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1 | package Try::Tiny; |
2 | |
3 | use strict; |
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4 | #use warnings; |
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5 | |
ae53da51 |
6 | use vars qw(@EXPORT @EXPORT_OK $VERSION @ISA); |
7 | |
8 | BEGIN { |
9 | require Exporter; |
10 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
11 | } |
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12 | |
aa03b5ce |
13 | $VERSION = "0.04"; |
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14 | |
15 | $VERSION = eval $VERSION; |
16 | |
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17 | @EXPORT = @EXPORT_OK = qw(try catch finally); |
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18 | |
6f114080 |
19 | $Carp::Internal{+__PACKAGE__}++; |
20 | |
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21 | # Need to prototype as @ not $$ because of the way Perl evaluates the prototype. |
22 | # Keeping it at $$ means you only ever get 1 sub because we need to eval in a list |
23 | # context & not a scalar one |
24 | |
25 | sub try (&;@) { |
26 | my ( $try, @code_refs ) = @_; |
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27 | |
28 | # we need to save this here, the eval block will be in scalar context due |
29 | # to $failed |
30 | my $wantarray = wantarray; |
31 | |
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32 | my ( $catch, $finally ); |
33 | |
34 | # find labeled blocks in the argument list. |
35 | # catch and finally tag the blocks by blessing a scalar reference to them. |
36 | foreach my $code_ref (@code_refs) { |
37 | next unless $code_ref; |
38 | |
39 | my $ref = ref($code_ref); |
40 | |
41 | if ( $ref eq 'Try::Tiny::Catch' ) { |
42 | $catch = ${$code_ref}; |
43 | } elsif ( $ref eq 'Try::Tiny::Finally' ) { |
44 | $finally = ${$code_ref}; |
45 | } else { |
46 | use Carp; |
47 | confess("Unknown code ref type given '${ref}'. Check your usage & try again"); |
48 | } |
49 | } |
50 | |
1d64c1ad |
51 | # save the value of $@ so we can set $@ back to it in the beginning of the eval |
511c05ca |
52 | my $prev_error = $@; |
53 | |
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54 | my ( @ret, $error, $failed ); |
55 | |
1d64c1ad |
56 | # FIXME consider using local $SIG{__DIE__} to accumulate all errors. It's |
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57 | # not perfect, but we could provide a list of additional errors for |
58 | # $catch->(); |
59 | |
60 | { |
61 | # localize $@ to prevent clobbering of previous value by a successful |
62 | # eval. |
63 | local $@; |
64 | |
65 | # failed will be true if the eval dies, because 1 will not be returned |
66 | # from the eval body |
67 | $failed = not eval { |
511c05ca |
68 | $@ = $prev_error; |
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69 | |
70 | # evaluate the try block in the correct context |
71 | if ( $wantarray ) { |
72 | @ret = $try->(); |
73 | } elsif ( defined $wantarray ) { |
74 | $ret[0] = $try->(); |
75 | } else { |
76 | $try->(); |
77 | }; |
78 | |
79 | return 1; # properly set $fail to false |
80 | }; |
81 | |
1d64c1ad |
82 | # copy $@ to $error; when we leave this scope, local $@ will revert $@ |
3176feef |
83 | # back to its previous value |
84 | $error = $@; |
85 | } |
86 | |
82ef0e61 |
87 | # set up a scope guard to invoke the finally block at the end |
88 | my $guard = $finally && bless \$finally, "Try::Tiny::ScopeGuard"; |
89 | |
1d64c1ad |
90 | # at this point $failed contains a true value if the eval died, even if some |
91 | # destructor overwrote $@ as the eval was unwinding. |
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92 | if ( $failed ) { |
93 | # if we got an error, invoke the catch block. |
94 | if ( $catch ) { |
95 | # This works like given($error), but is backwards compatible and |
96 | # sets $_ in the dynamic scope for the body of C<$catch> |
97 | for ($error) { |
82ef0e61 |
98 | return $catch->($error); |
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99 | } |
44599111 |
100 | |
101 | # in case when() was used without an explicit return, the C<for> |
102 | # loop will be aborted and there's no useful return value |
