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d396a558 1=head1 NAME
2
3perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
4
5=head1 DESCRIPTION
6
7An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers
8on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization,
395f5a0c 9internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other
10than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC.
d396a558 11
12Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX.
13
14=head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS
15
16=head2 ASCII
17
2bbc8d55 18The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or US-ASCII) is a
19set of
d396a558 20integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character
2bbc8d55 21interpretation by the display and other systems of computers.
51b5cecb 22The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary
d396a558 23digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII".
51b5cecb 24ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute
d396a558 25document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991
26(with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is
27given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that
28can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include
29English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American
30languages.
31
51b5cecb 32There are many character sets that extend the range of integers
33from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer).
34One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set.
35
d396a558 36=head2 ISO 8859
37
38The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the
39International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which
40adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European
41languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet.
42
43=head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)
44
45A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute
46accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1
47include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans,
48Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian,
3958b146 49Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without
d396a558 50the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature.
51German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style
52quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions
53to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work.
54In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is
51b5cecb 55also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819).
d396a558 56
57=head2 EBCDIC
58
395f5a0c 59The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a
51b5cecb 60large collection of slightly different single and multi byte
61coded character sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1
62and typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive
63from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings.
d396a558 64The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the
65upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there
66were gaps within each latin alphabet range.
67
51b5cecb 68Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set
69identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading
70zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant.
71E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places.
72
2bbc8d55 73Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used EBCDIC
74character sets, listed below.
75
1e054b24 76=head2 13 variant characters
77
51b5cecb 78Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that
79are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters
80are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are:
d396a558 81
51b5cecb 82 \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ `
d396a558 83
2bbc8d55 84When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at some of these characters to
85guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and adapts itself
86accordingly to that platform. If the platform uses a character set that is not
87one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will either fail to compile, or
88mistakenly and silently choose one of the three.
89They are:
90
d396a558 91=head2 0037
92
93Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1
94characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used
51b5cecb 95in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system
96that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1
97in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values.
d396a558 98
99=head2 1047
100
101Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus
102Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is
395f5a0c 103used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition
104for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places.
d396a558 105
106=head2 POSIX-BC
107
108The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from
1091047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set.
110
64c66fb6 111=head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points
112
113In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a
114character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned
115the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65.
116This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which
117are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers.
118The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256?
119(for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used)
120In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are used. This
121means that the equivalences
122
123 pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character
124 unpack("U", $character) == ord $character
125
126will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over
127all the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC
128equal I<A with acute> or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal
12965, or I<non-breaking space>, not 193, or ord "A".)
130
dc4af4bb 131=head2 Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC
132
133=over 4
134
135=item *
136
2bbc8d55 137Many of the remaining problems seem to be related to case-insensitive matching
dc4af4bb 138
139=item *
140
141The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not
142supported under EBCDIC, likewise for the encoding pragma.
143
144=back
145
395f5a0c 146=head2 Unicode and UTF
147
2bbc8d55 148UTF stands for C<Unicode Transformation Format>.
149UTF-8 is an encoding of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on
150ASCII and Latin-1.
151The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code point
152depends on the ordinal number of that code point,
153with larger numbers requiring more bytes.
154UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on EBCDIC.
155
156In UTF-8, the code points corresponding to the lowest 128
157ordinal numbers (0 - 127) are the same (or C<invariant>)
158in UTF-8 or not. They occupy one byte each. All other Unicode code points
159require more than one byte to be represented in UTF-8.
160With UTF-EBCDIC, the term C<invariant> has a somewhat different meaning.
161(First, note that this is very different from the L</13 variant characters>
162mentioned above.)
163In UTF-EBCDIC, an C<invariant> character or code point
164is one which takes up exactly one byte encoded, regardless
165of whether or not the encoding changes its value
166(which it most likely will).
167(If you care, the EBCDIC invariants are those characters
168which correspond to the the ASCII characters, plus those that correspond to
169the C1 controls (80..9f on ASCII platforms).)
