
223 | The C<av_store> function stores the value C<val> at index C<key>. |
224 | note that C<av_fetch> and C<av_store> both return C<SV**>'s, not C<SV*>'s |
225 | as their return value. |
d1b91892 |
226 | |
a0d0e21e |
227 | void av_clear(AV*); |
a0d0e21e |
228 | void av_undef(AV*); |
cb1a09d0 |
229 | void av_extend(AV*, I32 key); |
5f05dabc |
230 | |
231 | The C<av_clear> function deletes all the elements in the AV* array, but |
232 | does not actually delete the array itself. The C<av_undef> function will |
233 | delete all the elements in the array plus the array itself. The |
234 | C<av_extend> function extends the array so that it contains C<key> |
235 | elements. If C<key> is less than the current length of the array, then |
236 | nothing is done. |
a0d0e21e |
237 | |
238 | If you know the name of an array variable, you can get a pointer to its AV |
239 | by using the following: |
240 | |
5f05dabc |
241 | AV* perl_get_av("package::varname", FALSE); |
a0d0e21e |
242 | |
243 | This returns NULL if the variable does not exist. |
244 | |
5f05dabc |
245 | =head2 Working with HV's |
a0d0e21e |
246 | |
247 | To create an HV, you use the following routine: |
248 | |
249 | HV* newHV(); |
250 | |
5f05dabc |
251 | Once the HV has been created, the following operations are possible on HV's: |
a0d0e21e |
252 | |
253 | SV** hv_store(HV*, char* key, U32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash); |
254 | SV** hv_fetch(HV*, char* key, U32 klen, I32 lval); |
255 | |
5f05dabc |
256 | The C<klen> parameter is the length of the key being passed in (Note that |
257 | you cannot pass 0 in as a value of C<klen> to tell Perl to measure the |
258 | length of the key). The C<val> argument contains the SV pointer to the |
259 | scalar being stored, and C<hash> is the pre-computed hash value (zero if |
260 | you want C<hv_store> to calculate it for you). The C<lval> parameter |
261 | indicates whether this fetch is actually a part of a store operation, in |
262 | which case a new undefined value will be added to the HV with the supplied |
263 | key and C<hv_fetch> will return as if the value had already existed. |
a0d0e21e |
264 | |
5f05dabc |
265 | Remember that C<hv_store> and C<hv_fetch> return C<SV**>'s and not just |
266 | C<SV*>. To access the scalar value, you must first dereference the return |
267 | value. However, you should check to make sure that the return value is |
268 | not NULL before dereferencing it. |
a0d0e21e |
269 | |
270 | These two functions check if a hash table entry exists, and deletes it. |
271 | |
272 | bool hv_exists(HV*, char* key, U32 klen); |
d1b91892 |
273 | SV* hv_delete(HV*, char* key, U32 klen, I32 flags); |
a0d0e21e |
274 | |
5f05dabc |
275 | If C<flags> does not include the C<G_DISCARD> flag then C<hv_delete> will |
276 | create and return a mortal copy of the deleted value. |
277 | |
a0d0e21e |
278 | And more miscellaneous functions: |
279 | |
280 | void hv_clear(HV*); |
a0d0e21e |
281 | void hv_undef(HV*); |
5f05dabc |
282 | |
283 | Like their AV counterparts, C<hv_clear> deletes all the entries in the hash |
284 | table but does not actually delete the hash table. The C<hv_undef> deletes |
285 | both the entries and the hash table itself. |
a0d0e21e |
286 | |
d1b91892 |
287 | Perl keeps the actual data in linked list of structures with a typedef of HE. |
288 | These contain the actual key and value pointers (plus extra administrative |
289 | overhead). The key is a string pointer; the value is an C<SV*>. However, |
290 | once you have an C<HE*>, to get the actual key and value, use the routines |
291 | specified below. |
292 | |
a0d0e21e |
293 | I32 hv_iterinit(HV*); |
294 | /* Prepares starting point to traverse hash table */ |
295 | HE* hv_iternext(HV*); |
296 | /* Get the next entry, and return a pointer to a |
297 | structure that has both the key and value */ |
298 | char* hv_iterkey(HE* entry, I32* retlen); |
299 | /* Get the key from an HE structure and also return |
300 | the length of the key string */ |
cb1a09d0 |
301 | SV* hv_iterval(HV*, HE* entry); |
a0d0e21e |
302 | /* Return a SV pointer to the value of the HE |
303 | structure */ |
cb1a09d0 |
304 | SV* hv_iternextsv(HV*, char** key, I32* retlen); |
d1b91892 |
305 | /* This convenience routine combines hv_iternext, |
306 | hv_iterkey, and hv_iterval. The key and retlen |
307 | arguments are return values for the key and its |
308 | length. The value is returned in the SV* argument */ |
a0d0e21e |
309 | |
310 | If you know the name of a hash variable, you can get a pointer to its HV |
311 | by using the following: |
312 | |
5f05dabc |
313 | HV* perl_get_hv("package::varname", FALSE); |
a0d0e21e |
314 | |
315 | This returns NULL if the variable does not exist. |
316 | |
8ebc5c01 |
317 | The hash algorithm is defined in the C<PERL_HASH(hash, key, klen)> macro: |
a0d0e21e |
318 | |
319 | i = klen; |
320 | hash = 0; |
321 | s = key; |
322 | while (i--) |
323 | hash = hash * 33 + *s++; |
324 | |
325 | =head2 References |
326 | |
d1b91892 |
327 | References are a special type of scalar that point to other data types |
328 | (including references). |
a0d0e21e |
329 | |
07fa94a1 |
330 | To create a reference, use either of the following functions: |
a0d0e21e |
331 | |
5f05dabc |
332 | SV* newRV_inc((SV*) thing); |
333 | SV* newRV_noinc((SV*) thing); |
a0d0e21e |
334 | |
5f05dabc |
335 | The C<thing> argument can be any of an C<SV*>, C<AV*>, or C<HV*>. The |
07fa94a1 |
336 | functions are identical except that C<newRV_inc> increments the reference |
337 | count of the C<thing>, while C<newRV_noinc> does not. For historical |
338 | reasons, C<newRV> is a synonym for C<newRV_inc>. |
339 | |
340 | Once you have a reference, you can use the following macro to dereference |
341 | the reference: |
a0d0e21e |
342 | |
343 | SvRV(SV*) |
344 | |
345 | then call the appropriate routines, casting the returned C<SV*> to either an |
d1b91892 |
346 | C<AV*> or C<HV*>, if required. |
a0d0e21e |
347 | |
d1b91892 |
348 | To determine if an SV is a reference, you can use the following macro: |
a0d0e21e |
349 | |
350 | SvROK(SV*) |
351 | |
07fa94a1 |
352 | To discover what type of value the reference refers to, use the following |
353 | macro and then check the return value. |
d1b91892 |
354 | |
355 | SvTYPE(SvRV(SV*)) |
356 | |
357 | The most useful types that will be returned are: |
358 | |
359 | SVt_IV Scalar |
360 | SVt_NV Scalar |
361 | SVt_PV Scalar |
5f05dabc |
362 | SVt_RV Scalar |
d1b91892 |
363 | SVt_PVAV Array |
364 | SVt_PVHV Hash |
365 | SVt_PVCV Code |
5f05dabc |
366 | SVt_PVGV Glob (possible a file handle) |
367 | SVt_PVMG Blessed or Magical Scalar |
368 | |
369 | See the sv.h header file for more details. |
d1b91892 |
370 | |
cb1a09d0 |
371 | =head2 Blessed References and Class Objects |
372 | |
373 | References are also used to support object-oriented programming. In the |
374 | OO lexicon, an object is simply a reference that has been blessed into a |
375 | package (or class). Once blessed, the programmer may now use the reference |
376 | to access the various methods in the class. |
377 | |
378 | A reference can be blessed into a package with the following function: |
379 | |
380 | SV* sv_bless(SV* sv, HV* stash); |
381 | |
382 | The C<sv> argument must be a reference. The C<stash> argument specifies |
55497cff |
383 | which class the reference will belong to. See the section on L<Stashes> |
cb1a09d0 |
384 | for information on converting class names into stashes. |
385 | |
386 | /* Still under construction */ |
387 | |
388 | Upgrades rv to reference if not already one. Creates new SV for rv to |
8ebc5c01 |
389 | point to. If C<classname> is non-null, the SV is blessed into the specified |
390 | class. SV is returned. |
cb1a09d0 |
391 | |
392 | SV* newSVrv(SV* rv, char* classname); |
393 | |
8ebc5c01 |
394 | Copies integer or double into an SV whose reference is C<rv>. SV is blessed |
395 | if C<classname> is non-null. |
cb1a09d0 |
396 | |
397 | SV* sv_setref_iv(SV* rv, char* classname, IV iv); |
398 | SV* sv_setref_nv(SV* rv, char* classname, NV iv); |
399 | |
5f05dabc |
400 | Copies the pointer value (I<the address, not the string!>) into an SV whose |
8ebc5c01 |
401 | reference is rv. SV is blessed if C<classname> is non-null. |
cb1a09d0 |
402 | |
403 | SV* sv_setref_pv(SV* rv, char* classname, PV iv); |
404 | |
8ebc5c01 |
405 | Copies string into an SV whose reference is C<rv>. Set length to 0 to let |
406 | Perl calculate the string length. SV is blessed if C<classname> is non-null. |
cb1a09d0 |
407 | |
408 | SV* sv_setref_pvn(SV* rv, char* classname, PV iv, int length); |
409 | |
410 | int sv_isa(SV* sv, char* name); |
411 | int sv_isobject(SV* sv); |
412 | |
5f05dabc |
413 | =head2 Creating New Variables |
cb1a09d0 |
414 | |
5f05dabc |
415 | To create a new Perl variable with an undef value which can be accessed from |
416 | your Perl script, use the following routines, depending on the variable type. |
cb1a09d0 |
417 | |
5f05dabc |
418 | SV* perl_get_sv("package::varname", TRUE); |
419 | AV* perl_get_av("package::varname", TRUE); |
420 | HV* perl_get_hv("package::varname", TRUE); |
cb1a09d0 |
421 | |
422 | Notice the use of TRUE as the second parameter. The new variable can now |
423 | be set, using the routines appropriate to the data type. |
424 | |
5f05dabc |
425 | There are additional macros whose values may be bitwise OR'ed with the |
426 | C<TRUE> argument to enable certain extra features. Those bits are: |
cb1a09d0 |
427 | |
5f05dabc |
428 | GV_ADDMULTI Marks the variable as multiply defined, thus preventing the |
429 | "Indentifier <varname> used only once: possible typo" warning. |
07fa94a1 |
430 | GV_ADDWARN Issues the warning "Had to create <varname> unexpectedly" if |
431 | the variable did not exist before the function was called. |
cb1a09d0 |
432 | |
07fa94a1 |
433 | If you do not specify a package name, the variable is created in the current |
434 | package. |
cb1a09d0 |
435 | |
5f05dabc |
436 | =head2 Reference Counts and Mortality |
a0d0e21e |
437 | |
55497cff |
438 | Perl uses an reference count-driven garbage collection mechanism. SV's, |
439 | AV's, or HV's (xV for short in the following) start their life with a |
440 | reference count of 1. If the reference count of an xV ever drops to 0, |
07fa94a1 |
441 | then it will be destroyed and its memory made available for reuse. |
55497cff |
442 | |
443 | This normally doesn't happen at the Perl level unless a variable is |
5f05dabc |
444 | undef'ed or the last variable holding a reference to it is changed or |
445 | overwritten. At the internal level, however, reference counts can be |
55497cff |
446 | manipulated with the following macros: |
447 | |
448 | int SvREFCNT(SV* sv); |
5f05dabc |
449 | SV* SvREFCNT_inc(SV* sv); |
55497cff |
450 | void SvREFCNT_dec(SV* sv); |
451 | |
452 | However, there is one other function which manipulates the reference |
07fa94a1 |
453 | count of its argument. The C<newRV_inc> function, you will recall, |
454 | creates a reference to the specified argument. As a side effect, |
455 | it increments the argument's reference count. If this is not what |
456 | you want, use C<newRV_noinc> instead. |
457 | |
458 | For example, imagine you want to return a reference from an XSUB function. |
459 | Inside the XSUB routine, you create an SV which initially has a reference |
460 | count of one. Then you call C<newRV_inc>, passing it the just-created SV. |
5f05dabc |
461 | This returns the reference as a new SV, but the reference count of the |
462 | SV you passed to C<newRV_inc> has been incremented to two. Now you |
07fa94a1 |
463 | return the reference from the XSUB routine and forget about the SV. |
464 | But Perl hasn't! Whenever the returned reference is destroyed, the |
465 | reference count of the original SV is decreased to one and nothing happens. |
466 | The SV will hang around without any way to access it until Perl itself |
