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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
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3 | perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 2003/01/26 17:45:46 $) |
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4 | |
5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
6 | |
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7 | The perlfaq is divided into several documents based on topics. A table |
8 | of contents is at the end of this document. |
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9 | |
197aec24 |
10 | =head2 Where to get the perlfaq |
11 | |
12 | Extracts of the perlfaq are posted regularly to |
13 | comp.lang.perl.misc. It is available on many web sites: |
14 | http://www.perldoc.com/ and http://faq.perl.org/ |
15 | |
16 | =head2 How to contribute to the perlfaq |
17 | |
18 | You may mail corrections, additions, and suggestions to |
19 | perlfaq-workers@perl.org . This alias should not be used to |
20 | I<ask> FAQs. It's for fixing the current FAQ. Send |
21 | questions to the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup. You can |
22 | view the source tree at http://cvs.perl.org/cvsweb/perlfaq/ |
23 | (which is outside of the main Perl source tree). The CVS |
24 | repository notes all changes to the FAQ. |
25 | |
26 | =head2 What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the authors |
27 | |
28 | Your questions will probably go unread, unless they're |
29 | suggestions of new questions to add to the FAQ, in which |
30 | case they should have gone to the perlfaq-workers@perl.org |
31 | instead. |
32 | |
33 | You should have read section 2 of this faq. There you would |
34 | have learned that comp.lang.perl.misc is the appropriate |
35 | place to go for free advice. If your question is really |
36 | important and you require a prompt and correct answer, you |
37 | should hire a consultant. |
38 | |
39 | =head1 Credits |
40 | |
41 | The original perlfaq was written by Tom Christiansen, then expanded |
42 | by collaboration between Tom and Nathan Torkington. The current |
43 | document is maintained by the perlfaq-workers (perlfaq-workers@perl.org). |
44 | Several people have contributed answers, corrections, and comments. |
45 | |
46 | =head1 Author and Copyright Information |
47 | |
48 | Copyright (c) 1997-2003 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and |
49 | other contributors noted in the answers. |
50 | |
51 | All rights reserved. |
52 | |
53 | =head2 Bundled Distributions |
54 | |
55 | This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it |
56 | under the same terms as Perl itself. |
57 | |
58 | Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in these files |
59 | are hereby placed into the public domain. You are permitted and |
60 | encouraged to use this code in your own programs for fun |
61 | or for profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving |
62 | credit would be courteous but is not required. |
63 | |
64 | =head2 Disclaimer |
65 | |
66 | This information is offered in good faith and in the hope that it may |
67 | be of use, but is not guaranteed to be correct, up to date, or suitable |
68 | for any particular purpose whatsoever. The authors accept no liability |
69 | in respect of this information or its use. |
70 | |
71 | =head1 Table of Contents |
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72 | |
40d4dc3e |
73 | =head2 perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ. |
68dc0745 |
74 | |
75 | This document. |
76 | |
40d4dc3e |
77 | =head2 L<perlfaq1>: General Questions About Perl |
68dc0745 |
78 | |
ae3d0b9f |
79 | Very general, high-level questions about Perl. |
68dc0745 |
80 | |
65acb1b1 |
81 | =over 4 |
82 | |
40d4dc3e |
83 | =item * |
84 | |
85 | What is Perl? |
86 | |
87 | =item * |
88 | |
89 | Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free? |
90 | |
91 | =item * |
92 | |
93 | Which version of Perl should I use? |
94 | |
95 | =item * |
96 | |
97 | What are perl4 and perl5? |
98 | |
99 | =item * |
100 | |
101 | What is perl6? |
65acb1b1 |
102 | |
40d4dc3e |
103 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
104 | |
40d4dc3e |
105 | How stable is Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
106 | |
40d4dc3e |
107 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
108 | |
40d4dc3e |
109 | Is Perl difficult to learn? |
65acb1b1 |
110 | |
40d4dc3e |
111 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
112 | |
40d4dc3e |
113 | How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl? |
65acb1b1 |
114 | |
40d4dc3e |
115 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
116 | |
40d4dc3e |
117 | Can I do [task] in Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
118 | |
40d4dc3e |
119 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
120 | |
40d4dc3e |
121 | When shouldn't I program in Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
122 | |
40d4dc3e |
123 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
124 | |
40d4dc3e |
125 | What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"? |
65acb1b1 |
126 | |
40d4dc3e |
127 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
128 | |
40d4dc3e |
129 | Is it a Perl program or a Perl script? |
130 | |
131 | =item * |
132 | |
133 | What is a JAPH? |
134 | |
135 | =item * |
136 | |
137 | Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms? |
138 | |
139 | =item * |
140 | |
ae3d0b9f |
141 | How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version 5/5.6.1/Perl instead of some other language? |
65acb1b1 |
142 | |
143 | =back |
144 | |
145 | |
40d4dc3e |
