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129 | .\" ======================================================================== |
130 | .\" |
131 | .IX Title "File::Spec 3" |
132 | .TH File::Spec 3 "2009-11-01" "perl v5.8.7" "User Contributed Perl Documentation" |
133 | .SH "NAME" |
134 | File::Spec \- portably perform operations on file names |
135 | .SH "SYNOPSIS" |
136 | .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" |
137 | .Vb 1 |
138 | \& use File::Spec; |
139 | .Ve |
140 | .PP |
141 | .Vb 1 |
142 | \& $x=File::Spec\->catfile('a', 'b', 'c'); |
143 | .Ve |
144 | .PP |
145 | which returns 'a/b/c' under Unix. Or: |
146 | .PP |
147 | .Vb 1 |
148 | \& use File::Spec::Functions; |
149 | .Ve |
150 | .PP |
151 | .Vb 1 |
152 | \& $x = catfile('a', 'b', 'c'); |
153 | .Ve |
154 | .SH "DESCRIPTION" |
155 | .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" |
156 | This module is designed to support operations commonly performed on file |
157 | specifications (usually called \*(L"file names\*(R", but not to be confused with the |
158 | contents of a file, or Perl's file handles), such as concatenating several |
159 | directory and file names into a single path, or determining whether a path |
160 | is rooted. It is based on code directly taken from MakeMaker 5.17, code |
161 | written by Andreas Ko\*:nig, Andy Dougherty, Charles Bailey, Ilya |
162 | Zakharevich, Paul Schinder, and others. |
163 | .PP |
164 | Since these functions are different for most operating systems, each set of |
165 | \&\s-1OS\s0 specific routines is available in a separate module, including: |
166 | .PP |
167 | .Vb 5 |
168 | \& File::Spec::Unix |
169 | \& File::Spec::Mac |
170 | \& File::Spec::OS2 |
171 | \& File::Spec::Win32 |
172 | \& File::Spec::VMS |
173 | .Ve |
174 | .PP |
175 | The module appropriate for the current \s-1OS\s0 is automatically loaded by |
176 | File::Spec. Since some modules (like \s-1VMS\s0) make use of facilities available |
177 | only under that \s-1OS\s0, it may not be possible to load all modules under all |
178 | operating systems. |
179 | .PP |
180 | Since File::Spec is object oriented, subroutines should not be called directly, |
181 | as in: |
182 | .PP |
183 | .Vb 1 |
184 | \& File::Spec::catfile('a','b'); |
185 | .Ve |
186 | .PP |
187 | but rather as class methods: |
188 | .PP |
189 | .Vb 1 |
190 | \& File::Spec\->catfile('a','b'); |
191 | .Ve |
192 | .PP |
193 | For simple uses, File::Spec::Functions provides convenient functional |
194 | forms of these methods. |
195 | .SH "METHODS" |
196 | .IX Header "METHODS" |
197 | .IP "canonpath" 2 |
198 | .IX Xref "canonpath" |
199 | .IX Item "canonpath" |
200 | No physical check on the filesystem, but a logical cleanup of a |
201 | path. |
202 | .Sp |
203 | .Vb 1 |
204 | \& $cpath = File::Spec\->canonpath( $path ) ; |
205 | .Ve |
206 | .Sp |
207 | Note that this does *not* collapse \fIx/../y\fR sections into \fIy\fR. This |
208 | is by design. If \fI/foo\fR on your system is a symlink to \fI/bar/baz\fR, |
209 | then \fI/foo/../quux\fR is actually \fI/bar/quux\fR, not \fI/quux\fR as a naive |
210 | \&\fI../\fR\-removal would give you. If you want to do this kind of |
211 | processing, you probably want \f(CW\*(C`Cwd\*(C'\fR's \f(CW\*(C`realpath()\*(C'\fR function to |
212 | actually traverse the filesystem cleaning up paths like this. |
213 | .IP "catdir" 2 |
214 | .IX Xref "catdir" |
215 | .IX Item "catdir" |
216 | Concatenate two or more directory names to form a complete path ending |
217 | with a directory. But remove the trailing slash from the resulting |
