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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
3 | perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms |
4 | |
5 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
6 | |
7 | An exploration of some of the issues facing Perl programmers |
8 | on EBCDIC based computers. We do not cover localization, |
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9 | internationalization, or multi byte character set issues other |
10 | than some discussion of UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC. |
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11 | |
12 | Portions that are still incomplete are marked with XXX. |
13 | |
14 | =head1 COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS |
15 | |
16 | =head2 ASCII |
17 | |
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18 | The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII or US-ASCII) is a |
19 | set of |
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20 | integers running from 0 to 127 (decimal) that imply character |
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21 | interpretation by the display and other systems of computers. |
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22 | The range 0..127 can be covered by setting the bits in a 7-bit binary |
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23 | digit, hence the set is sometimes referred to as a "7-bit ASCII". |
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24 | ASCII was described by the American National Standards Institute |
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25 | document ANSI X3.4-1986. It was also described by ISO 646:1991 |
26 | (with localization for currency symbols). The full ASCII set is |
27 | given in the table below as the first 128 elements. Languages that |
28 | can be written adequately with the characters in ASCII include |
29 | English, Hawaiian, Indonesian, Swahili and some Native American |
30 | languages. |
31 | |
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32 | There are many character sets that extend the range of integers |
33 | from 0..2**7-1 up to 2**8-1, or 8 bit bytes (octets if you prefer). |
34 | One common one is the ISO 8859-1 character set. |
35 | |
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36 | =head2 ISO 8859 |
37 | |
38 | The ISO 8859-$n are a collection of character code sets from the |
39 | International Organization for Standardization (ISO) each of which |
40 | adds characters to the ASCII set that are typically found in European |
41 | languages many of which are based on the Roman, or Latin, alphabet. |
42 | |
43 | =head2 Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1) |
44 | |
45 | A particular 8-bit extension to ASCII that includes grave and acute |
46 | accented Latin characters. Languages that can employ ISO 8859-1 |
47 | include all the languages covered by ASCII as well as Afrikaans, |
48 | Albanian, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Faroese, Finnish, Norwegian, |
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49 | Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish. Dutch is covered albeit without |
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50 | the ij ligature. French is covered too but without the oe ligature. |
51 | German can use ISO 8859-1 but must do so without German-style |
52 | quotation marks. This set is based on Western European extensions |
53 | to ASCII and is commonly encountered in world wide web work. |
54 | In IBM character code set identification terminology ISO 8859-1 is |
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55 | also known as CCSID 819 (or sometimes 0819 or even 00819). |
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56 | |
57 | =head2 EBCDIC |
58 | |
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59 | The Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code refers to a |
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60 | large collection of slightly different single and multi byte |
61 | coded character sets that are different from ASCII or ISO 8859-1 |
62 | and typically run on host computers. The EBCDIC encodings derive |
63 | from 8 bit byte extensions of Hollerith punched card encodings. |
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64 | The layout on the cards was such that high bits were set for the |
65 | upper and lower case alphabet characters [a-z] and [A-Z], but there |
66 | were gaps within each latin alphabet range. |
67 | |
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68 | Some IBM EBCDIC character sets may be known by character code set |
69 | identification numbers (CCSID numbers) or code page numbers. Leading |
70 | zero digits in CCSID numbers within this document are insignificant. |
71 | E.g. CCSID 0037 may be referred to as 37 in places. |
72 | |
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73 | Perl can be compiled on platforms that run any of three commonly used EBCDIC |
74 | character sets, listed below. |
75 | |
f4084e39 |
76 | =head2 The 13 variant characters |
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77 | |
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78 | Among IBM EBCDIC character code sets there are 13 characters that |
79 | are often mapped to different integer values. Those characters |
80 | are known as the 13 "variant" characters and are: |
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81 | |
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82 | \ [ ] { } ^ ~ ! # | $ @ ` |
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83 | |
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84 | When Perl is compiled for a platform, it looks at some of these characters to |
85 | guess which EBCDIC character set the platform uses, and adapts itself |
86 | accordingly to that platform. If the platform uses a character set that is not |
87 | one of the three Perl knows about, Perl will either fail to compile, or |
88 | mistakenly and silently choose one of the three. |
89 | They are: |
90 | |
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91 | =head2 0037 |
92 | |
93 | Character code set ID 0037 is a mapping of the ASCII plus Latin-1 |
94 | characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 0037 is used |
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95 | in North American English locales on the OS/400 operating system |
96 | that runs on AS/400 computers. CCSID 37 differs from ISO 8859-1 |
97 | in 237 places, in other words they agree on only 19 code point values. |
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98 | |
99 | =head2 1047 |
100 | |
101 | Character code set ID 1047 is also a mapping of the ASCII plus |
102 | Latin-1 characters (i.e. ISO 8859-1) to an EBCDIC set. 1047 is |
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103 | used under Unix System Services for OS/390 or z/OS, and OpenEdition |
104 | for VM/ESA. CCSID 1047 differs from CCSID 0037 in eight places. |
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105 | |
106 | =head2 POSIX-BC |
107 | |
108 | The EBCDIC code page in use on Siemens' BS2000 system is distinct from |
109 | 1047 and 0037. It is identified below as the POSIX-BC set. |
110 | |
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111 | =head2 Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points |
112 | |
113 | In Unicode terminology a I<code point> is the number assigned to a |
114 | character: for example, in EBCDIC the character "A" is usually assigned |
115 | the number 193. In Unicode the character "A" is assigned the number 65. |
116 | This causes a problem with the semantics of the pack/unpack "U", which |
117 | are supposed to pack Unicode code points to characters and back to numbers. |
118 | The problem is: which code points to use for code points less than 256? |
119 | (for 256 and over there's no problem: Unicode code points are used) |
120 | In EBCDIC, for the low 256 the EBCDIC code points are used. This |
121 | means that the equivalences |
122 | |
123 | pack("U", ord($character)) eq $character |
124 | unpack("U", $character) == ord $character |
125 | |
126 | will hold. (If Unicode code points were applied consistently over |
127 | all the possible code points, pack("U",ord("A")) would in EBCDIC |
128 | equal I<A with acute> or chr(101), and unpack("U", "A") would equal |
129 | 65, or I<non-breaking space>, not 193, or ord "A".) |
130 | |
dc4af4bb |
131 | =head2 Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC |
132 | |
133 | =over 4 |
134 | |
135 | =item * |
136 | |
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137 | Many of the remaining problems seem to be related to case-insensitive matching |
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138 | |
139 | =item * |
140 | |
141 | The extensions Unicode::Collate and Unicode::Normalized are not |