146 | =head2 L<perlfaq2>: Obtaining and Learning about Perl |
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147 | |
ae3d0b9f |
148 | Where to find source and documentation for Perl, support, |
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149 | and related matters. |
150 | |
65acb1b1 |
151 | =over 4 |
152 | |
40d4dc3e |
153 | =item * |
154 | |
155 | What machines support Perl? Where do I get it? |
156 | |
157 | =item * |
158 | |
159 | How can I get a binary version of Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
160 | |
40d4dc3e |
161 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
162 | |
40d4dc3e |
163 | I don't have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl? |
65acb1b1 |
164 | |
40d4dc3e |
165 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
166 | |
40d4dc3e |
167 | I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts don't work. |
65acb1b1 |
168 | |
40d4dc3e |
169 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
170 | |
40d4dc3e |
171 | I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work? |
65acb1b1 |
172 | |
40d4dc3e |
173 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
174 | |
40d4dc3e |
175 | What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN? What does CPAN/src/... mean? |
65acb1b1 |
176 | |
40d4dc3e |
177 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
178 | |
40d4dc3e |
179 | Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
180 | |
40d4dc3e |
181 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
182 | |
40d4dc3e |
183 | Where can I get information on Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
184 | |
40d4dc3e |
185 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
186 | |
40d4dc3e |
187 | What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions? |
65acb1b1 |
188 | |
40d4dc3e |
189 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
190 | |
40d4dc3e |
191 | Where should I post source code? |
65acb1b1 |
192 | |
40d4dc3e |
193 | =item * |
194 | |
195 | Perl Books |
196 | |
197 | =item * |
198 | |
199 | Perl in Magazines |
200 | |
201 | =item * |
202 | |
203 | Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access |
204 | |
205 | =item * |
206 | |
207 | What mailing lists are there for Perl? |
208 | |
209 | =item * |
210 | |
211 | Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc |
212 | |
213 | =item * |
214 | |
215 | Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl? |
216 | |
217 | =item * |
218 | |
219 | Where do I send bug reports? |
220 | |
221 | =item * |
222 | |
ae3d0b9f |
223 | What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org? cpan.org? |
65acb1b1 |
224 | |
225 | =back |
226 | |
227 | |
40d4dc3e |
228 | =head2 L<perlfaq3>: Programming Tools |
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229 | |
230 | Programmer tools and programming support. |
231 | |
65acb1b1 |
232 | =over 4 |
233 | |
40d4dc3e |
234 | =item * |
235 | |
236 | How do I do (anything)? |
237 | |
238 | =item * |
239 | |
240 | How can I use Perl interactively? |
241 | |
242 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
243 | |
40d4dc3e |
244 | Is there a Perl shell? |
65acb1b1 |
245 | |
40d4dc3e |
246 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
247 | |
49d635f9 |
248 | How do I find which modules are installed on my system? |
249 | |
250 | =item * |
251 | |
40d4dc3e |
252 | How do I debug my Perl programs? |
65acb1b1 |
253 | |
40d4dc3e |
254 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
255 | |
40d4dc3e |
256 | How do I profile my Perl programs? |
65acb1b1 |
257 | |
40d4dc3e |
258 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
259 | |
40d4dc3e |
260 | How do I cross-reference my Perl programs? |
65acb1b1 |
261 | |
40d4dc3e |
262 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
263 | |
40d4dc3e |
264 | Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
265 | |
40d4dc3e |
266 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
267 | |
40d4dc3e |
268 | Is there a ctags for Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
269 | |
40d4dc3e |
270 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
271 | |
40d4dc3e |
272 | Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor? |
65acb1b1 |
273 | |
40d4dc3e |
274 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
275 | |
40d4dc3e |
276 | Where can I get Perl macros for vi? |
65acb1b1 |
277 | |
40d4dc3e |
278 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
279 | |
40d4dc3e |
280 | Where can I get perl-mode for emacs? |
65acb1b1 |
281 | |
40d4dc3e |
282 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
283 | |
40d4dc3e |
284 | How can I use curses with Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
285 | |
40d4dc3e |
286 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
287 | |
40d4dc3e |
288 | How can I use X or Tk with Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
289 | |
40d4dc3e |
290 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
291 | |
40d4dc3e |
292 | How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk? |
65acb1b1 |
293 | |
40d4dc3e |
294 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
295 | |
40d4dc3e |
296 | How can I make my Perl program run faster? |
65acb1b1 |
297 | |
40d4dc3e |
298 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
299 | |
40d4dc3e |
300 | How can I make my Perl program take less memory? |
301 | |
302 | =item * |
303 | |
49d635f9 |
304 | Is it safe to return a reference to local or lexical data? |
40d4dc3e |
305 | |
306 | =item * |
307 | |
308 | How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks? |
309 | |
310 | =item * |
311 | |
312 | How can I make my CGI script more efficient? |
