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d396a558 1=head1 NAME
2
3perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
4
5=head1 DESCRIPTION
6
7An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers
8on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization,
395f5a0c 9internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other
10than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC.
d396a558 11
12Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.
13
14=head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
15
16=head2 ASCII
17
18The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of
19integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character
20interpretation by the display and other system(s) of computers.
51b5cecb 21The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary
d396a558 22digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII".
51b5cecb 23ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute
d396a558 24document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991
25(with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is
26given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that
27can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include
28English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American
29languages.
30
51b5cecb 31There are many character sets that extend the range of integers
32from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer).
33One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set.
34
d396a558 35=head2 ISO 8859
36
37The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the
38International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which
39adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European
40languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
41
42=head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
43
44A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
45accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
46include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans,
47Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
3958b146 48Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without
d396a558 49the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
50German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style
51quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions
52to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work.
53In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is
51b5cecb 54also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
d396a558 55
56=head2 EBCDIC
57
395f5a0c 58The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a
51b5cecb 59large collection of slightly different single and multi byte
60coded character sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1
61and typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive
62from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings.
d396a558 63The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the
64upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there
65were gaps within each latin alphabet range.
66
51b5cecb 67Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set
68identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading
69zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant.
70E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places.
71
1e054b24 72=head2 13 variant characters
73
51b5cecb 74Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that
75are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters
76are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
d396a558 77
51b5cecb 78 \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
d396a558 79
80=head2 0037
81
82Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
83characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used
51b5cecb 84in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system
85that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1
86in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values.
d396a558 87
88=head2 1047
89
90Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus
91Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is
395f5a0c 92used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition
93for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places.
d396a558 94
95=head2 POSIX-BC
96
97The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from
981047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
99
64c66fb6 100=head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
101
102In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a
103character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned
104the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65.
105This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which
106are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers.
107The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256?
108(for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used)
109In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are used. This
110means that the equivalences
111
112 pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character
113 unpack("U", $character) == ord $character
114
115will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over
116all the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC
117equal I<A with acute> or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal
11865, or I<non-breaking space>, not 193, or ord "A".)
119
395f5a0c 120=head2 Unicode and UTF
121
122UTF is a Unicode Transformation Format. UTF-8 is a Unicode conforming
123representation of the Unicode standard that looks very much like ASCII.
124UTF-EBCDIC is an attempt to represent Unicode characters in an EBCDIC
125transparent manner.
126
8704cfd1 127=head2 Using Encode
8f94de01 128
129Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode
130to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points
131
132 use Encode 'from_to';
133
134 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
135
136 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
137 from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
138 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
139
140and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
141
142 use Encode 'from_to';
143
144 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
145
146 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
147 from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
148 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
149
150For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
151of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>.
