Commit | Line | Data |
3176feef |
1 | package Try::Tiny; |
2 | |
3 | use strict; |
f9d19a00 |
4 | use warnings; |
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5 | |
f9d19a00 |
6 | our $VERSION = "0.12"; |
7 | $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; |
ae53da51 |
8 | |
f9d19a00 |
9 | use base 'Exporter'; |
10 | our @EXPORT = our @EXPORT_OK = qw(try catch finally); |
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11 | |
f9d19a00 |
12 | use Carp; |
6f114080 |
13 | $Carp::Internal{+__PACKAGE__}++; |
14 | |
7195fc08 |
15 | # Need to prototype as @ not $$ because of the way Perl evaluates the prototype. |
16 | # Keeping it at $$ means you only ever get 1 sub because we need to eval in a list |
17 | # context & not a scalar one |
18 | |
19 | sub try (&;@) { |
8d2ee831 |
20 | my ( $try, @code_refs ) = @_; |
21 | |
22 | # we need to save this here, the eval block will be in scalar context due |
23 | # to $failed |
24 | my $wantarray = wantarray; |
25 | |
26 | my ( $catch, @finally ); |
27 | |
28 | # find labeled blocks in the argument list. |
29 | # catch and finally tag the blocks by blessing a scalar reference to them. |
30 | foreach my $code_ref (@code_refs) { |
31 | next unless $code_ref; |
32 | |
33 | my $ref = ref($code_ref); |
34 | |
35 | if ( $ref eq 'Try::Tiny::Catch' ) { |
36 | $catch = ${$code_ref}; |
37 | } elsif ( $ref eq 'Try::Tiny::Finally' ) { |
38 | push @finally, ${$code_ref}; |
39 | } else { |
8d2ee831 |
40 | confess("Unknown code ref type given '${ref}'. Check your usage & try again"); |
41 | } |
42 | } |
43 | |
44 | # save the value of $@ so we can set $@ back to it in the beginning of the eval |
45 | my $prev_error = $@; |
46 | |
47 | my ( @ret, $error, $failed ); |
48 | |
49 | # FIXME consider using local $SIG{__DIE__} to accumulate all errors. It's |
50 | # not perfect, but we could provide a list of additional errors for |
51 | # $catch->(); |
52 | |
53 | { |
54 | # localize $@ to prevent clobbering of previous value by a successful |
55 | # eval. |
56 | local $@; |
57 | |
58 | # failed will be true if the eval dies, because 1 will not be returned |
59 | # from the eval body |
60 | $failed = not eval { |
61 | $@ = $prev_error; |
62 | |
63 | # evaluate the try block in the correct context |
64 | if ( $wantarray ) { |
65 | @ret = $try->(); |
66 | } elsif ( defined $wantarray ) { |
67 | $ret[0] = $try->(); |
68 | } else { |
69 | $try->(); |
70 | }; |
71 | |
72 | return 1; # properly set $fail to false |
73 | }; |
74 | |
75 | # copy $@ to $error; when we leave this scope, local $@ will revert $@ |
76 | # back to its previous value |
77 | $error = $@; |
78 | } |
79 | |
80 | # set up a scope guard to invoke the finally block at the end |
81 | my @guards = |
b611f396 |
82 | map { Try::Tiny::ScopeGuard->_new($_, $failed ? $error : ()) } |
83 | @finally; |
82ef0e61 |
84 | |
8d2ee831 |
85 | # at this point $failed contains a true value if the eval died, even if some |
86 | # destructor overwrote $@ as the eval was unwinding. |
87 | if ( $failed ) { |
88 | # if we got an error, invoke the catch block. |
89 | if ( $catch ) { |
90 | # This works like given($error), but is backwards compatible and |
91 | # sets $_ in the dynamic scope for the body of C<$catch> |
92 | for ($error) { |
93 | return $catch->($error); |
94 | } |
95 | |
96 | # in case when() was used without an explicit return, the C<for> |
97 | # loop will be aborted and there's no useful return value |
98 | } |
99 | |
100 | return; |
101 | } else { |
102 | # no failure, $@ is back to what it was, everything is fine |
103 | return $wantarray ? @ret : $ret[0]; |
104 | } |
3176feef |
105 | } |
106 | |
7195fc08 |
107 | sub catch (&;@) { |
8d2ee831 |
108 | my ( $block, @rest ) = @_; |
7195fc08 |
109 | |
8d2ee831 |
110 | return ( |
111 | bless(\$block, 'Try::Tiny::Catch'), |
112 | @rest, |
113 | ); |
3176feef |