313 | |
314 | =item * |
315 | |
316 | How can I hide the source for my Perl program? |
317 | |
318 | =item * |
319 | |
320 | How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C? |
321 | |
322 | =item * |
323 | |
324 | How can I compile Perl into Java? |
325 | |
326 | =item * |
327 | |
328 | How can I get C<#!perl> to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]? |
329 | |
330 | =item * |
331 | |
332 | Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line? |
333 | |
334 | =item * |
335 | |
336 | Why don't Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system? |
337 | |
338 | =item * |
339 | |
340 | Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl? |
341 | |
342 | =item * |
343 | |
344 | Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming? |
345 | |
346 | =item * |
347 | |
348 | Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp] |
349 | |
350 | =item * |
351 | |
352 | I've read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can't embed perl in |
a6dd486b |
353 | my C program; what am I doing wrong? |
65acb1b1 |
354 | |
40d4dc3e |
355 | =item * |
356 | |
ae3d0b9f |
357 | When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it mean? |
65acb1b1 |
358 | |
40d4dc3e |
359 | =item * |
360 | |
361 | What's MakeMaker? |
65acb1b1 |
362 | |
363 | =back |
364 | |
365 | |
40d4dc3e |
366 | =head2 L<perlfaq4>: Data Manipulation |
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367 | |
368 | Manipulating numbers, dates, strings, arrays, hashes, and |
369 | miscellaneous data issues. |
370 | |
65acb1b1 |
371 | =over 4 |
372 | |
40d4dc3e |
373 | =item * |
374 | |
375 | Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)? |
376 | |
377 | =item * |
378 | |
379 | Why isn't my octal data interpreted correctly? |
380 | |
381 | =item * |
382 | |
383 | Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()? Trig functions? |
384 | |
385 | =item * |
386 | |
ae3d0b9f |
387 | How do I convert between numeric representations? |
40d4dc3e |
388 | |
389 | =item * |
390 | |
391 | Why doesn't & work the way I want it to? |
65acb1b1 |
392 | |
40d4dc3e |
393 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
394 | |
40d4dc3e |
395 | How do I multiply matrices? |
65acb1b1 |
396 | |
40d4dc3e |
397 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
398 | |
40d4dc3e |
399 | How do I perform an operation on a series of integers? |
65acb1b1 |
400 | |
40d4dc3e |
401 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
402 | |
40d4dc3e |
403 | How can I output Roman numerals? |
65acb1b1 |
404 | |
40d4dc3e |
405 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
406 | |
40d4dc3e |
407 | Why aren't my random numbers random? |
65acb1b1 |
408 | |
40d4dc3e |
409 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
410 | |
881bdbd4 |
411 | How do I get a random number between X and Y? |
412 | |
413 | =item * |
414 | |
40d4dc3e |
415 | How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year? |
d92eb7b0 |
416 | |
40d4dc3e |
417 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
418 | |
40d4dc3e |
419 | How do I find the current century or millennium? |
65acb1b1 |
420 | |
40d4dc3e |
421 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
422 | |
40d4dc3e |
423 | How can I compare two dates and find the difference? |
65acb1b1 |
424 | |
40d4dc3e |
425 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
426 | |
40d4dc3e |
427 | How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds? |
65acb1b1 |
428 | |
40d4dc3e |
429 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
430 | |
40d4dc3e |
431 | How can I find the Julian Day? |
65acb1b1 |
432 | |
40d4dc3e |
433 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
434 | |
40d4dc3e |
435 | How do I find yesterday's date? |
65acb1b1 |
436 | |
40d4dc3e |
437 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
438 | |
40d4dc3e |
439 | Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant? |
65acb1b1 |
440 | |
40d4dc3e |
441 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
442 | |
40d4dc3e |
443 | How do I validate input? |
65acb1b1 |
444 | |
40d4dc3e |
445 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
446 | |
40d4dc3e |
447 | How do I unescape a string? |
65acb1b1 |
448 | |
40d4dc3e |
449 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
450 | |
40d4dc3e |
451 | How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters? |
452 | |
453 | =item * |
454 | |
455 | How do I expand function calls in a string? |
456 | |
457 | =item * |
458 | |
459 | How do I find matching/nesting anything? |
460 | |
461 | =item * |
462 | |
463 | How do I reverse a string? |
464 | |
465 | =item * |
466 | |
467 | How do I expand tabs in a string? |
468 | |
469 | =item * |
470 | |
471 | How do I reformat a paragraph? |
472 | |
473 | =item * |
474 | |
49d635f9 |
475 | How can I access or change N characters of a string? |
40d4dc3e |
476 | |
477 | =item * |
478 | |
479 | How do I change the Nth occurrence of something? |
480 | |
481 | =item * |
482 | |
483 | How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a string? |
484 | |
485 | =item * |
486 | |
487 | How do I capitalize all the words on one line? |
488 | |
489 | =item * |
490 | |
49d635f9 |
491 | How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside [character]? |
65acb1b1 |
492 | |
40d4dc3e |
493 | =item * |
494 | |
495 | How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string? |
496 | |
497 | =item * |
498 | |
499 | How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes? |
500 | |
501 | =item * |
502 | |
503 | How do I extract selected columns from a string? |
504 | |
505 | =item * |
506 | |
507 | How do I find the soundex value of a string? |