142 | supported under EBCDIC, likewise for the encoding pragma. |
143 | |
144 | =back |
145 | |
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146 | =head2 Unicode and UTF |
147 | |
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148 | UTF stands for C<Unicode Transformation Format>. |
149 | UTF-8 is an encoding of Unicode into a sequence of 8-bit byte chunks, based on |
150 | ASCII and Latin-1. |
151 | The length of a sequence required to represent a Unicode code point |
152 | depends on the ordinal number of that code point, |
153 | with larger numbers requiring more bytes. |
154 | UTF-EBCDIC is like UTF-8, but based on EBCDIC. |
155 | |
156 | In UTF-8, the code points corresponding to the lowest 128 |
157 | ordinal numbers (0 - 127) are the same (or C<invariant>) |
158 | in UTF-8 or not. They occupy one byte each. All other Unicode code points |
159 | require more than one byte to be represented in UTF-8. |
160 | With UTF-EBCDIC, the term C<invariant> has a somewhat different meaning. |
161 | (First, note that this is very different from the L</13 variant characters> |
162 | mentioned above.) |
163 | In UTF-EBCDIC, an C<invariant> character or code point |
164 | is one which takes up exactly one byte encoded, regardless |
165 | of whether or not the encoding changes its value |
166 | (which it most likely will). |
167 | (If you care, the EBCDIC invariants are those characters |
168 | which correspond to the the ASCII characters, plus those that correspond to |
169 | the C1 controls (80..9f on ASCII platforms).) |
170 | A string encoded in UTF-EBCDIC may be longer (but never shorter) than |
171 | one encoded in UTF-8. |
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172 | |
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173 | =head2 Using Encode |
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174 | |
175 | Starting from Perl 5.8 you can use the standard new module Encode |
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176 | to translate from EBCDIC to Latin-1 code points. |
177 | Encode knows about more EBCDIC character sets than Perl can currently |
178 | be compiled to run on. |
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179 | |
180 | use Encode 'from_to'; |
181 | |
182 | my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); |
183 | |
184 | # $a is in EBCDIC code points |
185 | from_to($a, $ebcdic{ord '^'}, 'latin1'); |
186 | # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points |
187 | |
188 | and from Latin-1 code points to EBCDIC code points |
189 | |
190 | use Encode 'from_to'; |
191 | |
192 | my %ebcdic = ( 176 => 'cp37', 95 => 'cp1047', 106 => 'posix-bc' ); |
193 | |
194 | # $a is ISO 8859-1 code points |
195 | from_to($a, 'latin1', $ebcdic{ord '^'}); |
196 | # $a is in EBCDIC code points |
197 | |
198 | For doing I/O it is suggested that you use the autotranslating features |
199 | of PerlIO, see L<perluniintro>. |
200 | |
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201 | Since version 5.8 Perl uses the new PerlIO I/O library. This enables |
202 | you to use different encodings per IO channel. For example you may use |
203 | |
204 | use Encode; |
205 | open($f, ">:encoding(ascii)", "test.ascii"); |
206 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
207 | open($f, ">:encoding(cp37)", "test.ebcdic"); |
208 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
209 | open($f, ">:encoding(latin1)", "test.latin1"); |
210 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
211 | open($f, ">:encoding(utf8)", "test.utf8"); |
212 | print $f "Hello World!\n"; |
213 | |
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214 | to get four files containing "Hello World!\n" in ASCII, CP 37 EBCDIC, |
215 | ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) (in this example identical to ASCII since only ASCII |
216 | characters were printed), and |
217 | UTF-EBCDIC (in this example identical to normal EBCDIC since only characters |
218 | that don't differ between EBCDIC and UTF-EBCDIC were printed). See the |
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219 | documentation of Encode::PerlIO for details. |
220 | |
221 | As the PerlIO layer uses raw IO (bytes) internally, all this totally |
222 | ignores things like the type of your filesystem (ASCII or EBCDIC). |
223 | |
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224 | =head1 SINGLE OCTET TABLES |
225 | |
226 | The following tables list the ASCII and Latin 1 ordered sets including |
227 | the subsets: C0 controls (0..31), ASCII graphics (32..7e), delete (7f), |
228 | C1 controls (80..9f), and Latin-1 (a.k.a. ISO 8859-1) (a0..ff). In the |
229 | table non-printing control character names as well as the Latin 1 |
230 | extensions to ASCII have been labelled with character names roughly |
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231 | corresponding to I<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> albeit with |
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232 | substitutions such as s/LATIN// and s/VULGAR// in all cases, |
233 | s/CAPITAL LETTER// in some cases, and s/SMALL LETTER ([A-Z])/\l$1/ |
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234 | in some other cases (the C<charnames> pragma names unfortunately do |
235 | not list explicit names for the C0 or C1 control characters). The |
236 | "names" of the C1 control set (128..159 in ISO 8859-1) listed here are |
237 | somewhat arbitrary. The differences between the 0037 and 1047 sets are |
238 | flagged with ***. The differences between the 1047 and POSIX-BC sets |
239 | are flagged with ###. All ord() numbers listed are decimal. If you |
240 | would rather see this table listing octal values then run the table |
241 | (that is, the pod version of this document since this recipe may not |
242 | work with a pod2_other_format translation) through: |
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243 | |
244 | =over 4 |
245 | |
246 | =item recipe 0 |
247 | |
248 | =back |
249 | |
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250 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
251 | -e '{printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod |
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252 | |
253 | If you want to retain the UTF-x code points then in script form you |
254 | might want to write: |
255 | |
256 | =over 4 |
257 | |
258 | =item recipe 1 |
259 | |
260 | =back |
261 | |
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262 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
263 | while (<FH>) { |
264 | if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { |
265 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { |
266 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%-3o.%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); |
267 | } |
268 | elsif ($7 ne '') { |
269 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-3o.%-5o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); |
270 | } |
271 | else { |
272 | printf("%s%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%-9o%o\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
395f5a0c |
273 | } |
274 | } |
275 | } |
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276 | |
277 | If you would rather see this table listing hexadecimal values then |
278 | run the table through: |
279 | |
280 | =over 4 |
281 | |
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282 | =item recipe 2 |
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283 | |
284 | =back |
285 | |
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286 | perl -ne 'if(/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)/)' \ |
287 | -e '{printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5)}' perlebcdic.pod |
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288 | |
289 | Or, in order to retain the UTF-x code points in hexadecimal: |
290 | |
291 | =over 4 |
292 | |
293 | =item recipe 3 |
294 | |
295 | =back |
296 | |
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297 | open(FH,"<perlebcdic.pod") or die "Could not open perlebcdic.pod: $!"; |
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298 | while (<FH>) { |
84f709e7 |
299 | if (/(.{33})(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)\s+(\d+)\.?(\d*)/) { |
300 | if ($7 ne '' && $9 ne '') { |
301 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%-2X.%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9); |
395f5a0c |
302 | } |
84f709e7 |
303 | elsif ($7 ne '') { |
304 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-2X.%-6X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8); |
395f5a0c |
305 | } |
306 | else { |
84f709e7 |
307 | printf("%s%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%-9X%X\n",$1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$8); |
395f5a0c |
308 | } |
309 | } |
310 | } |
311 | |
312 | |
313 | incomp- incomp- |
314 | 8859-1 lete lete |
315 | chr 0819 0037 1047 POSIX-BC UTF-8 UTF-EBCDIC |
