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1 | ''' Beginning of part 4 |
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2 | ''' $Header: perl.man.4,v 3.0.1.4 89/12/21 20:12:39 lwall Locked $ |
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3 | ''' |
4 | ''' $Log: perl.man.4,v $ |
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5 | ''' Revision 3.0.1.4 89/12/21 20:12:39 lwall |
6 | ''' patch7: documented that package'filehandle works as well as $package'variable |
7 | ''' patch7: documented which identifiers are always in package main |
8 | ''' |
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9 | ''' Revision 3.0.1.3 89/11/17 15:32:25 lwall |
10 | ''' patch5: fixed some manual typos and indent problems |
11 | ''' patch5: clarified difference between $! and $@ |
12 | ''' |
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13 | ''' Revision 3.0.1.2 89/11/11 04:46:40 lwall |
14 | ''' patch2: made some line breaks depend on troff vs. nroff |
15 | ''' patch2: clarified operation of ^ and $ when $* is false |
16 | ''' |
03a14243 |
17 | ''' Revision 3.0.1.1 89/10/26 23:18:43 lwall |
18 | ''' patch1: documented the desirability of unnecessary parentheses |
19 | ''' |
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20 | ''' Revision 3.0 89/10/18 15:21:55 lwall |
21 | ''' 3.0 baseline |
22 | ''' |
23 | .Sh "Precedence" |
24 | .I Perl |
25 | operators have the following associativity and precedence: |
26 | .nf |
27 | |
28 | nonassoc\h'|1i'print printf exec system sort reverse |
29 | \h'1.5i'chmod chown kill unlink utime die return |
30 | left\h'|1i', |
31 | right\h'|1i'= += \-= *= etc. |
32 | right\h'|1i'?: |
33 | nonassoc\h'|1i'.\|. |
34 | left\h'|1i'|| |
35 | left\h'|1i'&& |
36 | left\h'|1i'| ^ |
37 | left\h'|1i'& |
38 | nonassoc\h'|1i'== != eq ne |
39 | nonassoc\h'|1i'< > <= >= lt gt le ge |
40 | nonassoc\h'|1i'chdir exit eval reset sleep rand umask |
41 | nonassoc\h'|1i'\-r \-w \-x etc. |
42 | left\h'|1i'<< >> |
43 | left\h'|1i'+ \- . |
44 | left\h'|1i'* / % x |
45 | left\h'|1i'=~ !~ |
46 | right\h'|1i'! ~ and unary minus |
47 | right\h'|1i'** |
48 | nonassoc\h'|1i'++ \-\|\- |
49 | left\h'|1i'\*(L'(\*(R' |
50 | |
51 | .fi |
52 | As mentioned earlier, if any list operator (print, etc.) or |
53 | any unary operator (chdir, etc.) |
54 | is followed by a left parenthesis as the next token on the same line, |
55 | the operator and arguments within parentheses are taken to |
56 | be of highest precedence, just like a normal function call. |
57 | Examples: |
58 | .nf |
59 | |
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60 | chdir $foo || die;\h'|3i'# (chdir $foo) || die |
61 | chdir($foo) || die;\h'|3i'# (chdir $foo) || die |
62 | chdir ($foo) || die;\h'|3i'# (chdir $foo) || die |
63 | chdir +($foo) || die;\h'|3i'# (chdir $foo) || die |
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64 | |
65 | but, because * is higher precedence than ||: |
66 | |
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67 | chdir $foo * 20;\h'|3i'# chdir ($foo * 20) |
68 | chdir($foo) * 20;\h'|3i'# (chdir $foo) * 20 |
69 | chdir ($foo) * 20;\h'|3i'# (chdir $foo) * 20 |
70 | chdir +($foo) * 20;\h'|3i'# chdir ($foo * 20) |
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71 | |
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72 | rand 10 * 20;\h'|3i'# rand (10 * 20) |
73 | rand(10) * 20;\h'|3i'# (rand 10) * 20 |
74 | rand (10) * 20;\h'|3i'# (rand 10) * 20 |
75 | rand +(10) * 20;\h'|3i'# rand (10 * 20) |
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76 | |
77 | .fi |
78 | In the absence of parentheses, |
79 | the precedence of list operators such as print, sort or chmod is |
80 | either very high or very low depending on whether you look at the left |
81 | side of operator or the right side of it. |
82 | For example, in |
83 | .nf |
84 | |
85 | @ary = (1, 3, sort 4, 2); |
86 | print @ary; # prints 1324 |
87 | |
88 | .fi |
89 | the commas on the right of the sort are evaluated before the sort, but |
90 | the commas on the left are evaluated after. |
91 | In other words, list operators tend to gobble up all the arguments that |
92 | follow them, and then act like a simple term with regard to the preceding |
93 | expression. |
94 | Note that you have to be careful with parens: |
95 | .nf |
96 | |
97 | .ne 3 |
98 | # These evaluate exit before doing the print: |
99 | print($foo, exit); # Obviously not what you want. |
100 | print $foo, exit; # Nor is this. |
101 | |
102 | .ne 4 |
103 | # These do the print before evaluating exit: |
104 | (print $foo), exit; # This is what you want. |
105 | print($foo), exit; # Or this. |
106 | print ($foo), exit; # Or even this. |
107 | |
108 | Also note that |
109 | |
110 | print ($foo & 255) + 1, "\en"; |
111 | |
112 | .fi |
113 | probably doesn't do what you expect at first glance. |
114 | .Sh "Subroutines" |
115 | A subroutine may be declared as follows: |
116 | .nf |
117 | |
118 | sub NAME BLOCK |
119 | |
120 | .fi |
121 | .PP |
122 | Any arguments passed to the routine come in as array @_, |
123 | that is ($_[0], $_[1], .\|.\|.). |
124 | The array @_ is a local array, but its values are references to the |
125 | actual scalar parameters. |
126 | The return value of the subroutine is the value of the last expression |
127 | evaluated, and can be either an array value or a scalar value. |
128 | Alternately, a return statement may be used to specify the returned value and |
129 | exit the subroutine. |
130 | To create local variables see the |
131 | .I local |
132 | operator. |
133 | .PP |
134 | A subroutine is called using the |
135 | .I do |
136 | operator or the & operator. |
137 | .nf |
138 | |
139 | .ne 12 |
140 | Example: |
141 | |
142 | sub MAX { |
143 | local($max) = pop(@_); |
144 | foreach $foo (@_) { |
145 | $max = $foo \|if \|$max < $foo; |
146 | } |
147 | $max; |
148 | } |
149 | |
150 | .\|.\|. |
151 | $bestday = &MAX($mon,$tue,$wed,$thu,$fri); |
152 | |
153 | .ne 21 |
154 | Example: |
155 | |
156 | # get a line, combining continuation lines |
157 | # that start with whitespace |
158 | sub get_line { |
159 | $thisline = $lookahead; |
160 | line: while ($lookahead = <STDIN>) { |
161 | if ($lookahead \|=~ \|/\|^[ \^\e\|t]\|/\|) { |
162 | $thisline \|.= \|$lookahead; |
163 | } |
164 | else { |
165 | last line; |
166 | } |
167 | } |
168 | $thisline; |
169 | } |
170 | |
171 | $lookahead = <STDIN>; # get first line |
172 | while ($_ = do get_line(\|)) { |
173 | .\|.\|. |
174 | } |
175 | |
176 | .fi |
177 | .nf |
178 | .ne 6 |
179 | Use array assignment to a local list to name your formal arguments: |
180 | |
181 | sub maybeset { |
182 | local($key, $value) = @_; |
183 | $foo{$key} = $value unless $foo{$key}; |
184 | } |
185 | |
186 | .fi |
187 | This also has the effect of turning call-by-reference into call-by-value, |
188 | since the assignment copies the values. |
189 | .Sp |
190 | Subroutines may be called recursively. |
191 | If a subroutine is called using the & form, the argument list is optional. |
192 | If omitted, no @_ array is set up for the subroutine; the @_ array at the |
193 | time of the call is visible to subroutine instead. |
194 | .nf |
195 | |
196 | do foo(1,2,3); # pass three arguments |
197 | &foo(1,2,3); # the same |
198 | |
199 | do foo(); # pass a null list |
200 | &foo(); # the same |
201 | &foo; # pass no arguments--more efficient |
202 | |
203 | .fi |
204 | .Sh "Passing By Reference" |
205 | Sometimes you don't want to pass the value of an array to a subroutine but |
206 | rather the name of it, so that the subroutine can modify the global copy |
207 | of it rather than working with a local copy. |
208 | In perl you can refer to all the objects of a particular name by prefixing |
209 | the name with a star: *foo. |
210 | When evaluated, it produces a scalar value that represents all the objects |
