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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
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3 | perlfaq2 - Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.25 $, $Date: 1998/08/05 11:47:25 $) |
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4 | |
5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
6 | |
7 | This section of the FAQ answers questions about where to find |
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8 | source and documentation for Perl, support, and |
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9 | related matters. |
10 | |
11 | =head2 What machines support Perl? Where do I get it? |
12 | |
13 | The standard release of Perl (the one maintained by the perl |
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14 | development team) is distributed only in source code form. You |
15 | can find this at http://www.perl.com/CPAN/src/latest.tar.gz, which |
16 | in standard Internet format (a gzipped archive in POSIX tar format). |
17 | |
18 | Perl builds and runs on a bewildering number of platforms. Virtually |
19 | all known and current Unix derivatives are supported (Perl's native |
20 | platform), as are proprietary systems like VMS, DOS, OS/2, Windows, |
21 | QNX, BeOS, and the Amiga. There are also the beginnings of support |
22 | for MPE/iX. |
23 | |
24 | Binary distributions for some proprietary platforms, including |
25 | Apple systems can be found http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports/ directory. |
26 | Because these are not part of the standard distribution, they may |
27 | and in fact do differ from the base Perl port in a variety of ways. |
28 | You'll have to check their respective release notes to see just |
29 | what the differences are. These differences can be either positive |
30 | (e.g. extensions for the features of the particular platform that |
31 | are not supported in the source release of perl) or negative (e.g. |
32 | might be based upon a less current source release of perl). |
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33 | |
34 | A useful FAQ for Win32 Perl users is |
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35 | http://www.endcontsw.com/people/evangelo/Perl_for_Win32_FAQ.html |
36 | |
37 | =head2 How can I get a binary version of Perl? |
38 | |
39 | If you don't have a C compiler because for whatever reasons your |
40 | vendor did not include one with your system, the best thing to do is |
41 | grab a binary version of gcc from the net and use that to compile perl |
42 | with. CPAN only has binaries for systems that are terribly hard to |
43 | get free compilers for, not for Unix systems. |
44 | |
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45 | Your first stop should be http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ports to see what |
46 | information is already available. A simple installation guide for |
47 | MS-DOS is available at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/perl5dos.html , and |
48 | similarly for Windows 3.1 at http://www.cs.ruu.nl/~piet/perlwin3.html |
49 | . |
50 | |
51 | =head2 I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl? |
52 | |
53 | Since you don't have a C compiler, you're doomed and your vendor |
54 | should be sacrificed to the Sun gods. But that doesn't help you. |
55 | |
56 | What you need to do is get a binary version of gcc for your system |
57 | first. Consult the Usenet FAQs for your operating system for |
58 | information on where to get such a binary version. |
59 | |
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60 | =head2 I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work. |
61 | |
62 | That's probably because you forgot libraries, or library paths differ. |
63 | You really should build the whole distribution on the machine it will |
64 | eventually live on, and then type C<make install>. Most other |
65 | approaches are doomed to failure. |
66 | |
67 | One simple way to check that things are in the right place is to print out |
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68 | the hard-coded @INC which perl is looking for. |
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69 | |
70 | perl -e 'print join("\n",@INC)' |
71 | |
72 | If this command lists any paths which don't exist on your system, then you |
73 | may need to move the appropriate libraries to these locations, or create |
74 | symlinks, aliases, or shortcuts appropriately. |
75 | |
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76 | You might also want to check out L<perlfaq8/"How do I keep my own |
77 | module/library directory?">. |
78 | |
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79 | =head2 I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work? |
80 | |
81 | Read the F<INSTALL> file, which is part of the source distribution. |
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82 | It describes in detail how to cope with most idiosyncracies that the |
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83 | Configure script can't work around for any given system or |
84 | architecture. |
85 | |
86 | =head2 What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean? |
87 | |
88 | CPAN stands for Comprehensive Perl Archive Network, a huge archive |
89 | replicated on dozens of machines all over the world. CPAN contains |
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90 | source code, non-native ports, documentation, scripts, and many |
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91 | third-party modules and extensions, designed for everything from |
92 | commercial database interfaces to keyboard/screen control to web |
93 | walking and CGI scripts. The master machine for CPAN is |
94 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/, but you can use the |
95 | address http://www.perl.com/CPAN/CPAN.html to fetch a copy from a |