152
d396a558 153=head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES
154
155The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
156the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
157C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the
158table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1
159extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly
395f5a0c 160corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> albeit with
d396a558 161substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases,
162s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/
1e054b24 163in some other cases (the C<charnames> pragma names unfortunately do
164not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The
165"names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are
166somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are
167flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets
168are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you
169would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table
170(that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not
171work with a pod2_other_format translation) through:
d396a558 172
173=over 4
174
175=item recipe 0
176
177=back
178
84f709e7 179 perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
180 -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
395f5a0c 181
182If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
183might want to write:
184
185=over 4
186
187=item recipe 1
188
189=back
190
84f709e7 191 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
192 while (<FH>) {
193 if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
194 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
195 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
196 }
197 elsif ($7 ne '') {
198 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
199 }
200 else {
201 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
395f5a0c 202 }
203 }
204 }
d396a558 205
206If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then
207run the table through:
208
209=over 4
210
395f5a0c 211=item recipe 2
d396a558 212
213=back
214
84f709e7 215 perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
216 -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
395f5a0c 217
218Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
219
220=over 4
221
222=item recipe 3
223
224=back
225
84f709e7 226 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
395f5a0c 227 while (<FH>) {
84f709e7 228 if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
229 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
230 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
395f5a0c 231 }
84f709e7 232 elsif ($7 ne '') {
233 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
395f5a0c 234 }
235 else {
84f709e7 236 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
395f5a0c 237 }
238 }
239 }
240
241
242 incomp- incomp-
243 8859-1 lete lete
244 chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
245 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
246 <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0
247 <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1
248 <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2
249 <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3
250 <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55
251 <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45
252 <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46
253 <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47
254 <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22
255 <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5
256 <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 ***
257 <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11
258 <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12
259 <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13
260 <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14
261 <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15
262 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16
263 <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17
264 <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18
265 <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19
266 <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60
267 <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61
268 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50
269 <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38
270 <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24
271 <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25
272 <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63
273 <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39
274 <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28
275 <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29
276 <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30
277 <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31
278 <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64
279 ! 33 90 90 90 33 90
280 " 34 127 127 127 34 127
281 # 35 123 123 123 35 123
282 $ 36 91 91 91 36 91
283 % 37 108 108 108 37 108
284 & 38 80 80 80 38 80
285 ' 39 125 125 125 39 125
286 ( 40 77 77 77 40 77
287 ) 41 93 93 93 41 93
288 * 42 92 92 92 42 92
289 + 43 78 78 78 43 78
290 , 44 107 107 107 44 107
291 - 45 96 96 96 45 96
292 . 46 75 75 75 46 75
293 / 47 97 97 97 47 97
294 0 48 240 240 240 48 240
295 1 49 241 241 241 49 241
296 2 50 242 242 242 50 242
297 3 51 243 243 243 51 243
298 4 52 244 244 244 52 244
299 5 53 245 245 245 53 245
300 6 54 246 246 246 54 246
301 7 55 247 247 247 55 247
302 8 56 248 248 248 56 248
303 9 57 249 249 249 57 249
304 : 58 122 122 122 58 122
305 ; 59 94 94 94 59 94
306 < 60 76 76 76 60 76
307 = 61 126 126 126 61 126
308 > 62 110 110 110 62 110
309 ? 63 111 111 111 63 111
310 @ 64 124 124 124 64 124
311 A 65 193 193 193 65 193
312 B 66 194 194 194 66 194
313 C 67 195 195 195 67 195
314 D 68 196 196 196 68 196
315 E 69 197 197 197 69 197
316 F 70 198 198 198 70 198
317 G 71 199 199 199 71 199
318 H 72 200 200 200 72 200
319 I 73 201 201 201 73 201
320 J 74 209 209 209 74 209
321 K 75 210 210 210 75 210
322 L 76 211 211 211 76 211
323 M 77 212 212 212 77 212
324 N 78 213 213 213 78 213
325 O 79 214 214 214 79 214
326 P 80 215 215 215 80 215
327 Q 81 216 216 216 81 216
328 R 82 217 217 217 82 217
329 S 83 226 226 226 83 226
330 T 84 227 227 227 84 227
331 U 85 228 228 228 85 228
332 V 86 229 229 229 86 229
333 W 87 230 230 230 87 230
334 X 88 231 231 231 88 231
335 Y 89 232 232 232 89 232
336 Z 90 233 233 233 90 233
337 [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ###
338 \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ###
339 ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 ***
340 ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ###
341 _ 95 109 109 109 95 109
342 ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ###
343 a 97 129 129 129 97 129
344 b 98 130 130 130 98 130
345 c 99 131 131 131 99 131
346 d 100 132 132 132 100 132
347 e 101 133 133 133 101 133
348 f 102 134 134 134 102 134
349 g 103 135 135 135 103 135
350 h 104 136 136 136 104 136
351 i 105 137 137 137 105 137
352 j 106 145 145 145 106 145
353 k 107 146 146 146 107 146
354 l 108 147 147 147 108 147
355 m 109 148 148 148 109 148
356 n 110 149 149 149 110 149
357 o 111 150 150 150 111 150
358 p 112 151 151 151 112 151
359 q 113 152 152 152 113 152
360 r 114 153 153 153 114 153
361 s 115 162 162 162 115 162
362 t 116 163 163 163 116 163
363 u 117 164 164 164 117 164
364 v 118 165 165 165 118 165
365 w 119 166 166 166 119 166
366 x 120 167 167 167 120 167
367 y 121 168 168 168 121 168
368 z 122 169 169 169 122 169
369 { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ###
370 | 124 79 79 79 124 79
371 } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ###
372 ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ###
373 <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7
374 <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32
375 <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33
376 <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34
377 <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35
378 <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36
379 <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 ***
380 <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6
381 <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23
382 <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40
383 <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41
384 <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42
385 <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43
386 <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44
387 <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9
388 <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10
389 <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27
390 <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48
391 <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49
392 <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26
393 <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51
394 <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52
395 <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53
396 <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54
397 <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8
398 <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56