114 | } |
115 | |
7195fc08 |
116 | sub finally (&;@) { |
8d2ee831 |
117 | my ( $block, @rest ) = @_; |
7195fc08 |
118 | |
8d2ee831 |
119 | return ( |
120 | bless(\$block, 'Try::Tiny::Finally'), |
121 | @rest, |
122 | ); |
7195fc08 |
123 | } |
3176feef |
124 | |
b611f396 |
125 | { |
3ef3a4f0 |
126 | package # hide from PAUSE |
127 | Try::Tiny::ScopeGuard; |
b611f396 |
128 | |
129 | sub _new { |
130 | shift; |
131 | bless [ @_ ]; |
132 | } |
133 | |
134 | sub DESTROY { |
135 | my @guts = @{ shift() }; |
136 | my $code = shift @guts; |
137 | $code->(@guts); |
138 | } |
82ef0e61 |
139 | } |
140 | |
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141 | __PACKAGE__ |
142 | |
143 | __END__ |
144 | |
145 | =pod |
146 | |
147 | =head1 NAME |
148 | |
149 | Try::Tiny - minimal try/catch with proper localization of $@ |
150 | |
151 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
152 | |
a2358317 |
153 | You can use Try::Tiny's C<try> and C<catch> to expect and handle exceptional |
154 | conditions, avoiding quirks in Perl and common mistakes: |
155 | |
8d2ee831 |
156 | # handle errors with a catch handler |
157 | try { |
158 | die "foo"; |
159 | } catch { |
160 | warn "caught error: $_"; # not $@ |
161 | }; |
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162 | |
b999823d |
163 | You can also use it like a standalone C<eval> to catch and ignore any error |
a2358317 |
164 | conditions. Obviously, this is an extreme measure not to be undertaken |
165 | lightly: |
166 | |
8d2ee831 |
167 | # just silence errors |
168 | try { |
169 | die "foo"; |
170 | }; |
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171 | |
172 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
173 | |
7195fc08 |
174 | This module provides bare bones C<try>/C<catch>/C<finally> statements that are designed to |
1f7c5af6 |
175 | minimize common mistakes with eval blocks, and NOTHING else. |
3176feef |
176 | |
177 | This is unlike L<TryCatch> which provides a nice syntax and avoids adding |
ad10a9e2 |
178 | another call stack layer, and supports calling C<return> from the C<try> block to |
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179 | return from the parent subroutine. These extra features come at a cost of a few |
180 | dependencies, namely L<Devel::Declare> and L<Scope::Upper> which are |
1f7c5af6 |
181 | occasionally problematic, and the additional catch filtering uses L<Moose> |
182 | type constraints which may not be desirable either. |
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183 | |
1f7c5af6 |
184 | The main focus of this module is to provide simple and reliable error handling |
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185 | for those having a hard time installing L<TryCatch>, but who still want to |
186 | write correct C<eval> blocks without 5 lines of boilerplate each time. |
187 | |
188 | It's designed to work as correctly as possible in light of the various |
b999823d |
189 | pathological edge cases (see L</BACKGROUND>) and to be compatible with any style |
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190 | of error values (simple strings, references, objects, overloaded objects, etc). |
191 | |
ad10a9e2 |
192 | If the C<try> block dies, it returns the value of the last statement executed in |
193 | the C<catch> block, if there is one. Otherwise, it returns C<undef> in scalar |
c065237e |
194 | context or the empty list in list context. The following examples all |
ad10a9e2 |
195 | assign C<"bar"> to C<$x>: |
a5cd5f73 |
196 | |
8d2ee831 |
197 | my $x = try { die "foo" } catch { "bar" }; |
198 | my $x = try { die "foo" } || { "bar" }; |
199 | my $x = (try { die "foo" }) // { "bar" }; |
a5cd5f73 |
200 | |
8d2ee831 |
201 | my $x = eval { die "foo" } || "bar"; |
a5cd5f73 |
202 | |
ad10a9e2 |
203 | You can add C<finally> blocks, yielding the following: |
7195fc08 |
204 | |