467 | terminates. This is a memory leak. |
5f05dabc |
468 | |
469 | The correct procedure, then, is to use C<newRV_noinc> instead of |
faed5253 |
470 | C<newRV_inc>. Then, if and when the last reference is destroyed, |
471 | the reference count of the SV will go to zero and it will be destroyed, |
07fa94a1 |
472 | stopping any memory leak. |
55497cff |
473 | |
5f05dabc |
474 | There are some convenience functions available that can help with the |
07fa94a1 |
475 | destruction of xV's. These functions introduce the concept of "mortality". |
476 | An xV that is mortal has had its reference count marked to be decremented, |
477 | but not actually decremented, until "a short time later". Generally the |
478 | term "short time later" means a single Perl statement, such as a call to |
479 | an XSUB function. The actual determinant for when mortal xV's have their |
480 | reference count decremented depends on two macros, SAVETMPS and FREETMPS. |
481 | See L<perlcall> and L<perlxs> for more details on these macros. |
55497cff |
482 | |
483 | "Mortalization" then is at its simplest a deferred C<SvREFCNT_dec>. |
484 | However, if you mortalize a variable twice, the reference count will |
485 | later be decremented twice. |
486 | |
487 | You should be careful about creating mortal variables. Strange things |
488 | can happen if you make the same value mortal within multiple contexts, |
5f05dabc |
489 | or if you make a variable mortal multiple times. |
a0d0e21e |
490 | |
491 | To create a mortal variable, use the functions: |
492 | |
493 | SV* sv_newmortal() |
494 | SV* sv_2mortal(SV*) |
495 | SV* sv_mortalcopy(SV*) |
496 | |
5f05dabc |
497 | The first call creates a mortal SV, the second converts an existing |
498 | SV to a mortal SV (and thus defers a call to C<SvREFCNT_dec>), and the |
499 | third creates a mortal copy of an existing SV. |
a0d0e21e |
500 | |
faed5253 |
501 | The mortal routines are not just for SV's -- AV's and HV's can be |
502 | made mortal by passing their address (type-casted to C<SV*>) to the |
07fa94a1 |
503 | C<sv_2mortal> or C<sv_mortalcopy> routines. |
a0d0e21e |
504 | |
5f05dabc |
505 | =head2 Stashes and Globs |
a0d0e21e |
506 | |
aa689395 |
507 | A "stash" is a hash that contains all of the different objects that |
508 | are contained within a package. Each key of the stash is a symbol |
509 | name (shared by all the different types of objects that have the same |
510 | name), and each value in the hash table is a GV (Glob Value). This GV |
511 | in turn contains references to the various objects of that name, |
512 | including (but not limited to) the following: |
cb1a09d0 |
513 | |
a0d0e21e |
514 | Scalar Value |
515 | Array Value |
516 | Hash Value |
517 | File Handle |
518 | Directory Handle |
519 | Format |
520 | Subroutine |
521 | |
5f05dabc |
522 | There is a single stash called "defstash" that holds the items that exist |
523 | in the "main" package. To get at the items in other packages, append the |
524 | string "::" to the package name. The items in the "Foo" package are in |
525 | the stash "Foo::" in defstash. The items in the "Bar::Baz" package are |
526 | in the stash "Baz::" in "Bar::"'s stash. |
a0d0e21e |
527 | |
d1b91892 |
528 | To get the stash pointer for a particular package, use the function: |
a0d0e21e |
529 | |
530 | HV* gv_stashpv(char* name, I32 create) |
531 | HV* gv_stashsv(SV*, I32 create) |
532 | |
533 | The first function takes a literal string, the second uses the string stored |
d1b91892 |
534 | in the SV. Remember that a stash is just a hash table, so you get back an |
cb1a09d0 |
535 | C<HV*>. The C<create> flag will create a new package if it is set. |
a0d0e21e |
536 | |
537 | The name that C<gv_stash*v> wants is the name of the package whose symbol table |
538 | you want. The default package is called C<main>. If you have multiply nested |
d1b91892 |
539 | packages, pass their names to C<gv_stash*v>, separated by C<::> as in the Perl |
540 | language itself. |
a0d0e21e |
541 | |
542 | Alternately, if you have an SV that is a blessed reference, you can find |
543 | out the stash pointer by using: |
544 | |
545 | HV* SvSTASH(SvRV(SV*)); |
546 | |
547 | then use the following to get the package name itself: |
548 | |
549 | char* HvNAME(HV* stash); |
550 | |
5f05dabc |
551 | If you need to bless or re-bless an object you can use the following |
552 | function: |
a0d0e21e |
553 | |
554 | SV* sv_bless(SV*, HV* stash) |
555 | |
556 | where the first argument, an C<SV*>, must be a reference, and the second |
557 | argument is a stash. The returned C<SV*> can now be used in the same way |
558 | as any other SV. |
559 | |
d1b91892 |
560 | For more information on references and blessings, consult L<perlref>. |
561 | |
0a753a76 |
562 | =head2 Double-Typed SV's |
563 | |
564 | Scalar variables normally contain only one type of value, an integer, |
565 | double, pointer, or reference. Perl will automatically convert the |
566 | actual scalar data from the stored type into the requested type. |
567 | |
568 | Some scalar variables contain more than one type of scalar data. For |
569 | example, the variable C<$!> contains either the numeric value of C<errno> |
570 | or its string equivalent from either C<strerror> or C<sys_errlist[]>. |
571 | |
572 | To force multiple data values into an SV, you must do two things: use the |
573 | C<sv_set*v> routines to add the additional scalar type, then set a flag |
574 | so that Perl will believe it contains more than one type of data. The |
575 | four macros to set the flags are: |
576 | |
577 | SvIOK_on |
578 | SvNOK_on |
579 | SvPOK_on |
580 | SvROK_on |
581 | |
582 | The particular macro you must use depends on which C<sv_set*v> routine |
583 | you called first. This is because every C<sv_set*v> routine turns on |
584 | only the bit for the particular type of data being set, and turns off |
585 | all the rest. |
586 | |
587 | For example, to create a new Perl variable called "dberror" that contains |
588 | both the numeric and descriptive string error values, you could use the |
589 | following code: |
590 | |
591 | extern int dberror; |
592 | extern char *dberror_list; |
593 | |
594 | SV* sv = perl_get_sv("dberror", TRUE); |
595 | sv_setiv(sv, (IV) dberror); |
596 | sv_setpv(sv, dberror_list[dberror]); |
597 | SvIOK_on(sv); |
598 | |
599 | If the order of C<sv_setiv> and C<sv_setpv> had been reversed, then the |
600 | macro C<SvPOK_on> would need to be called instead of C<SvIOK_on>. |
601 | |
602 | =head2 Magic Variables |
a0d0e21e |
603 | |
d1b91892 |
604 | [This section still under construction. Ignore everything here. Post no |
605 | bills. Everything not permitted is forbidden.] |
606 | |
d1b91892 |
607 | Any SV may be magical, that is, it has special features that a normal |
608 | SV does not have. These features are stored in the SV structure in a |
5f05dabc |
609 | linked list of C<struct magic>'s, typedef'ed to C<MAGIC>. |
d1b91892 |
610 | |
611 | struct magic { |
612 | MAGIC* mg_moremagic; |
613 | MGVTBL* mg_virtual; |
614 | U16 mg_private; |
615 | char mg_type; |
616 | U8 mg_flags; |
617 | SV* mg_obj; |
618 | char* mg_ptr; |
619 | I32 mg_len; |
620 | }; |
621 | |
622 | Note this is current as of patchlevel 0, and could change at any time. |
623 | |
624 | =head2 Assigning Magic |
625 | |
626 | Perl adds magic to an SV using the sv_magic function: |
627 | |
628 | void sv_magic(SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, char* name, I32 namlen); |
629 | |
630 | The C<sv> argument is a pointer to the SV that is to acquire a new magical |
631 | feature. |
632 | |
633 | If C<sv> is not already magical, Perl uses the C<SvUPGRADE> macro to |
634 | set the C<SVt_PVMG> flag for the C<sv>. Perl then continues by adding |
635 | it to the beginning of the linked list of magical features. Any prior |
636 | entry of the same type of magic is deleted. Note that this can be |
5fb8527f |
637 | overridden, and multiple instances of the same type of magic can be |
d1b91892 |
638 | associated with an SV. |
639 | |
640 | The C<name> and C<namlem> arguments are used to associate a string with |
641 | the magic, typically the name of a variable. C<namlem> is stored in the |
55497cff |
642 | C<mg_len> field and if C<name> is non-null and C<namlem> >= 0 a malloc'd |
d1b91892 |
643 | copy of the name is stored in C<mg_ptr> field. |
644 | |
645 | The sv_magic function uses C<how> to determine which, if any, predefined |
646 | "Magic Virtual Table" should be assigned to the C<mg_virtual> field. |
cb1a09d0 |
647 | See the "Magic Virtual Table" section below. The C<how> argument is also |
648 | stored in the C<mg_type> field. |
d1b91892 |
649 | |
650 | The C<obj> argument is stored in the C<mg_obj> field of the C<MAGIC> |
651 | structure. If it is not the same as the C<sv> argument, the reference |
652 | count of the C<obj> object is incremented. If it is the same, or if |
653 | the C<how> argument is "#", or if it is a null pointer, then C<obj> is |
654 | merely stored, without the reference count being incremented. |
655 | |
cb1a09d0 |
656 | There is also a function to add magic to an C<HV>: |
657 | |
658 | void hv_magic(HV *hv, GV *gv, int how); |
659 | |
660 | This simply calls C<sv_magic> and coerces the C<gv> argument into an C<SV>. |
661 | |
662 | To remove the magic from an SV, call the function sv_unmagic: |
663 | |
664 | void sv_unmagic(SV *sv, int type); |
665 | |
666 | The C<type> argument should be equal to the C<how> value when the C<SV> |
667 | was initially made magical. |
668 | |
d1b91892 |
669 | =head2 Magic Virtual Tables |
670 | |
671 | The C<mg_virtual> field in the C<MAGIC> structure is a pointer to a |
672 | C<MGVTBL>, which is a structure of function pointers and stands for |
673 | "Magic Virtual Table" to handle the various operations that might be |
674 | applied to that variable. |
675 | |
676 | The C<MGVTBL> has five pointers to the following routine types: |
677 | |
678 | int (*svt_get)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg); |
679 | int (*svt_set)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg); |
680 | U32 (*svt_len)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg); |
681 | int (*svt_clear)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg); |
682 | int (*svt_free)(SV* sv, MAGIC* mg); |
683 | |
684 | This MGVTBL structure is set at compile-time in C<perl.h> and there are |
685 | currently 19 types (or 21 with overloading turned on). These different |
686 | structures contain pointers to various routines that perform additional |
687 | actions depending on which function is being called. |
688 | |
689 | Function pointer Action taken |
690 | ---------------- ------------ |
691 | svt_get Do something after the value of the SV is retrieved. |
692 | svt_set Do something after the SV is assigned a value. |
693 | svt_len Report on the SV's length. |
694 | svt_clear Clear something the SV represents. |
695 | svt_free Free any extra storage associated with the SV. |
696 | |
697 | For instance, the MGVTBL structure called C<vtbl_sv> (which corresponds |
698 | to an C<mg_type> of '\0') contains: |
699 | |
700 | { magic_get, magic_set, magic_len, 0, 0 } |
701 | |
702 | Thus, when an SV is determined to be magical and of type '\0', if a get |
703 | operation is being performed, the routine C<magic_get> is called. All |
704 | the various routines for the various magical types begin with C<magic_>. |
705 | |
706 | The current kinds of Magic Virtual Tables are: |
707 | |
07fa94a1 |
708 | mg_type MGVTBL Type of magical |
5f05dabc |
709 | ------- ------ ---------------------------- |
d1b91892 |
710 | \0 vtbl_sv Regexp??? |
711 | A vtbl_amagic Operator Overloading |
712 | a vtbl_amagicelem Operator Overloading |
713 | c 0 Used in Operator Overloading |
714 | B vtbl_bm Boyer-Moore??? |
715 | E vtbl_env %ENV hash |