508 | |
509 | =item * |
510 | |
511 | How can I expand variables in text strings? |
512 | |
513 | =item * |
514 | |
515 | What's wrong with always quoting "$vars"? |
516 | |
517 | =item * |
518 | |
04d666b1 |
519 | Why don't my E<lt>E<lt>HERE documents work? |
40d4dc3e |
520 | |
521 | =item * |
522 | |
523 | What is the difference between a list and an array? |
524 | |
525 | =item * |
526 | |
527 | What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]? |
528 | |
529 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
530 | |
40d4dc3e |
531 | How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array? |
65acb1b1 |
532 | |
40d4dc3e |
533 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
534 | |
ae3d0b9f |
535 | How can I tell whether a certain element is contained in a list or array? |
65acb1b1 |
536 | |
40d4dc3e |
537 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
538 | |
40d4dc3e |
539 | How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute the intersection of two arrays? |
65acb1b1 |
540 | |
40d4dc3e |
541 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
542 | |
40d4dc3e |
543 | How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal? |
65acb1b1 |
544 | |
40d4dc3e |
545 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
546 | |
40d4dc3e |
547 | How do I find the first array element for which a condition is true? |
65acb1b1 |
548 | |
40d4dc3e |
549 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
550 | |
40d4dc3e |
551 | How do I handle linked lists? |
65acb1b1 |
552 | |
40d4dc3e |
553 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
554 | |
40d4dc3e |
555 | How do I handle circular lists? |
65acb1b1 |
556 | |
40d4dc3e |
557 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
558 | |
40d4dc3e |
559 | How do I shuffle an array randomly? |
65acb1b1 |
560 | |
40d4dc3e |
561 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
562 | |
40d4dc3e |
563 | How do I process/modify each element of an array? |
65acb1b1 |
564 | |
40d4dc3e |
565 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
566 | |
40d4dc3e |
567 | How do I select a random element from an array? |
65acb1b1 |
568 | |
40d4dc3e |
569 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
570 | |
40d4dc3e |
571 | How do I permute N elements of a list? |
65acb1b1 |
572 | |
40d4dc3e |
573 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
574 | |
40d4dc3e |
575 | How do I sort an array by (anything)? |
65acb1b1 |
576 | |
40d4dc3e |
577 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
578 | |
40d4dc3e |
579 | How do I manipulate arrays of bits? |
65acb1b1 |
580 | |
40d4dc3e |
581 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
582 | |
40d4dc3e |
583 | Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes? |
65acb1b1 |
584 | |
40d4dc3e |
585 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
586 | |
40d4dc3e |
587 | How do I process an entire hash? |
65acb1b1 |
588 | |
40d4dc3e |
589 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
590 | |
40d4dc3e |
591 | What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating over it? |
65acb1b1 |
592 | |
40d4dc3e |
593 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
594 | |
40d4dc3e |
595 | How do I look up a hash element by value? |
65acb1b1 |
596 | |
40d4dc3e |
597 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
598 | |
40d4dc3e |
599 | How can I know how many entries are in a hash? |
65acb1b1 |
600 | |
40d4dc3e |
601 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
602 | |
40d4dc3e |
603 | How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)? |
65acb1b1 |
604 | |
40d4dc3e |
605 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
606 | |
40d4dc3e |
607 | How can I always keep my hash sorted? |
65acb1b1 |
608 | |
40d4dc3e |
609 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
610 | |
40d4dc3e |
611 | What's the difference between "delete" and "undef" with hashes? |
65acb1b1 |
612 | |
40d4dc3e |
613 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
614 | |
40d4dc3e |
615 | Why don't my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction? |
65acb1b1 |
616 | |
40d4dc3e |
617 | =item * |
618 | |
619 | How do I reset an each() operation part-way through? |
620 | |
621 | =item * |
622 | |
623 | How can I get the unique keys from two hashes? |
624 | |
625 | =item * |
626 | |
627 | How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file? |
628 | |
629 | =item * |
630 | |
631 | How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it? |
632 | |
633 | =item * |
634 | |
635 | Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create it? |
636 | |
637 | =item * |
638 | |
639 | How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C++ class/hash or array of hashes or arrays? |
640 | |
641 | =item * |
642 | |
643 | How can I use a reference as a hash key? |
644 | |
645 | =item * |
646 | |
647 | How do I handle binary data correctly? |
648 | |
649 | =item * |
650 | |
651 | How do I determine whether a scalar is a number/whole/integer/float? |
652 | |
653 | =item * |
654 | |
655 | How do I keep persistent data across program calls? |
656 | |
657 | =item * |
658 | |
659 | How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure? |
660 | |
661 | =item * |
662 | |
663 | How do I define methods for every class/object? |
664 | |
665 | =item * |
666 | |
667 | How do I verify a credit card checksum? |
668 | |
669 | =item * |
670 | |
671 | How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code? |
65acb1b1 |
672 | |
673 | =back |
674 | |
675 | |
40d4dc3e |
676 | =head2 L<perlfaq5>: Files and Formats |
68dc0745 |
677 | |
ae3d0b9f |