8d2ee831 |
205 | my $x; |
206 | try { die 'foo' } finally { $x = 'bar' }; |
207 | try { die 'foo' } catch { warn "Got a die: $_" } finally { $x = 'bar' }; |
7195fc08 |
208 | |
ad10a9e2 |
209 | C<finally> blocks are always executed making them suitable for cleanup code |
210 | which cannot be handled using local. You can add as many C<finally> blocks to a |
211 | given C<try> block as you like. |
7195fc08 |
212 | |
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213 | =head1 EXPORTS |
214 | |
1f7c5af6 |
215 | All functions are exported by default using L<Exporter>. |
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216 | |
7195fc08 |
217 | If you need to rename the C<try>, C<catch> or C<finally> keyword consider using |
6157bcb8 |
218 | L<Sub::Import> to get L<Sub::Exporter>'s flexibility. |
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219 | |
220 | =over 4 |
221 | |
7195fc08 |
222 | =item try (&;@) |
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223 | |
ad10a9e2 |
224 | Takes one mandatory C<try> subroutine, an optional C<catch> subroutine and C<finally> |
7195fc08 |
225 | subroutine. |
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226 | |
227 | The mandatory subroutine is evaluated in the context of an C<eval> block. |
228 | |
1f7c5af6 |
229 | If no error occurred the value from the first block is returned, preserving |
230 | list/scalar context. |
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231 | |
232 | If there was an error and the second subroutine was given it will be invoked |
233 | with the error in C<$_> (localized) and as that block's first and only |
234 | argument. |
235 | |
2dc64249 |
236 | C<$@> does B<not> contain the error. Inside the C<catch> block it has the same |
237 | value it had before the C<try> block was executed. |
238 | |
1f7c5af6 |
239 | Note that the error may be false, but if that happens the C<catch> block will |
1d64c1ad |
240 | still be invoked. |
3176feef |
241 | |
ad10a9e2 |
242 | Once all execution is finished then the C<finally> block, if given, will execute. |
7195fc08 |
243 | |
244 | =item catch (&;$) |
1f7c5af6 |
245 | |
246 | Intended to be used in the second argument position of C<try>. |
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247 | |
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248 | Returns a reference to the subroutine it was given but blessed as |
249 | C<Try::Tiny::Catch> which allows try to decode correctly what to do |
250 | with this code reference. |
3176feef |
251 | |
8d2ee831 |
252 | catch { ... } |
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253 | |
ad10a9e2 |
254 | Inside the C<catch> block the caught error is stored in C<$_>, while previous |
2dc64249 |
255 | value of C<$@> is still available for use. This value may or may not be |
256 | meaningful depending on what happened before the C<try>, but it might be a good |
257 | idea to preserve it in an error stack. |
ac4f5f9f |
258 | |
0a0641f9 |
259 | For code that captures C<$@> when throwing new errors (i.e. |
260 | L<Class::Throwable>), you'll need to do: |
261 | |
8d2ee831 |
262 | local $@ = $_; |
0a0641f9 |
263 | |
7195fc08 |
264 | =item finally (&;$) |
265 | |
266 | try { ... } |
267 | catch { ... } |
268 | finally { ... }; |
269 | |
270 | Or |
271 | |
272 | try { ... } |
273 | finally { ... }; |
274 | |
275 | Or even |
276 | |
277 | try { ... } |
278 | finally { ... } |
279 | catch { ... }; |
280 | |
ad10a9e2 |
281 | Intended to be the second or third element of C<try>. C<finally> blocks are always |
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282 | executed in the event of a successful C<try> or if C<catch> is run. This allows |
283 | you to locate cleanup code which cannot be done via C<local()> e.g. closing a file |
284 | handle. |
285 | |
ad10a9e2 |
286 | When invoked, the C<finally> block is passed the error that was caught. If no |