170A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (but never shorter) than
171one encoded in UTF-8.
395f5a0c 172
8704cfd1 173=head2 Using Encode
8f94de01 174
175Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode
2bbc8d55 176to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points.
177Encode knows about more EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently
178be compiled to run on.
8f94de01 179
180 use Encode 'from_to';
181
182 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
183
184 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
185 from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1');
186 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
187
188and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points
189
190 use Encode 'from_to';
191
192 my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' );
193
194 # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points
195 from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'});
196 # $a is in EBCDIC code points
197
198For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features
199of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>.
200
aa2b82fc 201Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables
202you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use
203
204 use Encode;
205 open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii");
206 print $f "Hello World!\n";
207 open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic");
208 print $f "Hello World!\n";
209 open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1");
210 print $f "Hello World!\n";
211 open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8");
212 print $f "Hello World!\n";
213
2bbc8d55 214to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 37 EBCDIC,
215ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only ASCII
216characters were printed), and
217UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters
218that don't differ between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed). See the
aa2b82fc 219documentation of Encode::PerlIO for details.
220
221As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally
222ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC).
223
d396a558 224=head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES
225
226The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including
227the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f),
228C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the
229table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1
230extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly
395f5a0c 231corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> albeit with
d396a558 232substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases,
233s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/
1e054b24 234in some other cases (the C<charnames> pragma names unfortunately do
235not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The
236"names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are
237somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are
238flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets
239are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you
240would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table
241(that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not
242work with a pod2_other_format translation) through:
d396a558 243
244=over 4
245
246=item recipe 0
247
248=back
249
84f709e7 250 perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
251 -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
395f5a0c 252
253If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you
254might want to write:
255
256=over 4
257
258=item recipe 1
259
260=back
261
84f709e7 262 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
263 while (<FH>) {
264 if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
265 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
266 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
267 }
268 elsif ($7 ne '') {
269 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
270 }
271 else {
272 printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
395f5a0c 273 }
274 }
275 }
d396a558 276
277If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then
278run the table through:
279
280=over 4
281
395f5a0c 282=item recipe 2
d396a558 283
284=back
285
84f709e7 286 perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \
287 -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod
395f5a0c 288
289Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal:
290
291=over 4
292
293=item recipe 3
294
295=back
296
84f709e7 297 open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!";
395f5a0c 298 while (<FH>) {
84f709e7 299 if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) {
300 if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') {
301 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9);
395f5a0c 302 }
84f709e7 303 elsif ($7 ne '') {
304 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
395f5a0c 305 }
306 else {
84f709e7 307 printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8);
395f5a0c 308 }
309 }
310 }
311
312
313 incomp- incomp-
314 8859-1 lete lete
315 chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC
316 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
317 <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0
318 <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1
319 <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2
320 <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3
321 <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55
322 <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45
323 <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46
324 <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47
325 <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22
326 <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5
327 <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 ***
328 <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11
329 <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12
330 <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13
331 <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14
332 <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15
333 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16
334 <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17
335 <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18
336 <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19
337 <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60
338 <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61
339 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50
340 <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38
341 <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24
342 <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25
343 <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63
344 <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39
345 <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28
346 <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29
347 <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30
348 <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31
349 <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64
350 ! 33 90 90 90 33 90
351 " 34 127 127 127 34 127
352 # 35 123 123 123 35 123
353 $ 36 91 91 91 36 91
354 % 37 108 108 108 37 108
355 & 38 80 80 80 38 80
356 ' 39 125 125 125 39 125
357 ( 40 77 77 77 40 77
358 ) 41 93 93 93 41 93
359 * 42 92 92 92 42 92
360 + 43 78 78 78 43 78
361 , 44 107 107 107 44 107
362 - 45 96 96 96 45 96
363 . 46 75 75 75 46 75
364 / 47 97 97 97 47 97
365 0 48 240 240 240 48 240
366 1 49 241 241 241 49 241
367 2 50 242 242 242 50 242
368 3 51 243 243 243 51 243
369 4 52 244 244 244 52 244
370 5 53 245 245 245 53 245
371 6 54 246 246 246 54 246
372 7 55 247 247 247 55 247
373 8 56 248 248 248 56 248
374 9 57 249 249 249 57 249
375 : 58 122 122 122 58 122
376 ; 59 94 94 94 59 94
377 < 60 76 76 76 60 76
378 = 61 126 126 126 61 126
379 > 62 110 110 110 62 110
380 ? 63 111 111 111 63 111
381 @ 64 124 124 124 64 124
382 A 65 193 193 193 65 193