678 | I/O and the "f" issues: filehandles, flushing, formats, and footers. |
68dc0745 |
679 | |
65acb1b1 |
680 | =over 4 |
681 | |
40d4dc3e |
682 | =item * |
683 | |
684 | How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this? |
685 | |
686 | =item * |
687 | |
688 | How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file? |
689 | |
690 | =item * |
691 | |
692 | How do I count the number of lines in a file? |
693 | |
694 | =item * |
695 | |
49d635f9 |
696 | How can I use Perl's C<-i> option from within a program? |
697 | |
698 | =item * |
699 | |
40d4dc3e |
700 | How do I make a temporary file name? |
701 | |
702 | =item * |
703 | |
704 | How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files? |
705 | |
706 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
707 | |
40d4dc3e |
708 | How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of filehandles? |
65acb1b1 |
709 | |
40d4dc3e |
710 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
711 | |
40d4dc3e |
712 | How can I use a filehandle indirectly? |
65acb1b1 |
713 | |
40d4dc3e |
714 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
715 | |
40d4dc3e |
716 | How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()? |
65acb1b1 |
717 | |
40d4dc3e |
718 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
719 | |
40d4dc3e |
720 | How can I write() into a string? |
65acb1b1 |
721 | |
40d4dc3e |
722 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
723 | |
40d4dc3e |
724 | How can I output my numbers with commas added? |
65acb1b1 |
725 | |
40d4dc3e |
726 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
727 | |
40d4dc3e |
728 | How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename? |
65acb1b1 |
729 | |
40d4dc3e |
730 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
731 | |
40d4dc3e |
732 | How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out? |
65acb1b1 |
733 | |
40d4dc3e |
734 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
735 | |
04d666b1 |
736 | Why do I sometimes get an "Argument list too long" when I use E<lt>*E<gt>? |
65acb1b1 |
737 | |
40d4dc3e |
738 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
739 | |
40d4dc3e |
740 | Is there a leak/bug in glob()? |
65acb1b1 |
741 | |
40d4dc3e |
742 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
743 | |
40d4dc3e |
744 | How can I open a file with a leading ">" or trailing blanks? |
65acb1b1 |
745 | |
40d4dc3e |
746 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
747 | |
40d4dc3e |
748 | How can I reliably rename a file? |
65acb1b1 |
749 | |
40d4dc3e |
750 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
751 | |
40d4dc3e |
752 | How can I lock a file? |
d92eb7b0 |
753 | |
40d4dc3e |
754 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
755 | |
04d666b1 |
756 | Why can't I just open(FH, "E<gt>file.lock")? |
65acb1b1 |
757 | |
40d4dc3e |
758 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
759 | |
40d4dc3e |
760 | I still don't get locking. I just want to increment the number in the file. How can I do this? |
65acb1b1 |
761 | |
40d4dc3e |
762 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
763 | |
f52f3be2 |
764 | All I want to do is append a small amount of text to the end of a file. Do I still have to use locking? |
05caf3a7 |
765 | |
766 | =item * |
767 | |
40d4dc3e |
768 | How do I randomly update a binary file? |
65acb1b1 |
769 | |
40d4dc3e |
770 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
771 | |
40d4dc3e |
772 | How do I get a file's timestamp in perl? |
65acb1b1 |
773 | |
40d4dc3e |
774 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
775 | |
40d4dc3e |
776 | How do I set a file's timestamp in perl? |
65acb1b1 |
777 | |
40d4dc3e |
778 | =item * |
779 | |
780 | How do I print to more than one file at once? |
781 | |
782 | =item * |
783 | |
784 | How can I read in an entire file all at once? |
785 | |
786 | =item * |
787 | |
788 | How can I read in a file by paragraphs? |
789 | |
790 | =item * |
791 | |
792 | How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard? |
793 | |
794 | =item * |
795 | |
796 | How can I tell whether there's a character waiting on a filehandle? |
797 | |
798 | =item * |
799 | |
800 | How do I do a C<tail -f> in perl? |
801 | |
802 | =item * |
803 | |
804 | How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl? |
805 | |
806 | =item * |
807 | |
808 | How do I close a file descriptor by number? |
809 | |
810 | =item * |
811 | |
812 | Why can't I use "C:\temp\foo" in DOS paths? What doesn't `C:\temp\foo.exe` work? |
813 | |
814 | =item * |
815 | |
816 | Why doesn't glob("*.*") get all the files? |
817 | |
818 | =item * |
819 | |
820 | Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does C<-i> clobber protected files? Isn't this a bug in Perl? |
821 | |
822 | =item * |
823 | |
824 | How do I select a random line from a file? |
825 | |
826 | =item * |
827 | |
828 | Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines? |
65acb1b1 |
829 | |
830 | =back |
831 | |
832 | |
ae3d0b9f |
833 | =head2 L<perlfaq6>: Regular Expressions |
68dc0745 |
834 | |
835 | Pattern matching and regular expressions. |
836 | |
65acb1b1 |
837 | =over 4 |
838 | |
40d4dc3e |
839 | =item * |
840 | |
841 | How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating illegible and unmaintainable code? |
842 | |
843 | =item * |
844 | |
845 | I'm having trouble matching over more than one line. What's wrong? |
846 | |
847 | =item * |
848 | |
849 | How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves on different lines? |
850 | |
851 | =item * |
852 | |
853 | I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn't work. What's wrong? |
854 | |
855 | =item * |