287 | error was caught, it is passed nothing. (Note that the C<finally> block does not |
288 | localize C<$_> with the error, since unlike in a C<catch> block, there is no way |
658a90e5 |
289 | to know if C<$_ == undef> implies that there were no errors.) In other words, |
290 | the following code does just what you would expect: |
d6e0f0df |
291 | |
292 | try { |
293 | die_sometimes(); |
294 | } catch { |
295 | # ...code run in case of error |
296 | } finally { |
297 | if (@_) { |
298 | print "The try block died with: @_\n"; |
299 | } else { |
300 | print "The try block ran without error.\n"; |
301 | } |
302 | }; |
303 | |
ad10a9e2 |
304 | B<You must always do your own error handling in the C<finally> block>. C<Try::Tiny> will |
7195fc08 |
305 | not do anything about handling possible errors coming from code located in these |
306 | blocks. |
307 | |
308 | In the same way C<catch()> blesses the code reference this subroutine does the same |
309 | except it bless them as C<Try::Tiny::Finally>. |
310 | |
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311 | =back |
312 | |
313 | =head1 BACKGROUND |
314 | |
315 | There are a number of issues with C<eval>. |
316 | |
317 | =head2 Clobbering $@ |
318 | |
ad10a9e2 |
319 | When you run an C<eval> block and it succeeds, C<$@> will be cleared, potentially |
a717a876 |
320 | clobbering an error that is currently being caught. |
3176feef |
321 | |
1f7c5af6 |
322 | This causes action at a distance, clearing previous errors your caller may have |
323 | not yet handled. |
324 | |
325 | C<$@> must be properly localized before invoking C<eval> in order to avoid this |
326 | issue. |
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327 | |
8e5b4441 |
328 | More specifically, C<$@> is clobbered at the beginning of the C<eval>, which |
511c05ca |
329 | also makes it impossible to capture the previous error before you die (for |
330 | instance when making exception objects with error stacks). |
331 | |
332 | For this reason C<try> will actually set C<$@> to its previous value (before |
1d64c1ad |
333 | the localization) in the beginning of the C<eval> block. |
511c05ca |
334 | |
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335 | =head2 Localizing $@ silently masks errors |
336 | |
ad10a9e2 |
337 | Inside an C<eval> block, C<die> behaves sort of like: |
3176feef |
338 | |
8d2ee831 |
339 | sub die { |
340 | $@ = $_[0]; |
341 | return_undef_from_eval(); |
342 | } |
3176feef |
343 | |
344 | This means that if you were polite and localized C<$@> you can't die in that |
1f7c5af6 |
345 | scope, or your error will be discarded (printing "Something's wrong" instead). |
3176feef |
346 | |
347 | The workaround is very ugly: |
348 | |
8d2ee831 |
349 | my $error = do { |
350 | local $@; |
351 | eval { ... }; |
352 | $@; |
353 | }; |
3176feef |
354 | |
8d2ee831 |
355 | ... |
356 | die $error; |
3176feef |
357 | |
358 | =head2 $@ might not be a true value |
359 | |
360 | This code is wrong: |
361 | |
8d2ee831 |
362 | if ( $@ ) { |
363 | ... |
364 | } |
3176feef |
365 | |
1f7c5af6 |
366 | because due to the previous caveats it may have been unset. |
367 | |
1d64c1ad |
368 | C<$@> could also be an overloaded error object that evaluates to false, but |
369 | that's asking for trouble anyway. |
3176feef |
370 | |
371 | The classic failure mode is: |
372 | |
8d2ee831 |
373 | sub Object::DESTROY { |
374 | eval { ... } |
375 | } |
3176feef |
376 | |
8d2ee831 |
377 | eval { |
378 | my $obj = Object->new; |
3176feef |
379 | |
8d2ee831 |
380 | die "foo"; |
381 | }; |
3176feef |
382 | |
8d2ee831 |
383 | if ( $@ ) { |
3176feef |
384 | |
8d2ee831 |
385 | } |
3176feef |
386 | |
1f7c5af6 |
387 | In this case since C<Object::DESTROY> is not localizing C<$@> but still uses |
1d64c1ad |
388 | C<eval>, it will set C<$@> to C<"">. |
3176feef |
389 | |
1f7c5af6 |