383 B 66 194 194 194 66 194
384 C 67 195 195 195 67 195
385 D 68 196 196 196 68 196
386 E 69 197 197 197 69 197
387 F 70 198 198 198 70 198
388 G 71 199 199 199 71 199
389 H 72 200 200 200 72 200
390 I 73 201 201 201 73 201
391 J 74 209 209 209 74 209
392 K 75 210 210 210 75 210
393 L 76 211 211 211 76 211
394 M 77 212 212 212 77 212
395 N 78 213 213 213 78 213
396 O 79 214 214 214 79 214
397 P 80 215 215 215 80 215
398 Q 81 216 216 216 81 216
399 R 82 217 217 217 82 217
400 S 83 226 226 226 83 226
401 T 84 227 227 227 84 227
402 U 85 228 228 228 85 228
403 V 86 229 229 229 86 229
404 W 87 230 230 230 87 230
405 X 88 231 231 231 88 231
406 Y 89 232 232 232 89 232
407 Z 90 233 233 233 90 233
408 [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ###
409 \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ###
410 ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 ***
411 ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ###
412 _ 95 109 109 109 95 109
413 ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ###
414 a 97 129 129 129 97 129
415 b 98 130 130 130 98 130
416 c 99 131 131 131 99 131
417 d 100 132 132 132 100 132
418 e 101 133 133 133 101 133
419 f 102 134 134 134 102 134
420 g 103 135 135 135 103 135
421 h 104 136 136 136 104 136
422 i 105 137 137 137 105 137
423 j 106 145 145 145 106 145
424 k 107 146 146 146 107 146
425 l 108 147 147 147 108 147
426 m 109 148 148 148 109 148
427 n 110 149 149 149 110 149
428 o 111 150 150 150 111 150
429 p 112 151 151 151 112 151
430 q 113 152 152 152 113 152
431 r 114 153 153 153 114 153
432 s 115 162 162 162 115 162
433 t 116 163 163 163 116 163
434 u 117 164 164 164 117 164
435 v 118 165 165 165 118 165
436 w 119 166 166 166 119 166
437 x 120 167 167 167 120 167
438 y 121 168 168 168 121 168
439 z 122 169 169 169 122 169
440 { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ###
441 | 124 79 79 79 124 79
442 } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ###
443 ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ###
444 <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7
445 <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32
446 <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33
447 <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34
448 <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35
449 <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36
450 <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 ***
451 <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6
452 <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23
453 <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40
454 <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41
455 <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42
456 <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43
457 <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44
458 <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9
459 <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10
460 <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27
461 <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48
462 <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49
463 <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26
464 <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51
465 <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52
466 <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53
467 <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54
468 <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8
469 <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56
470 <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57
471 <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58
472 <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59
473 <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4
474 <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20
475 <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62
476 <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ###
477 <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65
478 <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66
479 <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ###
480 <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68
481 <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69
482 <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70
483 <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ###
484 <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72
485 <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ###
486 <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74
487 <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81
488 <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82
489 <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ###
490 <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84
491 <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85
492 <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ###
493 <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87
494 <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88
495 <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89
496 <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98
497 <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99
498 <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100
499 <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101
500 <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102
501 <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103
502 <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104
503 <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105
504 <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106
505 <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112
506 <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113
507 <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114
508 <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115
509 <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65
510 <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66
511 <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67
512 <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68
513 <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69
514 <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70
515 <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71
516 <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72
517 <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73
518 <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74
519 <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81
520 <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82
521 <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83
522 <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84
523 <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85
524 <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86
525 <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87
526 <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88
527 <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89
528 <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98
529 <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99
530 <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100
531 <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101
532 <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102
533 <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103
534 <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ###
535 <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105
536 <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ###
537 <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112
538 <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ###
539 <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114
540 <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115
541 <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65
542 <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66
543 <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67
544 <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68
545 <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69