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103 | } |
44599111 |
104 | |
105 | return; |
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106 | } else { |
107 | # no failure, $@ is back to what it was, everything is fine |
108 | return $wantarray ? @ret : $ret[0]; |
109 | } |
110 | } |
111 | |
7195fc08 |
112 | sub catch (&;@) { |
113 | my ( $block, @rest ) = @_; |
114 | |
115 | return ( |
116 | bless(\$block, 'Try::Tiny::Catch'), |
117 | @rest, |
118 | ); |
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119 | } |
120 | |
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121 | sub finally (&;@) { |
122 | my ( $block, @rest ) = @_; |
123 | |
124 | return ( |
125 | bless(\$block, 'Try::Tiny::Finally'), |
126 | @rest, |
127 | ); |
128 | } |
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129 | |
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130 | sub Try::Tiny::ScopeGuard::DESTROY { |
131 | my $self = shift; |
132 | $$self->(); |
133 | } |
134 | |
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135 | __PACKAGE__ |
136 | |
137 | __END__ |
138 | |
139 | =pod |
140 | |
141 | =head1 NAME |
142 | |
143 | Try::Tiny - minimal try/catch with proper localization of $@ |
144 | |
145 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
146 | |
147 | # handle errors with a catch handler |
148 | try { |
149 | die "foo"; |
150 | } catch { |
151 | warn "caught error: $_"; |
152 | }; |
153 | |
154 | # just silence errors |
155 | try { |
156 | die "foo"; |
157 | }; |
158 | |
159 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
160 | |
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161 | This module provides bare bones C<try>/C<catch>/C<finally> statements that are designed to |
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162 | minimize common mistakes with eval blocks, and NOTHING else. |
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163 | |
164 | This is unlike L<TryCatch> which provides a nice syntax and avoids adding |
165 | another call stack layer, and supports calling C<return> from the try block to |
166 | return from the parent subroutine. These extra features come at a cost of a few |
167 | dependencies, namely L<Devel::Declare> and L<Scope::Upper> which are |
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168 | occasionally problematic, and the additional catch filtering uses L<Moose> |
169 | type constraints which may not be desirable either. |
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170 | |
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171 | The main focus of this module is to provide simple and reliable error handling |
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172 | for those having a hard time installing L<TryCatch>, but who still want to |
173 | write correct C<eval> blocks without 5 lines of boilerplate each time. |
174 | |
175 | It's designed to work as correctly as possible in light of the various |
176 | pathological edge cases (see L<BACKGROUND>) and to be compatible with any style |
177 | of error values (simple strings, references, objects, overloaded objects, etc). |
178 | |
a5cd5f73 |
179 | If the try block dies, it returns the value of the last statement executed in |
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180 | the catch block, if there is one. Otherwise, it returns C<undef> in scalar |
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181 | context or the empty list in list context. The following two examples both |
182 | assign C<"bar"> to C<$x>. |
183 | |
184 | my $x = try { die "foo" } catch { "bar" }; |
185 | |
186 | my $x = eval { die "foo" } || "bar"; |
187 | |
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188 | You can add finally blocks making the following true. |
189 | |
190 | my $x; |
191 | try { die 'foo' } finally { $x = 'bar' }; |
192 | try { die 'foo' } catch { warn "Got a die: $_" } finally { $x = 'bar' }; |
193 | |
194 | Finally blocks are always executed making them suitable for cleanup code |
195 | which cannot be handled using local. |
196 | |
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197 | =head1 EXPORTS |
198 | |
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199 | All functions are exported by default using L<Exporter>. |