316 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
317 | <NULL> 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
318 | <START OF HEADING> 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
319 | <START OF TEXT> 2 2 2 2 2 2 |
320 | <END OF TEXT> 3 3 3 3 3 3 |
321 | <END OF TRANSMISSION> 4 55 55 55 4 55 |
322 | <ENQUIRY> 5 45 45 45 5 45 |
323 | <ACKNOWLEDGE> 6 46 46 46 6 46 |
324 | <BELL> 7 47 47 47 7 47 |
325 | <BACKSPACE> 8 22 22 22 8 22 |
326 | <HORIZONTAL TABULATION> 9 5 5 5 9 5 |
327 | <LINE FEED> 10 37 21 21 10 21 *** |
328 | <VERTICAL TABULATION> 11 11 11 11 11 11 |
329 | <FORM FEED> 12 12 12 12 12 12 |
330 | <CARRIAGE RETURN> 13 13 13 13 13 13 |
331 | <SHIFT OUT> 14 14 14 14 14 14 |
332 | <SHIFT IN> 15 15 15 15 15 15 |
333 | <DATA LINK ESCAPE> 16 16 16 16 16 16 |
334 | <DEVICE CONTROL ONE> 17 17 17 17 17 17 |
335 | <DEVICE CONTROL TWO> 18 18 18 18 18 18 |
336 | <DEVICE CONTROL THREE> 19 19 19 19 19 19 |
337 | <DEVICE CONTROL FOUR> 20 60 60 60 20 60 |
338 | <NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE> 21 61 61 61 21 61 |
339 | <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> 22 50 50 50 22 50 |
340 | <END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK> 23 38 38 38 23 38 |
341 | <CANCEL> 24 24 24 24 24 24 |
342 | <END OF MEDIUM> 25 25 25 25 25 25 |
343 | <SUBSTITUTE> 26 63 63 63 26 63 |
344 | <ESCAPE> 27 39 39 39 27 39 |
345 | <FILE SEPARATOR> 28 28 28 28 28 28 |
346 | <GROUP SEPARATOR> 29 29 29 29 29 29 |
347 | <RECORD SEPARATOR> 30 30 30 30 30 30 |
348 | <UNIT SEPARATOR> 31 31 31 31 31 31 |
349 | <SPACE> 32 64 64 64 32 64 |
350 | ! 33 90 90 90 33 90 |
351 | " 34 127 127 127 34 127 |
352 | # 35 123 123 123 35 123 |
353 | $ 36 91 91 91 36 91 |
354 | % 37 108 108 108 37 108 |
355 | & 38 80 80 80 38 80 |
356 | ' 39 125 125 125 39 125 |
357 | ( 40 77 77 77 40 77 |
358 | ) 41 93 93 93 41 93 |
359 | * 42 92 92 92 42 92 |
360 | + 43 78 78 78 43 78 |
361 | , 44 107 107 107 44 107 |
362 | - 45 96 96 96 45 96 |
363 | . 46 75 75 75 46 75 |
364 | / 47 97 97 97 47 97 |
365 | 0 48 240 240 240 48 240 |
366 | 1 49 241 241 241 49 241 |
367 | 2 50 242 242 242 50 242 |
368 | 3 51 243 243 243 51 243 |
369 | 4 52 244 244 244 52 244 |
370 | 5 53 245 245 245 53 245 |
371 | 6 54 246 246 246 54 246 |
372 | 7 55 247 247 247 55 247 |
373 | 8 56 248 248 248 56 248 |
374 | 9 57 249 249 249 57 249 |
375 | : 58 122 122 122 58 122 |
376 | ; 59 94 94 94 59 94 |
377 | < 60 76 76 76 60 76 |
378 | = 61 126 126 126 61 126 |
379 | > 62 110 110 110 62 110 |
380 | ? 63 111 111 111 63 111 |
381 | @ 64 124 124 124 64 124 |
382 | A 65 193 193 193 65 193 |
383 | B 66 194 194 194 66 194 |
384 | C 67 195 195 195 67 195 |
385 | D 68 196 196 196 68 196 |
386 | E 69 197 197 197 69 197 |
387 | F 70 198 198 198 70 198 |
388 | G 71 199 199 199 71 199 |
389 | H 72 200 200 200 72 200 |
390 | I 73 201 201 201 73 201 |
391 | J 74 209 209 209 74 209 |
392 | K 75 210 210 210 75 210 |
393 | L 76 211 211 211 76 211 |
394 | M 77 212 212 212 77 212 |
395 | N 78 213 213 213 78 213 |
396 | O 79 214 214 214 79 214 |
397 | P 80 215 215 215 80 215 |
398 | Q 81 216 216 216 81 216 |
399 | R 82 217 217 217 82 217 |
400 | S 83 226 226 226 83 226 |
401 | T 84 227 227 227 84 227 |
402 | U 85 228 228 228 85 228 |
403 | V 86 229 229 229 86 229 |
404 | W 87 230 230 230 87 230 |
405 | X 88 231 231 231 88 231 |
406 | Y 89 232 232 232 89 232 |
407 | Z 90 233 233 233 90 233 |
408 | [ 91 186 173 187 91 173 *** ### |
409 | \ 92 224 224 188 92 224 ### |
410 | ] 93 187 189 189 93 189 *** |
411 | ^ 94 176 95 106 94 95 *** ### |
412 | _ 95 109 109 109 95 109 |
413 | ` 96 121 121 74 96 121 ### |
414 | a 97 129 129 129 97 129 |
415 | b 98 130 130 130 98 130 |
416 | c 99 131 131 131 99 131 |
417 | d 100 132 132 132 100 132 |
418 | e 101 133 133 133 101 133 |
419 | f 102 134 134 134 102 134 |
420 | g 103 135 135 135 103 135 |
421 | h 104 136 136 136 104 136 |
422 | i 105 137 137 137 105 137 |
423 | j 106 145 145 145 106 145 |
424 | k 107 146 146 146 107 146 |
425 | l 108 147 147 147 108 147 |
426 | m 109 148 148 148 109 148 |
427 | n 110 149 149 149 110 149 |
428 | o 111 150 150 150 111 150 |
429 | p 112 151 151 151 112 151 |
430 | q 113 152 152 152 113 152 |
431 | r 114 153 153 153 114 153 |
432 | s 115 162 162 162 115 162 |
433 | t 116 163 163 163 116 163 |
434 | u 117 164 164 164 117 164 |
435 | v 118 165 165 165 118 165 |
436 | w 119 166 166 166 119 166 |
437 | x 120 167 167 167 120 167 |
438 | y 121 168 168 168 121 168 |
439 | z 122 169 169 169 122 169 |
440 | { 123 192 192 251 123 192 ### |
441 | | 124 79 79 79 124 79 |
442 | } 125 208 208 253 125 208 ### |
443 | ~ 126 161 161 255 126 161 ### |
444 | <DELETE> 127 7 7 7 127 7 |
445 | <C1 0> 128 32 32 32 194.128 32 |
446 | <C1 1> 129 33 33 33 194.129 33 |
447 | <C1 2> 130 34 34 34 194.130 34 |
448 | <C1 3> 131 35 35 35 194.131 35 |
449 | <C1 4> 132 36 36 36 194.132 36 |
450 | <C1 5> 133 21 37 37 194.133 37 *** |
451 | <C1 6> 134 6 6 6 194.134 6 |
452 | <C1 7> 135 23 23 23 194.135 23 |
453 | <C1 8> 136 40 40 40 194.136 40 |
454 | <C1 9> 137 41 41 41 194.137 41 |
455 | <C1 10> 138 42 42 42 194.138 42 |
456 | <C1 11> 139 43 43 43 194.139 43 |
457 | <C1 12> 140 44 44 44 194.140 44 |
458 | <C1 13> 141 9 9 9 194.141 9 |
459 | <C1 14> 142 10 10 10 194.142 10 |
460 | <C1 15> 143 27 27 27 194.143 27 |
461 | <C1 16> 144 48 48 48 194.144 48 |
462 | <C1 17> 145 49 49 49 194.145 49 |
463 | <C1 18> 146 26 26 26 194.146 26 |
464 | <C1 19> 147 51 51 51 194.147 51 |
465 | <C1 20> 148 52 52 52 194.148 52 |
466 | <C1 21> 149 53 53 53 194.149 53 |
467 | <C1 22> 150 54 54 54 194.150 54 |
468 | <C1 23> 151 8 8 8 194.151 8 |
469 | <C1 24> 152 56 56 56 194.152 56 |
470 | <C1 25> 153 57 57 57 194.153 57 |
471 | <C1 26> 154 58 58 58 194.154 58 |
472 | <C1 27> 155 59 59 59 194.155 59 |
473 | <C1 28> 156 4 4 4 194.156 4 |
474 | <C1 29> 157 20 20 20 194.157 20 |
475 | <C1 30> 158 62 62 62 194.158 62 |
476 | <C1 31> 159 255 255 95 194.159 255 ### |
477 | <NON-BREAKING SPACE> 160 65 65 65 194.160 128.65 |
478 | <INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK> 161 170 170 170 194.161 128.66 |
479 | <CENT SIGN> 162 74 74 176 194.162 128.67 ### |
480 | <POUND SIGN> 163 177 177 177 194.163 128.68 |
481 | <CURRENCY SIGN> 164 159 159 159 194.164 128.69 |
482 | <YEN SIGN> 165 178 178 178 194.165 128.70 |
483 | <BROKEN BAR> 166 106 106 208 194.166 128.71 ### |
484 | <SECTION SIGN> 167 181 181 181 194.167 128.72 |
485 | <DIAERESIS> 168 189 187 121 194.168 128.73 *** ### |
486 | <COPYRIGHT SIGN> 169 180 180 180 194.169 128.74 |
487 | <FEMININE ORDINAL INDICATOR> 170 154 154 154 194.170 128.81 |
488 | <LEFT POINTING GUILLEMET> 171 138 138 138 194.171 128.82 |
489 | <NOT SIGN> 172 95 176 186 194.172 128.83 *** ### |
490 | <SOFT HYPHEN> 173 202 202 202 194.173 128.84 |
491 | <REGISTERED TRADE MARK SIGN> 174 175 175 175 194.174 128.85 |
492 | <MACRON> 175 188 188 161 194.175 128.86 ### |
493 | <DEGREE SIGN> 176 144 144 144 194.176 128.87 |
494 | <PLUS-OR-MINUS SIGN> 177 143 143 143 194.177 128.88 |
495 | <SUPERSCRIPT TWO> 178 234 234 234 194.178 128.89 |
496 | <SUPERSCRIPT THREE> 179 250 250 250 194.179 128.98 |
497 | <ACUTE ACCENT> 180 190 190 190 194.180 128.99 |
498 | <MICRO SIGN> 181 160 160 160 194.181 128.100 |
499 | <PARAGRAPH SIGN> 182 182 182 182 194.182 128.101 |
500 | <MIDDLE DOT> 183 179 179 179 194.183 128.102 |
501 | <CEDILLA> 184 157 157 157 194.184 128.103 |
502 | <SUPERSCRIPT ONE> 185 218 218 218 194.185 128.104 |
503 | <MASC. ORDINAL INDICATOR> 186 155 155 155 194.186 128.105 |
504 | <RIGHT POINTING GUILLEMET> 187 139 139 139 194.187 128.106 |
505 | <FRACTION ONE QUARTER> 188 183 183 183 194.188 128.112 |
506 | <FRACTION ONE HALF> 189 184 184 184 194.189 128.113 |
507 | <FRACTION THREE QUARTERS> 190 185 185 185 194.190 128.114 |
508 | <INVERTED QUESTION MARK> 191 171 171 171 194.191 128.115 |
509 | <A WITH GRAVE> 192 100 100 100 195.128 138.65 |
510 | <A WITH ACUTE> 193 101 101 101 195.129 138.66 |
511 | <A WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 194 98 98 98 195.130 138.67 |
512 | <A WITH TILDE> 195 102 102 102 195.131 138.68 |
513 | <A WITH DIAERESIS> 196 99 99 99 195.132 138.69 |
514 | <A WITH RING ABOVE> 197 103 103 103 195.133 138.70 |
515 | <CAPITAL LIGATURE AE> 198 158 158 158 195.134 138.71 |
516 | <C WITH CEDILLA> 199 104 104 104 195.135 138.72 |
517 | <E WITH GRAVE> 200 116 116 116 195.136 138.73 |
518 | <E WITH ACUTE> 201 113 113 113 195.137 138.74 |
519 | <E WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 202 114 114 114 195.138 138.81 |
520 | <E WITH DIAERESIS> 203 115 115 115 195.139 138.82 |
521 | <I WITH GRAVE> 204 120 120 120 195.140 138.83 |
522 | <I WITH ACUTE> 205 117 117 117 195.141 138.84 |
523 | <I WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 206 118 118 118 195.142 138.85 |
524 | <I WITH DIAERESIS> 207 119 119 119 195.143 138.86 |
525 | <CAPITAL LETTER ETH> 208 172 172 172 195.144 138.87 |
526 | <N WITH TILDE> 209 105 105 105 195.145 138.88 |