856 | |
857 | How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS while preserving case on the RHS? |
858 | |
859 | =item * |
860 | |
861 | How can I make C<\w> match national character sets? |
862 | |
863 | =item * |
864 | |
865 | How can I match a locale-smart version of C</[a-zA-Z]/>? |
65acb1b1 |
866 | |
40d4dc3e |
867 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
868 | |
40d4dc3e |
869 | How can I quote a variable to use in a regex? |
65acb1b1 |
870 | |
40d4dc3e |
871 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
872 | |
40d4dc3e |
873 | What is C</o> really for? |
65acb1b1 |
874 | |
40d4dc3e |
875 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
876 | |
40d4dc3e |
877 | How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a file? |
65acb1b1 |
878 | |
40d4dc3e |
879 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
880 | |
40d4dc3e |
881 | Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text? |
65acb1b1 |
882 | |
40d4dc3e |
883 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
884 | |
40d4dc3e |
885 | What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around it? |
65acb1b1 |
886 | |
40d4dc3e |
887 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
888 | |
40d4dc3e |
889 | How do I process each word on each line? |
65acb1b1 |
890 | |
40d4dc3e |
891 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
892 | |
40d4dc3e |
893 | How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary? |
65acb1b1 |
894 | |
40d4dc3e |
895 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
896 | |
40d4dc3e |
897 | How can I do approximate matching? |
65acb1b1 |
898 | |
40d4dc3e |
899 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
900 | |
40d4dc3e |
901 | How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once? |
65acb1b1 |
902 | |
40d4dc3e |
903 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
904 | |
40d4dc3e |
905 | Why don't word-boundary searches with C<\b> work for me? |
65acb1b1 |
906 | |
40d4dc3e |
907 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
908 | |
40d4dc3e |
909 | Why does using $&, $`, or $' slow my program down? |
910 | |
911 | =item * |
912 | |
913 | What good is C<\G> in a regular expression? |
914 | |
915 | =item * |
916 | |
917 | Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant? |
918 | |
919 | =item * |
920 | |
921 | What's wrong with using grep or map in a void context? |
922 | |
923 | =item * |
924 | |
925 | How can I match strings with multibyte characters? |
926 | |
927 | =item * |
928 | |
929 | How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user? |
65acb1b1 |
930 | |
931 | =back |
932 | |
933 | |
40d4dc3e |
934 | =head2 L<perlfaq7>: General Perl Language Issues |
68dc0745 |
935 | |
936 | General Perl language issues that don't clearly fit into any of the |
937 | other sections. |
938 | |
65acb1b1 |
939 | =over 4 |
940 | |
40d4dc3e |
941 | =item * |
942 | |
943 | Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language? |
944 | |
945 | =item * |
946 | |
947 | What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when to use them? |
948 | |
949 | =item * |
950 | |
951 | Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and commas? |
952 | |
953 | =item * |
954 | |
955 | How do I skip some return values? |
956 | |
957 | =item * |
958 | |
959 | How do I temporarily block warnings? |
960 | |
961 | =item * |
962 | |
963 | What's an extension? |
964 | |
965 | =item * |
966 | |
967 | Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators? |
968 | |
969 | =item * |
970 | |
971 | How do I declare/create a structure? |
972 | |
973 | =item * |
974 | |
975 | How do I create a module? |
976 | |
977 | =item * |
978 | |
979 | How do I create a class? |
980 | |
981 | =item * |
982 | |
983 | How can I tell if a variable is tainted? |
984 | |
985 | =item * |
986 | |
987 | What's a closure? |
988 | |
989 | =item * |
990 | |
991 | What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it? |
992 | |
993 | =item * |
994 | |
995 | How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method, Regex}? |
65acb1b1 |
996 | |
40d4dc3e |
997 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
998 | |
40d4dc3e |
999 | How do I create a static variable? |
65acb1b1 |
1000 | |
40d4dc3e |
1001 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1002 | |
40d4dc3e |
1003 | What's the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping? Between local() and my()? |
65acb1b1 |
1004 | |
40d4dc3e |
1005 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1006 | |
40d4dc3e |
1007 | How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical is in scope? |
65acb1b1 |
1008 | |
40d4dc3e |
1009 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1010 | |
40d4dc3e |
1011 | What's the difference between deep and shallow binding? |
65acb1b1 |
1012 | |
40d4dc3e |
1013 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1014 | |
04d666b1 |
1015 | Why doesn't "my($foo) = E<lt>FILEE<gt>;" work right? |
65acb1b1 |
1016 | |
40d4dc3e |
1017 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1018 | |
40d4dc3e |
1019 | How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method? |
65acb1b1 |
1020 | |
40d4dc3e |
1021 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1022 | |
40d4dc3e |
1023 | What's the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()? |
65acb1b1 |
1024 | |
40d4dc3e |
1025 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1026 | |
40d4dc3e |
1027 | How do I create a switch or case statement? |
65acb1b1 |
1028 | |
40d4dc3e |
1029 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1030 | |
49d635f9 |
1031 | How can I catch accesses to undefined variables, functions, or methods? |