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200 | |
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201 | If you need to rename the C<try>, C<catch> or C<finally> keyword consider using |
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202 | L<Sub::Import> to get L<Sub::Exporter>'s flexibility. |
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203 | |
204 | =over 4 |
205 | |
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206 | =item try (&;@) |
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207 | |
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208 | Takes one mandatory try subroutine, an optional catch subroutine & finally |
209 | subroutine. |
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210 | |
211 | The mandatory subroutine is evaluated in the context of an C<eval> block. |
212 | |
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213 | If no error occurred the value from the first block is returned, preserving |
214 | list/scalar context. |
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215 | |
216 | If there was an error and the second subroutine was given it will be invoked |
217 | with the error in C<$_> (localized) and as that block's first and only |
218 | argument. |
219 | |
1f7c5af6 |
220 | Note that the error may be false, but if that happens the C<catch> block will |
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221 | still be invoked. |
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222 | |
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223 | Once all execution is finished then the finally block if given will execute. |
224 | |
225 | =item catch (&;$) |
1f7c5af6 |
226 | |
227 | Intended to be used in the second argument position of C<try>. |
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228 | |
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229 | Returns a reference to the subroutine it was given but blessed as |
230 | C<Try::Tiny::Catch> which allows try to decode correctly what to do |
231 | with this code reference. |
3176feef |
232 | |
233 | catch { ... } |
234 | |
ac4f5f9f |
235 | Inside the catch block the previous value of C<$@> is still available for use. |
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236 | This value may or may not be meaningful depending on what happened before the |
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237 | C<try>, but it might be a good idea to preserve it in an error stack. |
238 | |
0a0641f9 |
239 | For code that captures C<$@> when throwing new errors (i.e. |
240 | L<Class::Throwable>), you'll need to do: |
241 | |
242 | local $@ = $_; |
243 | |
7195fc08 |
244 | =item finally (&;$) |
245 | |
246 | try { ... } |
247 | catch { ... } |
248 | finally { ... }; |
249 | |
250 | Or |
251 | |
252 | try { ... } |
253 | finally { ... }; |
254 | |
255 | Or even |
256 | |
257 | try { ... } |
258 | finally { ... } |
259 | catch { ... }; |
260 | |
261 | Intended to be the second or third element of C<try>. Finally blocks are always |
262 | executed in the event of a successful C<try> or if C<catch> is run. This allows |
263 | you to locate cleanup code which cannot be done via C<local()> e.g. closing a file |
264 | handle. |
265 | |
266 | B<You must always do your own error handling in the finally block>. C<Try::Tiny> will |
267 | not do anything about handling possible errors coming from code located in these |
268 | blocks. |
269 | |
270 | In the same way C<catch()> blesses the code reference this subroutine does the same |
271 | except it bless them as C<Try::Tiny::Finally>. |
272 | |
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273 | =back |
274 | |
275 | =head1 BACKGROUND |
276 | |
277 | There are a number of issues with C<eval>. |
278 | |
279 | =head2 Clobbering $@ |
280 | |
281 | When you run an eval block and it succeeds, C<$@> will be cleared, potentially |
a717a876 |
282 | clobbering an error that is currently being caught. |
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283 | |
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284 | This causes action at a distance, clearing previous errors your caller may have |
285 | not yet handled. |