399 <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57
400 <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58
401 <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59
402 <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4
403 <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20
404 <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62
405 <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ###
406 <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65
407 <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66
408 <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ###
409 <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68
410 <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69
411 <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70
412 <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ###
413 <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72
414 <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ###
415 <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74
416 <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81
417 <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82
418 <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ###
419 <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84
420 <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85
421 <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ###
422 <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87
423 <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88
424 <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89
425 <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98
426 <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99
427 <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100
428 <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101
429 <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102
430 <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103
431 <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104
432 <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105
433 <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106
434 <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112
435 <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113
436 <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114
437 <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115
438 <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65
439 <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66
440 <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67
441 <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68
442 <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69
443 <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70
444 <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71
445 <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72
446 <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73
447 <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74
448 <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81
449 <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82
450 <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83
451 <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84
452 <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85
453 <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86
454 <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87
455 <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88
456 <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89
457 <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98
458 <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99
459 <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100
460 <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101
461 <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102
462 <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103
463 <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ###
464 <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105
465 <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ###
466 <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112
467 <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ###
468 <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114
469 <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115
470 <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65
471 <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66
472 <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67
473 <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68
474 <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69
475 <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70
476 <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71
477 <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72
478 <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73
479 <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74
480 <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81
481 <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82
482 <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83
483 <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84
484 <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85
485 <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86
486 <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87
487 <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88
488 <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89
489 <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98
490 <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99
491 <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100
492 <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101
493 <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102
494 <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103
495 <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ###
496 <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105
497 <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106
498 <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112
499 <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113
500 <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114
501 <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115
d396a558 502
503If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
504ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
505
506=over 4
507
395f5a0c 508=item recipe 4
d396a558 509
510=back
511
84f709e7 512 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
513 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
514 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
515 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
516 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
d396a558 517
518If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit
51942 in the last line to 51, like this:
520
521=over 4
522
395f5a0c 523=item recipe 5
d396a558 524
525=back
526
84f709e7 527 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
528 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
529 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
530 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
531 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
d396a558 532
533If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit
53451 in the last line to 60, like this:
535
536=over 4
537
395f5a0c 538=item recipe 6
d396a558 539
540=back
541
84f709e7 542 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
543 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
544 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
545 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
546 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
d396a558 547
548
549=head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
550
551To determine the character set you are running under from perl one
552could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more
553character values. For example:
554
84f709e7 555 $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
556 $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
d396a558 557
51b5cecb 558Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that:
d396a558 559
84f709e7 560 $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9;
561 $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;
d396a558 562
563To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of
564the characters that differ between them. For example:
565
84f709e7 566 $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37);
567 $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);
d396a558 568
569Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any
570of the code sets, e.g.:
571
84f709e7 572 $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
573 $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
574 $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
575 $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
d396a558 576
577However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
578
84f709e7 579 $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG
580 $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
d396a558 581
582Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII machines
84f709e7 583from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC machine since "\r" eq
584chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that
585because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an
d396a558 586ASCII machine) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there.