211 | of that name. |
212 | When assigned to within a local() operation, it causes the name mentioned |
213 | to refer to whatever * value was assigned to it. |
214 | Example: |
215 | .nf |
216 | |
217 | sub doubleary { |
218 | local(*someary) = @_; |
219 | foreach $elem (@someary) { |
220 | $elem *= 2; |
221 | } |
222 | } |
223 | do doubleary(*foo); |
224 | do doubleary(*bar); |
225 | |
226 | .fi |
227 | Assignment to *name is currently recommended only inside a local(). |
228 | You can actually assign to *name anywhere, but the previous referent of |
229 | *name may be stranded forever. |
230 | This may or may not bother you. |
231 | .Sp |
232 | Note that scalars are already passed by reference, so you can modify scalar |
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233 | arguments without using this mechanism by referring explicitly to the $_[nnn] |
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234 | in question. |
235 | You can modify all the elements of an array by passing all the elements |
236 | as scalars, but you have to use the * mechanism to push, pop or change the |
237 | size of an array. |
238 | The * mechanism will probably be more efficient in any case. |
239 | .Sp |
240 | Since a *name value contains unprintable binary data, if it is used as |
241 | an argument in a print, or as a %s argument in a printf or sprintf, it |
242 | then has the value '*name', just so it prints out pretty. |
243 | .Sh "Regular Expressions" |
244 | The patterns used in pattern matching are regular expressions such as |
245 | those supplied in the Version 8 regexp routines. |
246 | (In fact, the routines are derived from Henry Spencer's freely redistributable |
247 | reimplementation of the V8 routines.) |
248 | In addition, \ew matches an alphanumeric character (including \*(L"_\*(R") and \eW a nonalphanumeric. |
249 | Word boundaries may be matched by \eb, and non-boundaries by \eB. |
250 | A whitespace character is matched by \es, non-whitespace by \eS. |
251 | A numeric character is matched by \ed, non-numeric by \eD. |
252 | You may use \ew, \es and \ed within character classes. |
253 | Also, \en, \er, \ef, \et and \eNNN have their normal interpretations. |
254 | Within character classes \eb represents backspace rather than a word boundary. |
255 | Alternatives may be separated by |. |
256 | The bracketing construct \|(\ .\|.\|.\ \|) may also be used, in which case \e<digit> |
257 | matches the digit'th substring, where digit can range from 1 to 9. |
258 | (Outside of the pattern, always use $ instead of \e in front of the digit. |
259 | The scope of $<digit> (and $\`, $& and $\') |
260 | extends to the end of the enclosing BLOCK or eval string, or to |
261 | the next pattern match with subexpressions. |
262 | The \e<digit> notation sometimes works outside the current pattern, but should |
263 | not be relied upon.) |
264 | $+ returns whatever the last bracket match matched. |
265 | $& returns the entire matched string. |
266 | ($0 normally returns the same thing, but don't depend on it.) |
267 | $\` returns everything before the matched string. |
268 | $\' returns everything after the matched string. |
269 | Examples: |
270 | .nf |
271 | |
272 | s/\|^\|([^ \|]*\|) \|*([^ \|]*\|)\|/\|$2 $1\|/; # swap first two words |
273 | |
274 | .ne 5 |
275 | if (/\|Time: \|(.\|.\|):\|(.\|.\|):\|(.\|.\|)\|/\|) { |
276 | $hours = $1; |
277 | $minutes = $2; |
278 | $seconds = $3; |
279 | } |
280 | |
281 | .fi |
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282 | By default, the ^ character is only guaranteed to match at the beginning |
283 | of the string, |
284 | the $ character only at the end (or before the newline at the end) |
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285 | and |
286 | .I perl |
287 | does certain optimizations with the assumption that the string contains |
288 | only one line. |
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289 | The behavior of ^ and $ on embedded newlines will be inconsistent. |
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290 | You may, however, wish to treat a string as a multi-line buffer, such that |
291 | the ^ will match after any newline within the string, and $ will match |
292 | before any newline. |
293 | At the cost of a little more overhead, you can do this by setting the variable |
294 | $* to 1. |
295 | Setting it back to 0 makes |
296 | .I perl |
297 | revert to its old behavior. |
298 | .PP |
299 | To facilitate multi-line substitutions, the . character never matches a newline |
300 | (even when $* is 0). |
301 | In particular, the following leaves a newline on the $_ string: |
302 | .nf |
303 | |
304 | $_ = <STDIN>; |
305 | s/.*(some_string).*/$1/; |
306 | |
307 | If the newline is unwanted, try one of |
308 | |
309 | s/.*(some_string).*\en/$1/; |
310 | s/.*(some_string)[^\e000]*/$1/; |
311 | s/.*(some_string)(.|\en)*/$1/; |
312 | chop; s/.*(some_string).*/$1/; |
313 | /(some_string)/ && ($_ = $1); |
314 | |
315 | .fi |
316 | Any item of a regular expression may be followed with digits in curly brackets |
317 | of the form {n,m}, where n gives the minimum number of times to match the item |
318 | and m gives the maximum. |
319 | The form {n} is equivalent to {n,n} and matches exactly n times. |
320 | The form {n,} matches n or more times. |
321 | (If a curly bracket occurs in any other context, it is treated as a regular |
322 | character.) |
323 | The * modifier is equivalent to {0,}, the + modifier to {1,} and the ? modifier |
324 | to {0,1}. |
325 | There is no limit to the size of n or m, but large numbers will chew up |
326 | more memory. |
327 | .Sp |
328 | You will note that all backslashed metacharacters in |
329 | .I perl |
330 | are alphanumeric, |
331 | such as \eb, \ew, \en. |
332 | Unlike some other regular expression languages, there are no backslashed |
333 | symbols that aren't alphanumeric. |
334 | So anything that looks like \e\e, \e(, \e), \e<, \e>, \e{, or \e} is always |
335 | interpreted as a literal character, not a metacharacter. |
336 | This makes it simple to quote a string that you want to use for a pattern |
337 | but that you are afraid might contain metacharacters. |
338 | Simply quote all the non-alphanumeric characters: |
339 | .nf |
340 | |
341 | $pattern =~ s/(\eW)/\e\e$1/g; |
342 | |
343 | .fi |
344 | .Sh "Formats" |
345 | Output record formats for use with the |
346 | .I write |
347 | operator may declared as follows: |
348 | .nf |
349 | |
350 | .ne 3 |
351 | format NAME = |
352 | FORMLIST |
353 | . |
354 | |
355 | .fi |
356 | If name is omitted, format \*(L"STDOUT\*(R" is defined. |
357 | FORMLIST consists of a sequence of lines, each of which may be of one of three |
358 | types: |
359 | .Ip 1. 4 |
360 | A comment. |
361 | .Ip 2. 4 |
362 | A \*(L"picture\*(R" line giving the format for one output line. |
363 | .Ip 3. 4 |
364 | An argument line supplying values to plug into a picture line. |
365 | .PP |
366 | Picture lines are printed exactly as they look, except for certain fields |
367 | that substitute values into the line. |
368 | Each picture field starts with either @ or ^. |
369 | The @ field (not to be confused with the array marker @) is the normal |
370 | case; ^ fields are used |
371 | to do rudimentary multi-line text block filling. |
372 | The length of the field is supplied by padding out the field |
373 | with multiple <, >, or | characters to specify, respectively, left justification, |
374 | right justification, or centering. |
375 | If any of the values supplied for these fields contains a newline, only |
376 | the text up to the newline is printed. |
377 | The special field @* can be used for printing multi-line values. |
378 | It should appear by itself on a line. |
379 | .PP |
380 | The values are specified on the following line, in the same order as |