390 | The destructor is called when the stack is unwound, after C<die> sets C<$@> to |
3176feef |
391 | C<"foo at Foo.pm line 42\n">, so by the time C<if ( $@ )> is evaluated it has |
1f7c5af6 |
392 | been cleared by C<eval> in the destructor. |
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393 | |
1f7c5af6 |
394 | The workaround for this is even uglier than the previous ones. Even though we |
395 | can't save the value of C<$@> from code that doesn't localize, we can at least |
ad10a9e2 |
396 | be sure the C<eval> was aborted due to an error: |
3176feef |
397 | |
8d2ee831 |
398 | my $failed = not eval { |
399 | ... |
3176feef |
400 | |
8d2ee831 |
401 | return 1; |
402 | }; |
3176feef |
403 | |
1f7c5af6 |
404 | This is because an C<eval> that caught a C<die> will always return a false |
405 | value. |
3176feef |
406 | |
f9b91e2c |
407 | =head1 SHINY SYNTAX |
3176feef |
408 | |
1f7c5af6 |
409 | Using Perl 5.10 you can use L<perlsyn/"Switch statements">. |
3176feef |
410 | |
1f7c5af6 |
411 | The C<catch> block is invoked in a topicalizer context (like a C<given> block), |
412 | but note that you can't return a useful value from C<catch> using the C<when> |
27293e40 |
413 | blocks without an explicit C<return>. |
3176feef |
414 | |
415 | This is somewhat similar to Perl 6's C<CATCH> blocks. You can use it to |
416 | concisely match errors: |
417 | |
8d2ee831 |
418 | try { |
419 | require Foo; |
420 | } catch { |
421 | when (/^Can't locate .*?\.pm in \@INC/) { } # ignore |
422 | default { die $_ } |
423 | }; |
3176feef |
424 | |
425 | =head1 CAVEATS |
426 | |
427 | =over 4 |
428 | |
429 | =item * |
430 | |
013dca8f |
431 | C<@_> is not available within the C<try> block, so you need to copy your |
432 | arglist. In case you want to work with argument values directly via C<@_> |
433 | aliasing (i.e. allow C<$_[1] = "foo">), you need to pass C<@_> by reference: |
318cb1eb |
434 | |
8d2ee831 |
435 | sub foo { |
436 | my ( $self, @args ) = @_; |
437 | try { $self->bar(@args) } |
438 | } |
013dca8f |
439 | |
440 | or |
441 | |
8d2ee831 |
442 | sub bar_in_place { |
443 | my $self = shift; |
444 | my $args = \@_; |
445 | try { $_ = $self->bar($_) for @$args } |
446 | } |
318cb1eb |
447 | |
448 | =item * |
449 | |
450 | C<return> returns from the C<try> block, not from the parent sub (note that |
451 | this is also how C<eval> works, but not how L<TryCatch> works): |
452 | |
6651956b |
453 | sub parent_sub { |
8d2ee831 |
454 | try { |
455 | die; |
456 | } |
457 | catch { |
458 | return; |
459 | }; |
6651956b |
460 | |
8d2ee831 |
461 | say "this text WILL be displayed, even though an exception is thrown"; |
6651956b |
462 | } |
463 | |
464 | Instead, you should capture the return value: |
465 | |
466 | sub parent_sub { |
8d2ee831 |
467 | my $success = try { |
468 | die; |
469 | 1; |
470 | } |
471 | return unless $success; |
6651956b |
472 | |
8d2ee831 |
473 | say "This text WILL NEVER appear!"; |
6651956b |
474 | } |
318cb1eb |
475 | |
ad10a9e2 |
476 | Note that if you have a C<catch> block, it must return C<undef> for this to work, |
477 | since if a C<catch> block exists, its return value is returned in place of C<undef> |
6651956b |
478 | when an exception is thrown. |
318cb1eb |
479 | |
480 | =item * |
481 | |
1f7c5af6 |
482 | C<try> introduces another caller stack frame. L<Sub::Uplevel> is not used. L<Carp> |
c12e626f |
483 | will not report this when using full stack traces, though, because |
484 | C<%Carp::Internal> is used. This lack of magic is considered a feature. |
3176feef |
485 | |
486 | =item * |
487 | |
57c50f41 |
488 | The value of C<$_> in the C<catch> block is not guaranteed to be the value of |
489 | the exception thrown (C<$@>) in the C<try> block. There is no safe way to |
490 | ensure this, since C<eval> may be used unhygenically in destructors. The only |