96 | "site near you". See http://www.perl.com/CPAN (without a slash at the |
97 | end) for how this process works. |
98 | |
99 | CPAN/path/... is a naming convention for files available on CPAN |
100 | sites. CPAN indicates the base directory of a CPAN mirror, and the |
101 | rest of the path is the path from that directory to the file. For |
102 | instance, if you're using ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN |
103 | as your CPAN site, the file CPAN/misc/japh file is downloadable as |
104 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/misc/japh . |
105 | |
106 | Considering that there are hundreds of existing modules in the |
107 | archive, one probably exists to do nearly anything you can think of. |
108 | Current categories under CPAN/modules/by-category/ include perl core |
109 | modules; development support; operating system interfaces; networking, |
110 | devices, and interprocess communication; data type utilities; database |
111 | interfaces; user interfaces; interfaces to other languages; filenames, |
112 | file systems, and file locking; internationalization and locale; world |
113 | wide web support; server and daemon utilities; archiving and |
114 | compression; image manipulation; mail and news; control flow |
115 | utilities; filehandle and I/O; Microsoft Windows modules; and |
116 | miscellaneous modules. |
117 | |
118 | =head2 Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl? |
119 | |
120 | Certainly not. Larry expects that he'll be certified before Perl is. |
121 | |
122 | =head2 Where can I get information on Perl? |
123 | |
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124 | The complete Perl documentation is available with the perl distribution. |
125 | If you have perl installed locally, you probably have the documentation |
126 | installed as well: type C<man perl> if you're on a system resembling Unix. |
127 | This will lead you to other important man pages, including how to set your |
128 | $MANPATH. If you're not on a Unix system, access to the documentation |
129 | will be different; for example, it might be only in HTML format. But all |
130 | proper perl installations have fully-accessible documentation. |
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131 | |
132 | You might also try C<perldoc perl> in case your system doesn't |
133 | have a proper man command, or it's been misinstalled. If that doesn't |
134 | work, try looking in /usr/local/lib/perl5/pod for documentation. |
135 | |
136 | If all else fails, consult the CPAN/doc directory, which contains the |
137 | complete documentation in various formats, including native pod, |
138 | troff, html, and plain text. There's also a web page at |
139 | http://www.perl.com/perl/info/documentation.html that might help. |
140 | |
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141 | Many good books have been written about Perl -- see the section below |
142 | for more details. |
143 | |
144 | =head2 What are the Perl newsgroups on USENET? Where do I post questions? |
145 | |
146 | The now defunct comp.lang.perl newsgroup has been superseded by the |
147 | following groups: |
148 | |
149 | comp.lang.perl.announce Moderated announcement group |
150 | comp.lang.perl.misc Very busy group about Perl in general |
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151 | comp.lang.perl.moderated Moderated discussion group |
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152 | comp.lang.perl.modules Use and development of Perl modules |
153 | comp.lang.perl.tk Using Tk (and X) from Perl |
154 | |
155 | comp.infosystems.www.authoring.cgi Writing CGI scripts for the Web. |
156 | |
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157 | Actually, the moderated group hasn't passed yet, but we're |
158 | keeping our fingers crossed. |
159 | |
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160 | There is also USENET gateway to the mailing list used by the crack |
161 | Perl development team (perl5-porters) at |
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162 | news://news.perl.com/perl.porters-gw/ . |
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163 | |
164 | =head2 Where should I post source code? |
165 | |
166 | You should post source code to whichever group is most appropriate, |
167 | but feel free to cross-post to comp.lang.perl.misc. If you want to |
168 | cross-post to alt.sources, please make sure it follows their posting |
169 | standards, including setting the Followup-To header line to NOT |
170 | include alt.sources; see their FAQ for details. |
171 | |
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172 | If you're just looking for software, first use Alta Vista, Deja News, and |
173 | search CPAN. This is faster and more productive than just posting |
174 | a request. |
175 | |
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176 | =head2 Perl Books |
177 | |
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178 | A number of books on Perl and/or CGI programming are available. A few of |
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179 | these are good, some are ok, but many aren't worth your money. Tom |
180 | Christiansen maintains a list of these books, some with extensive |
181 | reviews, at http://www.perl.com/perl/critiques/index.html. |
182 | |
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183 | The incontestably definitive reference book on Perl, written by |
184 | the creator of Perl, is now in its second edition: |
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185 | |
186 | Programming Perl (the "Camel Book"): |
187 | Authors: Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal Schwartz |
188 | ISBN 1-56592-149-6 (English) |
189 | ISBN 4-89052-384-7 (Japanese) |
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190 | URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/pperl2/ |
191 | (French, German, Italian, and Hungarian translations also |