381 | the picture fields. |
382 | The values should be separated by commas. |
383 | .PP |
384 | Picture fields that begin with ^ rather than @ are treated specially. |
385 | The value supplied must be a scalar variable name which contains a text |
386 | string. |
387 | .I Perl |
388 | puts as much text as it can into the field, and then chops off the front |
389 | of the string so that the next time the variable is referenced, |
390 | more of the text can be printed. |
391 | Normally you would use a sequence of fields in a vertical stack to print |
392 | out a block of text. |
393 | If you like, you can end the final field with .\|.\|., which will appear in the |
394 | output if the text was too long to appear in its entirety. |
395 | You can change which characters are legal to break on by changing the |
396 | variable $: to a list of the desired characters. |
397 | .PP |
398 | Since use of ^ fields can produce variable length records if the text to be |
399 | formatted is short, you can suppress blank lines by putting the tilde (~) |
400 | character anywhere in the line. |
401 | (Normally you should put it in the front if possible, for visibility.) |
402 | The tilde will be translated to a space upon output. |
403 | If you put a second tilde contiguous to the first, the line will be repeated |
404 | until all the fields on the line are exhausted. |
405 | (If you use a field of the @ variety, the expression you supply had better |
406 | not give the same value every time forever!) |
407 | .PP |
408 | Examples: |
409 | .nf |
410 | .lg 0 |
411 | .cs R 25 |
412 | .ft C |
413 | |
414 | .ne 10 |
415 | # a report on the /etc/passwd file |
416 | format top = |
417 | \& Passwd File |
418 | Name Login Office Uid Gid Home |
419 | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
420 | \&. |
421 | format STDOUT = |
422 | @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||||||| @<<<<<<@>>>> @>>>> @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
423 | $name, $login, $office,$uid,$gid, $home |
424 | \&. |
425 | |
426 | .ne 29 |
427 | # a report from a bug report form |
428 | format top = |
429 | \& Bug Reports |
430 | @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< @||| @>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |
431 | $system, $%, $date |
432 | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
433 | \&. |
434 | format STDOUT = |
435 | Subject: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
436 | \& $subject |
437 | Index: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
438 | \& $index, $description |
439 | Priority: @<<<<<<<<<< Date: @<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
440 | \& $priority, $date, $description |
441 | From: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
442 | \& $from, $description |
443 | Assigned to: @<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
444 | \& $programmer, $description |
445 | \&~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
446 | \& $description |
447 | \&~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
448 | \& $description |
449 | \&~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
450 | \& $description |
451 | \&~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< |
452 | \& $description |
453 | \&~ ^<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<... |
454 | \& $description |
455 | \&. |
456 | |
457 | .ft R |
458 | .cs R |
459 | .lg |
460 | .fi |
461 | It is possible to intermix prints with writes on the same output channel, |
462 | but you'll have to handle $\- (lines left on the page) yourself. |
463 | .PP |
464 | If you are printing lots of fields that are usually blank, you should consider |
465 | using the reset operator between records. |
466 | Not only is it more efficient, but it can prevent the bug of adding another |
467 | field and forgetting to zero it. |
468 | .Sh "Interprocess Communication" |
469 | The IPC facilities of perl are built on the Berkeley socket mechanism. |
470 | If you don't have sockets, you can ignore this section. |
471 | The calls have the same names as the corresponding system calls, |
472 | but the arguments tend to differ, for two reasons. |
473 | First, perl file handles work differently than C file descriptors. |
474 | Second, perl already knows the length of its strings, so you don't need |
475 | to pass that information. |
476 | Here is a sample client (untested): |
477 | .nf |
478 | |
479 | ($them,$port) = @ARGV; |
480 | $port = 2345 unless $port; |
481 | $them = 'localhost' unless $them; |
482 | |
483 | $SIG{'INT'} = 'dokill'; |
484 | sub dokill { kill 9,$child if $child; } |
485 | |
486 | do 'sys/socket.h' || die "Can't do sys/socket.h: $@"; |
487 | |
488 | $sockaddr = 'S n a4 x8'; |
489 | chop($hostname = `hostname`); |
490 | |
491 | ($name, $aliases, $proto) = getprotobyname('tcp'); |
492 | ($name, $aliases, $port) = getservbyname($port, 'tcp') |
493 | unless $port =~ /^\ed+$/;; |
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494 | .ie t \{\ |
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495 | ($name, $aliases, $type, $len, $thisaddr) = gethostbyname($hostname); |
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496 | 'br\} |
497 | .el \{\ |
498 | ($name, $aliases, $type, $len, $thisaddr) = |
499 | gethostbyname($hostname); |
500 | 'br\} |
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501 | ($name, $aliases, $type, $len, $thataddr) = gethostbyname($them); |
502 | |
503 | $this = pack($sockaddr, &AF_INET, 0, $thisaddr); |
504 | $that = pack($sockaddr, &AF_INET, $port, $thataddr); |
505 | |
506 | socket(S, &PF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, $proto) || die "socket: $!"; |
507 | bind(S, $this) || die "bind: $!"; |
508 | connect(S, $that) || die "connect: $!"; |
509 | |
510 | select(S); $| = 1; select(stdout); |
511 | |
512 | if ($child = fork) { |
513 | while (<>) { |
514 | print S; |
515 | } |
516 | sleep 3; |
517 | do dokill(); |
518 | } |
519 | else { |
520 | while (<S>) { |
521 | print; |
522 | } |
523 | } |
524 | |
525 | .fi |
526 | And here's a server: |
527 | .nf |
528 | |
529 | ($port) = @ARGV; |
530 | $port = 2345 unless $port; |
531 | |
532 | do 'sys/socket.h' || die "Can't do sys/socket.h: $@"; |
533 | |
534 | $sockaddr = 'S n a4 x8'; |
535 | |
536 | ($name, $aliases, $proto) = getprotobyname('tcp'); |
537 | ($name, $aliases, $port) = getservbyname($port, 'tcp') |
538 | unless $port =~ /^\ed+$/;; |
539 | |
540 | $this = pack($sockaddr, &AF_INET, $port, "\e0\e0\e0\e0"); |
541 | |
542 | select(NS); $| = 1; select(stdout); |
543 | |
544 | socket(S, &PF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, $proto) || die "socket: $!"; |
545 | bind(S, $this) || die "bind: $!"; |
546 | listen(S, 5) || die "connect: $!"; |
547 | |
548 | select(S); $| = 1; select(stdout); |
549 | |
550 | for (;;) { |
551 | print "Listening again\en"; |
552 | ($addr = accept(NS,S)) || die $!; |
553 | print "accept ok\en"; |
554 | |
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555 | ($af,$port,$inetaddr) = unpack($sockaddr,$addr); |
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556 | @inetaddr = unpack('C4',$inetaddr); |
557 | print "$af $port @inetaddr\en"; |
558 | |
559 | while (<NS>) { |
560 | print; |
561 | print NS; |
562 | } |
563 | } |
564 | |
565 | .fi |
566 | .Sh "Predefined Names" |
567 | The following names have special meaning to |
568 | .IR perl . |
569 | I could have used alphabetic symbols for some of these, but I didn't want |
570 | to take the chance that someone would say reset \*(L"a\-zA\-Z\*(R" and wipe them all |
571 | out. |
572 | You'll just have to suffer along with these silly symbols. |
573 | Most of them have reasonable mnemonics, or analogues in one of the shells. |
574 | .Ip $_ 8 |
575 | The default input and pattern-searching space. |
