Commit | Line | Data |
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1 | =head1 NAME |
2 | |
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3 | perl - The Perl language interpreter |
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4 | |
5 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
6 | |
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7 | B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]> |
8 | S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]> |
9 | S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]> |
10 | S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]> |
11 | S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ] [ B<-f> ]> |
df451b2a |
12 | S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]> |
df451b2a |
13 | S<[ B<-S> ]> |
14 | S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]> |
15 | S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]> |
eb1dd64e |
16 | S<[ [B<-e>|B<-E>] I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...> |
c07a80fd |
17 | |
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18 | =head1 GETTING HELP |
19 | |
20 | The F<perldoc> program gives you access to all the documentation that comes |
21 | with Perl. You can get more documentation, tutorials and community support |
22 | online at L<http://www.perl.org/>. |
23 | |
24 | If you're new to Perl, you should start by running C<perldoc perlintro>, |
25 | which is a general intro for beginners and provides some background to help |
26 | you navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation. Run C<perldoc |
27 | perldoc> to learn more things you can do with F<perldoc>. |
10151d09 |
28 | |
29 | For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections. |
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30 | |
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31 | =head2 Overview |
32 | |
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33 | perl Perl overview (this section) |
10151d09 |
34 | perlintro Perl introduction for beginners |
fb9cefb4 |
35 | perltoc Perl documentation table of contents |
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36 | |
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37 | =head2 Tutorials |
38 | |
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39 | perlreftut Perl references short introduction |
40 | perldsc Perl data structures intro |
41 | perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays |
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42 | |
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43 | perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start |
7a2320f0 |
44 | perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial |
45 | |
46 | perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners |
47 | perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1 |
48 | perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2 |
49 | perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples |
50 | |
da096611 |
51 | perlperf Perl Performance and Optimization Techniques |
52 | |
7a2320f0 |
53 | perlstyle Perl style guide |
54 | |
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55 | perlcheat Perl cheat sheet |
7a2320f0 |
56 | perltrap Perl traps for the unwary |
57 | perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial |
58 | |
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59 | perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions |
60 | perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl |
61 | perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl |
62 | perlfaq3 Programming Tools |
63 | perlfaq4 Data Manipulation |
64 | perlfaq5 Files and Formats |
65 | perlfaq6 Regexes |
66 | perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues |
67 | perlfaq8 System Interaction |
68 | perlfaq9 Networking |
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69 | |
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70 | =head2 Reference Manual |
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71 | |
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72 | perlsyn Perl syntax |
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73 | perldata Perl data structures |
fb9cefb4 |
74 | perlop Perl operators and precedence |
c2e66d9e |
75 | perlsub Perl subroutines |
fd7b6849 |
76 | perlfunc Perl built-in functions |
413510b3 |
77 | perlopentut Perl open() tutorial |
41630250 |
78 | perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial |
c2e66d9e |
79 | perlpod Perl plain old documentation |
41630250 |
80 | perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification |
c2e66d9e |
81 | perlrun Perl execution and options |
82 | perldiag Perl diagnostic messages |
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83 | perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control |
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84 | perldebug Perl debugging |
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85 | perlvar Perl predefined variables |
4755096e |
86 | perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story |
8a118206 |
87 | perlrebackslash Perl regular expression backslash sequences |
88 | perlrecharclass Perl regular expression character classes |
30487ceb |
89 | perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference |
d396a558 |
90 | perlref Perl references, the rest of the story |
fb9cefb4 |
91 | perlform Perl formats |
d396a558 |
92 | perlobj Perl objects |
d396a558 |
93 | perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables |
fd7b6849 |
94 | perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters |
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95 | |
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96 | perlipc Perl interprocess communication |
97 | perlfork Perl fork() information |
98 | perlnumber Perl number semantics |
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99 | |
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100 | perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial |
101 | |
102 | perlport Perl portability guide |
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103 | perllocale Perl locale support |
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104 | perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction |
41630250 |
105 | perlunicode Perl Unicode support |
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106 | perlunifaq Perl Unicode FAQ |
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107 | perluniprops Index of Unicode Version 5.2.0 properties in Perl |
aadaa455 |
108 | perlunitut Perl Unicode tutorial |
d396a558 |
109 | perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms |
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110 | |
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111 | perlsec Perl security |
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112 | |
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113 | perlmod Perl modules: how they work |