192 | available) |
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193 | |
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194 | The companion volume to the Camel containing thousands |
195 | of real-world examples, mini-tutorials, and complete programs |
196 | (first premiering at the 1998 Perl Conference), is: |
197 | |
198 | The Perl Cookbook (the "Ram Book"): |
199 | Authors: Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington, |
200 | with Foreword by Larry Wall |
201 | ISBN: 1-56592-243-3 |
202 | URL: http://perl.oreilly.com/cookbook/ |
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203 | |
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204 | If you're already a hard-core systems programmer, then the Camel Book |
205 | might suffice for you to learn Perl from. But if you're not, check |
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206 | out: |
207 | |
208 | Learning Perl (the "Llama Book"): |
209 | Authors: Randal Schwartz and Tom Christiansen |
210 | with Foreword by Larry Wall |
211 | ISBN: 1-56592-284-0 |
212 | URL: http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/lperl2/ |
213 | |
214 | Despite the picture at the URL above, the second edition of "Llama |
215 | Book" really has a blue cover, and is updated for the 5.004 release |
216 | of Perl. Various foreign language editions are available, including |
217 | I<Learning Perl on Win32 Systems> (the Gecko Book). |
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218 | |
219 | If you're not an accidental programmer, but a more serious and possibly |
220 | even degreed computer scientist who doesn't need as much hand-holding as |
221 | we try to provide in the Llama or its defurred cousin the Gecko, please |
222 | check out the delightful book, I<Perl: The Programmer's Companion>, |
223 | written by Nigel Chapman. |
224 | |
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225 | You can order O'Reilly books directly from O'Reilly & Associates, |
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226 | 1-800-998-9938. Local/overseas is 1-707-829-0515. If you can |
227 | locate an O'Reilly order form, you can also fax to 1-707-829-0104. |
228 | See http://www.ora.com/ on the Web. |
229 | |
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230 | What follows is a list of the books that the FAQ authors found personally |
231 | useful. Your mileage may (but, we hope, probably won't) vary. |
232 | |
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233 | Recommended books on (or muchly on) Perl follow; those marked with |
234 | a star may be ordered from O'Reilly. |
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235 | |
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236 | =over |
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237 | |
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238 | =item References |
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239 | |
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240 | *Programming Perl |
241 | by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, and Randal L. Schwartz |
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242 | |
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243 | *Perl 5 Desktop Reference |
244 | By Johan Vromans |
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245 | |
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246 | =item Tutorials |
247 | |
248 | *Learning Perl [2nd edition] |
249 | by Randal L. Schwartz and Tom Christiansen |
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250 | with foreword by Larry Wall |
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251 | |
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252 | *Learning Perl on Win32 Systems |
253 | by Randal L. Schwartz, Erik Olson, and Tom Christiansen, |
254 | with foreword by Larry Wall |
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255 | |
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256 | Perl: The Programmer's Companion |
257 | by Nigel Chapman |
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258 | |
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259 | Cross-Platform Perl |
260 | by Eric F. Johnson |
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261 | |
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262 | MacPerl: Power and Ease |
263 | by Vicki Brown and Chris Nandor, foreword by Matthias Neeracher |
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264 | |
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265 | =item Task-Oriented |
266 | |
267 | *The Perl Cookbook |
268 | by Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington |
269 | with foreword by Larry Wall |
270 | |
271 | Perl5 Interactive Course [2nd edition] |
272 | by Jon Orwant |
273 | |
274 | *Advanced Perl Programming |
275 | by Sriram Srinivasan |
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276 | |
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277 | Effective Perl Programming |
278 | by Joseph Hall |
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279 | |
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280 | =item Special Topics |
281 | |
282 | *Mastering Regular Expressions |
283 | by Jeffrey Friedl |
284 | |
285 | How to Set up and Maintain a World Wide Web Site [2nd edition] |
286 | by Lincoln Stein |
287 | |
288 | =back |
289 | |
290 | =head2 Perl in Magazines |
291 | |
292 | The first and only periodical devoted to All Things Perl, I<The |
293 | Perl Journal> contains tutorials, demonstrations, case studies, |
294 | announcements, contests, and much more. TPJ has columns on web |
295 | development, databases, Win32 Perl, graphical programming, regular |
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296 | expressions, and networking, and sponsors the Obfuscated Perl |
297 | Contest. It is published quarterly under the gentle hand of its |
298 | editor, Jon Orwant. See http://www.tpj.com/ or send mail to |