576 | The following pairs are equivalent: |
577 | .nf |
578 | |
579 | .ne 2 |
580 | while (<>) {\|.\|.\|. # only equivalent in while! |
581 | while ($_ = <>) {\|.\|.\|. |
582 | |
583 | .ne 2 |
584 | /\|^Subject:/ |
585 | $_ \|=~ \|/\|^Subject:/ |
586 | |
587 | .ne 2 |
588 | y/a\-z/A\-Z/ |
589 | $_ =~ y/a\-z/A\-Z/ |
590 | |
591 | .ne 2 |
592 | chop |
593 | chop($_) |
594 | |
595 | .fi |
596 | (Mnemonic: underline is understood in certain operations.) |
597 | .Ip $. 8 |
598 | The current input line number of the last filehandle that was read. |
599 | Readonly. |
600 | Remember that only an explicit close on the filehandle resets the line number. |
601 | Since <> never does an explicit close, line numbers increase across ARGV files |
602 | (but see examples under eof). |
603 | (Mnemonic: many programs use . to mean the current line number.) |
604 | .Ip $/ 8 |
605 | The input record separator, newline by default. |
606 | Works like |
607 | .IR awk 's |
608 | RS variable, including treating blank lines as delimiters |
609 | if set to the null string. |
610 | If set to a value longer than one character, only the first character is used. |
611 | (Mnemonic: / is used to delimit line boundaries when quoting poetry.) |
612 | .Ip $, 8 |
613 | The output field separator for the print operator. |
614 | Ordinarily the print operator simply prints out the comma separated fields |
615 | you specify. |
616 | In order to get behavior more like |
617 | .IR awk , |
618 | set this variable as you would set |
619 | .IR awk 's |
620 | OFS variable to specify what is printed between fields. |
621 | (Mnemonic: what is printed when there is a , in your print statement.) |
622 | .Ip $"" 8 |
623 | This is like $, except that it applies to array values interpolated into |
624 | a double-quoted string (or similar interpreted string). |
625 | Default is a space. |
626 | (Mnemonic: obvious, I think.) |
627 | .Ip $\e 8 |
628 | The output record separator for the print operator. |
629 | Ordinarily the print operator simply prints out the comma separated fields |
630 | you specify, with no trailing newline or record separator assumed. |
631 | In order to get behavior more like |
632 | .IR awk , |
633 | set this variable as you would set |
634 | .IR awk 's |
635 | ORS variable to specify what is printed at the end of the print. |
636 | (Mnemonic: you set $\e instead of adding \en at the end of the print. |
637 | Also, it's just like /, but it's what you get \*(L"back\*(R" from |
638 | .IR perl .) |
639 | .Ip $# 8 |
640 | The output format for printed numbers. |
641 | This variable is a half-hearted attempt to emulate |
642 | .IR awk 's |
643 | OFMT variable. |
644 | There are times, however, when |
645 | .I awk |
646 | and |
647 | .I perl |
648 | have differing notions of what |
649 | is in fact numeric. |
650 | Also, the initial value is %.20g rather than %.6g, so you need to set $# |
651 | explicitly to get |
652 | .IR awk 's |
653 | value. |
654 | (Mnemonic: # is the number sign.) |
655 | .Ip $% 8 |
656 | The current page number of the currently selected output channel. |
657 | (Mnemonic: % is page number in nroff.) |
658 | .Ip $= 8 |
659 | The current page length (printable lines) of the currently selected output |
660 | channel. |
661 | Default is 60. |
662 | (Mnemonic: = has horizontal lines.) |
663 | .Ip $\- 8 |
664 | The number of lines left on the page of the currently selected output channel. |
665 | (Mnemonic: lines_on_page \- lines_printed.) |
666 | .Ip $~ 8 |
667 | The name of the current report format for the currently selected output |
668 | channel. |
669 | (Mnemonic: brother to $^.) |
670 | .Ip $^ 8 |
671 | The name of the current top-of-page format for the currently selected output |
672 | channel. |
673 | (Mnemonic: points to top of page.) |
674 | .Ip $| 8 |
675 | If set to nonzero, forces a flush after every write or print on the currently |
676 | selected output channel. |
677 | Default is 0. |
678 | Note that |
679 | .I STDOUT |
680 | will typically be line buffered if output is to the |
681 | terminal and block buffered otherwise. |
682 | Setting this variable is useful primarily when you are outputting to a pipe, |
683 | such as when you are running a |
684 | .I perl |
685 | script under rsh and want to see the |
686 | output as it's happening. |
687 | (Mnemonic: when you want your pipes to be piping hot.) |
688 | .Ip $$ 8 |
689 | The process number of the |
690 | .I perl |
691 | running this script. |
692 | (Mnemonic: same as shells.) |
693 | .Ip $? 8 |
694 | The status returned by the last pipe close, backtick (\`\`) command or |
695 | .I system |
696 | operator. |
697 | Note that this is the status word returned by the wait() system |
698 | call, so the exit value of the subprocess is actually ($? >> 8). |
699 | $? & 255 gives which signal, if any, the process died from, and whether |
700 | there was a core dump. |
701 | (Mnemonic: similar to sh and ksh.) |
702 | .Ip $& 8 4 |
703 | The string matched by the last pattern match (not counting any matches hidden |
704 | within a BLOCK or eval enclosed by the current BLOCK). |
705 | (Mnemonic: like & in some editors.) |
706 | .Ip $\` 8 4 |
707 | The string preceding whatever was matched by the last pattern match |
708 | (not counting any matches hidden within a BLOCK or eval enclosed by the current |
709 | BLOCK). |
710 | (Mnemonic: \` often precedes a quoted string.) |
711 | .Ip $\' 8 4 |
712 | The string following whatever was matched by the last pattern match |
713 | (not counting any matches hidden within a BLOCK or eval enclosed by the current |
714 | BLOCK). |
715 | (Mnemonic: \' often follows a quoted string.) |
716 | Example: |
717 | .nf |
718 | |
719 | .ne 3 |
720 | $_ = \'abcdefghi\'; |
721 | /def/; |
722 | print "$\`:$&:$\'\en"; # prints abc:def:ghi |
723 | |
724 | .fi |
725 | .Ip $+ 8 4 |
726 | The last bracket matched by the last search pattern. |
727 | This is useful if you don't know which of a set of alternative patterns |
728 | matched. |
729 | For example: |
730 | .nf |
731 | |
732 | /Version: \|(.*\|)|Revision: \|(.*\|)\|/ \|&& \|($rev = $+); |
733 | |
734 | .fi |
735 | (Mnemonic: be positive and forward looking.) |
736 | .Ip $* 8 2 |
737 | Set to 1 to do multiline matching within a string, 0 to tell |
738 | .I perl |
739 | that it can assume that strings contain a single line, for the purpose |
740 | of optimizing pattern matches. |
741 | Pattern matches on strings containing multiple newlines can produce confusing |
742 | results when $* is 0. |
743 | Default is 0. |
744 | (Mnemonic: * matches multiple things.) |
745 | .Ip $0 8 |
746 | Contains the name of the file containing the |
747 | .I perl |
748 | script being executed. |
749 | The value should be copied elsewhere before any pattern matching happens, which |
750 | clobbers $0. |
751 | (Mnemonic: same as sh and ksh.) |
752 | .Ip $<digit> 8 |
753 | Contains the subpattern from the corresponding set of parentheses in the last |
754 | pattern matched, not counting patterns matched in nested blocks that have |
755 | been exited already. |
756 | (Mnemonic: like \edigit.) |
757 | .Ip $[ 8 2 |
758 | The index of the first element in an array, and of the first character in |
759 | a substring. |
760 | Default is 0, but you could set it to 1 to make |
761 | .I perl |
762 | behave more like |
763 | .I awk |
764 | (or Fortran) |
765 | when subscripting and when evaluating the index() and substr() functions. |
766 | (Mnemonic: [ begins subscripts.) |
767 | .Ip $] 8 2 |
768 | The string printed out when you say \*(L"perl -v\*(R". |
769 | It can be used to determine at the beginning of a script whether the perl |
770 | interpreter executing the script is in the right range of versions. |
771 | Example: |
772 | .nf |
773 | |
774 | .ne 5 |
775 | # see if getc is available |