716 | e vtbl_envelem %ENV hash element |
717 | g vtbl_mglob Regexp /g flag??? |
718 | I vtbl_isa @ISA array |
719 | i vtbl_isaelem @ISA array element |
720 | L 0 (but sets RMAGICAL) Perl Module/Debugger??? |
721 | l vtbl_dbline Debugger? |
44a8e56a |
722 | o vtbl_collxfrm Locale transformation |
d1b91892 |
723 | P vtbl_pack Tied Array or Hash |
724 | p vtbl_packelem Tied Array or Hash element |
725 | q vtbl_packelem Tied Scalar or Handle |
726 | S vtbl_sig Signal Hash |
727 | s vtbl_sigelem Signal Hash element |
728 | t vtbl_taint Taintedness |
729 | U vtbl_uvar ??? |
730 | v vtbl_vec Vector |
731 | x vtbl_substr Substring??? |
e616eb7b |
732 | y vtbl_itervar Shadow "foreach" iterator variable |
d1b91892 |
733 | * vtbl_glob GV??? |
734 | # vtbl_arylen Array Length |
735 | . vtbl_pos $. scalar variable |
5f05dabc |
736 | ~ None Used by certain extensions |
d1b91892 |
737 | |
738 | When an upper-case and lower-case letter both exist in the table, then the |
739 | upper-case letter is used to represent some kind of composite type (a list |
740 | or a hash), and the lower-case letter is used to represent an element of |
741 | that composite type. |
742 | |
5f05dabc |
743 | The '~' magic type is defined specifically for use by extensions and |
744 | will not be used by perl itself. Extensions can use ~ magic to 'attach' |
745 | private information to variables (typically objects). This is especially |
746 | useful because there is no way for normal perl code to corrupt this |
747 | private information (unlike using extra elements of a hash object). |
748 | |
749 | Note that because multiple extensions may be using ~ magic it is |
750 | important for extensions to take extra care with it. Typically only |
751 | using it on objects blessed into the same class as the extension |
752 | is sufficient. It may also be appropriate to add an I32 'signature' |
753 | at the top of the private data area and check that. |
754 | |
d1b91892 |
755 | =head2 Finding Magic |
756 | |
757 | MAGIC* mg_find(SV*, int type); /* Finds the magic pointer of that type */ |
758 | |
759 | This routine returns a pointer to the C<MAGIC> structure stored in the SV. |
760 | If the SV does not have that magical feature, C<NULL> is returned. Also, |
761 | if the SV is not of type SVt_PVMG, Perl may core-dump. |
762 | |
763 | int mg_copy(SV* sv, SV* nsv, char* key, STRLEN klen); |
764 | |
765 | This routine checks to see what types of magic C<sv> has. If the mg_type |
766 | field is an upper-case letter, then the mg_obj is copied to C<nsv>, but |
767 | the mg_type field is changed to be the lower-case letter. |
a0d0e21e |
768 | |
0a753a76 |
769 | =head1 Subroutines |
a0d0e21e |
770 | |
5f05dabc |
771 | =head2 XSUB's and the Argument Stack |
772 | |
773 | The XSUB mechanism is a simple way for Perl programs to access C subroutines. |
774 | An XSUB routine will have a stack that contains the arguments from the Perl |
775 | program, and a way to map from the Perl data structures to a C equivalent. |
776 | |
777 | The stack arguments are accessible through the C<ST(n)> macro, which returns |
778 | the C<n>'th stack argument. Argument 0 is the first argument passed in the |
779 | Perl subroutine call. These arguments are C<SV*>, and can be used anywhere |
780 | an C<SV*> is used. |
781 | |
782 | Most of the time, output from the C routine can be handled through use of |
783 | the RETVAL and OUTPUT directives. However, there are some cases where the |
784 | argument stack is not already long enough to handle all the return values. |
785 | An example is the POSIX tzname() call, which takes no arguments, but returns |
786 | two, the local time zone's standard and summer time abbreviations. |
787 | |
788 | To handle this situation, the PPCODE directive is used and the stack is |
789 | extended using the macro: |
790 | |
791 | EXTEND(sp, num); |
792 | |
793 | where C<sp> is the stack pointer, and C<num> is the number of elements the |
794 | stack should be extended by. |
795 | |
796 | Now that there is room on the stack, values can be pushed on it using the |
797 | macros to push IV's, doubles, strings, and SV pointers respectively: |
798 | |
799 | PUSHi(IV) |
800 | PUSHn(double) |
801 | PUSHp(char*, I32) |
802 | PUSHs(SV*) |
803 | |
804 | And now the Perl program calling C<tzname>, the two values will be assigned |
805 | as in: |
806 | |
807 | ($standard_abbrev, $summer_abbrev) = POSIX::tzname; |
808 | |
809 | An alternate (and possibly simpler) method to pushing values on the stack is |
810 | to use the macros: |
811 | |
812 | XPUSHi(IV) |
813 | XPUSHn(double) |
814 | XPUSHp(char*, I32) |
815 | XPUSHs(SV*) |
816 | |
817 | These macros automatically adjust the stack for you, if needed. Thus, you |
818 | do not need to call C<EXTEND> to extend the stack. |
819 | |
820 | For more information, consult L<perlxs> and L<perlxstut>. |
821 | |
822 | =head2 Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs |
a0d0e21e |
823 | |
824 | There are four routines that can be used to call a Perl subroutine from |
825 | within a C program. These four are: |
826 | |
827 | I32 perl_call_sv(SV*, I32); |
828 | I32 perl_call_pv(char*, I32); |
829 | I32 perl_call_method(char*, I32); |
830 | I32 perl_call_argv(char*, I32, register char**); |
831 | |
d1b91892 |
832 | The routine most often used is C<perl_call_sv>. The C<SV*> argument |
833 | contains either the name of the Perl subroutine to be called, or a |
834 | reference to the subroutine. The second argument consists of flags |
835 | that control the context in which the subroutine is called, whether |
836 | or not the subroutine is being passed arguments, how errors should be |
837 | trapped, and how to treat return values. |
a0d0e21e |
838 | |
839 | All four routines return the number of arguments that the subroutine returned |
840 | on the Perl stack. |
841 | |
d1b91892 |
842 | When using any of these routines (except C<perl_call_argv>), the programmer |
843 | must manipulate the Perl stack. These include the following macros and |
844 | functions: |
a0d0e21e |
845 | |
846 | dSP |
847 | PUSHMARK() |
848 | PUTBACK |
849 | SPAGAIN |
850 | ENTER |
851 | SAVETMPS |
852 | FREETMPS |
853 | LEAVE |
854 | XPUSH*() |
cb1a09d0 |
855 | POP*() |
a0d0e21e |
856 | |
5f05dabc |
857 | For a detailed description of calling conventions from C to Perl, |
858 | consult L<perlcall>. |
a0d0e21e |
859 | |
5f05dabc |
860 | =head2 Memory Allocation |
a0d0e21e |
861 | |
5f05dabc |
862 | It is suggested that you use the version of malloc that is distributed |
863 | with Perl. It keeps pools of various sizes of unallocated memory in |
07fa94a1 |
864 | order to satisfy allocation requests more quickly. However, on some |
865 | platforms, it may cause spurious malloc or free errors. |
d1b91892 |
866 | |
867 | New(x, pointer, number, type); |
868 | Newc(x, pointer, number, type, cast); |
869 | Newz(x, pointer, number, type); |
870 | |
07fa94a1 |
871 | These three macros are used to initially allocate memory. |
5f05dabc |
872 | |
873 | The first argument C<x> was a "magic cookie" that was used to keep track |
874 | of who called the macro, to help when debugging memory problems. However, |
07fa94a1 |
875 | the current code makes no use of this feature (most Perl developers now |
876 | use run-time memory checkers), so this argument can be any number. |
5f05dabc |
877 | |
878 | The second argument C<pointer> should be the name of a variable that will |
879 | point to the newly allocated memory. |
d1b91892 |
880 | |
d1b91892 |
881 | The third and fourth arguments C<number> and C<type> specify how many of |
882 | the specified type of data structure should be allocated. The argument |
883 | C<type> is passed to C<sizeof>. The final argument to C<Newc>, C<cast>, |
884 | should be used if the C<pointer> argument is different from the C<type> |
885 | argument. |
886 | |
887 | Unlike the C<New> and C<Newc> macros, the C<Newz> macro calls C<memzero> |
888 | to zero out all the newly allocated memory. |
889 | |
890 | Renew(pointer, number, type); |
891 | Renewc(pointer, number, type, cast); |
892 | Safefree(pointer) |
893 | |
894 | These three macros are used to change a memory buffer size or to free a |
895 | piece of memory no longer needed. The arguments to C<Renew> and C<Renewc> |
896 | match those of C<New> and C<Newc> with the exception of not needing the |
897 | "magic cookie" argument. |
898 | |
899 | Move(source, dest, number, type); |
900 | Copy(source, dest, number, type); |
901 | Zero(dest, number, type); |
902 | |
903 | These three macros are used to move, copy, or zero out previously allocated |
904 | memory. The C<source> and C<dest> arguments point to the source and |
905 | destination starting points. Perl will move, copy, or zero out C<number> |
906 | instances of the size of the C<type> data structure (using the C<sizeof> |
907 | function). |
a0d0e21e |
908 | |
5f05dabc |
909 | =head2 PerlIO |
ce3d39e2 |
910 | |
5f05dabc |
911 | The most recent development releases of Perl has been experimenting with |
912 | removing Perl's dependency on the "normal" standard I/O suite and allowing |
913 | other stdio implementations to be used. This involves creating a new |
914 | abstraction layer that then calls whichever implementation of stdio Perl |
915 | was compiled with. All XSUB's should now use the functions in the PerlIO |
916 | abstraction layer and not make any assumptions about what kind of stdio |
917 | is being used. |
918 | |
919 | For a complete description of the PerlIO abstraction, consult L<perlapio>. |
920 | |
8ebc5c01 |
921 | =head2 Putting a C value on Perl stack |
ce3d39e2 |
922 | |
923 | A lot of opcodes (this is an elementary operation in the internal perl |
924 | stack machine) put an SV* on the stack. However, as an optimization |
925 | the corresponding SV is (usually) not recreated each time. The opcodes |
926 | reuse specially assigned SVs (I<target>s) which are (as a corollary) |
927 | not constantly freed/created. |
928 | |
0a753a76 |
929 | Each of the targets is created only once (but see |
ce3d39e2 |
930 | L<Scratchpads and recursion> below), and when an opcode needs to put |
931 | an integer, a double, or a string on stack, it just sets the |
932 | corresponding parts of its I<target> and puts the I<target> on stack. |
933 | |
934 | The macro to put this target on stack is C<PUSHTARG>, and it is |
935 | directly used in some opcodes, as well as indirectly in zillions of |
936 | others, which use it via C<(X)PUSH[pni]>. |
937 | |
8ebc5c01 |
938 | =head2 Scratchpads |
ce3d39e2 |
939 | |
5f05dabc |
940 | The question remains on when the SV's which are I<target>s for opcodes |
941 | are created. The answer is that they are created when the current unit -- |
942 | a subroutine or a file (for opcodes for statements outside of |
943 | subroutines) -- is compiled. During this time a special anonymous Perl |
ce3d39e2 |
944 | array is created, which is called a scratchpad for the current |
945 | unit. |
946 | |
5f05dabc |
947 | A scratchpad keeps SV's which are lexicals for the current unit and are |
ce3d39e2 |
948 | targets for opcodes. One can deduce that an SV lives on a scratchpad |
949 | by looking on its flags: lexicals have C<SVs_PADMY> set, and |
950 | I<target>s have C<SVs_PADTMP> set. |
951 | |
5f05dabc |
952 | The correspondence between OP's and I<target>s is not 1-to-1. Different |
953 | OP's in the compile tree of the unit can use the same target, if this |
ce3d39e2 |
954 | would not conflict with the expected life of the temporary. |
955 | |
8ebc5c01 |
956 | =head2 Scratchpads and recursions |
ce3d39e2 |
957 | |
958 | In fact it is not 100% true that a compiled unit contains a pointer to |
959 | the scratchpad AV. In fact it contains a pointer to an AV of |
960 | (initially) one element, and this element is the scratchpad AV. Why do |
961 | we need an extra level of indirection? |
962 | |