491 | guarantee is that the C<catch> will be called if an exception is thrown. |
3176feef |
492 | |
a5cd5f73 |
493 | =item * |
494 | |
495 | The return value of the C<catch> block is not ignored, so if testing the result |
496 | of the expression for truth on success, be sure to return a false value from |
497 | the C<catch> block: |
498 | |
8d2ee831 |
499 | my $obj = try { |
500 | MightFail->new; |
501 | } catch { |
502 | ... |
a5cd5f73 |
503 | |
8d2ee831 |
504 | return; # avoid returning a true value; |
505 | }; |
a5cd5f73 |
506 | |
8d2ee831 |
507 | return unless $obj; |
a5cd5f73 |
508 | |
eaca95b7 |
509 | =item * |
510 | |
511 | C<$SIG{__DIE__}> is still in effect. |
512 | |
513 | Though it can be argued that C<$SIG{__DIE__}> should be disabled inside of |
514 | C<eval> blocks, since it isn't people have grown to rely on it. Therefore in |
515 | the interests of compatibility, C<try> does not disable C<$SIG{__DIE__}> for |
516 | the scope of the error throwing code. |
517 | |
cbfb5327 |
518 | =item * |
519 | |
520 | Lexical C<$_> may override the one set by C<catch>. |
521 | |
522 | For example Perl 5.10's C<given> form uses a lexical C<$_>, creating some |
523 | confusing behavior: |
524 | |
8d2ee831 |
525 | given ($foo) { |
526 | when (...) { |
527 | try { |
528 | ... |
529 | } catch { |
530 | warn $_; # will print $foo, not the error |
531 | warn $_[0]; # instead, get the error like this |
532 | } |
533 | } |
534 | } |
cbfb5327 |
535 | |
aaf0d61f |
536 | Note that this behavior was changed once again in L<Perl5 version 18 |
537 | |https://metacpan.org/module/perldelta#given-now-aliases-the-global-_>. |
538 | However, since the entirety of lexical C<$_> is now L<considired experimental |
539 | |https://metacpan.org/module/perldelta#Lexical-_-is-now-experimental>, it |
540 | is unclear whether the new version 18 behavior is final. |
541 | |
3176feef |
542 | =back |
543 | |
544 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
545 | |
546 | =over 4 |
547 | |
548 | =item L<TryCatch> |
549 | |
550 | Much more feature complete, more convenient semantics, but at the cost of |
551 | implementation complexity. |
552 | |
9bc603cb |
553 | =item L<autodie> |
554 | |
555 | Automatic error throwing for builtin functions and more. Also designed to |
556 | work well with C<given>/C<when>. |
557 | |
f8227e43 |
558 | =item L<Throwable> |
559 | |
560 | A lightweight role for rolling your own exception classes. |
561 | |
3176feef |
562 | =item L<Error> |
563 | |
564 | Exception object implementation with a C<try> statement. Does not localize |
565 | C<$@>. |
566 | |
567 | =item L<Exception::Class::TryCatch> |
568 | |
569 | Provides a C<catch> statement, but properly calling C<eval> is your |
570 | responsibility. |
571 | |
572 | The C<try> keyword pushes C<$@> onto an error stack, avoiding some of the |
1d64c1ad |
573 | issues with C<$@>, but you still need to localize to prevent clobbering. |
3176feef |
574 | |
575 | =back |
576 | |
faecd5a0 |
577 | =head1 LIGHTNING TALK |
578 | |
579 | I gave a lightning talk about this module, you can see the slides (Firefox |
580 | only): |
581 | |
e9140680 |
582 | L<http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/takahashi.xul?data=yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.txt> |
faecd5a0 |
583 | |
584 | Or read the source: |
585 | |
586 | L<http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.yml> |
587 | |
3176feef |
588 | =head1 VERSION CONTROL |
589 | |
590 | L<http://github.com/nothingmuch/try-tiny/> |
591 | |
592 | =head1 AUTHOR |
593 | |
594 | Yuval Kogman E<lt>nothingmuch@woobling.orgE<gt> |
595 | |
596 | =head1 COPYRIGHT |
597 | |
8d2ee831 |
598 | Copyright (c) 2009 Yuval Kogman. All rights reserved. |
599 | This program is free software; you can redistribute |
600 | it and/or modify it under the terms of the MIT license. |
3176feef |
601 | |
602 | =cut |
603 | |