776 | ($version,$patchlevel) = |
777 | $] =~ /(\ed+\e.\ed+).*\enPatch level: (\ed+)/; |
778 | print STDERR "(No filename completion available.)\en" |
779 | if $version * 1000 + $patchlevel < 2016; |
780 | |
781 | .fi |
782 | (Mnemonic: Is this version of perl in the right bracket?) |
783 | .Ip $; 8 2 |
784 | The subscript separator for multi-dimensional array emulation. |
785 | If you refer to an associative array element as |
786 | .nf |
787 | $foo{$a,$b,$c} |
788 | |
789 | it really means |
790 | |
791 | $foo{join($;, $a, $b, $c)} |
792 | |
793 | But don't put |
794 | |
795 | @foo{$a,$b,$c} # a slice--note the @ |
796 | |
797 | which means |
798 | |
799 | ($foo{$a},$foo{$b},$foo{$c}) |
800 | |
801 | .fi |
802 | Default is "\e034", the same as SUBSEP in |
803 | .IR awk . |
804 | Note that if your keys contain binary data there might not be any safe |
805 | value for $;. |
806 | (Mnemonic: comma (the syntactic subscript separator) is a semi-semicolon. |
807 | Yeah, I know, it's pretty lame, but $, is already taken for something more |
808 | important.) |
809 | .Ip $! 8 2 |
810 | If used in a numeric context, yields the current value of errno, with all the |
811 | usual caveats. |
ffed7fef |
812 | (This means that you shouldn't depend on the value of $! to be anything |
813 | in particular unless you've gotten a specific error return indicating a |
814 | system error.) |
a687059c |
815 | If used in a string context, yields the corresponding system error string. |
816 | You can assign to $! in order to set errno |
817 | if, for instance, you want $! to return the string for error n, or you want |
818 | to set the exit value for the die operator. |
819 | (Mnemonic: What just went bang?) |
820 | .Ip $@ 8 2 |
ffed7fef |
821 | The perl syntax error message from the last eval command. |
822 | If null, the last eval parsed and executed correctly (although the operations |
823 | you invoked may have failed in the normal fashion). |
a687059c |
824 | (Mnemonic: Where was the syntax error \*(L"at\*(R"?) |
825 | .Ip $< 8 2 |
826 | The real uid of this process. |
827 | (Mnemonic: it's the uid you came FROM, if you're running setuid.) |
828 | .Ip $> 8 2 |
829 | The effective uid of this process. |
830 | Example: |
831 | .nf |
832 | |
833 | .ne 2 |
834 | $< = $>; # set real uid to the effective uid |
835 | ($<,$>) = ($>,$<); # swap real and effective uid |
836 | |
837 | .fi |
838 | (Mnemonic: it's the uid you went TO, if you're running setuid.) |
839 | Note: $< and $> can only be swapped on machines supporting setreuid(). |
840 | .Ip $( 8 2 |
841 | The real gid of this process. |
842 | If you are on a machine that supports membership in multiple groups |
843 | simultaneously, gives a space separated list of groups you are in. |
844 | The first number is the one returned by getgid(), and the subsequent ones |
845 | by getgroups(), one of which may be the same as the first number. |
846 | (Mnemonic: parentheses are used to GROUP things. |
847 | The real gid is the group you LEFT, if you're running setgid.) |
848 | .Ip $) 8 2 |
849 | The effective gid of this process. |
850 | If you are on a machine that supports membership in multiple groups |
851 | simultaneously, gives a space separated list of groups you are in. |
852 | The first number is the one returned by getegid(), and the subsequent ones |
853 | by getgroups(), one of which may be the same as the first number. |
854 | (Mnemonic: parentheses are used to GROUP things. |
855 | The effective gid is the group that's RIGHT for you, if you're running setgid.) |
856 | .Sp |
857 | Note: $<, $>, $( and $) can only be set on machines that support the |
858 | corresponding set[re][ug]id() routine. |
859 | $( and $) can only be swapped on machines supporting setregid(). |
860 | .Ip $: 8 2 |
861 | The current set of characters after which a string may be broken to |
862 | fill continuation fields (starting with ^) in a format. |
863 | Default is "\ \en-", to break on whitespace or hyphens. |
864 | (Mnemonic: a \*(L"colon\*(R" in poetry is a part of a line.) |
865 | .Ip @ARGV 8 3 |
866 | The array ARGV contains the command line arguments intended for the script. |
867 | Note that $#ARGV is the generally number of arguments minus one, since |
868 | $ARGV[0] is the first argument, NOT the command name. |
869 | See $0 for the command name. |
870 | .Ip @INC 8 3 |
871 | The array INC contains the list of places to look for |
872 | .I perl |
873 | scripts to be |
874 | evaluated by the \*(L"do EXPR\*(R" command. |
875 | It initially consists of the arguments to any |
876 | .B \-I |
877 | command line switches, followed |
878 | by the default |
879 | .I perl |
880 | library, probably \*(L"/usr/local/lib/perl\*(R". |
881 | .Ip $ENV{expr} 8 2 |
882 | The associative array ENV contains your current environment. |
883 | Setting a value in ENV changes the environment for child processes. |
884 | .Ip $SIG{expr} 8 2 |
885 | The associative array SIG is used to set signal handlers for various signals. |
886 | Example: |
887 | .nf |
888 | |
889 | .ne 12 |
890 | sub handler { # 1st argument is signal name |
891 | local($sig) = @_; |
892 | print "Caught a SIG$sig\-\|\-shutting down\en"; |
893 | close(LOG); |
894 | exit(0); |
895 | } |
896 | |
897 | $SIG{\'INT\'} = \'handler\'; |
898 | $SIG{\'QUIT\'} = \'handler\'; |
899 | .\|.\|. |
900 | $SIG{\'INT\'} = \'DEFAULT\'; # restore default action |
901 | $SIG{\'QUIT\'} = \'IGNORE\'; # ignore SIGQUIT |
902 | |
903 | .fi |
904 | The SIG array only contains values for the signals actually set within |
905 | the perl script. |
906 | .Sh "Packages" |
907 | Perl provides a mechanism for alternate namespaces to protect packages from |
908 | stomping on each others variables. |
909 | By default, a perl script starts compiling into the package known as \*(L"main\*(R". |
910 | By use of the |
911 | .I package |
912 | declaration, you can switch namespaces. |
913 | The scope of the package declaration is from the declaration itself to the end |
914 | of the enclosing block (the same scope as the local() operator). |
915 | Typically it would be the first declaration in a file to be included by |
916 | the \*(L"do FILE\*(R" operator. |
917 | You can switch into a package in more than one place; it merely influences |
918 | which symbol table is used by the compiler for the rest of that block. |
663a0e37 |
919 | You can refer to variables and filehandles in other packages by prefixing |
920 | the identifier with the package name and a single quote. |
a687059c |
921 | If the package name is null, the \*(L"main\*(R" package as assumed. |
663a0e37 |
922 | .PP |
923 | Only identifiers starting with letters are stored in the packages symbol |
924 | table. |
925 | All other symbols are kept in package \*(L"main\*(R". |
926 | In addition, the identifiers STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR, ARGV, ARGVOUT, ENV, INC |
927 | and SIG are forced to be in package \*(L"main\*(R", even when used for |
928 | other purposes than their built-in one. |
929 | Note also that, if you have a package called \*(L"m\*(R", \*(L"s\*(R" |
930 | or \*(L"y\*(R", the you can't use the qualified form of an identifier since it |
931 | will be interpreted instead as a pattern match, a substitution |
932 | or a translation. |
933 | .PP |
a687059c |
934 | Eval'ed strings are compiled in the package in which the eval was compiled |
935 | in. |
936 | (Assignments to $SIG{}, however, assume the signal handler specified is in the |
937 | main package. |
938 | Qualify the signal handler name if you wish to have a signal handler in |
939 | a package.) |
940 | For an example, examine perldb.pl in the perl library. |
941 | It initially switches to the DB package so that the debugger doesn't interfere |
942 | with variables in the script you are trying to debug. |