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114 | perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use |
115 | perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style |
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116 | perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN |
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117 | perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution |
a550ee30 |
118 | perlpragma Perl modules: writing a user pragma |
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119 | |
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120 | perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution |
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121 | |
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122 | perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro |
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123 | |
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124 | perlfilter Perl source filters |
125 | |
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126 | perlglossary Perl Glossary |
127 | |
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128 | =head2 Internals and C Language Interface |
129 | |
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130 | perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application |
41630250 |
131 | perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips |
fb9cefb4 |
132 | perlxstut Perl XS tutorial |
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133 | perlxs Perl XS application programming interface |
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134 | perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions |
fb9cefb4 |
135 | perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions |
136 | perlcall Perl calling conventions from C |
15932acc |
137 | perlmroapi Perl method resolution plugin interface |
108003db |
138 | perlreapi Perl regular expression plugin interface |
b23a565d |
139 | perlreguts Perl regular expression engine internals |
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140 | |
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141 | perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated) |
142 | perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated) |
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143 | perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers |
4755096e |
144 | perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface |
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145 | |
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146 | perlhack Perl hackers guide |
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147 | perlpolicy Perl development policies |
00f54a07 |
148 | perlrepository Perl source repository |
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149 | |
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150 | =head2 Miscellaneous |
151 | |
152 | perlbook Perl book information |
cbd87e7e |
153 | perlcommunity Perl community information |
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154 | perltodo Perl things to do |
155 | |
2a551100 |
156 | perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format |
157 | |
fb9cefb4 |
158 | perlhist Perl history records |
d4438f94 |
159 | perl5130delta Perl changes in version 5.13.0 |
20d57231 |
160 | perl5120delta Perl changes in version 5.12.0 |
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161 | perldelta Perl changes since previous version |
655da5cf |
162 | perl5115delta Perl changes in version 5.11.5 |
3be84f1f |
163 | perl5114delta Perl changes in version 5.11.4 |
e06a4ec4 |
164 | perl5113delta Perl changes in version 5.11.3 |
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165 | perl5112delta Perl changes in version 5.11.2 |
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166 | perl5111delta Perl changes in version 5.11.1 |
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167 | perl5110delta Perl changes in version 5.11.0 |
7cdf958d |
168 | perl5101delta Perl changes in version 5.10.1 |
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169 | perl5100delta Perl changes in version 5.10.0 |
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170 | perl595delta Perl changes in version 5.9.5 |
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171 | perl594delta Perl changes in version 5.9.4 |
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172 | perl593delta Perl changes in version 5.9.3 |
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173 | perl592delta Perl changes in version 5.9.2 |
e0eb806d |
174 | perl591delta Perl changes in version 5.9.1 |
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175 | perl590delta Perl changes in version 5.9.0 |
fc5be808 |
176 | perl589delta Perl changes in version 5.8.9 |
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177 | perl588delta Perl changes in version 5.8.8 |
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178 | perl587delta Perl changes in version 5.8.7 |
e4bb216d |
179 | perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6 |
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180 | perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5 |
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181 | perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4 |
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182 | perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3 |
183 | perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2 |
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184 | perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1 |
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185 | perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0 |
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186 | perl573delta Perl changes in version 5.7.3 |
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187 | perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2 |
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188 | perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1 |
189 | perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0 |
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190 | perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1 |
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191 | perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6 |
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192 | perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005 |
193 | perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004 |
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194 | |
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195 | perlartistic Perl Artistic License |
196 | perlgpl GNU General Public License |
197 | |
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198 | =head2 Language-Specific |
199 | |
200 | perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN) |
201 | perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP) |
202 | perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR) |