587
84f709e7 588To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC
d396a558 589code page you can use the Config module like so:
590
591 use Config;
84f709e7 592 $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
d396a558 593
594=head1 CONVERSIONS
595
1e054b24 596=head2 tr///
597
d396a558 598In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
599another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
600above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed.
601The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns
602provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily
603reversed.
604
84f709e7 605For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the second
606column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ characters) and use
d5d9880c 607it in tr/// like so:
d396a558 608
84f709e7 609 $cp_037 =
610 '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' .
611 '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' .
612 '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' .
613 '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' .
614 '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' .
615 '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' .
616 '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' .
617 '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' .
618 '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' .
619 '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' .
620 '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' .
621 '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' .
622 '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' .
623 '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' .
624 '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' .
625 '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ;
d396a558 626
627 my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
1e054b24 628 eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
d396a558 629
d5d9880c 630To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
d396a558 631arguments like so:
632
633 my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
d5d9880c 634 eval '$ascii_string = tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
635
636Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to
637obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth column of the output from recipe
6380 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as well.
1e054b24 639
640=head2 iconv
d396a558 641
d5d9880c 642XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility
d396a558 643available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's
644documentation for information on iconv.
645
3958b146 646On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv
d396a558 647shell utility from within perl would be to:
648
395f5a0c 649 # OS/390 or z/OS example
84f709e7 650 $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
d396a558 651
652or the inverse map:
653
395f5a0c 654 # OS/390 or z/OS example
84f709e7 655 $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
d396a558 656
d396a558 657For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN.
658
1e054b24 659=head2 C RTL
660
395f5a0c 661The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions.
1e054b24 662
d396a558 663=head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
664
665The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with
666care on EBCDIC machines. For example the following array
667will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC machine
668or an ASCII machine:
669
84f709e7 670 @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
d396a558 671
672The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results
673when operating on string or character data in a perl program running
674on an EBCDIC machine than when run on an ASCII machine. Here is
675an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>:
676
677 # EBCDIC-based examples
84f709e7 678 print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n"
679 print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n"
680 print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n";
681 print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";
d396a558 682
683An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters
684in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed
51b5cecb 685as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0) eq "\c@")>
686C<(chr(1) eq "\cA")>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC machines has been
687ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to chr(1) as well, but the
d396a558 688thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are
689using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table
51b5cecb 690but with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./;
d396a558 691s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./;
692s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./;
693s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are
694identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only
51b5cecb 695one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character
696may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII machines but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC
697machines and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on
6980037 machines. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two characters
d396a558 699not one.
700
701 chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
702 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
703 "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***><
704 "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***><
705 "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING>
706 "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT>
707 "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT>
708 "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28>
709 "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.>
710 "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6>
711 "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE>
712 "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23>
713 "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13>
714 "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14>
715 "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.>
716 "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED>
717 "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN>
718 "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT>
719 "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN>
720 "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE>
721 "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE>
722 "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO>
723 "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE>
724 "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29>
725 "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> ***
726 "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE>
727 "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7>
728 "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL>
729 "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM>
730 "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18>
731 "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15>
732 "\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\
733 "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.>
734 "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***><
735 "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***><
736
737
738=head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
739
740=over 8
741
742=item chr()
743
744chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired
745character return value on an EBCDIC machine. For example:
746
84f709e7 747 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
d396a558 748
749=item ord()
750
751ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC machine.
752For example:
753
84f709e7 754 $the_number_193 = ord("A");
d396a558 755
756=item pack()
757
758The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set
759encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
760
761 $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
762 # $foo eq "ABCD"
84f709e7 763 $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
d396a558 764 # same thing
765
766 $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
767 # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
768
769=item print()
770
771One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
772print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place
773for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for
774CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides
775recommend something similar to:
776
777 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
778 # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
779
395f5a0c 780Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example
781you should instead write that as:
d396a558 782
783 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia
784
785That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done
786by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for
787the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for
788further details.