943 | At various points, however, it temporarily switches back to the main package |
944 | to evaluate various expressions in the context of the main package. |
945 | .PP |
946 | The symbol table for a package happens to be stored in the associative array |
947 | of that name prepended with an underscore. |
948 | The value in each entry of the associative array is |
949 | what you are referring to when you use the *name notation. |
950 | In fact, the following have the same effect (in package main, anyway), |
951 | though the first is more |
952 | efficient because it does the symbol table lookups at compile time: |
953 | .nf |
954 | |
955 | .ne 2 |
956 | local(*foo) = *bar; |
957 | local($_main{'foo'}) = $_main{'bar'}; |
958 | |
959 | .fi |
960 | You can use this to print out all the variables in a package, for instance. |
961 | Here is dumpvar.pl from the perl library: |
962 | .nf |
963 | .ne 11 |
964 | package dumpvar; |
965 | |
966 | sub main'dumpvar { |
967 | \& ($package) = @_; |
968 | \& local(*stab) = eval("*_$package"); |
969 | \& while (($key,$val) = each(%stab)) { |
970 | \& { |
971 | \& local(*entry) = $val; |
972 | \& if (defined $entry) { |
973 | \& print "\e$$key = '$entry'\en"; |
974 | \& } |
975 | .ne 7 |
976 | \& if (defined @entry) { |
977 | \& print "\e@$key = (\en"; |
978 | \& foreach $num ($[ .. $#entry) { |
979 | \& print " $num\et'",$entry[$num],"'\en"; |
980 | \& } |
981 | \& print ")\en"; |
982 | \& } |
983 | .ne 10 |
984 | \& if ($key ne "_$package" && defined %entry) { |
985 | \& print "\e%$key = (\en"; |
986 | \& foreach $key (sort keys(%entry)) { |
987 | \& print " $key\et'",$entry{$key},"'\en"; |
988 | \& } |
989 | \& print ")\en"; |
990 | \& } |
991 | \& } |
992 | \& } |
993 | } |
994 | |
995 | .fi |
996 | Note that, even though the subroutine is compiled in package dumpvar, the |
663a0e37 |
997 | name of the subroutine is qualified so that its name is inserted into package |
a687059c |
998 | \*(L"main\*(R". |
999 | .Sh "Style" |
1000 | Each programmer will, of course, have his or her own preferences in regards |
1001 | to formatting, but there are some general guidelines that will make your |
1002 | programs easier to read. |
1003 | .Ip 1. 4 4 |
1004 | Just because you CAN do something a particular way doesn't mean that |
1005 | you SHOULD do it that way. |
1006 | .I Perl |
1007 | is designed to give you several ways to do anything, so consider picking |
1008 | the most readable one. |
1009 | For instance |
1010 | |
1011 | open(FOO,$foo) || die "Can't open $foo: $!"; |
1012 | |
1013 | is better than |
1014 | |
1015 | die "Can't open $foo: $!" unless open(FOO,$foo); |
1016 | |
1017 | because the second way hides the main point of the statement in a |
1018 | modifier. |
1019 | On the other hand |
1020 | |
1021 | print "Starting analysis\en" if $verbose; |
1022 | |
1023 | is better than |
1024 | |
1025 | $verbose && print "Starting analysis\en"; |
1026 | |
1027 | since the main point isn't whether the user typed -v or not. |
1028 | .Sp |
1029 | Similarly, just because an operator lets you assume default arguments |
1030 | doesn't mean that you have to make use of the defaults. |
1031 | The defaults are there for lazy systems programmers writing one-shot |
1032 | programs. |
1033 | If you want your program to be readable, consider supplying the argument. |
03a14243 |
1034 | .Sp |
1035 | Along the same lines, just because you |
1036 | .I can |
1037 | omit parentheses in many places doesn't mean that you ought to: |
1038 | .nf |
1039 | |
1040 | return print reverse sort num values array; |
1041 | return print(reverse(sort num (values(%array)))); |
1042 | |
1043 | .fi |
1044 | When in doubt, parenthesize. |
1045 | At the very least it will let some poor schmuck bounce on the % key in vi. |
a687059c |
1046 | .Ip 2. 4 4 |
1047 | Don't go through silly contortions to exit a loop at the top or the |
1048 | bottom, when |
1049 | .I perl |
1050 | provides the "last" operator so you can exit in the middle. |
1051 | Just outdent it a little to make it more visible: |
1052 | .nf |
1053 | |
1054 | .ne 7 |
1055 | line: |
1056 | for (;;) { |
1057 | statements; |
1058 | last line if $foo; |
1059 | next line if /^#/; |
1060 | statements; |
1061 | } |
1062 | |
1063 | .fi |
1064 | .Ip 3. 4 4 |
1065 | Don't be afraid to use loop labels\*(--they're there to enhance readability as |
1066 | well as to allow multi-level loop breaks. |
1067 | See last example. |
ffed7fef |
1068 | .Ip 4. 4 4 |
a687059c |
1069 | For portability, when using features that may not be implemented on every |
1070 | machine, test the construct in an eval to see if it fails. |
03a14243 |
1071 | If you know what version or patchlevel a particular feature was implemented, |
1072 | you can test $] to see if it will be there. |
a687059c |
1073 | .Ip 5. 4 4 |
ffed7fef |
1074 | Choose mnemonic identifiers. |
1075 | .Ip 6. 4 4 |
a687059c |
1076 | Be consistent. |
1077 | .Sh "Debugging" |
1078 | If you invoke |
1079 | .I perl |
1080 | with a |
1081 | .B \-d |
1082 | switch, your script will be run under a debugging monitor. |
1083 | It will halt before the first executable statement and ask you for a |
1084 | command, such as: |
1085 | .Ip "h" 12 4 |
1086 | Prints out a help message. |
1087 | .Ip "s" 12 4 |
1088 | Single step. |
1089 | Executes until it reaches the beginning of another statement. |
1090 | .Ip "c" 12 4 |
1091 | Continue. |
1092 | Executes until the next breakpoint is reached. |
1093 | .Ip "<CR>" 12 4 |
1094 | Repeat last s or c. |
1095 | .Ip "n" 12 4 |
1096 | Single step around subroutine call. |
1097 | .Ip "l min+incr" 12 4 |
1098 | List incr+1 lines starting at min. |
1099 | If min is omitted, starts where last listing left off. |
1100 | If incr is omitted, previous value of incr is used. |
1101 | .Ip "l min-max" 12 4 |
1102 | List lines in the indicated range. |
1103 | .Ip "l line" 12 4 |
1104 | List just the indicated line. |
1105 | .Ip "l" 12 4 |
1106 | List incr+1 more lines after last printed line. |
1107 | .Ip "l subname" 12 4 |
1108 | List subroutine. |
1109 | If it's a long subroutine it just lists the beginning. |
1110 | Use \*(L"l\*(R" to list more. |
1111 | .Ip "L" 12 4 |
1112 | List lines that have breakpoints or actions. |
1113 | .Ip "t" 12 4 |
1114 | Toggle trace mode on or off. |
1115 | .Ip "b line" 12 4 |
1116 | Set a breakpoint. |
1117 | If line is omitted, sets a breakpoint on the current line |
1118 | line that is about to be executed. |
1119 | Breakpoints may only be set on lines that begin an executable statement. |
1120 | .Ip "b subname" 12 4 |
1121 | Set breakpoint at first executable line of subroutine. |
1122 | .Ip "S" 12 4 |
1123 | Lists the names of all subroutines. |
1124 | .Ip "d line" 12 4 |
1125 | Delete breakpoint. |
1126 | If line is omitted, deletes the breakpoint on the current line |
1127 | line that is about to be executed. |
1128 | .Ip "D" 12 4 |
1129 | Delete all breakpoints. |
1130 | .Ip "A" 12 4 |
1131 | Delete all line actions. |
1132 | .Ip "V package" 12 4 |
1133 | List all variables in package. |
1134 | Default is main package. |
1135 | .Ip "a line command" 12 4 |
1136 | Set an action for line. |
1137 | A multi-line command may be entered by backslashing the newlines. |
1138 | .Ip "< command" 12 4 |
1139 | Set an action to happen before every debugger prompt. |
1140 | A multi-line command may be entered by backslashing the newlines. |
1141 | .Ip "> command" 12 4 |
1142 | Set an action to happen after the prompt when you've just given a command |
1143 | to return to executing the script. |
1144 | A multi-line command may be entered by backslashing the newlines. |
1145 | .Ip "! number" 12 4 |
1146 | Redo a debugging command. |
1147 | If number is omitted, redoes the previous command. |
1148 | .Ip "! -number" 12 4 |
1149 | Redo the command that was that many commands ago. |
1150 | .Ip "H -number" 12 4 |