963 | The answer is B<recursion>, and maybe (sometime soon) B<threads>. Both |
964 | these can create several execution pointers going into the same |
965 | subroutine. For the subroutine-child not write over the temporaries |
966 | for the subroutine-parent (lifespan of which covers the call to the |
967 | child), the parent and the child should have different |
968 | scratchpads. (I<And> the lexicals should be separate anyway!) |
969 | |
5f05dabc |
970 | So each subroutine is born with an array of scratchpads (of length 1). |
971 | On each entry to the subroutine it is checked that the current |
ce3d39e2 |
972 | depth of the recursion is not more than the length of this array, and |
973 | if it is, new scratchpad is created and pushed into the array. |
974 | |
975 | The I<target>s on this scratchpad are C<undef>s, but they are already |
976 | marked with correct flags. |
977 | |
0a753a76 |
978 | =head1 Compiled code |
979 | |
980 | =head2 Code tree |
981 | |
982 | Here we describe the internal form your code is converted to by |
983 | Perl. Start with a simple example: |
984 | |
985 | $a = $b + $c; |
986 | |
987 | This is converted to a tree similar to this one: |
988 | |
989 | assign-to |
990 | / \ |
991 | + $a |
992 | / \ |
993 | $b $c |
994 | |
995 | (but slightly more complicated). This tree reflect the way Perl |
996 | parsed your code, but has nothing to do with the execution order. |
997 | There is an additional "thread" going through the nodes of the tree |
998 | which shows the order of execution of the nodes. In our simplified |
999 | example above it looks like: |
1000 | |
1001 | $b ---> $c ---> + ---> $a ---> assign-to |
1002 | |
1003 | But with the actual compile tree for C<$a = $b + $c> it is different: |
1004 | some nodes I<optimized away>. As a corollary, though the actual tree |
1005 | contains more nodes than our simplified example, the execution order |
1006 | is the same as in our example. |
1007 | |
1008 | =head2 Examining the tree |
1009 | |
1010 | If you have your perl compiled for debugging (usually done with C<-D |
1011 | optimize=-g> on C<Configure> command line), you may examine the |
1012 | compiled tree by specifying C<-Dx> on the Perl command line. The |
1013 | output takes several lines per node, and for C<$b+$c> it looks like |
1014 | this: |
1015 | |
1016 | 5 TYPE = add ===> 6 |
1017 | TARG = 1 |
1018 | FLAGS = (SCALAR,KIDS) |
1019 | { |
1020 | TYPE = null ===> (4) |
1021 | (was rv2sv) |
1022 | FLAGS = (SCALAR,KIDS) |
1023 | { |
1024 | 3 TYPE = gvsv ===> 4 |
1025 | FLAGS = (SCALAR) |
1026 | GV = main::b |
1027 | } |
1028 | } |
1029 | { |
1030 | TYPE = null ===> (5) |
1031 | (was rv2sv) |
1032 | FLAGS = (SCALAR,KIDS) |
1033 | { |
1034 | 4 TYPE = gvsv ===> 5 |
1035 | FLAGS = (SCALAR) |
1036 | GV = main::c |
1037 | } |
1038 | } |
1039 | |
1040 | This tree has 5 nodes (one per C<TYPE> specifier), only 3 of them are |
1041 | not optimized away (one per number in the left column). The immediate |
1042 | children of the given node correspond to C<{}> pairs on the same level |
1043 | of indentation, thus this listing corresponds to the tree: |
1044 | |
1045 | add |
1046 | / \ |
1047 | null null |
1048 | | | |
1049 | gvsv gvsv |
1050 | |
1051 | The execution order is indicated by C<===E<gt>> marks, thus it is C<3 |
1052 | 4 5 6> (node C<6> is not included into above listing), i.e., |
1053 | C<gvsv gvsv add whatever>. |
1054 | |
1055 | =head2 Compile pass 1: check routines |
1056 | |
1057 | The tree is created by the I<pseudo-compiler> while yacc code feeds it |
1058 | the constructions it recognizes. Since yacc works bottom-up, so does |
1059 | the first pass of perl compilation. |
1060 | |
1061 | What makes this pass interesting for perl developers is that some |
1062 | optimization may be performed on this pass. This is optimization by |
1063 | so-called I<check routines>. The correspondence between node names |
1064 | and corresponding check routines is described in F<opcode.pl> (do not |
1065 | forget to run C<make regen_headers> if you modify this file). |
1066 | |
1067 | A check routine is called when the node is fully constructed except |
1068 | for the execution-order thread. Since at this time there is no |
1069 | back-links to the currently constructed node, one can do most any |
1070 | operation to the top-level node, including freeing it and/or creating |
1071 | new nodes above/below it. |
1072 | |
1073 | The check routine returns the node which should be inserted into the |
1074 | tree (if the top-level node was not modified, check routine returns |
1075 | its argument). |
1076 | |
1077 | By convention, check routines have names C<ck_*>. They are usually |
1078 | called from C<new*OP> subroutines (or C<convert>) (which in turn are |
1079 | called from F<perly.y>). |
1080 | |
1081 | =head2 Compile pass 1a: constant folding |
1082 | |
1083 | Immediately after the check routine is called the returned node is |
1084 | checked for being compile-time executable. If it is (the value is |
1085 | judged to be constant) it is immediately executed, and a I<constant> |
1086 | node with the "return value" of the corresponding subtree is |
1087 | substituted instead. The subtree is deleted. |
1088 | |
1089 | If constant folding was not performed, the execution-order thread is |
1090 | created. |
1091 | |
1092 | =head2 Compile pass 2: context propagation |
1093 | |
1094 | When a context for a part of compile tree is known, it is propagated |
1095 | down through the tree. Aat this time the context can have 5 values |
1096 | (instead of 2 for runtime context): void, boolean, scalar, list, and |
1097 | lvalue. In contrast with the pass 1 this pass is processed from top |
1098 | to bottom: a node's context determines the context for its children. |
1099 | |
1100 | Additional context-dependent optimizations are performed at this time. |
1101 | Since at this moment the compile tree contains back-references (via |
1102 | "thread" pointers), nodes cannot be free()d now. To allow |
1103 | optimized-away nodes at this stage, such nodes are null()ified instead |
1104 | of free()ing (i.e. their type is changed to OP_NULL). |
1105 | |
1106 | =head2 Compile pass 3: peephole optimization |
1107 | |
1108 | After the compile tree for a subroutine (or for an C<eval> or a file) |
1109 | is created, an additional pass over the code is performed. This pass |
1110 | is neither top-down or bottom-up, but in the execution order (with |
1111 | additional compilications for conditionals). These optimizations are |
1112 | done in the subroutine peep(). Optimizations performed at this stage |
1113 | are subject to the same restrictions as in the pass 2. |
1114 | |
1115 | =head1 API LISTING |
a0d0e21e |
1116 | |
cb1a09d0 |
1117 | This is a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables that may be |
1118 | useful to extension writers or that may be found while reading other |
1119 | extensions. |
a0d0e21e |
1120 | |
cb1a09d0 |
1121 | =over 8 |
a0d0e21e |
1122 | |
cb1a09d0 |
1123 | =item AvFILL |
1124 | |
1125 | See C<av_len>. |
1126 | |
1127 | =item av_clear |
1128 | |
1129 | Clears an array, making it empty. |
1130 | |
1131 | void av_clear _((AV* ar)); |
1132 | |
1133 | =item av_extend |
1134 | |
1135 | Pre-extend an array. The C<key> is the index to which the array should be |
1136 | extended. |
1137 | |
1138 | void av_extend _((AV* ar, I32 key)); |
1139 | |
1140 | =item av_fetch |
1141 | |
1142 | Returns the SV at the specified index in the array. The C<key> is the |
1143 | index. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be part of a store. Check |
1144 | that the return value is non-null before dereferencing it to a C<SV*>. |
1145 | |
1146 | SV** av_fetch _((AV* ar, I32 key, I32 lval)); |
1147 | |
1148 | =item av_len |
1149 | |
1150 | Returns the highest index in the array. Returns -1 if the array is empty. |
1151 | |
1152 | I32 av_len _((AV* ar)); |
1153 | |
1154 | =item av_make |
1155 | |
5fb8527f |
1156 | Creates a new AV and populates it with a list of SVs. The SVs are copied |
1157 | into the array, so they may be freed after the call to av_make. The new AV |
5f05dabc |
1158 | will have a reference count of 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
1159 | |
1160 | AV* av_make _((I32 size, SV** svp)); |
1161 | |
1162 | =item av_pop |
1163 | |
1164 | Pops an SV off the end of the array. Returns C<&sv_undef> if the array is |
1165 | empty. |
1166 | |
1167 | SV* av_pop _((AV* ar)); |
1168 | |
1169 | =item av_push |
1170 | |
5fb8527f |
1171 | Pushes an SV onto the end of the array. The array will grow automatically |
1172 | to accommodate the addition. |
cb1a09d0 |
1173 | |
1174 | void av_push _((AV* ar, SV* val)); |
1175 | |
1176 | =item av_shift |
1177 | |
1178 | Shifts an SV off the beginning of the array. |
1179 | |
1180 | SV* av_shift _((AV* ar)); |
1181 | |
1182 | =item av_store |
1183 | |
1184 | Stores an SV in an array. The array index is specified as C<key>. The |
1185 | return value will be null if the operation failed, otherwise it can be |
1186 | dereferenced to get the original C<SV*>. |
1187 | |
1188 | SV** av_store _((AV* ar, I32 key, SV* val)); |
1189 | |
1190 | =item av_undef |
1191 | |
1192 | Undefines the array. |
1193 | |
1194 | void av_undef _((AV* ar)); |
1195 | |
1196 | =item av_unshift |
1197 | |
5fb8527f |
1198 | Unshift an SV onto the beginning of the array. The array will grow |
1199 | automatically to accommodate the addition. |
cb1a09d0 |
1200 | |
1201 | void av_unshift _((AV* ar, I32 num)); |
1202 | |
1203 | =item CLASS |
1204 | |
1205 | Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the class name for a C++ XS |
5fb8527f |
1206 | constructor. This is always a C<char*>. See C<THIS> and |
1207 | L<perlxs/"Using XS With C++">. |
cb1a09d0 |
1208 | |
1209 | =item Copy |
1210 | |
1211 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memcpy> function. The C<s> is the |
1212 | source, C<d> is the destination, C<n> is the number of items, and C<t> is |
1213 | the type. |
1214 | |
1215 | (void) Copy( s, d, n, t ); |
1216 | |
1217 | =item croak |
1218 | |
1219 | This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<die> function. Use this |
1220 | function the same way you use the C C<printf> function. See C<warn>. |
1221 | |
1222 | =item CvSTASH |
1223 | |
1224 | Returns the stash of the CV. |
1225 | |
1226 | HV * CvSTASH( SV* sv ) |
1227 | |
1228 | =item DBsingle |
1229 | |
1230 | When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the B<-d> switch, this SV is a |
1231 | boolean which indicates whether subs are being single-stepped. |
5fb8527f |
1232 | Single-stepping is automatically turned on after every step. This is the C |
1233 | variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::single variable. See C<DBsub>. |
cb1a09d0 |
1234 | |
1235 | =item DBsub |
1236 | |
1237 | When Perl is run in debugging mode, with the B<-d> switch, this GV contains |
5fb8527f |
1238 | the SV which holds the name of the sub being debugged. This is the C |
1239 | variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::sub variable. See C<DBsingle>. |
cb1a09d0 |
1240 | The sub name can be found by |
1241 | |
1242 | SvPV( GvSV( DBsub ), na ) |
1243 | |
5fb8527f |
1244 | =item DBtrace |
1245 | |
1246 | Trace variable used when Perl is run in debugging mode, with the B<-d> |
1247 | switch. This is the C variable which corresponds to Perl's $DB::trace |
1248 | variable. See C<DBsingle>. |
1249 | |
cb1a09d0 |
1250 | =item dMARK |
1251 | |
5fb8527f |
1252 | Declare a stack marker variable, C<mark>, for the XSUB. See C<MARK> and |
1253 | C<dORIGMARK>. |
cb1a09d0 |
1254 | |
1255 | =item dORIGMARK |
1256 | |
1257 | Saves the original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<ORIGMARK>. |
1258 | |
5fb8527f |
1259 | =item dowarn |
1260 | |
1261 | The C variable which corresponds to Perl's $^W warning variable. |
1262 | |