218 | string, because it doesn't look good, isn't necessary and confuses |
219 | \&\s-1OS/2\s0. Of course, if this is the root directory, don't cut off the |
220 | trailing slash :\-) |
221 | .Sp |
222 | .Vb 1 |
223 | \& $path = File::Spec\->catdir( @directories ); |
224 | .Ve |
225 | .IP "catfile" 2 |
226 | .IX Xref "catfile" |
227 | .IX Item "catfile" |
228 | Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a |
229 | complete path ending with a filename |
230 | .Sp |
231 | .Vb 1 |
232 | \& $path = File::Spec\->catfile( @directories, $filename ); |
233 | .Ve |
234 | .IP "curdir" 2 |
235 | .IX Xref "curdir" |
236 | .IX Item "curdir" |
237 | Returns a string representation of the current directory. |
238 | .Sp |
239 | .Vb 1 |
240 | \& $curdir = File::Spec\->curdir(); |
241 | .Ve |
242 | .IP "devnull" 2 |
243 | .IX Xref "devnull" |
244 | .IX Item "devnull" |
245 | Returns a string representation of the null device. |
246 | .Sp |
247 | .Vb 1 |
248 | \& $devnull = File::Spec\->devnull(); |
249 | .Ve |
250 | .IP "rootdir" 2 |
251 | .IX Xref "rootdir" |
252 | .IX Item "rootdir" |
253 | Returns a string representation of the root directory. |
254 | .Sp |
255 | .Vb 1 |
256 | \& $rootdir = File::Spec\->rootdir(); |
257 | .Ve |
258 | .IP "tmpdir" 2 |
259 | .IX Xref "tmpdir" |
260 | .IX Item "tmpdir" |
261 | Returns a string representation of the first writable directory from a |
262 | list of possible temporary directories. Returns the current directory |
263 | if no writable temporary directories are found. The list of directories |
264 | checked depends on the platform; e.g. File::Spec::Unix checks \f(CW$ENV{TMPDIR}\fR |
265 | (unless taint is on) and \fI/tmp\fR. |
266 | .Sp |
267 | .Vb 1 |
268 | \& $tmpdir = File::Spec\->tmpdir(); |
269 | .Ve |
270 | .IP "updir" 2 |
271 | .IX Xref "updir" |
272 | .IX Item "updir" |
273 | Returns a string representation of the parent directory. |
274 | .Sp |
275 | .Vb 1 |
276 | \& $updir = File::Spec\->updir(); |
277 | .Ve |
278 | .IP "no_upwards" 2 |
279 | .IX Item "no_upwards" |
280 | Given a list of file names, strip out those that refer to a parent |
281 | directory. (Does not strip symlinks, only '.', '..', and equivalents.) |
282 | .Sp |
283 | .Vb 1 |
284 | \& @paths = File::Spec\->no_upwards( @paths ); |
285 | .Ve |
286 | .IP "case_tolerant" 2 |
287 | .IX Item "case_tolerant" |
288 | Returns a true or false value indicating, respectively, that alphabetic |
289 | case is not or is significant when comparing file specifications. |
290 | .Sp |
291 | .Vb 1 |
292 | \& $is_case_tolerant = File::Spec\->case_tolerant(); |
293 | .Ve |
294 | .IP "file_name_is_absolute" 2 |
295 | .IX Item "file_name_is_absolute" |
296 | Takes as its argument a path, and returns true if it is an absolute path. |
297 | .Sp |
298 | .Vb 1 |
299 | \& $is_absolute = File::Spec\->file_name_is_absolute( $path ); |
300 | .Ve |
301 | .Sp |
302 | This does not consult the local filesystem on Unix, Win32, \s-1OS/2\s0, or |
303 | Mac \s-1OS\s0 (Classic). It does consult the working environment for \s-1VMS\s0 |
304 | (see \*(L"file_name_is_absolute\*(R" in File::Spec::VMS). |
305 | .IP "path" 2 |
306 | .IX Xref "path" |
307 | .IX Item "path" |
308 | Takes no argument. Returns the environment variable \f(CW\*(C`PATH\*(C'\fR (or the local |
309 | platform's equivalent) as a list. |
310 | .Sp |
311 | .Vb 1 |
312 | \& @PATH = File::Spec\->path(); |
313 | .Ve |
314 | .IP "join" 2 |
315 | .IX Xref "join, path" |
316 | .IX Item "join" |
317 | join is the same as catfile. |
318 | .IP "splitpath" 2 |