286 | |
287 | C<$@> must be properly localized before invoking C<eval> in order to avoid this |
288 | issue. |
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289 | |
8e5b4441 |
290 | More specifically, C<$@> is clobbered at the beginning of the C<eval>, which |
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291 | also makes it impossible to capture the previous error before you die (for |
292 | instance when making exception objects with error stacks). |
293 | |
294 | For this reason C<try> will actually set C<$@> to its previous value (before |
1d64c1ad |
295 | the localization) in the beginning of the C<eval> block. |
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296 | |
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297 | =head2 Localizing $@ silently masks errors |
298 | |
299 | Inside an eval block C<die> behaves sort of like: |
300 | |
301 | sub die { |
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302 | $@ = $_[0]; |
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303 | return_undef_from_eval(); |
304 | } |
305 | |
306 | This means that if you were polite and localized C<$@> you can't die in that |
1f7c5af6 |
307 | scope, or your error will be discarded (printing "Something's wrong" instead). |
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308 | |
309 | The workaround is very ugly: |
310 | |
311 | my $error = do { |
312 | local $@; |
313 | eval { ... }; |
314 | $@; |
315 | }; |
316 | |
317 | ... |
318 | die $error; |
319 | |
320 | =head2 $@ might not be a true value |
321 | |
322 | This code is wrong: |
323 | |
324 | if ( $@ ) { |
325 | ... |
326 | } |
327 | |
1f7c5af6 |
328 | because due to the previous caveats it may have been unset. |
329 | |
1d64c1ad |
330 | C<$@> could also be an overloaded error object that evaluates to false, but |
331 | that's asking for trouble anyway. |
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332 | |
333 | The classic failure mode is: |
334 | |
335 | sub Object::DESTROY { |
336 | eval { ... } |
337 | } |
338 | |
339 | eval { |
340 | my $obj = Object->new; |
341 | |
342 | die "foo"; |
343 | }; |
344 | |
345 | if ( $@ ) { |
346 | |
347 | } |
348 | |
1f7c5af6 |
349 | In this case since C<Object::DESTROY> is not localizing C<$@> but still uses |
1d64c1ad |
350 | C<eval>, it will set C<$@> to C<"">. |
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351 | |
1f7c5af6 |
352 | The destructor is called when the stack is unwound, after C<die> sets C<$@> to |
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353 | C<"foo at Foo.pm line 42\n">, so by the time C<if ( $@ )> is evaluated it has |
1f7c5af6 |
354 | been cleared by C<eval> in the destructor. |
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355 | |
1f7c5af6 |
356 | The workaround for this is even uglier than the previous ones. Even though we |
357 | can't save the value of C<$@> from code that doesn't localize, we can at least |
358 | be sure the eval was aborted due to an error: |
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359 | |
360 | my $failed = not eval { |
361 | ... |
362 | |
363 | return 1; |
364 | }; |
365 | |
1f7c5af6 |
366 | This is because an C<eval> that caught a C<die> will always return a false |
367 | value. |
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368 | |
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369 | =head1 SHINY SYNTAX |
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370 | |
1f7c5af6 |
371 | Using Perl 5.10 you can use L<perlsyn/"Switch statements">. |
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372 | |
1f7c5af6 |
373 | The C<catch> block is invoked in a topicalizer context (like a C<given> block), |
374 | but note that you can't return a useful value from C<catch> using the C<when> |
27293e40 |
375 | blocks without an explicit C<return>. |
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376 | |
377 | This is somewhat similar to Perl 6's C<CATCH> blocks. You can use it to |
378 | concisely match errors: |
379 | |
380 | try { |
381 | require Foo; |
382 | } catch { |
1f7c5af6 |
383 | when (/^Can't locate .*?\.pm in \@INC/) { } # ignore |
3176feef |
384 | default { die $_ } |
deb85b37 |
385 | }; |