65acb1b1 |
1032 | |
40d4dc3e |
1033 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1034 | |
40d4dc3e |
1035 | Why can't a method included in this same file be found? |
65acb1b1 |
1036 | |
40d4dc3e |
1037 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1038 | |
40d4dc3e |
1039 | How can I find out my current package? |
65acb1b1 |
1040 | |
40d4dc3e |
1041 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1042 | |
40d4dc3e |
1043 | How can I comment out a large block of perl code? |
65acb1b1 |
1044 | |
40d4dc3e |
1045 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1046 | |
40d4dc3e |
1047 | How do I clear a package? |
65acb1b1 |
1048 | |
40d4dc3e |
1049 | =item * |
1050 | |
1051 | How can I use a variable as a variable name? |
d92eb7b0 |
1052 | |
65acb1b1 |
1053 | =back |
1054 | |
1055 | |
40d4dc3e |
1056 | =head2 L<perlfaq8>: System Interaction |
68dc0745 |
1057 | |
1058 | Interprocess communication (IPC), control over the user-interface |
1059 | (keyboard, screen and pointing devices). |
1060 | |
65acb1b1 |
1061 | =over 4 |
1062 | |
40d4dc3e |
1063 | =item * |
1064 | |
1065 | How do I find out which operating system I'm running under? |
1066 | |
1067 | =item * |
1068 | |
1069 | How come exec() doesn't return? |
1070 | |
1071 | =item * |
1072 | |
1073 | How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse? |
1074 | |
1075 | =item * |
1076 | |
1077 | How do I print something out in color? |
1078 | |
1079 | =item * |
1080 | |
1081 | How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key? |
1082 | |
1083 | =item * |
1084 | |
1085 | How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard? |
1086 | |
1087 | =item * |
1088 | |
1089 | How do I clear the screen? |
1090 | |
1091 | =item * |
1092 | |
1093 | How do I get the screen size? |
1094 | |
1095 | =item * |
1096 | |
1097 | How do I ask the user for a password? |
1098 | |
1099 | =item * |
1100 | |
1101 | How do I read and write the serial port? |
1102 | |
1103 | =item * |
1104 | |
1105 | How do I decode encrypted password files? |
1106 | |
1107 | =item * |
1108 | |
1109 | How do I start a process in the background? |
1110 | |
1111 | =item * |
1112 | |
1113 | How do I trap control characters/signals? |
1114 | |
1115 | =item * |
1116 | |
1117 | How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system? |
1118 | |
1119 | =item * |
1120 | |
1121 | How do I set the time and date? |
1122 | |
1123 | =item * |
1124 | |
1125 | How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second? |
1126 | |
1127 | =item * |
1128 | |
1129 | How can I measure time under a second? |
1130 | |
1131 | =item * |
1132 | |
1133 | How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception handling) |
1134 | |
1135 | =item * |
1136 | |
1137 | Why doesn't my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What does the error message "Protocol not supported" mean? |
65acb1b1 |
1138 | |
40d4dc3e |
1139 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1140 | |
40d4dc3e |
1141 | How can I call my system's unique C functions from Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
1142 | |
40d4dc3e |
1143 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1144 | |
40d4dc3e |
1145 | Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()? |
65acb1b1 |
1146 | |
40d4dc3e |
1147 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1148 | |
40d4dc3e |
1149 | Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems? |
65acb1b1 |
1150 | |
40d4dc3e |
1151 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1152 | |
40d4dc3e |
1153 | How can I open a pipe both to and from a command? |
65acb1b1 |
1154 | |
40d4dc3e |
1155 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1156 | |
40d4dc3e |
1157 | Why can't I get the output of a command with system()? |
65acb1b1 |
1158 | |
40d4dc3e |
1159 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1160 | |
40d4dc3e |
1161 | How can I capture STDERR from an external command? |
65acb1b1 |
1162 | |
40d4dc3e |
1163 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1164 | |
40d4dc3e |
1165 | Why doesn't open() return an error when a pipe open fails? |
65acb1b1 |
1166 | |
40d4dc3e |
1167 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1168 | |
40d4dc3e |
1169 | What's wrong with using backticks in a void context? |
65acb1b1 |
1170 | |
40d4dc3e |
1171 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1172 | |
40d4dc3e |
1173 | How can I call backticks without shell processing? |
65acb1b1 |
1174 | |
40d4dc3e |
1175 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1176 | |
40d4dc3e |
1177 | Why can't my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS)? |
65acb1b1 |
1178 | |
40d4dc3e |
1179 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1180 | |
40d4dc3e |
1181 | How can I convert my shell script to perl? |
65acb1b1 |
1182 | |
40d4dc3e |
1183 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1184 | |
40d4dc3e |
1185 | Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session? |
65acb1b1 |
1186 | |
40d4dc3e |
1187 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1188 | |
40d4dc3e |
1189 | How can I write expect in Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
1190 | |
40d4dc3e |
1191 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1192 | |
40d4dc3e |
1193 | Is there a way to hide perl's command line from programs such as "ps"? |
65acb1b1 |
1194 | |
40d4dc3e |
1195 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1196 | |
40d4dc3e |
1197 | I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl script. How come the change disappeared when I exited the script? How do I get my changes to be visible? |