319 | .IX Xref "splitpath split, path" |
320 | .IX Item "splitpath" |
321 | Splits a path in to volume, directory, and filename portions. On systems |
322 | with no concept of volume, returns '' for volume. |
323 | .Sp |
324 | .Vb 2 |
325 | \& ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec\->splitpath( $path ); |
326 | \& ($volume,$directories,$file) = File::Spec\->splitpath( $path, $no_file ); |
327 | .Ve |
328 | .Sp |
329 | For systems with no syntax differentiating filenames from directories, |
330 | assumes that the last file is a path unless \f(CW$no_file\fR is true or a |
331 | trailing separator or \fI/.\fR or \fI/..\fR is present. On Unix, this means that \f(CW$no_file\fR |
332 | true makes this return ( '', \f(CW$path\fR, '' ). |
333 | .Sp |
334 | The directory portion may or may not be returned with a trailing '/'. |
335 | .Sp |
336 | The results can be passed to \*(L"\fIcatpath()\fR\*(R" to get back a path equivalent to |
337 | (usually identical to) the original path. |
338 | .IP "splitdir" 2 |
339 | .IX Xref "splitdir split, dir" |
340 | .IX Item "splitdir" |
341 | The opposite of \*(L"\fIcatdir()\fR\*(R". |
342 | .Sp |
343 | .Vb 1 |
344 | \& @dirs = File::Spec\->splitdir( $directories ); |
345 | .Ve |
346 | .Sp |
347 | \&\f(CW$directories\fR must be only the directory portion of the path on systems |
348 | that have the concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates |
349 | files from directories. |
350 | .Sp |
351 | Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty |
352 | directory names (\f(CW''\fR) can be returned, because these are significant |
353 | on some OSes. |
354 | .IP "\fIcatpath()\fR" 2 |
355 | .IX Item "catpath()" |
356 | Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. Under |
357 | Unix, \f(CW$volume\fR is ignored, and directory and file are concatenated. A '/' is |
358 | inserted if need be. On other OSes, \f(CW$volume\fR is significant. |
359 | .Sp |
360 | .Vb 1 |
361 | \& $full_path = File::Spec\->catpath( $volume, $directory, $file ); |
362 | .Ve |
363 | .IP "abs2rel" 2 |
364 | .IX Xref "abs2rel absolute, path relative, path" |
365 | .IX Item "abs2rel" |
366 | Takes a destination path and an optional base path returns a relative path |
367 | from the base path to the destination path: |
368 | .Sp |
369 | .Vb 2 |
370 | \& $rel_path = File::Spec\->abs2rel( $path ) ; |
371 | \& $rel_path = File::Spec\->abs2rel( $path, $base ) ; |
372 | .Ve |
373 | .Sp |
374 | If \f(CW$base\fR is not present or '', then \fICwd::cwd()\fR is used. If \f(CW$base\fR is |
375 | relative, then it is converted to absolute form using |
376 | \&\*(L"\fIrel2abs()\fR\*(R". This means that it is taken to be relative to |
377 | \&\fICwd::cwd()\fR. |
378 | .Sp |
379 | On systems with the concept of volume, if \f(CW$path\fR and \f(CW$base\fR appear to be |
380 | on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two |
381 | paths, and we will instead simply return \f(CW$path\fR. Note that previous |
382 | versions of this module ignored the volume of \f(CW$base\fR, which resulted in |
383 | garbage results part of the time. |
384 | .Sp |
385 | On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the |
386 | \&\f(CW$base\fR filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be |
387 | directories. |
388 | .Sp |
389 | If \f(CW$path\fR is relative, it is converted to absolute form using \*(L"\fIrel2abs()\fR\*(R". |
390 | This means that it is taken to be relative to \fICwd::cwd()\fR. |
391 | .Sp |
392 | No checks against the filesystem are made. On \s-1VMS\s0, there is |