1151 | Display last n commands. |
1152 | Only commands longer than one character are listed. |
1153 | If number is omitted, lists them all. |
1154 | .Ip "q or ^D" 12 4 |
1155 | Quit. |
1156 | .Ip "command" 12 4 |
1157 | Execute command as a perl statement. |
1158 | A missing semicolon will be supplied. |
1159 | .Ip "p expr" 12 4 |
1160 | Same as \*(L"print DB'OUT expr\*(R". |
1161 | The DB'OUT filehandle is opened to /dev/tty, regardless of where STDOUT |
1162 | may be redirected to. |
1163 | .PP |
1164 | If you want to modify the debugger, copy perldb.pl from the perl library |
1165 | to your current directory and modify it as necessary. |
1166 | You can do some customization by setting up a .perldb file which contains |
1167 | initialization code. |
1168 | For instance, you could make aliases like these: |
1169 | .nf |
1170 | |
1171 | $DBalias{'len'} = 's/^len(.*)/p length(\e$1)/'; |
1172 | $DBalias{'stop'} = 's/^stop (at|in)/b/'; |
1173 | $DBalias{'.'} = |
1174 | 's/^./p "\e$DBsub(\e$DBline):\et\e$DBline[\e$DBline]"/'; |
1175 | |
1176 | .fi |
1177 | .Sh "Setuid Scripts" |
1178 | .I Perl |
1179 | is designed to make it easy to write secure setuid and setgid scripts. |
1180 | Unlike shells, which are based on multiple substitution passes on each line |
1181 | of the script, |
1182 | .I perl |
1183 | uses a more conventional evaluation scheme with fewer hidden \*(L"gotchas\*(R". |
1184 | Additionally, since the language has more built-in functionality, it |
1185 | has to rely less upon external (and possibly untrustworthy) programs to |
1186 | accomplish its purposes. |
1187 | .PP |
1188 | In an unpatched 4.2 or 4.3bsd kernel, setuid scripts are intrinsically |
1189 | insecure, but this kernel feature can be disabled. |
1190 | If it is, |
1191 | .I perl |
1192 | can emulate the setuid and setgid mechanism when it notices the otherwise |
1193 | useless setuid/gid bits on perl scripts. |
1194 | If the kernel feature isn't disabled, |
1195 | .I perl |
1196 | will complain loudly that your setuid script is insecure. |
1197 | You'll need to either disable the kernel setuid script feature, or put |
1198 | a C wrapper around the script. |
1199 | .PP |
1200 | When perl is executing a setuid script, it takes special precautions to |
1201 | prevent you from falling into any obvious traps. |
1202 | (In some ways, a perl script is more secure than the corresponding |
1203 | C program.) |
1204 | Any command line argument, environment variable, or input is marked as |
1205 | \*(L"tainted\*(R", and may not be used, directly or indirectly, in any |
1206 | command that invokes a subshell, or in any command that modifies files, |
1207 | directories or processes. |
1208 | Any variable that is set within an expression that has previously referenced |
1209 | a tainted value also becomes tainted (even if it is logically impossible |
1210 | for the tainted value to influence the variable). |
1211 | For example: |
1212 | .nf |
1213 | |
1214 | .ne 5 |
1215 | $foo = shift; # $foo is tainted |
1216 | $bar = $foo,\'bar\'; # $bar is also tainted |
1217 | $xxx = <>; # Tainted |
1218 | $path = $ENV{\'PATH\'}; # Tainted, but see below |
1219 | $abc = \'abc\'; # Not tainted |
1220 | |
1221 | .ne 4 |
1222 | system "echo $foo"; # Insecure |
1223 | system "echo", $foo; # Secure (doesn't use sh) |
1224 | system "echo $bar"; # Insecure |
1225 | system "echo $abc"; # Insecure until PATH set |
1226 | |
1227 | .ne 5 |
1228 | $ENV{\'PATH\'} = \'/bin:/usr/bin\'; |
1229 | $ENV{\'IFS\'} = \'\' if $ENV{\'IFS\'} ne \'\'; |
1230 | |
1231 | $path = $ENV{\'PATH\'}; # Not tainted |
1232 | system "echo $abc"; # Is secure now! |
1233 | |
1234 | .ne 5 |
1235 | open(FOO,"$foo"); # OK |
1236 | open(FOO,">$foo"); # Not OK |
1237 | |
1238 | open(FOO,"echo $foo|"); # Not OK, but... |
1239 | open(FOO,"-|") || exec \'echo\', $foo; # OK |
1240 | |
1241 | $zzz = `echo $foo`; # Insecure, zzz tainted |
1242 | |
1243 | unlink $abc,$foo; # Insecure |
1244 | umask $foo; # Insecure |
1245 | |
1246 | .ne 3 |
1247 | exec "echo $foo"; # Insecure |
1248 | exec "echo", $foo; # Secure (doesn't use sh) |
1249 | exec "sh", \'-c\', $foo; # Considered secure, alas |
1250 | |
1251 | .fi |
1252 | The taintedness is associated with each scalar value, so some elements |
1253 | of an array can be tainted, and others not. |
1254 | .PP |
1255 | If you try to do something insecure, you will get a fatal error saying |
1256 | something like \*(L"Insecure dependency\*(R" or \*(L"Insecure PATH\*(R". |
1257 | Note that you can still write an insecure system call or exec, |
ae986130 |
1258 | but only by explicitly doing something like the last example above. |
a687059c |
1259 | You can also bypass the tainting mechanism by referencing |
1260 | subpatterns\*(--\c |
1261 | .I perl |
1262 | presumes that if you reference a substring using $1, $2, etc, you knew |
1263 | what you were doing when you wrote the pattern: |
1264 | .nf |
1265 | |
1266 | $ARGV[0] =~ /^\-P(\ew+)$/; |
1267 | $printer = $1; # Not tainted |
1268 | |
1269 | .fi |
1270 | This is fairly secure since \ew+ doesn't match shell metacharacters. |
1271 | Use of .+ would have been insecure, but |
1272 | .I perl |
1273 | doesn't check for that, so you must be careful with your patterns. |
1274 | This is the ONLY mechanism for untainting user supplied filenames if you |
1275 | want to do file operations on them (unless you make $> equal to $<). |
1276 | .PP |
1277 | It's also possible to get into trouble with other operations that don't care |
1278 | whether they use tainted values. |
1279 | Make judicious use of the file tests in dealing with any user-supplied |
1280 | filenames. |
1281 | When possible, do opens and such after setting $> = $<. |
1282 | .I Perl |
1283 | doesn't prevent you from opening tainted filenames for reading, so be |
1284 | careful what you print out. |
1285 | The tainting mechanism is intended to prevent stupid mistakes, not to remove |
1286 | the need for thought. |
1287 | .SH ENVIRONMENT |
1288 | .I Perl |
1289 | uses PATH in executing subprocesses, and in finding the script if \-S |
1290 | is used. |
1291 | HOME or LOGDIR are used if chdir has no argument. |
1292 | .PP |
1293 | Apart from these, |
1294 | .I perl |
1295 | uses no environment variables, except to make them available |
1296 | to the script being executed, and to child processes. |
1297 | However, scripts running setuid would do well to execute the following lines |
1298 | before doing anything else, just to keep people honest: |
1299 | .nf |
1300 | |
1301 | .ne 3 |
1302 | $ENV{\'PATH\'} = \'/bin:/usr/bin\'; # or whatever you need |
1303 | $ENV{\'SHELL\'} = \'/bin/sh\' if $ENV{\'SHELL\'} ne \'\'; |
1304 | $ENV{\'IFS\'} = \'\' if $ENV{\'IFS\'} ne \'\'; |
1305 | |
1306 | .fi |
1307 | .SH AUTHOR |
1308 | Larry Wall <lwall@jpl-devvax.Jpl.Nasa.Gov> |
1309 | .SH FILES |
1310 | /tmp/perl\-eXXXXXX temporary file for |
1311 | .B \-e |
1312 | commands. |
1313 | .SH SEE ALSO |
1314 | a2p awk to perl translator |
1315 | .br |
1316 | s2p sed to perl translator |
1317 | .SH DIAGNOSTICS |
1318 | Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an |
1319 | indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined. |
1320 | (In the case of a script passed to |
1321 | .I perl |
1322 | via |
1323 | .B \-e |
1324 | switches, each |
1325 | .B \-e |
1326 | is counted as one line.) |
1327 | .PP |
1328 | Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error messages |
1329 | such as \*(L"Insecure dependency\*(R". |
1330 | See the section on setuid scripts. |
1331 | .SH TRAPS |
1332 | Accustomed |
1333 | .IR awk |
1334 | users should take special note of the following: |
1335 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1336 | Semicolons are required after all simple statements in |
1337 | .IR perl . |
1338 | Newline |