299 | subscriptions@tpj.com. |
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300 | |
301 | Beyond this, magazines that frequently carry high-quality articles |
302 | on Perl are I<Web Techniques> (see http://www.webtechniques.com/), |
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303 | I<Performance Computing> (http://www.performance-computing.com/), and Usenix's |
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304 | newsletter/magazine to its members, I<login:>, at http://www.usenix.org/. |
305 | Randal's Web Technique's columns are available on the web at |
306 | http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/WebTechniques/. |
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307 | |
308 | =head2 Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access |
309 | |
310 | To get the best (and possibly cheapest) performance, pick a site from |
311 | the list below and use it to grab the complete list of mirror sites. |
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312 | From there you can find the quickest site for you. Remember, the |
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313 | following list is I<not> the complete list of CPAN mirrors. |
314 | |
315 | http://www.perl.com/CPAN (redirects to another mirror) |
316 | http://www.perl.org/CPAN |
317 | ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/languages/perl/CPAN/ |
318 | http://www.cs.ruu.nl/pub/PERL/CPAN/ |
319 | ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/perl/CPAN/ |
320 | |
321 | =head2 What mailing lists are there for perl? |
322 | |
323 | Most of the major modules (tk, CGI, libwww-perl) have their own |
324 | mailing lists. Consult the documentation that came with the module for |
325 | subscription information. The following are a list of mailing lists |
326 | related to perl itself. |
327 | |
328 | If you subscribe to a mailing list, it behooves you to know how to |
329 | unsubscribe from it. Strident pleas to the list itself to get you off |
330 | will not be favorably received. |
331 | |
332 | =over 4 |
333 | |
334 | =item MacPerl |
335 | |
336 | There is a mailing list for discussing Macintosh Perl. Contact |
337 | "mac-perl-request@iis.ee.ethz.ch". |
338 | |
339 | Also see Matthias Neeracher's (the creator and maintainer of MacPerl) |
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340 | webpage at http://www.iis.ee.ethz.ch/~neeri/macintosh/perl.html for |
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341 | many links to interesting MacPerl sites, and the applications/MPW |
342 | tools, precompiled. |
343 | |
344 | =item Perl5-Porters |
345 | |
346 | The core development team have a mailing list for discussing fixes and |
347 | changes to the language. Send mail to |
348 | "perl5-porters-request@perl.org" with help in the body of the message |
349 | for information on subscribing. |
350 | |
351 | =item NTPerl |
352 | |
353 | This list is used to discuss issues involving Win32 Perl 5 (Windows NT |
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354 | and Win95). Subscribe by mailing ListManager@ActiveWare.com with the |
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355 | message body: |
356 | |
357 | subscribe Perl-Win32-Users |
358 | |
359 | The list software, also written in perl, will automatically determine |
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360 | your address, and subscribe you automatically. To unsubscribe, mail |
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361 | the following in the message body to the same address like so: |
362 | |
363 | unsubscribe Perl-Win32-Users |
364 | |
365 | You can also check http://www.activeware.com/ and select "Mailing Lists" |
366 | to join or leave this list. |
367 | |
368 | =item Perl-Packrats |
369 | |
370 | Discussion related to archiving of perl materials, particularly the |
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371 | Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN). Subscribe by emailing |
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372 | majordomo@cis.ufl.edu: |
373 | |
374 | subscribe perl-packrats |
375 | |
376 | The list software, also written in perl, will automatically determine |
377 | your address, and subscribe you automatically. To unsubscribe, simple |
378 | prepend the same command with an "un", and mail to the same address |
379 | like so: |
380 | |
381 | unsubscribe perl-packrats |
382 | |
383 | =back |
384 | |
385 | =head2 Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc |
386 | |
387 | Have you tried Deja News or Alta Vista? |
388 | |
389 | ftp.cis.ufl.edu:/pub/perl/comp.lang.perl.*/monthly has an almost |
390 | complete collection dating back to 12/89 (missing 08/91 through |
391 | 12/93). They are kept as one large file for each month. |
392 | |
393 | You'll probably want more a sophisticated query and retrieval mechanism |
394 | than a file listing, preferably one that allows you to retrieve |
395 | articles using a fast-access indices, keyed on at least author, date, |
396 | subject, thread (as in "trn") and probably keywords. The best |
397 | solution the FAQ authors know of is the MH pick command, but it is |
398 | very slow to select on 18000 articles. |
399 | |
400 | If you have, or know where can be found, the missing sections, please |
401 | let perlfaq-suggestions@perl.com know. |
402 | |
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403 | =head2 Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl? |
404 | |
405 | In a sense, Perl already I<is> commercial software: It has a licence |
406 | that you can grab and carefully read to your manager. It is |
407 | distributed in releases and comes in well-defined packages. There is a |
408 | very large user community and an extensive literature. The |
409 | comp.lang.perl.* newsgroups and several of the mailing lists provide |
410 | free answers to your questions in near real-time. Perl has |