cb1a09d0 |
1263 | =item dSP |
1264 | |
5fb8527f |
1265 | Declares a stack pointer variable, C<sp>, for the XSUB. See C<SP>. |
cb1a09d0 |
1266 | |
1267 | =item dXSARGS |
1268 | |
1269 | Sets up stack and mark pointers for an XSUB, calling dSP and dMARK. This is |
1270 | usually handled automatically by C<xsubpp>. Declares the C<items> variable |
1271 | to indicate the number of items on the stack. |
1272 | |
5fb8527f |
1273 | =item dXSI32 |
1274 | |
1275 | Sets up the C<ix> variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This is usually |
1276 | handled automatically by C<xsubpp>. |
1277 | |
1278 | =item dXSI32 |
1279 | |
1280 | Sets up the C<ix> variable for an XSUB which has aliases. This is usually |
1281 | handled automatically by C<xsubpp>. |
1282 | |
cb1a09d0 |
1283 | =item ENTER |
1284 | |
1285 | Opening bracket on a callback. See C<LEAVE> and L<perlcall>. |
1286 | |
1287 | ENTER; |
1288 | |
1289 | =item EXTEND |
1290 | |
1291 | Used to extend the argument stack for an XSUB's return values. |
1292 | |
1293 | EXTEND( sp, int x ); |
1294 | |
1295 | =item FREETMPS |
1296 | |
1297 | Closing bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<SAVETMPS> and |
1298 | L<perlcall>. |
1299 | |
1300 | FREETMPS; |
1301 | |
1302 | =item G_ARRAY |
1303 | |
1304 | Used to indicate array context. See C<GIMME> and L<perlcall>. |
1305 | |
1306 | =item G_DISCARD |
1307 | |
1308 | Indicates that arguments returned from a callback should be discarded. See |
1309 | L<perlcall>. |
1310 | |
1311 | =item G_EVAL |
1312 | |
1313 | Used to force a Perl C<eval> wrapper around a callback. See L<perlcall>. |
1314 | |
1315 | =item GIMME |
1316 | |
1317 | The XSUB-writer's equivalent to Perl's C<wantarray>. Returns C<G_SCALAR> or |
1318 | C<G_ARRAY> for scalar or array context. |
1319 | |
1320 | =item G_NOARGS |
1321 | |
1322 | Indicates that no arguments are being sent to a callback. See L<perlcall>. |
1323 | |
1324 | =item G_SCALAR |
1325 | |
1326 | Used to indicate scalar context. See C<GIMME> and L<perlcall>. |
1327 | |
faed5253 |
1328 | =item gv_fetchmeth |
1329 | |
1330 | Returns the glob with the given C<name> and a defined subroutine or |
1331 | C<NULL>. The glob lives in the given C<stash>, or in the stashes accessable |
1332 | via @ISA and @<UNIVERSAL>. |
1333 | |
0a753a76 |
1334 | The argument C<level> should be either 0 or -1. If C<level==0>, as a |
1335 | side-effect creates a glob with the given C<name> in the given |
1336 | C<stash> which in the case of success contains an alias for the |
1337 | subroutine, and sets up caching info for this glob. Similarly for all |
1338 | the searched stashes. |
1339 | |
1340 | The GV returned from C<gv_fetchmeth> may be a method cache entry, |
1341 | which is not visible to Perl code. So when calling C<perl_call_sv>, |
1342 | you should not use the GV directly; instead, you should use the |
1343 | method's CV, which can be obtained from the GV with the C<GvCV> macro. |
faed5253 |
1344 | |
1345 | GV* gv_fetchmeth _((HV* stash, char* name, STRLEN len, I32 level)); |
1346 | |
1347 | =item gv_fetchmethod |
1348 | |
1349 | Returns the glob which contains the subroutine to call to invoke the |
1350 | method on the C<stash>. In fact in the presense of autoloading this may |
1351 | be the glob for "AUTOLOAD". In this case the corresponing variable |
1352 | $AUTOLOAD is already setup. |
1353 | |
1354 | Note that if you want to keep this glob for a long time, you need to |
1355 | check for it being "AUTOLOAD", since at the later time the the call |
1356 | may load a different subroutine due to $AUTOLOAD changing its value. |
1357 | Use the glob created via a side effect to do this. |
1358 | |
1359 | This function grants C<"SUPER"> token as prefix of name or postfix of |
1360 | the stash name. |
1361 | |
0a753a76 |
1362 | Has the same side-effects and as C<gv_fetchmeth> with C<level==0>. |
1363 | C<name> should be writable if contains C<':'> or C<'\''>. |
1364 | The warning against passing the GV returned by C<gv_fetchmeth> to |
1365 | C<perl_call_sv> apply equally to C<gv_fetchmethod>. |
faed5253 |
1366 | |
1367 | GV* gv_fetchmethod _((HV* stash, char* name)); |
1368 | |
cb1a09d0 |
1369 | =item gv_stashpv |
1370 | |
1371 | Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. If C<create> is set |
1372 | then the package will be created if it does not already exist. If C<create> |
1373 | is not set and the package does not exist then NULL is returned. |
1374 | |
1375 | HV* gv_stashpv _((char* name, I32 create)); |
1376 | |
1377 | =item gv_stashsv |
1378 | |
1379 | Returns a pointer to the stash for a specified package. See C<gv_stashpv>. |
1380 | |
1381 | HV* gv_stashsv _((SV* sv, I32 create)); |
1382 | |
e5581bf4 |
1383 | =item GvSV |
cb1a09d0 |
1384 | |
e5581bf4 |
1385 | Return the SV from the GV. |
44a8e56a |
1386 | |
1387 | =item he_delayfree |
1388 | |
1389 | Releases a hash entry, such as while iterating though the hash, but |
1390 | delays actual freeing of key and value until the end of the current |
1391 | statement (or thereabouts) with C<sv_2mortal>. See C<hv_iternext>. |
cb1a09d0 |
1392 | |
e5581bf4 |
1393 | void he_delayfree _((HV* hv, HE* hent)); |
1394 | |
1395 | =item he_free |
1396 | |
1397 | Releases a hash entry, such as while iterating though the hash. See |
1398 | C<hv_iternext>. |
1399 | |
1400 | void he_free _((HV* hv, HE* hent)); |
cb1a09d0 |
1401 | |
1402 | =item hv_clear |
1403 | |
1404 | Clears a hash, making it empty. |
1405 | |
1406 | void hv_clear _((HV* tb)); |
1407 | |
1408 | =item hv_delete |
1409 | |
1410 | Deletes a key/value pair in the hash. The value SV is removed from the hash |
5fb8527f |
1411 | and returned to the caller. The C<klen> is the length of the key. The |
cb1a09d0 |
1412 | C<flags> value will normally be zero; if set to G_DISCARD then null will be |
1413 | returned. |
1414 | |
1415 | SV* hv_delete _((HV* tb, char* key, U32 klen, I32 flags)); |
1416 | |
1417 | =item hv_exists |
1418 | |
1419 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the specified hash key exists. The |
5fb8527f |
1420 | C<klen> is the length of the key. |
cb1a09d0 |
1421 | |
1422 | bool hv_exists _((HV* tb, char* key, U32 klen)); |
1423 | |
1424 | =item hv_fetch |
1425 | |
1426 | Returns the SV which corresponds to the specified key in the hash. The |
5fb8527f |
1427 | C<klen> is the length of the key. If C<lval> is set then the fetch will be |
cb1a09d0 |
1428 | part of a store. Check that the return value is non-null before |
1429 | dereferencing it to a C<SV*>. |
1430 | |
1431 | SV** hv_fetch _((HV* tb, char* key, U32 klen, I32 lval)); |
1432 | |
1433 | =item hv_iterinit |
1434 | |
1435 | Prepares a starting point to traverse a hash table. |
1436 | |
1437 | I32 hv_iterinit _((HV* tb)); |
1438 | |
1439 | =item hv_iterkey |
1440 | |
1441 | Returns the key from the current position of the hash iterator. See |
1442 | C<hv_iterinit>. |
1443 | |
1444 | char* hv_iterkey _((HE* entry, I32* retlen)); |
1445 | |
1446 | =item hv_iternext |
1447 | |
1448 | Returns entries from a hash iterator. See C<hv_iterinit>. |
1449 | |
1450 | HE* hv_iternext _((HV* tb)); |
1451 | |
1452 | =item hv_iternextsv |
1453 | |
1454 | Performs an C<hv_iternext>, C<hv_iterkey>, and C<hv_iterval> in one |
1455 | operation. |
1456 | |
1457 | SV * hv_iternextsv _((HV* hv, char** key, I32* retlen)); |
1458 | |
1459 | =item hv_iterval |
1460 | |
1461 | Returns the value from the current position of the hash iterator. See |
1462 | C<hv_iterkey>. |
1463 | |
1464 | SV* hv_iterval _((HV* tb, HE* entry)); |
1465 | |
1466 | =item hv_magic |
1467 | |
1468 | Adds magic to a hash. See C<sv_magic>. |
1469 | |
1470 | void hv_magic _((HV* hv, GV* gv, int how)); |
1471 | |
1472 | =item HvNAME |
1473 | |
1474 | Returns the package name of a stash. See C<SvSTASH>, C<CvSTASH>. |
1475 | |
1476 | char *HvNAME (HV* stash) |
1477 | |
1478 | =item hv_store |
1479 | |
1480 | Stores an SV in a hash. The hash key is specified as C<key> and C<klen> is |
1481 | the length of the key. The C<hash> parameter is the pre-computed hash |
1482 | value; if it is zero then Perl will compute it. The return value will be |
1483 | null if the operation failed, otherwise it can be dereferenced to get the |
1484 | original C<SV*>. |
1485 | |
1486 | SV** hv_store _((HV* tb, char* key, U32 klen, SV* val, U32 hash)); |
1487 | |
1488 | =item hv_undef |
1489 | |
1490 | Undefines the hash. |
1491 | |
1492 | void hv_undef _((HV* tb)); |
1493 | |
1494 | =item isALNUM |
1495 | |
1496 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ascii alphanumeric |
5f05dabc |
1497 | character or digit. |
cb1a09d0 |
1498 | |
1499 | int isALNUM (char c) |
1500 | |
1501 | =item isALPHA |
1502 | |
5fb8527f |
1503 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ascii alphabetic |
cb1a09d0 |
1504 | character. |
1505 | |
1506 | int isALPHA (char c) |
1507 | |
1508 | =item isDIGIT |
1509 | |
1510 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an ascii digit. |
1511 | |
1512 | int isDIGIT (char c) |
1513 | |
1514 | =item isLOWER |
1515 | |
1516 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is a lowercase character. |
1517 | |
1518 | int isLOWER (char c) |
1519 | |
1520 | =item isSPACE |
1521 | |
1522 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is whitespace. |
1523 | |
1524 | int isSPACE (char c) |
1525 | |
1526 | =item isUPPER |
1527 | |
1528 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the C C<char> is an uppercase character. |
1529 | |
1530 | int isUPPER (char c) |
1531 | |
1532 | =item items |
1533 | |
1534 | Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate the number of items on the |
5fb8527f |
1535 | stack. See L<perlxs/"Variable-length Parameter Lists">. |
1536 | |
1537 | =item ix |
1538 | |
1539 | Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to indicate which of an XSUB's aliases |
1540 | was used to invoke it. See L<perlxs/"The ALIAS: Keyword">. |
cb1a09d0 |
1541 | |
1542 | =item LEAVE |
1543 | |
1544 | Closing bracket on a callback. See C<ENTER> and L<perlcall>. |
1545 | |
1546 | LEAVE; |
1547 | |
1548 | =item MARK |
1549 | |
5fb8527f |
1550 | Stack marker variable for the XSUB. See C<dMARK>. |
cb1a09d0 |
1551 | |
1552 | =item mg_clear |
1553 | |
1554 | Clear something magical that the SV represents. See C<sv_magic>. |
1555 | |
1556 | int mg_clear _((SV* sv)); |
1557 | |
1558 | =item mg_copy |
1559 | |
1560 | Copies the magic from one SV to another. See C<sv_magic>. |
1561 | |
1562 | int mg_copy _((SV *, SV *, char *, STRLEN)); |
1563 | |
1564 | =item mg_find |
1565 | |
1566 | Finds the magic pointer for type matching the SV. See C<sv_magic>. |
1567 | |
1568 | MAGIC* mg_find _((SV* sv, int type)); |
1569 | |
1570 | =item mg_free |
1571 | |
1572 | Free any magic storage used by the SV. See C<sv_magic>. |
1573 | |
1574 | int mg_free _((SV* sv)); |
1575 | |
1576 | =item mg_get |
1577 | |
1578 | Do magic after a value is retrieved from the SV. See C<sv_magic>. |
1579 | |
1580 | int mg_get _((SV* sv)); |
1581 | |
1582 | =item mg_len |
1583 | |
1584 | Report on the SV's length. See C<sv_magic>. |
1585 | |
1586 | U32 mg_len _((SV* sv)); |
1587 | |
1588 | =item mg_magical |
1589 | |
1590 | Turns on the magical status of an SV. See C<sv_magic>. |
1591 | |
1592 | void mg_magical _((SV* sv)); |
1593 | |
1594 | =item mg_set |
1595 | |
1596 | Do magic after a value is assigned to the SV. See C<sv_magic>. |
1597 | |
1598 | int mg_set _((SV* sv)); |
1599 | |
1600 | =item Move |
1601 | |
1602 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memmove> function. The C<s> is the |
1603 | source, C<d> is the destination, C<n> is the number of items, and C<t> is |
1604 | the type. |
1605 | |
1606 | (void) Move( s, d, n, t ); |
1607 | |
1608 | =item na |
1609 | |
1610 | A variable which may be used with C<SvPV> to tell Perl to calculate the |
1611 | string length. |
1612 | |
1613 | =item New |