527 | <O WITH GRAVE> 210 237 237 237 195.146 138.89 |
528 | <O WITH ACUTE> 211 238 238 238 195.147 138.98 |
529 | <O WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 212 235 235 235 195.148 138.99 |
530 | <O WITH TILDE> 213 239 239 239 195.149 138.100 |
531 | <O WITH DIAERESIS> 214 236 236 236 195.150 138.101 |
532 | <MULTIPLICATION SIGN> 215 191 191 191 195.151 138.102 |
533 | <O WITH STROKE> 216 128 128 128 195.152 138.103 |
534 | <U WITH GRAVE> 217 253 253 224 195.153 138.104 ### |
535 | <U WITH ACUTE> 218 254 254 254 195.154 138.105 |
536 | <U WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 219 251 251 221 195.155 138.106 ### |
537 | <U WITH DIAERESIS> 220 252 252 252 195.156 138.112 |
538 | <Y WITH ACUTE> 221 173 186 173 195.157 138.113 *** ### |
539 | <CAPITAL LETTER THORN> 222 174 174 174 195.158 138.114 |
540 | <SMALL LETTER SHARP S> 223 89 89 89 195.159 138.115 |
541 | <a WITH GRAVE> 224 68 68 68 195.160 139.65 |
542 | <a WITH ACUTE> 225 69 69 69 195.161 139.66 |
543 | <a WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 226 66 66 66 195.162 139.67 |
544 | <a WITH TILDE> 227 70 70 70 195.163 139.68 |
545 | <a WITH DIAERESIS> 228 67 67 67 195.164 139.69 |
546 | <a WITH RING ABOVE> 229 71 71 71 195.165 139.70 |
547 | <SMALL LIGATURE ae> 230 156 156 156 195.166 139.71 |
548 | <c WITH CEDILLA> 231 72 72 72 195.167 139.72 |
549 | <e WITH GRAVE> 232 84 84 84 195.168 139.73 |
550 | <e WITH ACUTE> 233 81 81 81 195.169 139.74 |
551 | <e WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 234 82 82 82 195.170 139.81 |
552 | <e WITH DIAERESIS> 235 83 83 83 195.171 139.82 |
553 | <i WITH GRAVE> 236 88 88 88 195.172 139.83 |
554 | <i WITH ACUTE> 237 85 85 85 195.173 139.84 |
555 | <i WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 238 86 86 86 195.174 139.85 |
556 | <i WITH DIAERESIS> 239 87 87 87 195.175 139.86 |
557 | <SMALL LETTER eth> 240 140 140 140 195.176 139.87 |
558 | <n WITH TILDE> 241 73 73 73 195.177 139.88 |
559 | <o WITH GRAVE> 242 205 205 205 195.178 139.89 |
560 | <o WITH ACUTE> 243 206 206 206 195.179 139.98 |
561 | <o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 244 203 203 203 195.180 139.99 |
562 | <o WITH TILDE> 245 207 207 207 195.181 139.100 |
563 | <o WITH DIAERESIS> 246 204 204 204 195.182 139.101 |
564 | <DIVISION SIGN> 247 225 225 225 195.183 139.102 |
565 | <o WITH STROKE> 248 112 112 112 195.184 139.103 |
566 | <u WITH GRAVE> 249 221 221 192 195.185 139.104 ### |
567 | <u WITH ACUTE> 250 222 222 222 195.186 139.105 |
568 | <u WITH CIRCUMFLEX> 251 219 219 219 195.187 139.106 |
569 | <u WITH DIAERESIS> 252 220 220 220 195.188 139.112 |
570 | <y WITH ACUTE> 253 141 141 141 195.189 139.113 |
571 | <SMALL LETTER thorn> 254 142 142 142 195.190 139.114 |
572 | <y WITH DIAERESIS> 255 223 223 223 195.191 139.115 |
d396a558 |
573 | |
574 | If you would rather see the above table in CCSID 0037 order rather than |
575 | ASCII + Latin-1 order then run the table through: |
576 | |
577 | =over 4 |
578 | |
395f5a0c |
579 | =item recipe 4 |
d396a558 |
580 | |
581 | =back |
582 | |
84f709e7 |
583 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
584 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
585 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
586 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
587 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,42,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
d396a558 |
588 | |
589 | If you would rather see it in CCSID 1047 order then change the digit |
590 | 42 in the last line to 51, like this: |
591 | |
592 | =over 4 |
593 | |
395f5a0c |
594 | =item recipe 5 |
d396a558 |
595 | |
596 | =back |
597 | |
84f709e7 |
598 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
599 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
600 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
601 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
602 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,51,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
d396a558 |
603 | |
604 | If you would rather see it in POSIX-BC order then change the digit |
605 | 51 in the last line to 60, like this: |
606 | |
607 | =over 4 |
608 | |
395f5a0c |
609 | =item recipe 6 |
d396a558 |
610 | |
611 | =back |
612 | |
84f709e7 |
613 | perl -ne 'if(/.{33}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}\s{6,8}\d{1,3}/)'\ |
614 | -e '{push(@l,$_)}' \ |
615 | -e 'END{print map{$_->[0]}' \ |
616 | -e ' sort{$a->[1] <=> $b->[1]}' \ |
617 | -e ' map{[$_,substr($_,60,3)]}@l;}' perlebcdic.pod |
d396a558 |
618 | |
619 | |
620 | =head1 IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS |
621 | |
622 | To determine the character set you are running under from perl one |
623 | could use the return value of ord() or chr() to test one or more |
624 | character values. For example: |
625 | |
84f709e7 |
626 | $is_ascii = "A" eq chr(65); |
627 | $is_ebcdic = "A" eq chr(193); |
d396a558 |
628 | |
51b5cecb |
629 | Also, "\t" is a C<HORIZONTAL TABULATION> character so that: |
d396a558 |
630 | |
84f709e7 |
631 | $is_ascii = ord("\t") == 9; |
632 | $is_ebcdic = ord("\t") == 5; |
d396a558 |
633 | |
634 | To distinguish EBCDIC code pages try looking at one or more of |
635 | the characters that differ between them. For example: |
636 | |
84f709e7 |
637 | $is_ebcdic_37 = "\n" eq chr(37); |
638 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = "\n" eq chr(21); |
d396a558 |
639 | |
640 | Or better still choose a character that is uniquely encoded in any |
641 | of the code sets, e.g.: |
642 | |
84f709e7 |
643 | $is_ascii = ord('[') == 91; |
644 | $is_ebcdic_37 = ord('[') == 186; |
645 | $is_ebcdic_1047 = ord('[') == 173; |
646 | $is_ebcdic_POSIX_BC = ord('[') == 187; |
d396a558 |
647 | |
648 | However, it would be unwise to write tests such as: |
649 | |
84f709e7 |
650 | $is_ascii = "\r" ne chr(13); # WRONG |
651 | $is_ascii = "\n" ne chr(10); # ILL ADVISED |
d396a558 |
652 | |
2bbc8d55 |
653 | Obviously the first of these will fail to distinguish most ASCII platforms |
654 | from either a CCSID 0037, a 1047, or a POSIX-BC EBCDIC platform since "\r" eq |
84f709e7 |
655 | chr(13) under all of those coded character sets. But note too that |
656 | because "\n" is chr(13) and "\r" is chr(10) on the MacIntosh (which is an |
2bbc8d55 |
657 | ASCII platform) the second C<$is_ascii> test will lead to trouble there. |
d396a558 |
658 | |
84f709e7 |
659 | To determine whether or not perl was built under an EBCDIC |
d396a558 |
660 | code page you can use the Config module like so: |
661 | |
662 | use Config; |
84f709e7 |
663 | $is_ebcdic = $Config{'ebcdic'} eq 'define'; |
d396a558 |
664 | |
665 | =head1 CONVERSIONS |
666 | |
1e054b24 |
667 | =head2 tr/// |
668 | |
d396a558 |
669 | In order to convert a string of characters from one character set to |
670 | another a simple list of numbers, such as in the right columns in the |
671 | above table, along with perl's tr/// operator is all that is needed. |
672 | The data in the table are in ASCII order hence the EBCDIC columns |
673 | provide easy to use ASCII to EBCDIC operations that are also easily |
674 | reversed. |
675 | |
84f709e7 |
676 | For example, to convert ASCII to code page 037 take the output of the second |
677 | column from the output of recipe 0 (modified to add \\ characters) and use |
d5d9880c |
678 | it in tr/// like so: |
d396a558 |
679 | |
84f709e7 |
680 | $cp_037 = |
681 | '\000\001\002\003\234\011\206\177\227\215\216\013\014\015\016\017' . |
682 | '\020\021\022\023\235\205\010\207\030\031\222\217\034\035\036\037' . |
683 | '\200\201\202\203\204\012\027\033\210\211\212\213\214\005\006\007' . |
684 | '\220\221\026\223\224\225\226\004\230\231\232\233\024\025\236\032' . |
685 | '\040\240\342\344\340\341\343\345\347\361\242\056\074\050\053\174' . |
686 | '\046\351\352\353\350\355\356\357\354\337\041\044\052\051\073\254' . |
687 | '\055\057\302\304\300\301\303\305\307\321\246\054\045\137\076\077' . |
688 | '\370\311\312\313\310\315\316\317\314\140\072\043\100\047\075\042' . |
689 | '\330\141\142\143\144\145\146\147\150\151\253\273\360\375\376\261' . |
690 | '\260\152\153\154\155\156\157\160\161\162\252\272\346\270\306\244' . |
691 | '\265\176\163\164\165\166\167\170\171\172\241\277\320\335\336\256' . |
692 | '\136\243\245\267\251\247\266\274\275\276\133\135\257\250\264\327' . |
693 | '\173\101\102\103\104\105\106\107\110\111\255\364\366\362\363\365' . |
694 | '\175\112\113\114\115\116\117\120\121\122\271\373\374\371\372\377' . |
695 | '\134\367\123\124\125\126\127\130\131\132\262\324\326\322\323\325' . |
696 | '\060\061\062\063\064\065\066\067\070\071\263\333\334\331\332\237' ; |
d396a558 |
697 | |
698 | my $ebcdic_string = $ascii_string; |
d7449b02 |
699 | eval '$ebcdic_string =~ tr/' . $cp_037 . '/\000-\377/'; |
d396a558 |
700 | |
d5d9880c |
701 | To convert from EBCDIC 037 to ASCII just reverse the order of the tr/// |
d396a558 |
702 | arguments like so: |
703 | |