411 | traditionally been supported by Larry, dozens of software designers |
412 | and developers, and thousands of programmers, all working for free |
413 | to create a useful thing to make life better for everyone. |
414 | |
415 | However, these answers may not suffice for managers who require a |
416 | purchase order from a company whom they can sue should anything go |
417 | wrong. Or maybe they need very serious hand-holding and contractual |
418 | obligations. Shrink-wrapped CDs with perl on them are available from |
419 | several sources if that will help. |
420 | |
421 | Or you can purchase a real support contract. Although Cygnus historically |
422 | provided this service, they no longer sell support contracts for Perl. |
423 | Instead, the Paul Ingram Group will be taking up the slack through The |
424 | Perl Clinic. The following is a commercial from them: |
425 | |
426 | "Do you need professional support for Perl and/or Oraperl? Do you need |
427 | a support contract with defined levels of service? Do you want to pay |
428 | only for what you need? |
429 | |
430 | "The Paul Ingram Group has provided quality software development and |
431 | support services to some of the world's largest corporations for ten |
432 | years. We are now offering the same quality support services for Perl |
433 | at The Perl Clinic. This service is led by Tim Bunce, an active perl |
434 | porter since 1994 and well known as the author and maintainer of the |
435 | DBI, DBD::Oracle, and Oraperl modules and author/co-maintainer of The |
436 | Perl 5 Module List. We also offer Oracle users support for Perl5 |
437 | Oraperl and related modules (which Oracle is planning to ship as part |
438 | of Oracle Web Server 3). 20% of the profit from our Perl support work |
439 | will be donated to The Perl Institute." |
440 | |
441 | For more information, contact the The Perl Clinic: |
442 | |
443 | Tel: +44 1483 424424 |
444 | Fax: +44 1483 419419 |
445 | Web: http://www.perl.co.uk/ |
446 | Email: perl-support-info@perl.co.uk or Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk |
447 | |
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448 | See also www.perl.com for updates on training and support. |
449 | |
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450 | =head2 Where do I send bug reports? |
451 | |
452 | If you are reporting a bug in the perl interpreter or the modules |
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453 | shipped with perl, use the I<perlbug> program in the perl distribution or |
454 | mail your report to perlbug@perl.com. |
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455 | |
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456 | If you are posting a bug with a non-standard port (see the answer to |
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457 | "What platforms is Perl available for?"), a binary distribution, or a |
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458 | non-standard module (such as Tk, CGI, etc), then please see the |
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459 | documentation that came with it to determine the correct place to post |
460 | bugs. |
461 | |
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462 | Read the perlbug(1) man page (perl5.004 or later) for more information. |
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463 | |
464 | =head2 What is perl.com? perl.org? The Perl Institute? |
465 | |
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466 | The perl.com domain is managed by Tom Christiansen, who created it as a |
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467 | public service long before perl.org came about. Despite the name, it's a |
468 | pretty non-commercial site meant to be a clearinghouse for information |
469 | about all things Perlian, accepting no paid advertisements, bouncy |
470 | happy gifs, or silly java applets on its pages. The Perl Home Page at |
471 | http://www.perl.com/ is currently hosted on a T3 line courtesy of Songline |
472 | Systems, a software-oriented subsidiary of O'Reilly and Associates. |
473 | |
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474 | perl.org is the official vehicle for The Perl Institute. The motto of |
475 | TPI is "helping people help Perl help people" (or something like |
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476 | that). It's a non-profit organization supporting development, |
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477 | documentation, and dissemination of perl. |
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478 | |
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479 | =head2 How do I learn about object-oriented Perl programming? |
480 | |
481 | L<perltoot> (distributed with 5.004 or later) is a good place to start. |
482 | Also, L<perlobj>, L<perlref>, and L<perlmod> are useful references, |
483 | while L<perlbot> has some excellent tips and tricks. |
484 | |
485 | =head1 AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT |
486 | |
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487 | Copyright (c) 1997, 1998 Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkington. |
488 | All rights reserved. |
489 | |
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490 | When included as an integrated part of the Standard Distribution |
491 | of Perl or of its documentation (printed or otherwise), this works is |
492 | covered under Perl's Artistic Licence. For separate distributions of |
493 | all or part of this FAQ outside of that, see L<perlfaq>. |
494 | |
495 | Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are public |
496 | domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code and any |
497 | derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for profit as you |
498 | see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would |
499 | be courteous but is not required. |