1614 | |
1615 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. |
1616 | |
1617 | void * New( x, void *ptr, int size, type ) |
1618 | |
1619 | =item Newc |
1620 | |
1621 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function, with cast. |
1622 | |
1623 | void * Newc( x, void *ptr, int size, type, cast ) |
1624 | |
1625 | =item Newz |
1626 | |
1627 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. The allocated |
1628 | memory is zeroed with C<memzero>. |
1629 | |
1630 | void * Newz( x, void *ptr, int size, type ) |
1631 | |
1632 | =item newAV |
1633 | |
5f05dabc |
1634 | Creates a new AV. The reference count is set to 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
1635 | |
1636 | AV* newAV _((void)); |
1637 | |
1638 | =item newHV |
1639 | |
5f05dabc |
1640 | Creates a new HV. The reference count is set to 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
1641 | |
1642 | HV* newHV _((void)); |
1643 | |
5f05dabc |
1644 | =item newRV_inc |
cb1a09d0 |
1645 | |
5f05dabc |
1646 | Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original SV is |
cb1a09d0 |
1647 | incremented. |
1648 | |
5f05dabc |
1649 | SV* newRV_inc _((SV* ref)); |
1650 | |
1651 | For historical reasons, "newRV" is a synonym for "newRV_inc". |
1652 | |
1653 | =item newRV_noinc |
1654 | |
1655 | Creates an RV wrapper for an SV. The reference count for the original |
1656 | SV is B<not> incremented. |
1657 | |
07fa94a1 |
1658 | SV* newRV_noinc _((SV* ref)); |
cb1a09d0 |
1659 | |
1660 | =item newSV |
1661 | |
1662 | Creates a new SV. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of bytes of |
07fa94a1 |
1663 | pre-allocated string space the SV should have. The reference count for the |
1664 | new SV is set to 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
1665 | |
1666 | SV* newSV _((STRLEN len)); |
1667 | |
1668 | =item newSViv |
1669 | |
07fa94a1 |
1670 | Creates a new SV and copies an integer into it. The reference count for the |
1671 | SV is set to 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
1672 | |
1673 | SV* newSViv _((IV i)); |
1674 | |
1675 | =item newSVnv |
1676 | |
07fa94a1 |
1677 | Creates a new SV and copies a double into it. The reference count for the |
1678 | SV is set to 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
1679 | |
1680 | SV* newSVnv _((NV i)); |
1681 | |
1682 | =item newSVpv |
1683 | |
07fa94a1 |
1684 | Creates a new SV and copies a string into it. The reference count for the |
1685 | SV is set to 1. If C<len> is zero then Perl will compute the length. |
cb1a09d0 |
1686 | |
1687 | SV* newSVpv _((char* s, STRLEN len)); |
1688 | |
1689 | =item newSVrv |
1690 | |
1691 | Creates a new SV for the RV, C<rv>, to point to. If C<rv> is not an RV then |
5fb8527f |
1692 | it will be upgraded to one. If C<classname> is non-null then the new SV will |
cb1a09d0 |
1693 | be blessed in the specified package. The new SV is returned and its |
5f05dabc |
1694 | reference count is 1. |
8ebc5c01 |
1695 | |
cb1a09d0 |
1696 | SV* newSVrv _((SV* rv, char* classname)); |
1697 | |
1698 | =item newSVsv |
1699 | |
5fb8527f |
1700 | Creates a new SV which is an exact duplicate of the original SV. |
cb1a09d0 |
1701 | |
1702 | SV* newSVsv _((SV* old)); |
1703 | |
1704 | =item newXS |
1705 | |
1706 | Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. |
1707 | |
1708 | =item newXSproto |
1709 | |
1710 | Used by C<xsubpp> to hook up XSUBs as Perl subs. Adds Perl prototypes to |
1711 | the subs. |
1712 | |
1713 | =item Nullav |
1714 | |
1715 | Null AV pointer. |
1716 | |
1717 | =item Nullch |
1718 | |
1719 | Null character pointer. |
1720 | |
1721 | =item Nullcv |
1722 | |
1723 | Null CV pointer. |
1724 | |
1725 | =item Nullhv |
1726 | |
1727 | Null HV pointer. |
1728 | |
1729 | =item Nullsv |
1730 | |
1731 | Null SV pointer. |
1732 | |
1733 | =item ORIGMARK |
1734 | |
1735 | The original stack mark for the XSUB. See C<dORIGMARK>. |
1736 | |
1737 | =item perl_alloc |
1738 | |
1739 | Allocates a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>. |
1740 | |
1741 | =item perl_call_argv |
1742 | |
1743 | Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>. |
1744 | |
1745 | I32 perl_call_argv _((char* subname, I32 flags, char** argv)); |
1746 | |
1747 | =item perl_call_method |
1748 | |
1749 | Performs a callback to the specified Perl method. The blessed object must |
1750 | be on the stack. See L<perlcall>. |
1751 | |
1752 | I32 perl_call_method _((char* methname, I32 flags)); |
1753 | |
1754 | =item perl_call_pv |
1755 | |
1756 | Performs a callback to the specified Perl sub. See L<perlcall>. |
1757 | |
1758 | I32 perl_call_pv _((char* subname, I32 flags)); |
1759 | |
1760 | =item perl_call_sv |
1761 | |
1762 | Performs a callback to the Perl sub whose name is in the SV. See |
1763 | L<perlcall>. |
1764 | |
1765 | I32 perl_call_sv _((SV* sv, I32 flags)); |
1766 | |
1767 | =item perl_construct |
1768 | |
1769 | Initializes a new Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>. |
1770 | |
1771 | =item perl_destruct |
1772 | |
1773 | Shuts down a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>. |
1774 | |
1775 | =item perl_eval_sv |
1776 | |
1777 | Tells Perl to C<eval> the string in the SV. |
1778 | |
1779 | I32 perl_eval_sv _((SV* sv, I32 flags)); |
1780 | |
1781 | =item perl_free |
1782 | |
1783 | Releases a Perl interpreter. See L<perlembed>. |
1784 | |
1785 | =item perl_get_av |
1786 | |
1787 | Returns the AV of the specified Perl array. If C<create> is set and the |
1788 | Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not |
1789 | set and the variable does not exist then null is returned. |
1790 | |
1791 | AV* perl_get_av _((char* name, I32 create)); |
1792 | |
1793 | =item perl_get_cv |
1794 | |
1795 | Returns the CV of the specified Perl sub. If C<create> is set and the Perl |
1796 | variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not |
1797 | set and the variable does not exist then null is returned. |
1798 | |
1799 | CV* perl_get_cv _((char* name, I32 create)); |
1800 | |
1801 | =item perl_get_hv |
1802 | |
1803 | Returns the HV of the specified Perl hash. If C<create> is set and the Perl |
1804 | variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not |
1805 | set and the variable does not exist then null is returned. |
1806 | |
1807 | HV* perl_get_hv _((char* name, I32 create)); |
1808 | |
1809 | =item perl_get_sv |
1810 | |
1811 | Returns the SV of the specified Perl scalar. If C<create> is set and the |
1812 | Perl variable does not exist then it will be created. If C<create> is not |
1813 | set and the variable does not exist then null is returned. |
1814 | |
1815 | SV* perl_get_sv _((char* name, I32 create)); |
1816 | |
1817 | =item perl_parse |
1818 | |
1819 | Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script. See L<perlembed>. |
1820 | |
1821 | =item perl_require_pv |
1822 | |
1823 | Tells Perl to C<require> a module. |
1824 | |
1825 | void perl_require_pv _((char* pv)); |
1826 | |
1827 | =item perl_run |
1828 | |
1829 | Tells a Perl interpreter to run. See L<perlembed>. |
1830 | |
1831 | =item POPi |
1832 | |
1833 | Pops an integer off the stack. |
1834 | |
1835 | int POPi(); |
1836 | |
1837 | =item POPl |
1838 | |
1839 | Pops a long off the stack. |
1840 | |
1841 | long POPl(); |
1842 | |
1843 | =item POPp |
1844 | |
1845 | Pops a string off the stack. |
1846 | |
1847 | char * POPp(); |
1848 | |
1849 | =item POPn |
1850 | |
1851 | Pops a double off the stack. |
1852 | |
1853 | double POPn(); |
1854 | |
1855 | =item POPs |
1856 | |
1857 | Pops an SV off the stack. |
1858 | |
1859 | SV* POPs(); |
1860 | |
1861 | =item PUSHMARK |
1862 | |
1863 | Opening bracket for arguments on a callback. See C<PUTBACK> and L<perlcall>. |
1864 | |
1865 | PUSHMARK(p) |
1866 | |
1867 | =item PUSHi |
1868 | |
1869 | Push an integer onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. |
1870 | See C<XPUSHi>. |
1871 | |
1872 | PUSHi(int d) |
1873 | |
1874 | =item PUSHn |
1875 | |
1876 | Push a double onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. |
1877 | See C<XPUSHn>. |
1878 | |
1879 | PUSHn(double d) |
1880 | |
1881 | =item PUSHp |
1882 | |
1883 | Push a string onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. |
1884 | The C<len> indicates the length of the string. See C<XPUSHp>. |
1885 | |
1886 | PUSHp(char *c, int len ) |
1887 | |
1888 | =item PUSHs |
1889 | |
1890 | Push an SV onto the stack. The stack must have room for this element. See |
1891 | C<XPUSHs>. |
1892 | |
1893 | PUSHs(sv) |
1894 | |
1895 | =item PUTBACK |
1896 | |
1897 | Closing bracket for XSUB arguments. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. |
1898 | See C<PUSHMARK> and L<perlcall> for other uses. |
1899 | |
1900 | PUTBACK; |
1901 | |
1902 | =item Renew |
1903 | |
1904 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function. |
1905 | |
1906 | void * Renew( void *ptr, int size, type ) |
1907 | |
1908 | =item Renewc |
1909 | |
1910 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function, with cast. |
1911 | |
1912 | void * Renewc( void *ptr, int size, type, cast ) |
1913 | |
1914 | =item RETVAL |
1915 | |
1916 | Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to hold the return value for an XSUB. |
5fb8527f |
1917 | This is always the proper type for the XSUB. |
1918 | See L<perlxs/"The RETVAL Variable">. |
cb1a09d0 |
1919 | |
1920 | =item safefree |
1921 | |
1922 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<free> function. |
1923 | |
1924 | =item safemalloc |
1925 | |
1926 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<malloc> function. |
1927 | |
1928 | =item saferealloc |
1929 | |
1930 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<realloc> function. |
1931 | |
1932 | =item savepv |
1933 | |
1934 | Copy a string to a safe spot. This does not use an SV. |
1935 | |
1936 | char* savepv _((char* sv)); |
1937 | |
1938 | =item savepvn |
1939 | |
1940 | Copy a string to a safe spot. The C<len> indicates number of bytes to |
1941 | copy. This does not use an SV. |
1942 | |
1943 | char* savepvn _((char* sv, I32 len)); |
1944 | |
1945 | =item SAVETMPS |
1946 | |
1947 | Opening bracket for temporaries on a callback. See C<FREETMPS> and |
1948 | L<perlcall>. |
1949 | |
1950 | SAVETMPS; |
1951 | |
1952 | =item SP |
1953 | |
1954 | Stack pointer. This is usually handled by C<xsubpp>. See C<dSP> and |
1955 | C<SPAGAIN>. |
1956 | |
1957 | =item SPAGAIN |
1958 | |
5f05dabc |
1959 | Re-fetch the stack pointer. Used after a callback. See L<perlcall>. |
cb1a09d0 |
1960 | |
1961 | SPAGAIN; |
1962 | |
1963 | =item ST |
1964 | |
1965 | Used to access elements on the XSUB's stack. |
1966 | |
1967 | SV* ST(int x) |
1968 | |
1969 | =item strEQ |
1970 | |
1971 | Test two strings to see if they are equal. Returns true or false. |
1972 | |
1973 | int strEQ( char *s1, char *s2 ) |
1974 | |
1975 | =item strGE |
1976 | |
1977 | Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than or equal to the |
1978 | second, C<s2>. Returns true or false. |
1979 | |
1980 | int strGE( char *s1, char *s2 ) |
1981 | |
1982 | =item strGT |
1983 | |
1984 | Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is greater than the second, |
1985 | C<s2>. Returns true or false. |
1986 | |
1987 | int strGT( char *s1, char *s2 ) |
1988 | |
1989 | =item strLE |
1990 | |
1991 | Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than or equal to the |
1992 | second, C<s2>. Returns true or false. |
1993 | |
1994 | int strLE( char *s1, char *s2 ) |
1995 | |
1996 | =item strLT |
1997 | |
1998 | Test two strings to see if the first, C<s1>, is less than the second, |
1999 | C<s2>. Returns true or false. |
2000 | |
2001 | int strLT( char *s1, char *s2 ) |
2002 | |
2003 | =item strNE |
2004 | |
2005 | Test two strings to see if they are different. Returns true or false. |
2006 | |
2007 | int strNE( char *s1, char *s2 ) |
2008 | |