704 | my $ascii_string = $ebcdic_string; |
d7449b02 |
705 | eval '$ascii_string =~ tr/\000-\377/' . $cp_037 . '/'; |
d5d9880c |
706 | |
707 | Similarly one could take the output of the third column from recipe 0 to |
708 | obtain a C<$cp_1047> table. The fourth column of the output from recipe |
709 | 0 could provide a C<$cp_posix_bc> table suitable for transcoding as well. |
1e054b24 |
710 | |
711 | =head2 iconv |
d396a558 |
712 | |
d5d9880c |
713 | XPG operability often implies the presence of an I<iconv> utility |
d396a558 |
714 | available from the shell or from the C library. Consult your system's |
715 | documentation for information on iconv. |
716 | |
3958b146 |
717 | On OS/390 or z/OS see the iconv(1) manpage. One way to invoke the iconv |
d396a558 |
718 | shell utility from within perl would be to: |
719 | |
395f5a0c |
720 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
84f709e7 |
721 | $ascii_data = `echo '$ebcdic_data'| iconv -f IBM-1047 -t ISO8859-1` |
d396a558 |
722 | |
723 | or the inverse map: |
724 | |
395f5a0c |
725 | # OS/390 or z/OS example |
84f709e7 |
726 | $ebcdic_data = `echo '$ascii_data'| iconv -f ISO8859-1 -t IBM-1047` |
d396a558 |
727 | |
d396a558 |
728 | For other perl based conversion options see the Convert::* modules on CPAN. |
729 | |
1e054b24 |
730 | =head2 C RTL |
731 | |
395f5a0c |
732 | The OS/390 and z/OS C run time libraries provide _atoe() and _etoa() functions. |
1e054b24 |
733 | |
d396a558 |
734 | =head1 OPERATOR DIFFERENCES |
735 | |
736 | The C<..> range operator treats certain character ranges with |
2bbc8d55 |
737 | care on EBCDIC platforms. For example the following array |
738 | will have twenty six elements on either an EBCDIC platform |
739 | or an ASCII platform: |
d396a558 |
740 | |
84f709e7 |
741 | @alphabet = ('A'..'Z'); # $#alphabet == 25 |
d396a558 |
742 | |
743 | The bitwise operators such as & ^ | may return different results |
744 | when operating on string or character data in a perl program running |
2bbc8d55 |
745 | on an EBCDIC platform than when run on an ASCII platform. Here is |
d396a558 |
746 | an example adapted from the one in L<perlop>: |
747 | |
748 | # EBCDIC-based examples |
84f709e7 |
749 | print "j p \n" ^ " a h"; # prints "JAPH\n" |
750 | print "JA" | " ph\n"; # prints "japh\n" |
751 | print "JAPH\nJunk" & "\277\277\277\277\277"; # prints "japh\n"; |
752 | print 'p N$' ^ " E<H\n"; # prints "Perl\n"; |
d396a558 |
753 | |
754 | An interesting property of the 32 C0 control characters |
755 | in the ASCII table is that they can "literally" be constructed |
51b5cecb |
756 | as control characters in perl, e.g. C<(chr(0) eq "\c@")> |
2bbc8d55 |
757 | C<(chr(1) eq "\cA")>, and so on. Perl on EBCDIC platforms has been |
51b5cecb |
758 | ported to take "\c@" to chr(0) and "\cA" to chr(1) as well, but the |
d396a558 |
759 | thirty three characters that result depend on which code page you are |
760 | using. The table below uses the character names from the previous table |
51b5cecb |
761 | but with substitutions such as s/START OF/S.O./; s/END OF /E.O./; |
d396a558 |
762 | s/TRANSMISSION/TRANS./; s/TABULATION/TAB./; s/VERTICAL/VERT./; |
763 | s/HORIZONTAL/HORIZ./; s/DEVICE CONTROL/D.C./; s/SEPARATOR/SEP./; |
764 | s/NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE/NEG. ACK./;. The POSIX-BC and 1047 sets are |
765 | identical throughout this range and differ from the 0037 set at only |
51b5cecb |
766 | one spot (21 decimal). Note that the C<LINE FEED> character |
2bbc8d55 |
767 | may be generated by "\cJ" on ASCII platforms but by "\cU" on 1047 or POSIX-BC |
768 | platforms and cannot be generated as a C<"\c.letter."> control character on |
769 | 0037 platforms. Note also that "\c\\" maps to two characters |
d396a558 |
770 | not one. |
771 | |
772 | chr ord 8859-1 0037 1047 && POSIX-BC |
773 | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
774 | "\c?" 127 <DELETE> " " ***>< |
775 | "\c@" 0 <NULL> <NULL> <NULL> ***>< |
776 | "\cA" 1 <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> <S.O. HEADING> |
777 | "\cB" 2 <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> <S.O. TEXT> |
778 | "\cC" 3 <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> <E.O. TEXT> |
779 | "\cD" 4 <E.O. TRANS.> <C1 28> <C1 28> |
780 | "\cE" 5 <ENQUIRY> <HORIZ. TAB.> <HORIZ. TAB.> |
781 | "\cF" 6 <ACKNOWLEDGE> <C1 6> <C1 6> |
782 | "\cG" 7 <BELL> <DELETE> <DELETE> |
783 | "\cH" 8 <BACKSPACE> <C1 23> <C1 23> |
784 | "\cI" 9 <HORIZ. TAB.> <C1 13> <C1 13> |
785 | "\cJ" 10 <LINE FEED> <C1 14> <C1 14> |
786 | "\cK" 11 <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> <VERT. TAB.> |
787 | "\cL" 12 <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> <FORM FEED> |
788 | "\cM" 13 <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> <CARRIAGE RETURN> |
789 | "\cN" 14 <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> <SHIFT OUT> |
790 | "\cO" 15 <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> <SHIFT IN> |
791 | "\cP" 16 <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> <DATA LINK ESCAPE> |
792 | "\cQ" 17 <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> <D.C. ONE> |
793 | "\cR" 18 <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> <D.C. TWO> |
794 | "\cS" 19 <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> <D.C. THREE> |
795 | "\cT" 20 <D.C. FOUR> <C1 29> <C1 29> |
796 | "\cU" 21 <NEG. ACK.> <C1 5> <LINE FEED> *** |
797 | "\cV" 22 <SYNCHRONOUS IDLE> <BACKSPACE> <BACKSPACE> |
798 | "\cW" 23 <E.O. TRANS. BLOCK> <C1 7> <C1 7> |
799 | "\cX" 24 <CANCEL> <CANCEL> <CANCEL> |
800 | "\cY" 25 <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> <E.O. MEDIUM> |
801 | "\cZ" 26 <SUBSTITUTE> <C1 18> <C1 18> |
802 | "\c[" 27 <ESCAPE> <C1 15> <C1 15> |
803 | "\c\\" 28 <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ <FILE SEP.>\ |
804 | "\c]" 29 <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> <GROUP SEP.> |
805 | "\c^" 30 <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> <RECORD SEP.> ***>< |
806 | "\c_" 31 <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> <UNIT SEP.> ***>< |
807 | |
808 | |
809 | =head1 FUNCTION DIFFERENCES |
810 | |
811 | =over 8 |
812 | |
813 | =item chr() |
814 | |
815 | chr() must be given an EBCDIC code number argument to yield a desired |
2bbc8d55 |
816 | character return value on an EBCDIC platform. For example: |
d396a558 |
817 | |
84f709e7 |
818 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = chr(193); |
d396a558 |
819 | |
820 | =item ord() |
821 | |
2bbc8d55 |
822 | ord() will return EBCDIC code number values on an EBCDIC platform. |
d396a558 |
823 | For example: |
824 | |
84f709e7 |
825 | $the_number_193 = ord("A"); |
d396a558 |
826 | |
827 | =item pack() |
828 | |
829 | The c and C templates for pack() are dependent upon character set |
830 | encoding. Examples of usage on EBCDIC include: |
831 | |
832 | $foo = pack("CCCC",193,194,195,196); |
833 | # $foo eq "ABCD" |
84f709e7 |
834 | $foo = pack("C4",193,194,195,196); |
d396a558 |
835 | # same thing |
836 | |
837 | $foo = pack("ccxxcc",193,194,195,196); |
838 | # $foo eq "AB\0\0CD" |
839 | |
840 | =item print() |
841 | |
842 | One must be careful with scalars and strings that are passed to |
843 | print that contain ASCII encodings. One common place |
844 | for this to occur is in the output of the MIME type header for |
845 | CGI script writing. For example, many perl programming guides |
846 | recommend something similar to: |
847 | |
848 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\015\012\015\012"; |
849 | # this may be wrong on EBCDIC |
850 | |
395f5a0c |
851 | Under the IBM OS/390 USS Web Server or WebSphere on z/OS for example |
852 | you should instead write that as: |
d396a558 |
853 | |
854 | print "Content-type:\ttext/html\r\n\r\n"; # OK for DGW et alia |
855 | |
856 | That is because the translation from EBCDIC to ASCII is done |
857 | by the web server in this case (such code will not be appropriate for |
858 | the Macintosh however). Consult your web server's documentation for |
859 | further details. |
860 | |
861 | =item printf() |
862 | |
863 | The formats that can convert characters to numbers and vice versa |
864 | will be different from their ASCII counterparts when executed |
2bbc8d55 |
865 | on an EBCDIC platform. Examples include: |
d396a558 |
866 | |
867 | printf("%c%c%c",193,194,195); # prints ABC |
868 | |
869 | =item sort() |
870 | |
871 | EBCDIC sort results may differ from ASCII sort results especially for |
872 | mixed case strings. This is discussed in more detail below. |
873 | |
874 | =item sprintf() |
875 | |
876 | See the discussion of printf() above. An example of the use |
877 | of sprintf would be: |
878 | |
84f709e7 |
879 | $CAPITAL_LETTER_A = sprintf("%c",193); |
d396a558 |
880 | |
881 | =item unpack() |
882 | |
883 | See the discussion of pack() above. |
884 | |
885 | =back |
886 | |
887 | =head1 REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES |
888 | |
889 | As of perl 5.005_03 the letter range regular expression such as |
890 | [A-Z] and [a-z] have been especially coded to not pick up gap |
b3b6085d |
891 | characters. For example, characters such as E<ocirc> C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX> |
892 | that lie between I and J would not be matched by the |
1b2d223b |
893 | regular expression range C</[H-K]/>. This works in |
894 | the other direction, too, if either of the range end points is |
895 | explicitly numeric: C<[\x89-\x91]> will match C<\x8e>, even |
896 | though C<\x89> is C<i> and C<\x91 > is C<j>, and C<\x8e> |
897 | is a gap character from the alphabetic viewpoint. |
51b5cecb |
898 | |
899 | If you do want to match the alphabet gap characters in a single octet |
d396a558 |
900 | regular expression try matching the hex or octal code such |
2bbc8d55 |
901 | as C</\313/> on EBCDIC or C</\364/> on ASCII platforms to |
51b5cecb |
902 | have your regular expression match C<o WITH CIRCUMFLEX>. |
d396a558 |
903 | |
51b5cecb |
904 | Another construct to be wary of is the inappropriate use of hex or |
d396a558 |
905 | octal constants in regular expressions. Consider the following |
906 | set of subs: |
907 | |
908 | sub is_c0 { |
909 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
910 | $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; |
911 | } |
912 | |
913 | sub is_print_ascii { |
914 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
915 | $char =~ /[\040-\176]/; |
916 | } |
917 | |
918 | sub is_delete { |
919 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
920 | $char eq "\177"; |
921 | } |
922 | |
923 | sub is_c1 { |
924 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
925 | $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; |
926 | } |
927 | |
928 | sub is_latin_1 { |
929 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
930 | $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; |
931 | } |
932 | |
51b5cecb |
933 | The above would be adequate if the concern was only with numeric code points. |
934 | However, the concern may be with characters rather than code points |
2bbc8d55 |
935 | and on an EBCDIC platform it may be desirable for constructs such as |
d396a558 |
936 | C<if (is_print_ascii("A")) {print "A is a printable character\n";}> to print |
937 | out the expected message. One way to represent the above collection |
938 | of character classification subs that is capable of working across the |
939 | four coded character sets discussed in this document is as follows: |
940 | |
941 | sub Is_c0 { |
942 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
84f709e7 |
943 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 |
944 | return $char =~ /[\000-\037]/; |
84f709e7 |
945 | } |
946 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
d396a558 |
947 | return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\045\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
948 | } |
84f709e7 |
949 | if (ord('^')==95 || ord('^')==106) { # 1047 || posix-bc |
d396a558 |
950 | return $char =~ /[\000-\003\067\055-\057\026\005\025\013-\023\074\075\062\046\030\031\077\047\034-\037]/; |
951 | } |
952 | } |
953 | |
954 | sub Is_print_ascii { |
955 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
956 | $char =~ /[ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<=>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~]/; |
957 | } |
958 | |
959 | sub Is_delete { |
960 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
84f709e7 |
961 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 |
962 | return $char eq "\177"; |
84f709e7 |
963 | } |
964 | else { # ebcdic |
d396a558 |
965 | return $char eq "\007"; |
966 | } |
967 | } |
968 | |
969 | sub Is_c1 { |
970 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
84f709e7 |
971 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 |
972 | return $char =~ /[\200-\237]/; |
973 | } |
84f709e7 |
974 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
d396a558 |
975 | return $char =~ /[\040-\044\025\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
976 | } |
84f709e7 |
977 | if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
d396a558 |
978 | return $char =~ /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\377]/; |
979 | } |
84f709e7 |
980 | if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
981 | return $char =~ |
d396a558 |
982 | /[\040-\045\006\027\050-\054\011\012\033\060\061\032\063-\066\010\070-\073\040\024\076\137]/; |
983 | } |
984 | } |
985 | |
986 | sub Is_latin_1 { |
987 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
84f709e7 |
988 | if (ord('^')==94) { # ascii |
d396a558 |
989 | return $char =~ /[\240-\377]/; |
990 | } |
84f709e7 |
991 | if (ord('^')==176) { # 37 |
992 | return $char =~ |
d396a558 |
993 | /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\275\264\232\212\137\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
994 | } |
84f709e7 |
995 | if (ord('^')==95) { # 1047 |
d396a558 |
996 | return $char =~ |
997 | /[\101\252\112\261\237\262\152\265\273\264\232\212\260\312\257\274\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\375\376\373\374\272\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\335\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
998 | } |
84f709e7 |
999 | if (ord('^')==106) { # posix-bc |
1000 | return $char =~ |
d396a558 |
1001 | /[\101\252\260\261\237\262\320\265\171\264\232\212\272\312\257\241\220\217\352\372\276\240\266\263\235\332\233\213\267\270\271\253\144\145\142\146\143\147\236\150\164\161-\163\170\165-\167\254\151\355\356\353\357\354\277\200\340\376\335\374\255\256\131\104\105\102\106\103\107\234\110\124\121-\123\130\125-\127\214\111\315\316\313\317\314\341\160\300\336\333\334\215\216\337]/; |
1002 | } |
1003 | } |
1004 | |
1005 | Note however that only the C<Is_ascii_print()> sub is really independent |
1006 | of coded character set. Another way to write C<Is_latin_1()> would be |
1007 | to use the characters in the range explicitly: |
1008 | |
1009 | sub Is_latin_1 { |
1010 | my $char = substr(shift,0,1); |
1011 | $char =~ /[ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ]/; |
1012 | } |
1013 | |
1014 | Although that form may run into trouble in network transit (due to the |
1015 | presence of 8 bit characters) or on non ISO-Latin character sets. |
d396a558 |
1016 | |
1017 | =head1 SOCKETS |
1018 | |
1019 | Most socket programming assumes ASCII character encodings in network |
1020 | byte order. Exceptions can include CGI script writing under a |
1021 | host web server where the server may take care of translation for you. |
1022 | Most host web servers convert EBCDIC data to ISO-8859-1 or Unicode on |
1023 | output. |
1024 | |
1025 | =head1 SORTING |
1026 | |
1027 | One big difference between ASCII based character sets and EBCDIC ones |
1028 | are the relative positions of upper and lower case letters and the |
2bbc8d55 |
1029 | letters compared to the digits. If sorted on an ASCII based platform the |
d396a558 |
1030 | two letter abbreviation for a physician comes before the two letter |
1031 | for drive, that is: |
1032 | |
84f709e7 |
1033 | @sorted = sort(qw(Dr. dr.)); # @sorted holds ('Dr.','dr.') on ASCII, |
1034 | # but ('dr.','Dr.') on EBCDIC |
d396a558 |
1035 | |
1036 | The property of lower case before uppercase letters in EBCDIC is |
1037 | even carried to the Latin 1 EBCDIC pages such as 0037 and 1047. |
b3b6085d |
1038 | An example would be that E<Euml> C<E WITH DIAERESIS> (203) comes |
2bbc8d55 |
1039 | before E<euml> C<e WITH DIAERESIS> (235) on an ASCII platform, but |
1040 | the latter (83) comes before the former (115) on an EBCDIC platform. |
b3b6085d |
1041 | (Astute readers will note that the upper case version of E<szlig> |
51b5cecb |
1042 | C<SMALL LETTER SHARP S> is simply "SS" and that the upper case version of |
b3b6085d |
1043 | E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> is not in the 0..255 range but it is |
51b5cecb |
1044 | at U+x0178 in Unicode, or C<"\x{178}"> in a Unicode enabled Perl). |
d396a558 |
1045 | |
1046 | The sort order will cause differences between results obtained on |
2bbc8d55 |
1047 | ASCII platforms versus EBCDIC platforms. What follows are some suggestions |
d396a558 |
1048 | on how to deal with these differences. |
1049 | |
51b5cecb |
1050 | =head2 Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences. |
d396a558 |
1051 | |
1052 | This is the least computationally expensive strategy. It may require |
1053 | some user education. |
1054 | |
51b5cecb |
1055 | =head2 MONO CASE then sort data. |
d396a558 |
1056 | |
51b5cecb |
1057 | In order to minimize the expense of mono casing mixed test try to |
d396a558 |
1058 | C<tr///> towards the character set case most employed within the data. |
1059 | If the data are primarily UPPERCASE non Latin 1 then apply tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/ |
1060 | then sort(). If the data are primarily lowercase non Latin 1 then |