789
790=item printf()
791
792The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa
793will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed
794on an EBCDIC machine. Examples include:
795
796 printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
797
798=item sort()
799
800EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for
801mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below.
802
803=item sprintf()
804
805See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use
806of sprintf would be:
807
84f709e7 808 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
d396a558 809
810=item unpack()
811
812See the discussion of pack() above.
813
814=back
815
816=head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
817
818As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as
819[A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap
b3b6085d 820characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>
821that lie between I and J would not be matched by the
51b5cecb 822regular expression range C</[H-K]/>.
823
824If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet
d396a558 825regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such
826as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII machines to
51b5cecb 827have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>.
d396a558 828
51b5cecb 829Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or
d396a558 830octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following
831set of subs:
832
833 sub is_c0 {
834 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
835 $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
836 }
837
838 sub is_print_ascii {
839 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
840 $char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
841 }
842
843 sub is_delete {
844 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
845 $char eq "\177";
846 }
847
848 sub is_c1 {
849 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
850 $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
851 }
852
853 sub is_latin_1 {
854 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
855 $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
856 }
857
51b5cecb 858The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points.
859However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points
860and on an EBCDIC machine it may be desirable for constructs such as
d396a558 861C<if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}> to print
862out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection
863of character classification subs that is capable of working across the
864four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows:
865
866 sub Is_c0 {
867 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
84f709e7 868 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
d396a558 869 return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
84f709e7 870 }
871 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
d396a558 872 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
873 }
84f709e7 874 if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc
d396a558 875 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
876 }
877 }
878
879 sub Is_print_ascii {
880 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
881 $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
882 }
883
884 sub Is_delete {
885 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
84f709e7 886 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
d396a558 887 return $char eq "\177";
84f709e7 888 }
889 else { # ebcdic
d396a558 890 return $char eq "\007";
891 }
892 }
893
894 sub Is_c1 {
895 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
84f709e7 896 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
d396a558 897 return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
898 }
84f709e7 899 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
d396a558 900 return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
901 }
84f709e7 902 if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
d396a558 903 return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
904 }
84f709e7 905 if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
906 return $char =~
d396a558 907 /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/;
908 }
909 }
910
911 sub Is_latin_1 {
912 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
84f709e7 913 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
d396a558 914 return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
915 }
84f709e7 916 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
917 return $char =~
d396a558 918 /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
919 }
84f709e7 920 if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
d396a558 921 return $char =~
922 /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
923 }
84f709e7 924 if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
925 return $char =~
d396a558 926 /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
927 }
928 }
929
930Note however that only the C<Is_ascii_print()> sub is really independent
931of coded character set. Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be
932to use the characters in the range explicitly:
933
934 sub Is_latin_1 {
935 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
936 $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/;
937 }
938
939Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
940presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.
d396a558 941
942=head1 SOCKETS
943
944Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
945byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a
946host web server where the server may take care of translation for you.
947Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on
948output.
949
950=head1 SORTING
951
952One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones
953are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the
954letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based machine the
955two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter
956for drive, that is:
957
84f709e7 958 @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
959 # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
d396a558 960
961The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is
962even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047.
b3b6085d 963An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes
964before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII machine, but
51b5cecb 965the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC machine.
b3b6085d 966(Astute readers will note that the upper case version of E<szlig>
51b5cecb 967C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of
b3b6085d 968E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is
51b5cecb 969at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl).
d396a558 970
971The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on
972ASCII machines versus EBCDIC machines. What follows are some suggestions
973on how to deal with these differences.
974
51b5cecb 975=head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
d396a558 976
977This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require
978some user education.
979
51b5cecb 980=head2 MONO CASE then sort data.
d396a558 981
51b5cecb 982In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to
d396a558 983C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data.