2009 | =item strnEQ |
2010 | |
2011 | Test two strings to see if they are equal. The C<len> parameter indicates |
2012 | the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. |
2013 | |
2014 | int strnEQ( char *s1, char *s2 ) |
2015 | |
2016 | =item strnNE |
2017 | |
2018 | Test two strings to see if they are different. The C<len> parameter |
2019 | indicates the number of bytes to compare. Returns true or false. |
2020 | |
2021 | int strnNE( char *s1, char *s2, int len ) |
2022 | |
2023 | =item sv_2mortal |
2024 | |
2025 | Marks an SV as mortal. The SV will be destroyed when the current context |
2026 | ends. |
2027 | |
2028 | SV* sv_2mortal _((SV* sv)); |
2029 | |
2030 | =item sv_bless |
2031 | |
2032 | Blesses an SV into a specified package. The SV must be an RV. The package |
07fa94a1 |
2033 | must be designated by its stash (see C<gv_stashpv()>). The reference count |
2034 | of the SV is unaffected. |
cb1a09d0 |
2035 | |
2036 | SV* sv_bless _((SV* sv, HV* stash)); |
2037 | |
2038 | =item sv_catpv |
2039 | |
2040 | Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. |
2041 | |
2042 | void sv_catpv _((SV* sv, char* ptr)); |
2043 | |
2044 | =item sv_catpvn |
2045 | |
2046 | Concatenates the string onto the end of the string which is in the SV. The |
2047 | C<len> indicates number of bytes to copy. |
2048 | |
2049 | void sv_catpvn _((SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)); |
2050 | |
2051 | =item sv_catsv |
2052 | |
5fb8527f |
2053 | Concatenates the string from SV C<ssv> onto the end of the string in SV |
cb1a09d0 |
2054 | C<dsv>. |
2055 | |
2056 | void sv_catsv _((SV* dsv, SV* ssv)); |
2057 | |
5fb8527f |
2058 | =item sv_cmp |
2059 | |
2060 | Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating whether the |
2061 | string in C<sv1> is less than, equal to, or greater than the string in |
2062 | C<sv2>. |
2063 | |
2064 | I32 sv_cmp _((SV* sv1, SV* sv2)); |
2065 | |
2066 | =item sv_cmp |
2067 | |
2068 | Compares the strings in two SVs. Returns -1, 0, or 1 indicating whether the |
2069 | string in C<sv1> is less than, equal to, or greater than the string in |
2070 | C<sv2>. |
2071 | |
2072 | I32 sv_cmp _((SV* sv1, SV* sv2)); |
2073 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2074 | =item SvCUR |
2075 | |
2076 | Returns the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvLEN>. |
2077 | |
2078 | int SvCUR (SV* sv) |
2079 | |
2080 | =item SvCUR_set |
2081 | |
2082 | Set the length of the string which is in the SV. See C<SvCUR>. |
2083 | |
2084 | SvCUR_set (SV* sv, int val ) |
2085 | |
5fb8527f |
2086 | =item sv_dec |
2087 | |
5f05dabc |
2088 | Auto-decrement of the value in the SV. |
5fb8527f |
2089 | |
2090 | void sv_dec _((SV* sv)); |
2091 | |
2092 | =item sv_dec |
2093 | |
5f05dabc |
2094 | Auto-decrement of the value in the SV. |
5fb8527f |
2095 | |
2096 | void sv_dec _((SV* sv)); |
2097 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2098 | =item SvEND |
2099 | |
2100 | Returns a pointer to the last character in the string which is in the SV. |
2101 | See C<SvCUR>. Access the character as |
2102 | |
2103 | *SvEND(sv) |
2104 | |
5fb8527f |
2105 | =item sv_eq |
2106 | |
2107 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the strings in the two SVs are |
2108 | identical. |
2109 | |
2110 | I32 sv_eq _((SV* sv1, SV* sv2)); |
2111 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2112 | =item SvGROW |
2113 | |
5fb8527f |
2114 | Expands the character buffer in the SV. Calls C<sv_grow> to perform the |
2115 | expansion if necessary. Returns a pointer to the character buffer. |
cb1a09d0 |
2116 | |
2117 | char * SvGROW( SV* sv, int len ) |
2118 | |
5fb8527f |
2119 | =item sv_grow |
2120 | |
2121 | Expands the character buffer in the SV. This will use C<sv_unref> and will |
2122 | upgrade the SV to C<SVt_PV>. Returns a pointer to the character buffer. |
2123 | Use C<SvGROW>. |
2124 | |
2125 | =item sv_inc |
2126 | |
07fa94a1 |
2127 | Auto-increment of the value in the SV. |
5fb8527f |
2128 | |
2129 | void sv_inc _((SV* sv)); |
2130 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2131 | =item SvIOK |
2132 | |
2133 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. |
2134 | |
2135 | int SvIOK (SV* SV) |
2136 | |
2137 | =item SvIOK_off |
2138 | |
2139 | Unsets the IV status of an SV. |
2140 | |
2141 | SvIOK_off (SV* sv) |
2142 | |
2143 | =item SvIOK_on |
2144 | |
2145 | Tells an SV that it is an integer. |
2146 | |
2147 | SvIOK_on (SV* sv) |
2148 | |
5fb8527f |
2149 | =item SvIOK_only |
2150 | |
2151 | Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK bits. |
2152 | |
2153 | SvIOK_on (SV* sv) |
2154 | |
2155 | =item SvIOK_only |
2156 | |
2157 | Tells an SV that it is an integer and disables all other OK bits. |
2158 | |
2159 | SvIOK_on (SV* sv) |
2160 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2161 | =item SvIOKp |
2162 | |
2163 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains an integer. Checks the |
2164 | B<private> setting. Use C<SvIOK>. |
2165 | |
2166 | int SvIOKp (SV* SV) |
2167 | |
2168 | =item sv_isa |
2169 | |
2170 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is blessed into the specified |
2171 | class. This does not know how to check for subtype, so it doesn't work in |
2172 | an inheritance relationship. |
2173 | |
2174 | int sv_isa _((SV* sv, char* name)); |
2175 | |
2176 | =item SvIV |
2177 | |
2178 | Returns the integer which is in the SV. |
2179 | |
2180 | int SvIV (SV* sv) |
2181 | |
2182 | =item sv_isobject |
2183 | |
2184 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV is an RV pointing to a blessed |
2185 | object. If the SV is not an RV, or if the object is not blessed, then this |
2186 | will return false. |
2187 | |
2188 | int sv_isobject _((SV* sv)); |
2189 | |
2190 | =item SvIVX |
2191 | |
2192 | Returns the integer which is stored in the SV. |
2193 | |
2194 | int SvIVX (SV* sv); |
2195 | |
2196 | =item SvLEN |
2197 | |
2198 | Returns the size of the string buffer in the SV. See C<SvCUR>. |
2199 | |
2200 | int SvLEN (SV* sv) |
2201 | |
5fb8527f |
2202 | =item sv_len |
2203 | |
2204 | Returns the length of the string in the SV. Use C<SvCUR>. |
2205 | |
2206 | STRLEN sv_len _((SV* sv)); |
2207 | |
2208 | =item sv_len |
2209 | |
2210 | Returns the length of the string in the SV. Use C<SvCUR>. |
2211 | |
2212 | STRLEN sv_len _((SV* sv)); |
2213 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2214 | =item sv_magic |
2215 | |
2216 | Adds magic to an SV. |
2217 | |
2218 | void sv_magic _((SV* sv, SV* obj, int how, char* name, I32 namlen)); |
2219 | |
2220 | =item sv_mortalcopy |
2221 | |
2222 | Creates a new SV which is a copy of the original SV. The new SV is marked |
5f05dabc |
2223 | as mortal. |
cb1a09d0 |
2224 | |
2225 | SV* sv_mortalcopy _((SV* oldsv)); |
2226 | |
2227 | =item SvOK |
2228 | |
2229 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the value is an SV. |
2230 | |
2231 | int SvOK (SV* sv) |
2232 | |
2233 | =item sv_newmortal |
2234 | |
5f05dabc |
2235 | Creates a new SV which is mortal. The reference count of the SV is set to 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
2236 | |
2237 | SV* sv_newmortal _((void)); |
2238 | |
2239 | =item sv_no |
2240 | |
2241 | This is the C<false> SV. See C<sv_yes>. Always refer to this as C<&sv_no>. |
2242 | |
2243 | =item SvNIOK |
2244 | |
2245 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or |
2246 | double. |
2247 | |
2248 | int SvNIOK (SV* SV) |
2249 | |
2250 | =item SvNIOK_off |
2251 | |
2252 | Unsets the NV/IV status of an SV. |
2253 | |
2254 | SvNIOK_off (SV* sv) |
2255 | |
2256 | =item SvNIOKp |
2257 | |
2258 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a number, integer or |
2259 | double. Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvNIOK>. |
2260 | |
2261 | int SvNIOKp (SV* SV) |
2262 | |
2263 | =item SvNOK |
2264 | |
2265 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. |
2266 | |
2267 | int SvNOK (SV* SV) |
2268 | |
2269 | =item SvNOK_off |
2270 | |
2271 | Unsets the NV status of an SV. |
2272 | |
2273 | SvNOK_off (SV* sv) |
2274 | |
2275 | =item SvNOK_on |
2276 | |
2277 | Tells an SV that it is a double. |
2278 | |
2279 | SvNOK_on (SV* sv) |
2280 | |
5fb8527f |
2281 | =item SvNOK_only |
2282 | |
2283 | Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits. |
2284 | |
2285 | SvNOK_on (SV* sv) |
2286 | |
2287 | =item SvNOK_only |
2288 | |
2289 | Tells an SV that it is a double and disables all other OK bits. |
2290 | |
2291 | SvNOK_on (SV* sv) |
2292 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2293 | =item SvNOKp |
2294 | |
2295 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a double. Checks the |
2296 | B<private> setting. Use C<SvNOK>. |
2297 | |
2298 | int SvNOKp (SV* SV) |
2299 | |
2300 | =item SvNV |
2301 | |
2302 | Returns the double which is stored in the SV. |
2303 | |
2304 | double SvNV (SV* sv); |
2305 | |
2306 | =item SvNVX |
2307 | |
2308 | Returns the double which is stored in the SV. |
2309 | |
2310 | double SvNVX (SV* sv); |
2311 | |
2312 | =item SvPOK |
2313 | |
2314 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string. |
2315 | |
2316 | int SvPOK (SV* SV) |
2317 | |
2318 | =item SvPOK_off |
2319 | |
2320 | Unsets the PV status of an SV. |
2321 | |
2322 | SvPOK_off (SV* sv) |
2323 | |
2324 | =item SvPOK_on |
2325 | |
2326 | Tells an SV that it is a string. |
2327 | |
2328 | SvPOK_on (SV* sv) |
2329 | |
5fb8527f |
2330 | =item SvPOK_only |
2331 | |
2332 | Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits. |
2333 | |
2334 | SvPOK_on (SV* sv) |
2335 | |
2336 | =item SvPOK_only |
2337 | |
2338 | Tells an SV that it is a string and disables all other OK bits. |
2339 | |
2340 | SvPOK_on (SV* sv) |
2341 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2342 | =item SvPOKp |
2343 | |
2344 | Returns a boolean indicating whether the SV contains a character string. |
2345 | Checks the B<private> setting. Use C<SvPOK>. |
2346 | |
2347 | int SvPOKp (SV* SV) |
2348 | |
2349 | =item SvPV |
2350 | |
2351 | Returns a pointer to the string in the SV, or a stringified form of the SV |
2352 | if the SV does not contain a string. If C<len> is C<na> then Perl will |
2353 | handle the length on its own. |
2354 | |
2355 | char * SvPV (SV* sv, int len ) |
2356 | |
2357 | =item SvPVX |
2358 | |
2359 | Returns a pointer to the string in the SV. The SV must contain a string. |
2360 | |
2361 | char * SvPVX (SV* sv) |
2362 | |
2363 | =item SvREFCNT |
2364 | |
5f05dabc |
2365 | Returns the value of the object's reference count. |
cb1a09d0 |
2366 | |
2367 | int SvREFCNT (SV* sv); |
2368 | |
2369 | =item SvREFCNT_dec |
2370 | |
5f05dabc |
2371 | Decrements the reference count of the given SV. |
cb1a09d0 |
2372 | |
2373 | void SvREFCNT_dec (SV* sv) |
2374 | |
2375 | =item SvREFCNT_inc |
2376 | |
5f05dabc |
2377 | Increments the reference count of the given SV. |
cb1a09d0 |
2378 | |
2379 | void SvREFCNT_inc (SV* sv) |
2380 | |
2381 | =item SvROK |
2382 | |
2383 | Tests if the SV is an RV. |
2384 | |
2385 | int SvROK (SV* sv) |
2386 | |
2387 | =item SvROK_off |
2388 | |
2389 | Unsets the RV status of an SV. |
2390 | |
2391 | SvROK_off (SV* sv) |
2392 | |
2393 | =item SvROK_on |
2394 | |
2395 | Tells an SV that it is an RV. |
2396 | |
2397 | SvROK_on (SV* sv) |
2398 | |
2399 | =item SvRV |
2400 | |
2401 | Dereferences an RV to return the SV. |
2402 | |
2403 | SV* SvRV (SV* sv); |
2404 | |
2405 | =item sv_setiv |
2406 | |
2407 | Copies an integer into the given SV. |
2408 | |
2409 | void sv_setiv _((SV* sv, IV num)); |
2410 | |
2411 | =item sv_setnv |
2412 | |
2413 | Copies a double into the given SV. |
2414 | |
2415 | void sv_setnv _((SV* sv, double num)); |
2416 | |
2417 | =item sv_setpv |
2418 | |
2419 | Copies a string into an SV. The string must be null-terminated. |
2420 | |
2421 | void sv_setpv _((SV* sv, char* ptr)); |
2422 | |
2423 | =item sv_setpvn |