546 <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70
547 <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71
548 <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72
549 <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73
550 <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74
551 <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81
552 <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82
553 <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83
554 <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84
555 <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85
556 <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86
557 <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87
558 <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88
559 <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89
560 <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98
561 <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99
562 <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100
563 <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101
564 <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102
565 <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103
566 <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ###
567 <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105
568 <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106
569 <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112
570 <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113
571 <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114
572 <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115
d396a558 573
574If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than
575ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through:
576
577=over 4
578
395f5a0c 579=item recipe 4
d396a558 580
581=back
582
84f709e7 583 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
584 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
585 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
586 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
587 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
d396a558 588
589If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit
59042 in the last line to 51, like this:
591
592=over 4
593
395f5a0c 594=item recipe 5
d396a558 595
596=back
597
84f709e7 598 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
599 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
600 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
601 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
602 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
d396a558 603
604If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit
60551 in the last line to 60, like this:
606
607=over 4
608
395f5a0c 609=item recipe 6
d396a558 610
611=back
612
84f709e7 613 perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\
614 -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \
615 -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \
616 -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \
617 -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod
d396a558 618
619
620=head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
621
622To determine the character set you are running under from perl one
623could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more
624character values. For example:
625
84f709e7 626 $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65);
627 $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193);
d396a558 628
51b5cecb 629Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that:
d396a558 630
84f709e7 631 $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9;
632 $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5;
d396a558 633
634To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of
635the characters that differ between them. For example:
636
84f709e7 637 $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37);
638 $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21);
d396a558 639
640Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any
641of the code sets, e.g.:
642
84f709e7 643 $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91;
644 $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186;
645 $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173;
646 $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187;
d396a558 647
648However, it would be unwise to write tests such as:
649
84f709e7 650 $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG
651 $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED
d396a558 652
2bbc8d55 653Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII platforms
654from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC platform since "\r" eq
84f709e7 655chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that
656because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an
2bbc8d55 657ASCII platform) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there.
d396a558 658
84f709e7 659To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC
d396a558 660code page you can use the Config module like so:
661
662 use Config;
84f709e7 663 $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define';
d396a558 664
665=head1 CONVERSIONS
666
1e054b24 667=head2 tr///
668
d396a558 669In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to
670another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the
671above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed.
672The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns
673provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily
674reversed.
675
84f709e7 676For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the second
677column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ characters) and use
d5d9880c 678it in tr/// like so:
d396a558 679
84f709e7 680 $cp_037 =
681 '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' .
682 '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' .
683 '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' .
684 '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' .
685 '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' .
686 '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' .
687 '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' .
688 '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' .
689 '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' .
690 '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' .
691 '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' .
692 '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' .
693 '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' .
694 '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' .
695 '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' .
696 '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ;
d396a558 697
698 my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string;
d7449b02 699 eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/';
d396a558 700
d5d9880c 701To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr///
d396a558 702arguments like so:
703
704 my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string;
d7449b02 705 eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/';
d5d9880c 706
707Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to
708obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth column of the output from recipe
7090 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as well.
1e054b24 710
711=head2 iconv
d396a558 712
d5d9880c 713XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility
d396a558 714available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's
715documentation for information on iconv.
716
3958b146 717On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv
d396a558 718shell utility from within perl would be to:
719
395f5a0c 720 # OS/390 or z/OS example
84f709e7 721 $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1`
d396a558 722
723or the inverse map:
724
395f5a0c 725 # OS/390 or z/OS example
84f709e7 726 $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047`
d396a558 727
d396a558 728For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN.