203 | perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5) |
204 | |
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205 | =head2 Platform-Specific |
206 | |
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207 | perlaix Perl notes for AIX |
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208 | perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS |
209 | perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS |
210 | perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS |
dc5c060f |
211 | perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000 |
a1f19229 |
212 | perlce Perl notes for WinCE |
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213 | perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin |
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214 | perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX |
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215 | perldos Perl notes for DOS |
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216 | perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC |
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217 | perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD |
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218 | perlhaiku Perl notes for Haiku |
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219 | perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX |
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220 | perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd |
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221 | perlirix Perl notes for Irix |
991e8403 |
222 | perllinux Perl notes for Linux |
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223 | perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic) |
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224 | perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X |
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225 | perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX |
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226 | perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare |
b0846812 |
227 | perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD |
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228 | perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2 |
229 | perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390 |
522b859a |
230 | perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400 |
a83b6f46 |
231 | perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9 |
232 | perlqnx Perl notes for QNX |
2f08ed66 |
233 | perlriscos Perl notes for RISC OS |
d420ca49 |
234 | perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris |
27da23d5 |
235 | perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian |
772ff3b9 |
236 | perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64 |
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237 | perluts Perl notes for UTS |
cbe1151c |
238 | perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA |
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239 | perlvms Perl notes for VMS |
9a997319 |
240 | perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS |
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241 | perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows |
242 | |
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243 | |
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244 | On a Unix-like system, these documentation files will usually also be |
245 | available as manpages for use with the F<man> program. |
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246 | |
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247 | In general, if something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're |
248 | not sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It will |
249 | often point out exactly where the trouble is. |
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250 | |
251 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
252 | |
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253 | Perl officially stands for Practical Extraction and Report Language, |
254 | except when it doesn't. |
255 | |
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256 | Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary |
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257 | text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing |
258 | reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many |
259 | system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical |
260 | (easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny, |
94d58c47 |
261 | elegant, minimal). |
262 | |
aa689395 |
263 | Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best |
264 | features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with |
265 | those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language |
266 | historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even |
14218588 |
267 | BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C |
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268 | expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not |
269 | arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory, |
aa689395 |
270 | Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of |
0f31cffe |
271 | unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called |
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272 | "associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded |
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273 | performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to |
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274 | scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for |
aa689395 |
275 | scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm |
276 | files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs |
14218588 |
277 | through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid |
aa689395 |
278 | security holes. |
279 | |
280 | If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or |
281 | B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster, |
282 | and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for |
283 | you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk> |
284 | scripts into Perl scripts. |
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285 | |
286 | But wait, there's more... |
287 | |
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288 | Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete |
289 | rewrite that provides the following additional benefits: |
a0d0e21e |
290 | |
13a2d996 |
291 | =over 4 |
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292 | |
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293 | =item * |
294 | |
295 | modularity and reusability using innumerable modules |
a0d0e21e |
296 | |
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297 | Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>. |
a0d0e21e |
298 | |
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299 | =item * |