984If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/
985then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then
986apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE
51b5cecb 987and include Latin-1 characters then apply:
988
84f709e7 989 tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
51b5cecb 990 tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/;
84f709e7 991 s/ß/SS/g;
d396a558 992
51b5cecb 993then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not
b3b6085d 994address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at
995code point 255 on ASCII machines, but 223 on most EBCDIC machines
51b5cecb 996where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a
997Unicode enabled Perl you might try:
d396a558 998
51b5cecb 999 tr/^?/\x{178}/;
1000
1001The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case
1002of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason.
1003
1004=head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert.
d396a558 1005
1006This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network
1007connection.
1008
1009=head2 Perform sorting on one type of machine only.
1010
1011This strategy can employ a network connection. As such
1012it would be computationally expensive.
1013
395f5a0c 1014=head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS
1e054b24 1015
1016There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set
1017mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the
1018previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are
1019discussed next.
1020
1021=head2 URL decoding and encoding
d396a558 1022
51b5cecb 1023Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
1e054b24 1024attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example
1025the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form:
d396a558 1026
1027 http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
1028
1029may also be expressed as either of:
1030
1031 http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
1032
1033 http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
1034
51b5cecb 1035where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example
d396a558 1036of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047:
1037
84f709e7 1038 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
d396a558 1039 # this array assumes code page 1047
1040 my @a2e_1047 = (
1041 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
1042 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31,
1043 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97,
1044 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111,
1045 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214,
1046 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109,
1047 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150,
1048 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7,
1049 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27,
1050 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255,
1051 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188,
1052 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171,
1053 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119,
1054 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89,
1055 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87,
1056 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223
1057 );
1058 $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge;
1059
1e054b24 1060Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such
1061a URL under the 1047 code page:
1062
84f709e7 1063 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
1e054b24 1064 # this array assumes code page 1047
1065 my @e2a_1047 = (
1066 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
1067 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31,
1068 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7,
1069 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26,
1070 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124,
1071 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94,
1072 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63,
1073 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34,
1074 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177,
1075 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164,
1076 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174,
1077 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215,
1078 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245,
1079 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255,
1080 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213,
1081 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159
1082 );
84f709e7 1083 # The following regular expression does not address the
1e054b24 1084 # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
1085 $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge;
1086
1087where a more complete solution would split the URL into components
1088and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
1089
1090In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed
1091but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047
1092you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown.
1093
1094=head2 uu encoding and decoding
1095
1096The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC
1097characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the
1098following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer:
1099
84f709e7 1100 $all_byte_chrs = '';
1101 for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
1102 $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
210b36aa 1103 ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
1e054b24 1104 M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
1105 M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
1106 M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
1107 MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
1108 MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
1109 ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
1110 ENDOFHEREDOC
84f709e7 1111 if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
1e054b24 1112 print "Yes ";
1113 }
1114 $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
84f709e7 1115 if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
1e054b24 1116 print "indeed\n";
1117 }
1118
1119Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided
1120that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately:
1121
84f709e7 1122 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1123 @e2a = ( # this must be filled in
1124 );
1125 $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
1e054b24 1126 open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
1127 while(<>) {
1128 last if /^end/;
1129 next if /[a-z]/;
1130 next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) ==
1131 int(length() / 4);
1132 print OUT unpack("u", $_);
1133 }
1134 close(OUT);
1135 chmod oct($mode), $file;
1136
1137
1138=head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
1139
1140On ASCII encoded machines it is possible to strip characters outside of
1141the printable set using:
1142
1143 # This QP encoder works on ASCII only
84f709e7 1144 $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge;
1e054b24 1145
1146Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines
1147would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a
1148array is omitted for brevity):
1149
1150 if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII
1151 $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII
1152 @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map
84f709e7 1153 }
1154 else { # EBCDIC
1e054b24 1155 $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC
84f709e7 1156 @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above)
1e054b24 1157 }
84f709e7 1158 $qp_string =~
1e054b24 1159 s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge;
1160
1161(although in production code the substitutions might be done
1162in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the
1163ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map).