729
1e054b24 730=head2 C RTL
731
395f5a0c 732The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions.
1e054b24 733
d396a558 734=head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
735
736The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with
2bbc8d55 737care on EBCDIC platforms. For example the following array
738will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC platform
739or an ASCII platform:
d396a558 740
84f709e7 741 @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25
d396a558 742
743The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results
744when operating on string or character data in a perl program running
2bbc8d55 745on an EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform. Here is
d396a558 746an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>:
747
748 # EBCDIC-based examples
84f709e7 749 print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n"
750 print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n"
751 print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n";
752 print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n";
d396a558 753
754An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters
755in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed
51b5cecb 756as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0) eq "\c@")>
2bbc8d55 757C<(chr(1) eq "\cA")>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC platforms has been
51b5cecb 758ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to chr(1) as well, but the
d396a558 759thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are
760using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table
51b5cecb 761but with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./;
d396a558 762s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./;
763s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./;
764s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are
765identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only
51b5cecb 766one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character
2bbc8d55 767may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII platforms but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC
768platforms and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on
7690037 platforms. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two characters
d396a558 770not one.
771
772 chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC
773 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
774 "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***><
775 "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***><
776 "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING>
777 "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT>
778 "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT>
779 "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28>
780 "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.>
781 "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6>
782 "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE>
783 "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23>
784 "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13>
785 "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14>
786 "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.>
787 "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED>
788 "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN>
789 "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT>
790 "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN>
791 "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE>
792 "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE>
793 "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO>
794 "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE>
795 "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29>
796 "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> ***
797 "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE>
798 "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7>
799 "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL>
800 "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM>
801 "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18>
802 "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15>
803 "\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\
804 "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.>
805 "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***><
806 "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***><
807
808
809=head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
810
811=over 8
812
813=item chr()
814
815chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired
2bbc8d55 816character return value on an EBCDIC platform. For example:
d396a558 817
84f709e7 818 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193);
d396a558 819
820=item ord()
821
2bbc8d55 822ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC platform.
d396a558 823For example:
824
84f709e7 825 $the_number_193 = ord("A");
d396a558 826
827=item pack()
828
829The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set
830encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include:
831
832 $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196);
833 # $foo eq "ABCD"
84f709e7 834 $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196);
d396a558 835 # same thing
836
837 $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196);
838 # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD"
839
840=item print()
841
842One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to
843print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place
844for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for
845CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides
846recommend something similar to:
847
848 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012";
849 # this may be wrong on EBCDIC
850
395f5a0c 851Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example
852you should instead write that as:
d396a558 853
854 print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia
855
856That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done
857by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for
858the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for
859further details.
860
861=item printf()
862
863The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa
864will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed
2bbc8d55 865on an EBCDIC platform. Examples include:
d396a558 866
867 printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC
868
869=item sort()
870
871EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for
872mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below.
873
874=item sprintf()
875
876See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use
877of sprintf would be:
878
84f709e7 879 $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193);
d396a558 880
881=item unpack()
882
883See the discussion of pack() above.
884
885=back
886
887=head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
888
889As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as
890[A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap
b3b6085d 891characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>
892that lie between I and J would not be matched by the
1b2d223b 893regular expression range C</[H-K]/>. This works in
894the other direction, too, if either of the range end points is
895explicitly numeric: C<[\x89-\x91]> will match C<\x8e>, even
896though C<\x89> is C<i> and C<\x91 > is C<j>, and C<\x8e>
897is a gap character from the alphabetic viewpoint.
51b5cecb 898
899If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet
d396a558 900regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such
2bbc8d55 901as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII platforms to
51b5cecb 902have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>.
d396a558 903
51b5cecb 904Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or
d396a558 905octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following
906set of subs:
907
908 sub is_c0 {
909 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
910 $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
911 }
912
913 sub is_print_ascii {
914 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
915 $char =~ /[\040-\176]/;
916 }
917
918 sub is_delete {
919 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
920 $char eq "\177";
921 }
922
923 sub is_c1 {
924 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
925 $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
926 }
927
928 sub is_latin_1 {
929 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
930 $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
931 }
932
51b5cecb 933The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points.