2424 | |
2425 | Copies a string into an SV. The C<len> parameter indicates the number of |
2426 | bytes to be copied. |
2427 | |
2428 | void sv_setpvn _((SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)); |
2429 | |
2430 | =item sv_setref_iv |
2431 | |
5fb8527f |
2432 | Copies an integer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv> |
2433 | argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to |
2434 | the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the |
2435 | blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV |
5f05dabc |
2436 | will be returned and will have a reference count of 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
2437 | |
2438 | SV* sv_setref_iv _((SV *rv, char *classname, IV iv)); |
2439 | |
2440 | =item sv_setref_nv |
2441 | |
5fb8527f |
2442 | Copies a double into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv> |
2443 | argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to |
2444 | the new SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the |
2445 | blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV |
5f05dabc |
2446 | will be returned and will have a reference count of 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
2447 | |
2448 | SV* sv_setref_nv _((SV *rv, char *classname, double nv)); |
2449 | |
2450 | =item sv_setref_pv |
2451 | |
5fb8527f |
2452 | Copies a pointer into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The C<rv> |
2453 | argument will be upgraded to an RV. That RV will be modified to point to |
2454 | the new SV. If the C<pv> argument is NULL then C<sv_undef> will be placed |
2455 | into the SV. The C<classname> argument indicates the package for the |
2456 | blessing. Set C<classname> to C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV |
5f05dabc |
2457 | will be returned and will have a reference count of 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
2458 | |
2459 | SV* sv_setref_pv _((SV *rv, char *classname, void* pv)); |
2460 | |
2461 | Do not use with integral Perl types such as HV, AV, SV, CV, because those |
2462 | objects will become corrupted by the pointer copy process. |
2463 | |
2464 | Note that C<sv_setref_pvn> copies the string while this copies the pointer. |
2465 | |
2466 | =item sv_setref_pvn |
2467 | |
5fb8527f |
2468 | Copies a string into a new SV, optionally blessing the SV. The length of the |
2469 | string must be specified with C<n>. The C<rv> argument will be upgraded to |
2470 | an RV. That RV will be modified to point to the new SV. The C<classname> |
cb1a09d0 |
2471 | argument indicates the package for the blessing. Set C<classname> to |
2472 | C<Nullch> to avoid the blessing. The new SV will be returned and will have |
5f05dabc |
2473 | a reference count of 1. |
cb1a09d0 |
2474 | |
2475 | SV* sv_setref_pvn _((SV *rv, char *classname, char* pv, I32 n)); |
2476 | |
2477 | Note that C<sv_setref_pv> copies the pointer while this copies the string. |
2478 | |
2479 | =item sv_setsv |
2480 | |
2481 | Copies the contents of the source SV C<ssv> into the destination SV C<dsv>. |
5f05dabc |
2482 | The source SV may be destroyed if it is mortal. |
cb1a09d0 |
2483 | |
2484 | void sv_setsv _((SV* dsv, SV* ssv)); |
2485 | |
2486 | =item SvSTASH |
2487 | |
2488 | Returns the stash of the SV. |
2489 | |
2490 | HV * SvSTASH (SV* sv) |
2491 | |
2492 | =item SVt_IV |
2493 | |
2494 | Integer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>. |
2495 | |
2496 | =item SVt_PV |
2497 | |
2498 | Pointer type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>. |
2499 | |
2500 | =item SVt_PVAV |
2501 | |
2502 | Type flag for arrays. See C<svtype>. |
2503 | |
2504 | =item SVt_PVCV |
2505 | |
2506 | Type flag for code refs. See C<svtype>. |
2507 | |
2508 | =item SVt_PVHV |
2509 | |
2510 | Type flag for hashes. See C<svtype>. |
2511 | |
2512 | =item SVt_PVMG |
2513 | |
2514 | Type flag for blessed scalars. See C<svtype>. |
2515 | |
2516 | =item SVt_NV |
2517 | |
2518 | Double type flag for scalars. See C<svtype>. |
2519 | |
2520 | =item SvTRUE |
2521 | |
2522 | Returns a boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or |
2523 | false, defined or undefined. |
2524 | |
2525 | int SvTRUE (SV* sv) |
2526 | |
2527 | =item SvTYPE |
2528 | |
2529 | Returns the type of the SV. See C<svtype>. |
2530 | |
2531 | svtype SvTYPE (SV* sv) |
2532 | |
2533 | =item svtype |
2534 | |
2535 | An enum of flags for Perl types. These are found in the file B<sv.h> in the |
2536 | C<svtype> enum. Test these flags with the C<SvTYPE> macro. |
2537 | |
2538 | =item SvUPGRADE |
2539 | |
5fb8527f |
2540 | Used to upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Uses C<sv_upgrade> to perform |
2541 | the upgrade if necessary. See C<svtype>. |
2542 | |
2543 | bool SvUPGRADE _((SV* sv, svtype mt)); |
2544 | |
2545 | =item sv_upgrade |
2546 | |
2547 | Upgrade an SV to a more complex form. Use C<SvUPGRADE>. See C<svtype>. |
cb1a09d0 |
2548 | |
2549 | =item sv_undef |
2550 | |
2551 | This is the C<undef> SV. Always refer to this as C<&sv_undef>. |
2552 | |
5fb8527f |
2553 | =item sv_unref |
2554 | |
07fa94a1 |
2555 | Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of |
2556 | whatever was being referenced by the RV. This can almost be thought of |
2557 | as a reversal of C<newSVrv>. See C<SvROK_off>. |
5fb8527f |
2558 | |
2559 | void sv_unref _((SV* sv)); |
2560 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2561 | =item sv_usepvn |
2562 | |
2563 | Tells an SV to use C<ptr> to find its string value. Normally the string is |
5fb8527f |
2564 | stored inside the SV but sv_usepvn allows the SV to use an outside string. |
2565 | The C<ptr> should point to memory that was allocated by C<malloc>. The |
cb1a09d0 |
2566 | string length, C<len>, must be supplied. This function will realloc the |
2567 | memory pointed to by C<ptr>, so that pointer should not be freed or used by |
2568 | the programmer after giving it to sv_usepvn. |
2569 | |
2570 | void sv_usepvn _((SV* sv, char* ptr, STRLEN len)); |
2571 | |
2572 | =item sv_yes |
2573 | |
2574 | This is the C<true> SV. See C<sv_no>. Always refer to this as C<&sv_yes>. |
2575 | |
2576 | =item THIS |
2577 | |
2578 | Variable which is setup by C<xsubpp> to designate the object in a C++ XSUB. |
2579 | This is always the proper type for the C++ object. See C<CLASS> and |
5fb8527f |
2580 | L<perlxs/"Using XS With C++">. |
cb1a09d0 |
2581 | |
2582 | =item toLOWER |
2583 | |
2584 | Converts the specified character to lowercase. |
2585 | |
2586 | int toLOWER (char c) |
2587 | |
2588 | =item toUPPER |
2589 | |
2590 | Converts the specified character to uppercase. |
2591 | |
2592 | int toUPPER (char c) |
2593 | |
2594 | =item warn |
2595 | |
2596 | This is the XSUB-writer's interface to Perl's C<warn> function. Use this |
2597 | function the same way you use the C C<printf> function. See C<croak()>. |
2598 | |
2599 | =item XPUSHi |
2600 | |
2601 | Push an integer onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. See |
2602 | C<PUSHi>. |
2603 | |
2604 | XPUSHi(int d) |
2605 | |
2606 | =item XPUSHn |
2607 | |
2608 | Push a double onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. See |
2609 | C<PUSHn>. |
2610 | |
2611 | XPUSHn(double d) |
2612 | |
2613 | =item XPUSHp |
2614 | |
2615 | Push a string onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. The C<len> |
2616 | indicates the length of the string. See C<PUSHp>. |
2617 | |
2618 | XPUSHp(char *c, int len) |
2619 | |
2620 | =item XPUSHs |
2621 | |
2622 | Push an SV onto the stack, extending the stack if necessary. See C<PUSHs>. |
2623 | |
2624 | XPUSHs(sv) |
2625 | |
5fb8527f |
2626 | =item XS |
2627 | |
2628 | Macro to declare an XSUB and its C parameter list. This is handled by |
2629 | C<xsubpp>. |
2630 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2631 | =item XSRETURN |
2632 | |
2633 | Return from XSUB, indicating number of items on the stack. This is usually |
2634 | handled by C<xsubpp>. |
2635 | |
5fb8527f |
2636 | XSRETURN(int x); |
cb1a09d0 |
2637 | |
2638 | =item XSRETURN_EMPTY |
2639 | |
5fb8527f |
2640 | Return an empty list from an XSUB immediately. |
cb1a09d0 |
2641 | |
2642 | XSRETURN_EMPTY; |
2643 | |
5fb8527f |
2644 | =item XSRETURN_IV |
2645 | |
2646 | Return an integer from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mIV>. |
2647 | |
2648 | XSRETURN_IV(IV v); |
2649 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2650 | =item XSRETURN_NO |
2651 | |
5fb8527f |
2652 | Return C<&sv_no> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNO>. |
cb1a09d0 |
2653 | |
2654 | XSRETURN_NO; |
2655 | |
5fb8527f |
2656 | =item XSRETURN_NV |
2657 | |
2658 | Return an double from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mNV>. |
2659 | |
2660 | XSRETURN_NV(NV v); |
2661 | |
2662 | =item XSRETURN_PV |
2663 | |
2664 | Return a copy of a string from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mPV>. |
2665 | |
2666 | XSRETURN_PV(char *v); |
2667 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2668 | =item XSRETURN_UNDEF |
2669 | |
5fb8527f |
2670 | Return C<&sv_undef> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mUNDEF>. |
cb1a09d0 |
2671 | |
2672 | XSRETURN_UNDEF; |
2673 | |
2674 | =item XSRETURN_YES |
2675 | |
5fb8527f |
2676 | Return C<&sv_yes> from an XSUB immediately. Uses C<XST_mYES>. |
cb1a09d0 |
2677 | |
2678 | XSRETURN_YES; |
2679 | |
5fb8527f |
2680 | =item XST_mIV |
2681 | |
2682 | Place an integer into the specified position C<i> on the stack. The value is |
2683 | stored in a new mortal SV. |
2684 | |
2685 | XST_mIV( int i, IV v ); |
2686 | |
2687 | =item XST_mNV |
2688 | |
2689 | Place a double into the specified position C<i> on the stack. The value is |
2690 | stored in a new mortal SV. |
2691 | |
2692 | XST_mNV( int i, NV v ); |
2693 | |
2694 | =item XST_mNO |
2695 | |
2696 | Place C<&sv_no> into the specified position C<i> on the stack. |
2697 | |
2698 | XST_mNO( int i ); |
2699 | |
2700 | =item XST_mPV |
2701 | |
2702 | Place a copy of a string into the specified position C<i> on the stack. The |
2703 | value is stored in a new mortal SV. |
2704 | |
2705 | XST_mPV( int i, char *v ); |
2706 | |
2707 | =item XST_mUNDEF |
2708 | |
2709 | Place C<&sv_undef> into the specified position C<i> on the stack. |
2710 | |
2711 | XST_mUNDEF( int i ); |
2712 | |
2713 | =item XST_mYES |
2714 | |
2715 | Place C<&sv_yes> into the specified position C<i> on the stack. |
2716 | |
2717 | XST_mYES( int i ); |
2718 | |
2719 | =item XS_VERSION |
2720 | |
2721 | The version identifier for an XS module. This is usually handled |
2722 | automatically by C<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>. See C<XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK>. |
2723 | |
2724 | =item XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK |
2725 | |
2726 | Macro to verify that a PM module's $VERSION variable matches the XS module's |
2727 | C<XS_VERSION> variable. This is usually handled automatically by |
2728 | C<xsubpp>. See L<perlxs/"The VERSIONCHECK: Keyword">. |
2729 | |
cb1a09d0 |
2730 | =item Zero |
2731 | |
2732 | The XSUB-writer's interface to the C C<memzero> function. The C<d> is the |
2733 | destination, C<n> is the number of items, and C<t> is the type. |
2734 | |
2735 | (void) Zero( d, n, t ); |
2736 | |
2737 | =back |
2738 | |
5f05dabc |
2739 | =head1 EDITOR |
cb1a09d0 |
2740 | |
55497cff |
2741 | Jeff Okamoto <okamoto@corp.hp.com> |
cb1a09d0 |
2742 | |
2743 | With lots of help and suggestions from Dean Roehrich, Malcolm Beattie, |
2744 | Andreas Koenig, Paul Hudson, Ilya Zakharevich, Paul Marquess, Neil |
55497cff |
2745 | Bowers, Matthew Green, Tim Bunce, Spider Boardman, and Ulrich Pfeifer. |
cb1a09d0 |
2746 | |
55497cff |
2747 | API Listing by Dean Roehrich <roehrich@cray.com>. |
cb1a09d0 |
2748 | |
2749 | =head1 DATE |
2750 | |
0a753a76 |
2751 | Version 31: 1997/1/27 |