1061 | apply tr/[A-Z]/[a-z]/ before sorting. If the data are primarily UPPERCASE |
51b5cecb |
1062 | and include Latin-1 characters then apply: |
1063 | |
84f709e7 |
1064 | tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/; |
51b5cecb |
1065 | tr/[àáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþ]/[ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ]/; |
84f709e7 |
1066 | s/ß/SS/g; |
d396a558 |
1067 | |
51b5cecb |
1068 | then sort(). Do note however that such Latin-1 manipulation does not |
b3b6085d |
1069 | address the E<yuml> C<y WITH DIAERESIS> character that will remain at |
2bbc8d55 |
1070 | code point 255 on ASCII platforms, but 223 on most EBCDIC platforms |
51b5cecb |
1071 | where it will sort to a place less than the EBCDIC numerals. With a |
1072 | Unicode enabled Perl you might try: |
d396a558 |
1073 | |
51b5cecb |
1074 | tr/^?/\x{178}/; |
1075 | |
1076 | The strategy of mono casing data before sorting does not preserve the case |
1077 | of the data and may not be acceptable for that reason. |
1078 | |
1079 | =head2 Convert, sort data, then re convert. |
d396a558 |
1080 | |
1081 | This is the most expensive proposition that does not employ a network |
1082 | connection. |
1083 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1084 | =head2 Perform sorting on one type of platform only. |
d396a558 |
1085 | |
1086 | This strategy can employ a network connection. As such |
1087 | it would be computationally expensive. |
1088 | |
395f5a0c |
1089 | =head1 TRANSFORMATION FORMATS |
1e054b24 |
1090 | |
1091 | There are a variety of ways of transforming data with an intra character set |
1092 | mapping that serve a variety of purposes. Sorting was discussed in the |
1093 | previous section and a few of the other more popular mapping techniques are |
1094 | discussed next. |
1095 | |
1096 | =head2 URL decoding and encoding |
d396a558 |
1097 | |
51b5cecb |
1098 | Note that some URLs have hexadecimal ASCII code points in them in an |
1e054b24 |
1099 | attempt to overcome character or protocol limitation issues. For example |
1100 | the tilde character is not on every keyboard hence a URL of the form: |
d396a558 |
1101 | |
1102 | http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/ |
1103 | |
1104 | may also be expressed as either of: |
1105 | |
1106 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/ |
1107 | |
1108 | http://www.pvhp.com/%7epvhp/ |
1109 | |
51b5cecb |
1110 | where 7E is the hexadecimal ASCII code point for '~'. Here is an example |
d396a558 |
1111 | of decoding such a URL under CCSID 1047: |
1112 | |
84f709e7 |
1113 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/%7Epvhp/'; |
d396a558 |
1114 | # this array assumes code page 1047 |
1115 | my @a2e_1047 = ( |
1116 | 0, 1, 2, 3, 55, 45, 46, 47, 22, 5, 21, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, |
1117 | 16, 17, 18, 19, 60, 61, 50, 38, 24, 25, 63, 39, 28, 29, 30, 31, |
1118 | 64, 90,127,123, 91,108, 80,125, 77, 93, 92, 78,107, 96, 75, 97, |
1119 | 240,241,242,243,244,245,246,247,248,249,122, 94, 76,126,110,111, |
1120 | 124,193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,209,210,211,212,213,214, |
1121 | 215,216,217,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,173,224,189, 95,109, |
1122 | 121,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,145,146,147,148,149,150, |
1123 | 151,152,153,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,192, 79,208,161, 7, |
1124 | 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 6, 23, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 9, 10, 27, |
1125 | 48, 49, 26, 51, 52, 53, 54, 8, 56, 57, 58, 59, 4, 20, 62,255, |
1126 | 65,170, 74,177,159,178,106,181,187,180,154,138,176,202,175,188, |
1127 | 144,143,234,250,190,160,182,179,157,218,155,139,183,184,185,171, |
1128 | 100,101, 98,102, 99,103,158,104,116,113,114,115,120,117,118,119, |
1129 | 172,105,237,238,235,239,236,191,128,253,254,251,252,186,174, 89, |
1130 | 68, 69, 66, 70, 67, 71,156, 72, 84, 81, 82, 83, 88, 85, 86, 87, |
1131 | 140, 73,205,206,203,207,204,225,112,221,222,219,220,141,142,223 |
1132 | ); |
1133 | $url =~ s/%([0-9a-fA-F]{2})/pack("c",$a2e_1047[hex($1)])/ge; |
1134 | |
1e054b24 |
1135 | Conversely, here is a partial solution for the task of encoding such |
1136 | a URL under the 1047 code page: |
1137 | |
84f709e7 |
1138 | $url = 'http://www.pvhp.com/~pvhp/'; |
1e054b24 |
1139 | # this array assumes code page 1047 |
1140 | my @e2a_1047 = ( |
1141 | 0, 1, 2, 3,156, 9,134,127,151,141,142, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, |
1142 | 16, 17, 18, 19,157, 10, 8,135, 24, 25,146,143, 28, 29, 30, 31, |
1143 | 128,129,130,131,132,133, 23, 27,136,137,138,139,140, 5, 6, 7, |
1144 | 144,145, 22,147,148,149,150, 4,152,153,154,155, 20, 21,158, 26, |
1145 | 32,160,226,228,224,225,227,229,231,241,162, 46, 60, 40, 43,124, |
1146 | 38,233,234,235,232,237,238,239,236,223, 33, 36, 42, 41, 59, 94, |
1147 | 45, 47,194,196,192,193,195,197,199,209,166, 44, 37, 95, 62, 63, |
1148 | 248,201,202,203,200,205,206,207,204, 96, 58, 35, 64, 39, 61, 34, |
1149 | 216, 97, 98, 99,100,101,102,103,104,105,171,187,240,253,254,177, |
1150 | 176,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,170,186,230,184,198,164, |
1151 | 181,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,161,191,208, 91,222,174, |
1152 | 172,163,165,183,169,167,182,188,189,190,221,168,175, 93,180,215, |
1153 | 123, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73,173,244,246,242,243,245, |
1154 | 125, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82,185,251,252,249,250,255, |
1155 | 92,247, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,178,212,214,210,211,213, |
1156 | 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,179,219,220,217,218,159 |
1157 | ); |
84f709e7 |
1158 | # The following regular expression does not address the |
1e054b24 |
1159 | # mappings for: ('.' => '%2E', '/' => '%2F', ':' => '%3A') |
1160 | $url =~ s/([\t "#%&\(\),;<=>\?\@\[\\\]^`{|}~])/sprintf("%%%02X",$e2a_1047[ord($1)])/ge; |
1161 | |
1162 | where a more complete solution would split the URL into components |
1163 | and apply a full s/// substitution only to the appropriate parts. |
1164 | |
1165 | In the remaining examples a @e2a or @a2e array may be employed |
1166 | but the assignment will not be shown explicitly. For code page 1047 |
1167 | you could use the @a2e_1047 or @e2a_1047 arrays just shown. |
1168 | |
1169 | =head2 uu encoding and decoding |
1170 | |
1171 | The C<u> template to pack() or unpack() will render EBCDIC data in EBCDIC |
1172 | characters equivalent to their ASCII counterparts. For example, the |
1173 | following will print "Yes indeed\n" on either an ASCII or EBCDIC computer: |
1174 | |
84f709e7 |
1175 | $all_byte_chrs = ''; |
1176 | for (0..255) { $all_byte_chrs .= chr($_); } |
1177 | $uuencode_byte_chrs = pack('u', $all_byte_chrs); |
210b36aa |
1178 | ($uu = <<'ENDOFHEREDOC') =~ s/^\s*//gm; |
1e054b24 |
1179 | M``$"`P0%!@<("0H+#`T.#Q`1$A,4%187&!D:&QP='A\@(2(C)"4F)R@I*BLL |
1180 | M+2XO,#$R,S0U-C<X.3H[/#T^/T!!0D-$149'2$E*2TQ-3D]045)35%565UA9 |
1181 | M6EM<75Y?8&%B8V1E9F=H:6IK;&UN;W!Q<G-T=79W>'EZ>WQ]?G^`@8*#A(6& |
1182 | MAXB)BHN,C8Z/D)&2DY25EI>8F9J;G)V>GZ"AHJ.DI::GJ*FJJZRMKJ^PL;*S |
1183 | MM+6VM[BYNKN\O;Z_P,'"P\3%QL?(R<K+S,W.S]#1TM/4U=;7V-G:V]S=WM_@ |
1184 | ?X>+CY.7FY^CIZNOL[>[O\/'R\_3U]O?X^?K[_/W^_P`` |
1185 | ENDOFHEREDOC |
84f709e7 |
1186 | if ($uuencode_byte_chrs eq $uu) { |
1e054b24 |
1187 | print "Yes "; |
1188 | } |
1189 | $uudecode_byte_chrs = unpack('u', $uuencode_byte_chrs); |
84f709e7 |
1190 | if ($uudecode_byte_chrs eq $all_byte_chrs) { |
1e054b24 |
1191 | print "indeed\n"; |
1192 | } |
1193 | |
1194 | Here is a very spartan uudecoder that will work on EBCDIC provided |
1195 | that the @e2a array is filled in appropriately: |
1196 | |
84f709e7 |
1197 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
1198 | @e2a = ( # this must be filled in |
1199 | ); |
1200 | $_ = <> until ($mode,$file) = /^begin\s*(\d*)\s*(\S*)/; |
1e054b24 |
1201 | open(OUT, "> $file") if $file ne ""; |
1202 | while(<>) { |
1203 | last if /^end/; |
1204 | next if /[a-z]/; |
1205 | next unless int(((($e2a[ord()] - 32 ) & 077) + 2) / 3) == |
1206 | int(length() / 4); |
1207 | print OUT unpack("u", $_); |
1208 | } |
1209 | close(OUT); |
1210 | chmod oct($mode), $file; |
1211 | |
1212 | |
1213 | =head2 Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding |
1214 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1215 | On ASCII encoded platforms it is possible to strip characters outside of |
1e054b24 |
1216 | the printable set using: |
1217 | |
1218 | # This QP encoder works on ASCII only |
84f709e7 |
1219 | $qp_string =~ s/([=\x00-\x1F\x80-\xFF])/sprintf("=%02X",ord($1))/ge; |
1e054b24 |
1220 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1221 | Whereas a QP encoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms |
1e054b24 |