393 | interaction with the working environment, as logicals and |
394 | macros are expanded. |
395 | .Sp |
396 | Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi. |
397 | .IP "\fIrel2abs()\fR" 2 |
398 | .IX Xref "rel2abs absolute, path relative, path" |
399 | .IX Item "rel2abs()" |
400 | Converts a relative path to an absolute path. |
401 | .Sp |
402 | .Vb 2 |
403 | \& $abs_path = File::Spec\->rel2abs( $path ) ; |
404 | \& $abs_path = File::Spec\->rel2abs( $path, $base ) ; |
405 | .Ve |
406 | .Sp |
407 | If \f(CW$base\fR is not present or '', then \fICwd::cwd()\fR is used. If \f(CW$base\fR is relative, |
408 | then it is converted to absolute form using \*(L"\fIrel2abs()\fR\*(R". This means that it |
409 | is taken to be relative to \fICwd::cwd()\fR. |
410 | .Sp |
411 | On systems with the concept of volume, if \f(CW$path\fR and \f(CW$base\fR appear to be |
412 | on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two |
413 | paths, and we will instead simply return \f(CW$path\fR. Note that previous |
414 | versions of this module ignored the volume of \f(CW$base\fR, which resulted in |
415 | garbage results part of the time. |
416 | .Sp |
417 | On systems that have a grammar that indicates filenames, this ignores the |
418 | \&\f(CW$base\fR filename as well. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be |
419 | directories. |
420 | .Sp |
421 | If \f(CW$path\fR is absolute, it is cleaned up and returned using \*(L"\fIcanonpath()\fR\*(R". |
422 | .Sp |
423 | No checks against the filesystem are made. On \s-1VMS\s0, there is |
424 | interaction with the working environment, as logicals and |
425 | macros are expanded. |
426 | .Sp |
427 | Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi. |
428 | .PP |
429 | For further information, please see File::Spec::Unix, |
430 | File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Win32, or |
431 | File::Spec::VMS. |
432 | .SH "SEE ALSO" |
433 | .IX Header "SEE ALSO" |
434 | File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, |
435 | File::Spec::Win32, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Functions, |
436 | ExtUtils::MakeMaker |
437 | .SH "AUTHOR" |
438 | .IX Header "AUTHOR" |
439 | Currently maintained by Ken Williams \f(CW\*(C`<KWILLIAMS@cpan.org>\*(C'\fR. |
440 | .PP |
441 | The vast majority of the code was written by |
442 | Kenneth Albanowski \f(CW\*(C`<kjahds@kjahds.com>\*(C'\fR, |
443 | Andy Dougherty \f(CW\*(C`<doughera@lafayette.edu>\*(C'\fR, |
444 | Andreas Ko\*:nig \f(CW\*(C`<A.Koenig@franz.ww.TU\-Berlin.DE>\*(C'\fR, |
445 | Tim Bunce \f(CW\*(C`<Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk>\*(C'\fR. |
446 | \&\s-1VMS\s0 support by Charles Bailey \f(CW\*(C`<bailey@newman.upenn.edu>\*(C'\fR. |
447 | \&\s-1OS/2\s0 support by Ilya Zakharevich \f(CW\*(C`<ilya@math.ohio\-state.edu>\*(C'\fR. |
448 | Mac support by Paul Schinder \f(CW\*(C`<schinder@pobox.com>\*(C'\fR, and |
449 | Thomas Wegner \f(CW\*(C`<wegner_thomas@yahoo.com>\*(C'\fR. |
450 | \&\fIabs2rel()\fR and \fIrel2abs()\fR written by Shigio Yamaguchi \f(CW\*(C`<shigio@tamacom.com>\*(C'\fR, |
451 | modified by Barrie Slaymaker \f(CW\*(C`<barries@slaysys.com>\*(C'\fR. |
452 | \&\fIsplitpath()\fR, \fIsplitdir()\fR, \fIcatpath()\fR and \fIcatdir()\fR by Barrie Slaymaker. |
453 | .SH "COPYRIGHT" |
454 | .IX Header "COPYRIGHT" |
455 | Copyright (c) 2004 by the Perl 5 Porters. All rights reserved. |
456 | .PP |
457 | This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify |
458 | it under the same terms as Perl itself. |