934However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points
2bbc8d55 935and on an EBCDIC platform it may be desirable for constructs such as
d396a558 936C<if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}> to print
937out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection
938of character classification subs that is capable of working across the
939four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows:
940
941 sub Is_c0 {
942 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
84f709e7 943 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
d396a558 944 return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/;
84f709e7 945 }
946 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
d396a558 947 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
948 }
84f709e7 949 if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc
d396a558 950 return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/;
951 }
952 }
953
954 sub Is_print_ascii {
955 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
956 $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/;
957 }
958
959 sub Is_delete {
960 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
84f709e7 961 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
d396a558 962 return $char eq "\177";
84f709e7 963 }
964 else { # ebcdic
d396a558 965 return $char eq "\007";
966 }
967 }
968
969 sub Is_c1 {
970 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
84f709e7 971 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
d396a558 972 return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/;
973 }
84f709e7 974 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
d396a558 975 return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
976 }
84f709e7 977 if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
d396a558 978 return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/;
979 }
84f709e7 980 if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
981 return $char =~
d396a558 982 /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/;
983 }
984 }
985
986 sub Is_latin_1 {
987 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
84f709e7 988 if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii
d396a558 989 return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/;
990 }
84f709e7 991 if (ord('^')==176) { # 37
992 return $char =~
d396a558 993 /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
994 }
84f709e7 995 if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047
d396a558 996 return $char =~
997 /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
998 }
84f709e7 999 if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc
1000 return $char =~
d396a558 1001 /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/;
1002 }
1003 }
1004
1005Note however that only the C<Is_ascii_print()> sub is really independent
1006of coded character set. Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be
1007to use the characters in the range explicitly:
1008
1009 sub Is_latin_1 {
1010 my $char = substr(shift,0,1);
1011 $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/;
1012 }
1013
1014Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the
1015presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets.
d396a558 1016
1017=head1 SOCKETS
1018
1019Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network
1020byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a
1021host web server where the server may take care of translation for you.
1022Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on
1023output.
1024
1025=head1 SORTING
1026
1027One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones
1028are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the
2bbc8d55 1029letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based platform the
d396a558 1030two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter
1031for drive, that is:
1032
84f709e7 1033 @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII,
1034 # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC
d396a558 1035
1036The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is
1037even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047.
b3b6085d 1038An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes
2bbc8d55 1039before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII platform, but
1040the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform.
b3b6085d 1041(Astute readers will note that the upper case version of E<szlig>
51b5cecb 1042C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of
b3b6085d 1043E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is
51b5cecb 1044at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl).
d396a558 1045
1046The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on
2bbc8d55 1047ASCII platforms versus EBCDIC platforms. What follows are some suggestions
d396a558 1048on how to deal with these differences.
1049
51b5cecb 1050=head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
d396a558 1051
1052This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require
1053some user education.
1054
51b5cecb 1055=head2 MONO CASE then sort data.
d396a558 1056
51b5cecb 1057In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to
d396a558 1058C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data.
1059If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/
1060then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then
1061apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE
51b5cecb 1062and include Latin-1 characters then apply:
1063
84f709e7 1064 tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
51b5cecb 1065 tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/;
84f709e7 1066 s/ß/SS/g;
d396a558 1067
51b5cecb 1068then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not
b3b6085d 1069address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at
2bbc8d55 1070code point 255 on ASCII platforms, but 223 on most EBCDIC platforms
51b5cecb 1071where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a
1072Unicode enabled Perl you might try:
d396a558 1073
51b5cecb 1074 tr/^?/\x{178}/;
1075
1076The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case
1077of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason.
1078
1079=head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert.
d396a558 1080
1081This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network
1082connection.
1083
2bbc8d55 1084=head2 Perform sorting on one type of platform only.
d396a558 1085
1086This strategy can employ a network connection. As such
1087it would be computationally expensive.