1339 | is not a statement delimiter. |
1340 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1341 | Curly brackets are required on ifs and whiles. |
1342 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1343 | Variables begin with $ or @ in |
1344 | .IR perl . |
1345 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1346 | Arrays index from 0 unless you set $[. |
1347 | Likewise string positions in substr() and index(). |
1348 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1349 | You have to decide whether your array has numeric or string indices. |
1350 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1351 | Associative array values do not spring into existence upon mere reference. |
1352 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1353 | You have to decide whether you want to use string or numeric comparisons. |
1354 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1355 | Reading an input line does not split it for you. You get to split it yourself |
1356 | to an array. |
1357 | And the |
1358 | .I split |
1359 | operator has different arguments. |
1360 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1361 | The current input line is normally in $_, not $0. |
1362 | It generally does not have the newline stripped. |
1363 | ($0 is initially the name of the program executed, then the last matched |
1364 | string.) |
1365 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1366 | $<digit> does not refer to fields\*(--it refers to substrings matched by the last |
1367 | match pattern. |
1368 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1369 | The |
1370 | .I print |
1371 | statement does not add field and record separators unless you set |
1372 | $, and $\e. |
1373 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1374 | You must open your files before you print to them. |
1375 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1376 | The range operator is \*(L".\|.\*(R", not comma. |
1377 | (The comma operator works as in C.) |
1378 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1379 | The match operator is \*(L"=~\*(R", not \*(L"~\*(R". |
1380 | (\*(L"~\*(R" is the one's complement operator, as in C.) |
1381 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1382 | The exponentiation operator is \*(L"**\*(R", not \*(L"^\*(R". |
1383 | (\*(L"^\*(R" is the XOR operator, as in C.) |
1384 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1385 | The concatenation operator is \*(L".\*(R", not the null string. |
1386 | (Using the null string would render \*(L"/pat/ /pat/\*(R" unparsable, |
1387 | since the third slash would be interpreted as a division operator\*(--the |
1388 | tokener is in fact slightly context sensitive for operators like /, ?, and <. |
1389 | And in fact, . itself can be the beginning of a number.) |
1390 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1391 | .IR Next , |
1392 | .I exit |
1393 | and |
1394 | .I continue |
1395 | work differently. |
1396 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1397 | The following variables work differently |
1398 | .nf |
1399 | |
1400 | Awk \h'|2.5i'Perl |
1401 | ARGC \h'|2.5i'$#ARGV |
1402 | ARGV[0] \h'|2.5i'$0 |
1403 | FILENAME\h'|2.5i'$ARGV |
1404 | FNR \h'|2.5i'$. \- something |
1405 | FS \h'|2.5i'(whatever you like) |
1406 | NF \h'|2.5i'$#Fld, or some such |
1407 | NR \h'|2.5i'$. |
1408 | OFMT \h'|2.5i'$# |
1409 | OFS \h'|2.5i'$, |
1410 | ORS \h'|2.5i'$\e |
1411 | RLENGTH \h'|2.5i'length($&) |
ae986130 |
1412 | RS \h'|2.5i'$\/ |
a687059c |
1413 | RSTART \h'|2.5i'length($\`) |
1414 | SUBSEP \h'|2.5i'$; |
1415 | |
1416 | .fi |
1417 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1418 | When in doubt, run the |
1419 | .I awk |
1420 | construct through a2p and see what it gives you. |
1421 | .PP |
1422 | Cerebral C programmers should take note of the following: |
1423 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1424 | Curly brackets are required on ifs and whiles. |
1425 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1426 | You should use \*(L"elsif\*(R" rather than \*(L"else if\*(R" |
1427 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1428 | .I Break |
1429 | and |
1430 | .I continue |
1431 | become |
1432 | .I last |
1433 | and |
1434 | .IR next , |
1435 | respectively. |
1436 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1437 | There's no switch statement. |
1438 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1439 | Variables begin with $ or @ in |
1440 | .IR perl . |
1441 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1442 | Printf does not implement *. |
1443 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1444 | Comments begin with #, not /*. |
1445 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1446 | You can't take the address of anything. |
1447 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1448 | ARGV must be capitalized. |
1449 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1450 | The \*(L"system\*(R" calls link, unlink, rename, etc. return nonzero for success, not 0. |
1451 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1452 | Signal handlers deal with signal names, not numbers. |
1453 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1454 | You can't subscript array values, only arrays (no $x = (1,2,3)[2];). |
1455 | .PP |
1456 | Seasoned |
1457 | .I sed |
1458 | programmers should take note of the following: |
1459 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1460 | Backreferences in substitutions use $ rather than \e. |
1461 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1462 | The pattern matching metacharacters (, ), and | do not have backslashes in front. |
1463 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1464 | The range operator is .\|. rather than comma. |
1465 | .PP |
1466 | Sharp shell programmers should take note of the following: |
1467 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1468 | The backtick operator does variable interpretation without regard to the |
1469 | presence of single quotes in the command. |
1470 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1471 | The backtick operator does no translation of the return value, unlike csh. |
1472 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1473 | Shells (especially csh) do several levels of substitution on each command line. |
1474 | .I Perl |
1475 | does substitution only in certain constructs such as double quotes, |
1476 | backticks, angle brackets and search patterns. |
1477 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1478 | Shells interpret scripts a little bit at a time. |
1479 | .I Perl |
1480 | compiles the whole program before executing it. |
1481 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1482 | The arguments are available via @ARGV, not $1, $2, etc. |
1483 | .Ip * 4 2 |
1484 | The environment is not automatically made available as variables. |
1485 | .SH BUGS |
1486 | .PP |
1487 | .I Perl |
1488 | is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various operations |
1489 | such as type casting, atof() and sprintf(). |
1490 | .PP |
1491 | If your stdio requires an seek or eof between reads and writes on a particular |
1492 | stream, so does |
1493 | .IR perl . |
1494 | .PP |
1495 | While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits (apart |
1496 | from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: |
1497 | a given identifier may not be longer than 255 characters; |
1498 | sprintf is limited on many machines to 128 characters per field (unless the format |
1499 | specifier is exactly %s); |
1500 | and no component of your PATH may be longer than 255 if you use \-S. |
1501 | .PP |
1502 | .I Perl |
1503 | actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but don't tell |
1504 | anyone I said that. |
1505 | .rn }` '' |