1164
1165Such QP strings can be decoded with:
1166
1167 # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
1168 $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge;
1169 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1170
1171Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC machines
1172would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is
1173omitted for brevity):
1174
1175 $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge;
1176 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1177
395f5a0c 1178=head2 Caesarian ciphers
1e054b24 1179
1180The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment
1181dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius
1182Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes
1183referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after
1184the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps
1185on the 26 letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the
1186interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps
1187(thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet
1188rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will
1189work on ASCII and EBCDIC machines:
1190
1191 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1192
84f709e7 1193 while(<>){
1e054b24 1194 tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
1195 print;
1196 }
1197
1198In one-liner form:
1199
84f709e7 1200 perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
1e054b24 1201
1202
1203=head1 Hashing order and checksums
1204
395f5a0c 1205To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on
1206hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored
1207on an ASCII based machine and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based machine.
1e054b24 1208XXX
1209
d396a558 1210=head1 I18N AND L10N
1211
1212Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at least
1213in principle even on EBCDIC machines. The details are system dependent
1214and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below.
1215
1216=head1 MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
1217
395f5a0c 1218Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters
1219on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with
1220the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms.
1221
1222Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
d396a558 1223
1224=head1 OS ISSUES
1225
1226There may be a few system dependent issues
1227of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers.
1228
1229=head2 OS/400
1230
51b5cecb 1231The PASE environment.
1232
d396a558 1233=over 8
1234
1235=item IFS access
1236
1237XXX.
1238
1239=back
1240
395f5a0c 1241=head2 OS/390, z/OS
d396a558 1242
51b5cecb 1243Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
1244
d396a558 1245=over 8
1246
51b5cecb 1247=item chcp
1248
1e054b24 1249B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing
1250one's code page. See also L<chcp>.
51b5cecb 1251
d396a558 1252=item dataset access
1253
1254For sequential data set access try:
1255
1256 my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
1257
1258or:
1259
1260 my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
1261
1262See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
1263
395f5a0c 1264=item OS/390, z/OS iconv
51b5cecb 1265
1e054b24 1266B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
1267See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.
51b5cecb 1268
d396a558 1269=item locales
1270
395f5a0c 1271On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files
1272are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390
1273or z/OS.
d396a558 1274
1275=back
1276
1277=head2 VM/ESA?
1278
1279XXX.
1280
1281=head2 POSIX-BC?
1282
1283XXX.
1284
51b5cecb 1285=head1 BUGS
1286
1287This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter
b1866b2d 1288translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation
51b5cecb 1289was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts
1290while attempting to view this document through the B<pod2man> program
1291(for example, you may see a plain C<y> rather than one with a diaeresis
3958b146 1292as in E<yuml>). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at
395f5a0c 1293the first occurrence of 8 bit characters.
51b5cecb 1294
1295Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to
395f5a0c 1296be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might
1297seem to imply.
51b5cecb 1298
b3b6085d 1299=head1 SEE ALSO
1300
395f5a0c 1301L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>.
b3b6085d 1302
d396a558 1303=head1 REFERENCES
1304
1305http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps
1306
d396a558 1307http://www.unicode.org/
1308
1309http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/
1310
51b5cecb 1311http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/
1312B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings,
1313September 1999.
1314
395f5a0c 1315B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed.,
51b5cecb 1316ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000.
1317
d396a558 1318B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture -
1319Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
1320
1321"Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing
1322& Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999;
1323ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
1324
1e054b24 1325B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication>
1326Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers,
13271998.
1328
395f5a0c 1329http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM
1330B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer.
1331
1332=head1 HISTORY
1333
133415 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
1335
d396a558 1336=head1 AUTHOR
1337
b3b6085d 1338Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000
d396a558 1339with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and
b3b6085d 1340AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC
1341help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
1e054b24 1342Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and
1343Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and
1344registered service marks used in this document are the property of
1345their respective owners.
84f709e7 1346
1347
Unnamed repository; edit this file to name it for gitweb.