300 | |
301 | embeddable and extensible |
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302 | |
19799a22 |
303 | Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>, |
304 | L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>. |
a0d0e21e |
305 | |
551e1d92 |
306 | =item * |
307 | |
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308 | roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM |
309 | implementations) |
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310 | |
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311 | Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>. |
a0d0e21e |
312 | |
551e1d92 |
313 | =item * |
314 | |
315 | subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped |
a0d0e21e |
316 | |
19799a22 |
317 | Described in L<perlsub>. |
a0d0e21e |
318 | |
551e1d92 |
319 | =item * |
320 | |
321 | arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions |
a0d0e21e |
322 | |
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323 | Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>. |
a0d0e21e |
324 | |
551e1d92 |
325 | =item * |
326 | |
327 | object-oriented programming |
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328 | |
f6b3c421 |
329 | Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>, |
330 | and L<perlbot>. |
a0d0e21e |
331 | |
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332 | =item * |
333 | |
551e1d92 |
334 | support for light-weight processes (threads) |
a0d0e21e |
335 | |
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336 | Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>. |
a0d0e21e |
337 | |
551e1d92 |
338 | =item * |
339 | |
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340 | support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization |
a0d0e21e |
341 | |
63de3cb2 |
342 | Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>. |
a0d0e21e |
343 | |
551e1d92 |
344 | =item * |
345 | |
346 | lexical scoping |
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347 | |
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348 | Described in L<perlsub>. |
a0d0e21e |
349 | |
551e1d92 |
350 | =item * |
351 | |
352 | regular expression enhancements |
a0d0e21e |
353 | |
19799a22 |
354 | Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>. |
a0d0e21e |
355 | |
551e1d92 |
356 | =item * |
357 | |
358 | enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment, |
359 | with integrated editor support |
a0d0e21e |
360 | |
f6b3c421 |
361 | Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>. |
a0d0e21e |
362 | |
551e1d92 |
363 | =item * |
364 | |
365 | POSIX 1003.1 compliant library |
5f05dabc |
366 | |
19799a22 |
367 | Described in L<POSIX>. |
5f05dabc |
368 | |
a0d0e21e |
369 | =back |
370 | |
68dc0745 |
371 | Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype. |
a0d0e21e |
372 | |
8e465e4e |
373 | =head1 AVAILABILITY |
374 | |
14218588 |
375 | Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually |
055fd3a9 |
376 | all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms"> |
377 | for a listing. |
8bc4a6bb |
378 | |
a0d0e21e |
379 | =head1 ENVIRONMENT |
380 | |
1e422769 |
381 | See L<perlrun>. |
a0d0e21e |
382 | |
383 | =head1 AUTHOR |
384 | |
19799a22 |
385 | Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks. |
a0d0e21e |
386 | |
a99b1639 |
387 | If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others |
388 | who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications, |
389 | or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the |
19799a22 |
390 | Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org . |
a99b1639 |
391 | |
a0d0e21e |
392 | =head1 FILES |
393 | |
5f05dabc |
394 | "@INC" locations of perl libraries |
a0d0e21e |
395 | |
396 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
397 | |
398 | a2p awk to perl translator |
399 | s2p sed to perl translator |
400 | |
c5f69108 |
401 | http://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage |
da9e6348 |
402 | http://www.perl.com/ Perl articles (O'Reilly) |
f6b3c421 |
403 | http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive |
c5f69108 |
404 | http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers |
19799a22 |
405 | |
a0d0e21e |
406 | =head1 DIAGNOSTICS |
407 | |
9f1b1f2d |
408 | The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some |
409 | lovely diagnostics. |
a0d0e21e |
410 | |
5a964f20 |
411 | See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use |
412 | diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings |
413 | and errors into these longer forms. |
a0d0e21e |
414 | |
415 | Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an |
416 | indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined. |
14218588 |
417 | (In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each |
a0d0e21e |
418 | B<-e> is counted as one line.) |
419 | |
420 | Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error |
421 | messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>. |
422 | |
423 | Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w> |
424 | switch? |
425 | |
426 | =head1 BUGS |
427 | |
428 | The B<-w> switch is not mandatory. |
429 | |
430 | Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various |
1b3f7d21 |
431 | operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point |
432 | output with sprintf(). |
a0d0e21e |
433 | |
748a9306 |
434 | If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a |
a0d0e21e |
435 | particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread() |
436 | and syswrite().) |
437 | |
438 | While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits |
439 | (apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a |
a30ac152 |
440 | given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers |
441 | displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers, |
442 | so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being |
443 | affected by wraparound). |
a0d0e21e |
444 | |
b0607b7a |
445 | You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration |
19799a22 |
446 | information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source |
7f2de2d2 |
447 | tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded |
055fd3a9 |
448 | in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory |
19799a22 |
449 | can be used to help mail in a bug report. |
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450 | |
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451 | Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but |
452 | don't tell anyone I said that. |
453 | |
454 | =head1 NOTES |
455 | |
456 | The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining |
457 | how many more is left as an exercise to the reader. |
458 | |
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459 | The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness, |
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460 | Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why. |
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461 | |