1222 | would look somewhat like the following (where the EBCDIC branch @e2a |
1223 | array is omitted for brevity): |
1224 | |
1225 | if (ord('A') == 65) { # ASCII |
1226 | $delete = "\x7F"; # ASCII |
1227 | @e2a = (0 .. 255) # ASCII to ASCII identity map |
84f709e7 |
1228 | } |
1229 | else { # EBCDIC |
1e054b24 |
1230 | $delete = "\x07"; # EBCDIC |
84f709e7 |
1231 | @e2a = # EBCDIC to ASCII map (as shown above) |
1e054b24 |
1232 | } |
84f709e7 |
1233 | $qp_string =~ |
1e054b24 |
1234 | s/([^ !"\#\$%&'()*+,\-.\/0-9:;<>?\@A-Z[\\\]^_`a-z{|}~$delete])/sprintf("=%02X",$e2a[ord($1)])/ge; |
1235 | |
1236 | (although in production code the substitutions might be done |
1237 | in the EBCDIC branch with the @e2a array and separately in the |
1238 | ASCII branch without the expense of the identity map). |
1239 | |
1240 | Such QP strings can be decoded with: |
1241 | |
1242 | # This QP decoder is limited to ASCII only |
1243 | $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr hex $1/ge; |
1244 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; |
1245 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1246 | Whereas a QP decoder that works on both ASCII and EBCDIC platforms |
1e054b24 |
1247 | would look somewhat like the following (where the @a2e array is |
1248 | omitted for brevity): |
1249 | |
1250 | $string =~ s/=([0-9A-Fa-f][0-9A-Fa-f])/chr $a2e[hex $1]/ge; |
1251 | $string =~ s/=[\n\r]+$//; |
1252 | |
395f5a0c |
1253 | =head2 Caesarian ciphers |
1e054b24 |
1254 | |
1255 | The practice of shifting an alphabet one or more characters for encipherment |
1256 | dates back thousands of years and was explicitly detailed by Gaius Julius |
1257 | Caesar in his B<Gallic Wars> text. A single alphabet shift is sometimes |
1258 | referred to as a rotation and the shift amount is given as a number $n after |
1259 | the string 'rot' or "rot$n". Rot0 and rot26 would designate identity maps |
1260 | on the 26 letter English version of the Latin alphabet. Rot13 has the |
1261 | interesting property that alternate subsequent invocations are identity maps |
1262 | (thus rot13 is its own non-trivial inverse in the group of 26 alphabet |
1263 | rotations). Hence the following is a rot13 encoder and decoder that will |
2bbc8d55 |
1264 | work on ASCII and EBCDIC platforms: |
1e054b24 |
1265 | |
1266 | #!/usr/local/bin/perl |
1267 | |
84f709e7 |
1268 | while(<>){ |
1e054b24 |
1269 | tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/; |
1270 | print; |
1271 | } |
1272 | |
1273 | In one-liner form: |
1274 | |
84f709e7 |
1275 | perl -ne 'tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/;print' |
1e054b24 |
1276 | |
1277 | |
1278 | =head1 Hashing order and checksums |
1279 | |
395f5a0c |
1280 | To the extent that it is possible to write code that depends on |
1281 | hashing order there may be differences between hashes as stored |
2bbc8d55 |
1282 | on an ASCII based platform and hashes stored on an EBCDIC based platform. |
1e054b24 |
1283 | XXX |
1284 | |
d396a558 |
1285 | =head1 I18N AND L10N |
1286 | |
1287 | Internationalization(I18N) and localization(L10N) are supported at least |
2bbc8d55 |
1288 | in principle even on EBCDIC platforms. The details are system dependent |
d396a558 |
1289 | and discussed under the L<perlebcdic/OS ISSUES> section below. |
1290 | |
1291 | =head1 MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS |
1292 | |
395f5a0c |
1293 | Perl may work with an internal UTF-EBCDIC encoding form for wide characters |
1294 | on EBCDIC platforms in a manner analogous to the way that it works with |
1295 | the UTF-8 internal encoding form on ASCII based platforms. |
1296 | |
1297 | Legacy multi byte EBCDIC code pages XXX. |
d396a558 |
1298 | |
1299 | =head1 OS ISSUES |
1300 | |
1301 | There may be a few system dependent issues |
1302 | of concern to EBCDIC Perl programmers. |
1303 | |
522b859a |
1304 | =head2 OS/400 |
51b5cecb |
1305 | |
d396a558 |
1306 | =over 8 |
1307 | |
522b859a |
1308 | =item PASE |
1309 | |
1310 | The PASE environment is runtime environment for OS/400 that can run |
1311 | executables built for PowerPC AIX in OS/400, see L<perlos400>. PASE |
1312 | is ASCII-based, not EBCDIC-based as the ILE. |
1313 | |
d396a558 |
1314 | =item IFS access |
1315 | |
1316 | XXX. |
1317 | |
1318 | =back |
1319 | |
395f5a0c |
1320 | =head2 OS/390, z/OS |
d396a558 |
1321 | |
51b5cecb |
1322 | Perl runs under Unix Systems Services or USS. |
1323 | |
d396a558 |
1324 | =over 8 |
1325 | |
51b5cecb |
1326 | =item chcp |
1327 | |
1e054b24 |
1328 | B<chcp> is supported as a shell utility for displaying and changing |
1329 | one's code page. See also L<chcp>. |
51b5cecb |
1330 | |
d396a558 |
1331 | =item dataset access |
1332 | |
1333 | For sequential data set access try: |
1334 | |
1335 | my @ds_records = `cat //DSNAME`; |
1336 | |
1337 | or: |
1338 | |
1339 | my @ds_records = `cat //'HLQ.DSNAME'`; |
1340 | |
1341 | See also the OS390::Stdio module on CPAN. |
1342 | |
395f5a0c |
1343 | =item OS/390, z/OS iconv |
51b5cecb |
1344 | |
1e054b24 |
1345 | B<iconv> is supported as both a shell utility and a C RTL routine. |
1346 | See also the iconv(1) and iconv(3) manual pages. |
51b5cecb |
1347 | |
d396a558 |
1348 | =item locales |
1349 | |
395f5a0c |
1350 | On OS/390 or z/OS see L<locale> for information on locales. The L10N files |
1351 | are in F</usr/nls/locale>. $Config{d_setlocale} is 'define' on OS/390 |
1352 | or z/OS. |
d396a558 |
1353 | |
1354 | =back |
1355 | |
1356 | =head2 VM/ESA? |
1357 | |
1358 | XXX. |
1359 | |
1360 | =head2 POSIX-BC? |
1361 | |
1362 | XXX. |
1363 | |
51b5cecb |
1364 | =head1 BUGS |
1365 | |
1366 | This pod document contains literal Latin 1 characters and may encounter |
b1866b2d |
1367 | translation difficulties. In particular one popular nroff implementation |
51b5cecb |
1368 | was known to strip accented characters to their unaccented counterparts |
1369 | while attempting to view this document through the B<pod2man> program |
1370 | (for example, you may see a plain C<y> rather than one with a diaeresis |
3958b146 |
1371 | as in E<yuml>). Another nroff truncated the resultant manpage at |
395f5a0c |
1372 | the first occurrence of 8 bit characters. |
51b5cecb |
1373 | |
1374 | Not all shells will allow multiple C<-e> string arguments to perl to |
395f5a0c |
1375 | be concatenated together properly as recipes 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 might |
1376 | seem to imply. |
51b5cecb |
1377 | |
b3b6085d |
1378 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
1379 | |
395f5a0c |
1380 | L<perllocale>, L<perlfunc>, L<perlunicode>, L<utf8>. |
b3b6085d |
1381 | |
d396a558 |
1382 | =head1 REFERENCES |
1383 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1384 | L<http://anubis.dkuug.dk/i18n/charmaps> |
d396a558 |
1385 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1386 | L<http://www.unicode.org/> |
d396a558 |
1387 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1388 | L<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr16/> |
d396a558 |
1389 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1390 | L<http://www.wps.com/texts/codes/> |
51b5cecb |
1391 | B<ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration> Tom Jennings, |
1392 | September 1999. |
1393 | |
395f5a0c |
1394 | B<The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0> The Unicode Consortium, Lisa Moore ed., |
51b5cecb |
1395 | ISBN 0-201-61633-5, Addison Wesley Developers Press, February 2000. |
1396 | |
d396a558 |
1397 | B<CDRA: IBM - Character Data Representation Architecture - |
1398 | Reference and Registry>, IBM SC09-2190-00, December 1996. |
1399 | |
1400 | "Demystifying Character Sets", Andrea Vine, Multilingual Computing |
1401 | & Technology, B<#26 Vol. 10 Issue 4>, August/September 1999; |
1402 | ISSN 1523-0309; Multilingual Computing Inc. Sandpoint ID, USA. |
1403 | |
1e054b24 |
1404 | B<Codes, Ciphers, and Other Cryptic and Clandestine Communication> |
1405 | Fred B. Wrixon, ISBN 1-57912-040-7, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, |
1406 | 1998. |
1407 | |
2bbc8d55 |
1408 | L<http://www.bobbemer.com/P-BIT.HTM> |
395f5a0c |
1409 | B<IBM - EBCDIC and the P-bit; The biggest Computer Goof Ever> Robert Bemer. |
1410 | |
1411 | =head1 HISTORY |
1412 | |
1413 | 15 April 2001: added UTF-8 and UTF-EBCDIC to main table, pvhp. |
1414 | |
d396a558 |
1415 | =head1 AUTHOR |
1416 | |
b3b6085d |
1417 | Peter Prymmer pvhp@best.com wrote this in 1999 and 2000 |
d396a558 |
1418 | with CCSID 0819 and 0037 help from Chris Leach and |
b3b6085d |
1419 | AndrE<eacute> Pirard A.Pirard@ulg.ac.be as well as POSIX-BC |
1420 | help from Thomas Dorner Thomas.Dorner@start.de. |
1e054b24 |
1421 | Thanks also to Vickie Cooper, Philip Newton, William Raffloer, and |
1422 | Joe Smith. Trademarks, registered trademarks, service marks and |
1423 | registered service marks used in this document are the property of |
1424 | their respective owners. |
84f709e7 |
1425 | |
1426 | |