1088
395f5a0c 1089=head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS
1e054b24 1090
1091There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set
1092mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the
1093previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are
1094discussed next.
1095
1096=head2 URL decoding and encoding
d396a558 1097
51b5cecb 1098Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an
1e054b24 1099attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example
1100the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form:
d396a558 1101
1102 http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/
1103
1104may also be expressed as either of:
1105
1106 http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/
1107
1108 http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/
1109
51b5cecb 1110where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example
d396a558 1111of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047:
1112
84f709e7 1113 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/';
d396a558 1114 # this array assumes code page 1047
1115 my @a2e_1047 = (
1116 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
1117 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31,
1118 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97,
1119 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111,
1120 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214,
1121 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109,
1122 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150,
1123 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7,
1124 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27,
1125 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255,
1126 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188,
1127 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171,
1128 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119,
1129 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89,
1130 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87,
1131 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223
1132 );
1133 $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge;
1134
1e054b24 1135Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such
1136a URL under the 1047 code page:
1137
84f709e7 1138 $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/';
1e054b24 1139 # this array assumes code page 1047
1140 my @e2a_1047 = (
1141 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
1142 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31,
1143 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7,
1144 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26,
1145 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124,
1146 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94,
1147 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63,
1148 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34,
1149 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177,
1150 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164,
1151 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174,
1152 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215,
1153 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245,
1154 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255,
1155 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213,
1156 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159
1157 );
84f709e7 1158 # The following regular expression does not address the
1e054b24 1159 # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A')
1160 $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge;
1161
1162where a more complete solution would split the URL into components
1163and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts.
1164
1165In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed
1166but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047
1167you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown.
1168
1169=head2 uu encoding and decoding
1170
1171The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC
1172characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the
1173following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer:
1174
84f709e7 1175 $all_byte_chrs = '';
1176 for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); }
1177 $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs);
210b36aa 1178 ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm;
1e054b24 1179 M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL
1180 M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9
1181 M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6&
1182 MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S
1183 MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@
1184 ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P``
1185 ENDOFHEREDOC
84f709e7 1186 if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) {
1e054b24 1187 print "Yes ";
1188 }
1189 $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs);
84f709e7 1190 if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) {
1e054b24 1191 print "indeed\n";
1192 }
1193
1194Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided
1195that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately:
1196
84f709e7 1197 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1198 @e2a = ( # this must be filled in
1199 );
1200 $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/;
1e054b24 1201 open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne "";
1202 while(<>) {
1203 last if /^end/;
1204 next if /[a-z]/;
1205 next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) ==
1206 int(length() / 4);
1207 print OUT unpack("u", $_);
1208 }
1209 close(OUT);
1210 chmod oct($mode), $file;
1211
1212
1213=head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
1214
2bbc8d55 1215On ASCII encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside of
1e054b24 1216the printable set using:
1217
1218 # This QP encoder works on ASCII only
84f709e7 1219 $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge;
1e054b24 1220
2bbc8d55 1221Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
1e054b24 1222would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a
1223array is omitted for brevity):
1224
1225 if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII
1226 $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII
1227 @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map
84f709e7 1228 }
1229 else { # EBCDIC
1e054b24 1230 $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC
84f709e7 1231 @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above)
1e054b24 1232 }
84f709e7 1233 $qp_string =~
1e054b24 1234 s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge;
1235
1236(although in production code the substitutions might be done
1237in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the
1238ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map).
1239
1240Such QP strings can be decoded with:
1241
1242 # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only
1243 $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge;
1244 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1245
2bbc8d55 1246Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms
1e054b24 1247would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is
1248omitted for brevity):
1249
1250 $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge;
1251 $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//;
1252
395f5a0c 1253=head2 Caesarian ciphers
1e054b24 1254
1255The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment
1256dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius
1257Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes
1258referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after
1259the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps
1260on the 26 letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the
1261interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps
1262(thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet
1263rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will
2bbc8d55 1264work on ASCII and EBCDIC platforms:
1e054b24 1265
1266 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
1267
84f709e7 1268 while(<>){
1e054b24 1269 tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;
1270 print;
1271 }
1272
1273In one-liner form:
1274
84f709e7 1275 perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print'
1e054b24 1276
1277
1278=head1 Hashing order and checksums
1279
395f5a0c 1280To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on
1281hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored
2bbc8d55 1282on an ASCII based platform and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based platform.