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386 | |
387 | =head1 CAVEATS |
388 | |
389 | =over 4 |
390 | |
391 | =item * |
392 | |
318cb1eb |
393 | C<@_> is not available, you need to name your args: |
394 | |
395 | sub foo { |
396 | my ( $self, @args ) = @_; |
397 | try { $self->bar(@args) } |
398 | } |
399 | |
400 | =item * |
401 | |
402 | C<return> returns from the C<try> block, not from the parent sub (note that |
403 | this is also how C<eval> works, but not how L<TryCatch> works): |
404 | |
405 | sub bar { |
406 | try { return "foo" }; |
407 | return "baz"; |
408 | } |
409 | |
410 | say bar(); # "baz" |
411 | |
412 | =item * |
413 | |
1f7c5af6 |
414 | C<try> introduces another caller stack frame. L<Sub::Uplevel> is not used. L<Carp> |
c12e626f |
415 | will not report this when using full stack traces, though, because |
416 | C<%Carp::Internal> is used. This lack of magic is considered a feature. |
3176feef |
417 | |
418 | =item * |
419 | |
57c50f41 |
420 | The value of C<$_> in the C<catch> block is not guaranteed to be the value of |
421 | the exception thrown (C<$@>) in the C<try> block. There is no safe way to |
422 | ensure this, since C<eval> may be used unhygenically in destructors. The only |
423 | guarantee is that the C<catch> will be called if an exception is thrown. |
3176feef |
424 | |
a5cd5f73 |
425 | =item * |
426 | |
427 | The return value of the C<catch> block is not ignored, so if testing the result |
428 | of the expression for truth on success, be sure to return a false value from |
429 | the C<catch> block: |
430 | |
431 | my $obj = try { |
432 | MightFail->new; |
433 | } catch { |
434 | ... |
435 | |
436 | return; # avoid returning a true value; |
437 | }; |
438 | |
439 | return unless $obj; |
440 | |
eaca95b7 |
441 | =item * |
442 | |
443 | C<$SIG{__DIE__}> is still in effect. |
444 | |
445 | Though it can be argued that C<$SIG{__DIE__}> should be disabled inside of |
446 | C<eval> blocks, since it isn't people have grown to rely on it. Therefore in |
447 | the interests of compatibility, C<try> does not disable C<$SIG{__DIE__}> for |
448 | the scope of the error throwing code. |
449 | |
3176feef |
450 | =back |
451 | |
452 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
453 | |
454 | =over 4 |
455 | |
456 | =item L<TryCatch> |
457 | |
458 | Much more feature complete, more convenient semantics, but at the cost of |
459 | implementation complexity. |
460 | |
9bc603cb |
461 | =item L<autodie> |
462 | |
463 | Automatic error throwing for builtin functions and more. Also designed to |
464 | work well with C<given>/C<when>. |
465 | |
f8227e43 |
466 | =item L<Throwable> |
467 | |
468 | A lightweight role for rolling your own exception classes. |
469 | |
3176feef |
470 | =item L<Error> |
471 | |
472 | Exception object implementation with a C<try> statement. Does not localize |
473 | C<$@>. |
474 | |
475 | =item L<Exception::Class::TryCatch> |
476 | |
477 | Provides a C<catch> statement, but properly calling C<eval> is your |
478 | responsibility. |
479 | |
480 | The C<try> keyword pushes C<$@> onto an error stack, avoiding some of the |
1d64c1ad |
481 | issues with C<$@>, but you still need to localize to prevent clobbering. |
3176feef |
482 | |
483 | =back |
484 | |
faecd5a0 |
485 | =head1 LIGHTNING TALK |
486 | |
487 | I gave a lightning talk about this module, you can see the slides (Firefox |
488 | only): |
489 | |
e9140680 |
490 | L<http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/takahashi.xul?data=yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.txt> |
faecd5a0 |
491 | |
492 | Or read the source: |
493 | |
494 | L<http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.yml> |
495 | |
3176feef |
496 | =head1 VERSION CONTROL |
497 | |
498 | L<http://github.com/nothingmuch/try-tiny/> |
499 | |
500 | =head1 AUTHOR |
501 | |
502 | Yuval Kogman E<lt>nothingmuch@woobling.orgE<gt> |
503 | |
504 | =head1 COPYRIGHT |
505 | |
c4e1eb12 |
506 | Copyright (c) 2009 Yuval Kogman. All rights reserved. |
3176feef |
507 | This program is free software; you can redistribute |
c4e1eb12 |
508 | it and/or modify it under the terms of the MIT license. |
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509 | |
510 | =cut |
511 | |