65acb1b1 |
1198 | |
40d4dc3e |
1199 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1200 | |
40d4dc3e |
1201 | How do I close a process's filehandle without waiting for it to complete? |
65acb1b1 |
1202 | |
40d4dc3e |
1203 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1204 | |
40d4dc3e |
1205 | How do I fork a daemon process? |
65acb1b1 |
1206 | |
40d4dc3e |
1207 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1208 | |
40d4dc3e |
1209 | How do I find out if I'm running interactively or not? |
65acb1b1 |
1210 | |
40d4dc3e |
1211 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1212 | |
40d4dc3e |
1213 | How do I timeout a slow event? |
65acb1b1 |
1214 | |
40d4dc3e |
1215 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1216 | |
40d4dc3e |
1217 | How do I set CPU limits? |
65acb1b1 |
1218 | |
40d4dc3e |
1219 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1220 | |
40d4dc3e |
1221 | How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system? |
65acb1b1 |
1222 | |
40d4dc3e |
1223 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1224 | |
40d4dc3e |
1225 | How do I use an SQL database? |
65acb1b1 |
1226 | |
40d4dc3e |
1227 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1228 | |
40d4dc3e |
1229 | How do I make a system() exit on control-C? |
65acb1b1 |
1230 | |
40d4dc3e |
1231 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1232 | |
40d4dc3e |
1233 | How do I open a file without blocking? |
1234 | |
1235 | =item * |
1236 | |
1237 | How do I install a module from CPAN? |
1238 | |
1239 | =item * |
1240 | |
1241 | What's the difference between require and use? |
1242 | |
1243 | =item * |
1244 | |
1245 | How do I keep my own module/library directory? |
1246 | |
1247 | =item * |
1248 | |
1249 | How do I add the directory my program lives in to the module/library search path? |
1250 | |
1251 | =item * |
1252 | |
1253 | How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime? |
1254 | |
1255 | =item * |
1256 | |
1257 | What is socket.ph and where do I get it? |
65acb1b1 |
1258 | |
1259 | =back |
1260 | |
1261 | |
40d4dc3e |
1262 | =head2 L<perlfaq9>: Networking |
68dc0745 |
1263 | |
ae3d0b9f |
1264 | Networking, the internet, and a few on the web. |
68dc0745 |
1265 | |
65acb1b1 |
1266 | =over 4 |
1267 | |
40d4dc3e |
1268 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1269 | |
ae3d0b9f |
1270 | What is the correct form of response from a CGI script? |
1271 | |
1272 | =item * |
1273 | |
40d4dc3e |
1274 | My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500 Server Error) |
65acb1b1 |
1275 | |
40d4dc3e |
1276 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1277 | |
40d4dc3e |
1278 | How can I get better error messages from a CGI program? |
65acb1b1 |
1279 | |
40d4dc3e |
1280 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1281 | |
40d4dc3e |
1282 | How do I remove HTML from a string? |
65acb1b1 |
1283 | |
40d4dc3e |
1284 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1285 | |
40d4dc3e |
1286 | How do I extract URLs? |
65acb1b1 |
1287 | |
40d4dc3e |
1288 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1289 | |
40d4dc3e |
1290 | How do I download a file from the user's machine? How do I open a file on another machine? |
65acb1b1 |
1291 | |
40d4dc3e |
1292 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1293 | |
40d4dc3e |
1294 | How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML? |
65acb1b1 |
1295 | |
40d4dc3e |
1296 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1297 | |
40d4dc3e |
1298 | How do I fetch an HTML file? |
65acb1b1 |
1299 | |
40d4dc3e |
1300 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1301 | |
40d4dc3e |
1302 | How do I automate an HTML form submission? |
65acb1b1 |
1303 | |
40d4dc3e |
1304 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1305 | |
40d4dc3e |
1306 | How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web? |
65acb1b1 |
1307 | |
40d4dc3e |
1308 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1309 | |
40d4dc3e |
1310 | How do I redirect to another page? |
65acb1b1 |
1311 | |
40d4dc3e |
1312 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1313 | |
40d4dc3e |
1314 | How do I put a password on my web pages? |
65acb1b1 |
1315 | |
40d4dc3e |
1316 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1317 | |
40d4dc3e |
1318 | How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
1319 | |
40d4dc3e |
1320 | =item * |
1321 | |
1322 | How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that cause my CGI script to do bad things? |
1323 | |
1324 | =item * |
1325 | |
1326 | How do I parse a mail header? |
1327 | |
1328 | =item * |
1329 | |
1330 | How do I decode a CGI form? |
1331 | |
1332 | =item * |
65acb1b1 |
1333 | |
40d4dc3e |
1334 | How do I check a valid mail address? |
1335 | |
1336 | =item * |
1337 | |
1338 | How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string? |
1339 | |
1340 | =item * |
1341 | |
1342 | How do I return the user's mail address? |
1343 | |
1344 | =item * |
1345 | |
1346 | How do I send mail? |
1347 | |
1348 | =item * |
1349 | |
ae3d0b9f |
1350 | How do I use MIME to make an attachment to a mail message? |
1351 | |
1352 | =item * |
1353 | |
40d4dc3e |
1354 | How do I read mail? |
1355 | |
1356 | =item * |
1357 | |
1358 | How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address? |
1359 | |
1360 | =item * |
1361 | |
1362 | How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups? |
1363 | |
1364 | =item * |
1365 | |
1366 | How do I fetch/put an FTP file? |
1367 | |
1368 | =item * |
1369 | |
1370 | How can I do RPC in Perl? |
65acb1b1 |
1371 | |
68dc0745 |
1372 | =back |
1373 | |
40d4dc3e |
1374 | |