1e054b24 1283XXX
1284
d396a558 1285=head1 I18N AND L10N
1286
1287Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at least
2bbc8d55 1288in principle even on EBCDIC platforms. The details are system dependent
d396a558 1289and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below.
1290
1291=head1 MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
1292
395f5a0c 1293Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters
1294on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with
1295the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms.
1296
1297Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX.
d396a558 1298
1299=head1 OS ISSUES
1300
1301There may be a few system dependent issues
1302of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers.
1303
522b859a 1304=head2 OS/400
51b5cecb 1305
d396a558 1306=over 8
1307
522b859a 1308=item PASE
1309
1310The PASE environment is runtime environment for OS/400 that can run
1311executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400, see L<perlos400>. PASE
1312is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE.
1313
d396a558 1314=item IFS access
1315
1316XXX.
1317
1318=back
1319
395f5a0c 1320=head2 OS/390, z/OS
d396a558 1321
51b5cecb 1322Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS.
1323
d396a558 1324=over 8
1325
51b5cecb 1326=item chcp
1327
1e054b24 1328B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing
1329one's code page. See also L<chcp>.
51b5cecb 1330
d396a558 1331=item dataset access
1332
1333For sequential data set access try:
1334
1335 my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`;
1336
1337or:
1338
1339 my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`;
1340
1341See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN.
1342
395f5a0c 1343=item OS/390, z/OS iconv
51b5cecb 1344
1e054b24 1345B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine.
1346See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages.
51b5cecb 1347
d396a558 1348=item locales
1349
395f5a0c 1350On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files
1351are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390
1352or z/OS.
d396a558 1353
1354=back
1355
1356=head2 VM/ESA?
1357
1358XXX.
1359
1360=head2 POSIX-BC?
1361
1362XXX.
1363
51b5cecb 1364=head1 BUGS
1365
1366This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter
b1866b2d 1367translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation
51b5cecb 1368was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts
1369while attempting to view this document through the B<pod2man> program
1370(for example, you may see a plain C<y> rather than one with a diaeresis
3958b146 1371as in E<yuml>). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at
395f5a0c 1372the first occurrence of 8 bit characters.
51b5cecb 1373
1374Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to
395f5a0c 1375be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might
1376seem to imply.
51b5cecb 1377
b3b6085d 1378=head1 SEE ALSO
1379
395f5a0c 1380L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>.
b3b6085d 1381
d396a558 1382=head1 REFERENCES
1383
2bbc8d55 1384L<http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps>
d396a558 1385
2bbc8d55 1386L<http://www.unicode.org/>
d396a558 1387
2bbc8d55 1388L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/>
d396a558 1389
2bbc8d55 1390L<http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/>
51b5cecb 1391B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings,
1392September 1999.
1393
395f5a0c 1394B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed.,
51b5cecb 1395ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000.
1396
d396a558 1397B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture -
1398Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996.
1399
1400"Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing
1401& Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999;
1402ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA.
1403
1e054b24 1404B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication>
1405Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers,
14061998.
1407
2bbc8d55 1408L<http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM>
395f5a0c 1409B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer.
1410
1411=head1 HISTORY
1412
141315 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp.
1414
d396a558 1415=head1 AUTHOR
1416
b3b6085d 1417Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000
d396a558 1418with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and
b3b6085d 1419AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC
1420help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de.
1e054b24 1421Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and
1422Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and
1423registered service marks used in this document are the property of
1424their respective owners.
84f709e7 1425
1426
Unnamed repository; edit this file to name it for gitweb.