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1 | package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file |
2 | |
3 | # LDNOTE : this code is heavy refactoring from original SQLA. |
4 | # Several design decisions will need discussion during |
5 | # the test / diffusion / acceptance phase; those are marked with flag |
6 | # 'LDNOTE' (note by laurent.dami AT free.fr) |
7 | |
8 | use Carp; |
9 | use strict; |
10 | use warnings; |
fffe6900 |
11 | use List::Util qw/first/; |
12 | use Scalar::Util qw/blessed/; |
96449e8e |
13 | |
14 | #====================================================================== |
15 | # GLOBALS |
16 | #====================================================================== |
17 | |
ef8c0c94 |
18 | our $VERSION = '1.51'; |
7479e27e |
19 | |
22f1a437 |
20 | # This would confuse some packagers |
21 | #$VERSION = eval $VERSION; # numify for warning-free dev releases |
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22 | |
23 | our $AUTOLOAD; |
24 | |
25 | # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user. |
26 | # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation |
27 | my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = ( |
28 | {regex => qr/^(not )?between$/i, handler => \&_where_field_BETWEEN}, |
29 | {regex => qr/^(not )?in$/i, handler => \&_where_field_IN}, |
30 | ); |
31 | |
32 | #====================================================================== |
33 | # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING |
34 | #====================================================================== |
35 | |
36 | sub _debug { |
37 | return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster |
38 | my $func = (caller(1))[3]; |
39 | warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n"; |
40 | } |
41 | |
42 | sub belch (@) { |
43 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
44 | carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_; |
45 | } |
46 | |
47 | sub puke (@) { |
48 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
49 | croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_; |
50 | } |
51 | |
52 | |
53 | #====================================================================== |
54 | # NEW |
55 | #====================================================================== |
56 | |
57 | sub new { |
58 | my $self = shift; |
59 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
60 | my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_; |
61 | |
62 | # choose our case by keeping an option around |
63 | delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower'; |
64 | |
65 | # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs |
ef559da3 |
66 | $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR'; |
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67 | |
68 | # how to return bind vars |
69 | # LDNOTE: changed nwiger code : why this 'delete' ?? |
70 | # $opt{bindtype} ||= delete($opt{bind_type}) || 'normal'; |
71 | $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal'; |
72 | |
73 | # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden |
74 | $opt{cmp} ||= '='; |
75 | |
76 | # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'unequality' ops |
77 | # (temporary quickfix, should go through a more seasoned API) |
78 | $opt{equality_op} = qr/^(\Q$opt{cmp}\E|is|(is\s+)?like)$/i; |
79 | $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^(!=|<>|(is\s+)?not(\s+like)?)$/i; |
80 | |
81 | # SQL booleans |
82 | $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1'; |
83 | $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1'; |
84 | |
85 | # special operators |
86 | $opt{special_ops} ||= []; |
87 | push @{$opt{special_ops}}, @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS; |
88 | |
89 | return bless \%opt, $class; |
90 | } |
91 | |
92 | |
93 | |
94 | #====================================================================== |
95 | # INSERT methods |
96 | #====================================================================== |
97 | |
98 | sub insert { |
99 | my $self = shift; |
100 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
101 | my $data = shift || return; |
102 | |
103 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_insert", $data); |
104 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($data); |
105 | $sql = join " ", $self->_sqlcase('insert into'), $table, $sql; |
106 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
107 | } |
108 | |
109 | sub _insert_HASHREF { # explicit list of fields and then values |
110 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
111 | |
112 | my @fields = sort keys %$data; |
113 | |
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114 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_insert_values($data); |
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115 | |
116 | # assemble SQL |
117 | $_ = $self->_quote($_) foreach @fields; |
118 | $sql = "( ".join(", ", @fields).") ".$sql; |
119 | |
120 | return ($sql, @bind); |
121 | } |
122 | |
123 | sub _insert_ARRAYREF { # just generate values(?,?) part (no list of fields) |
124 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
125 | |
126 | # no names (arrayref) so can't generate bindtype |
127 | $self->{bindtype} ne 'columns' |
128 | or belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref"; |
129 | |
fe3ae272 |
130 | # fold the list of values into a hash of column name - value pairs |
131 | # (where the column names are artificially generated, and their |
132 | # lexicographical ordering keep the ordering of the original list) |
133 | my $i = "a"; # incremented values will be in lexicographical order |
134 | my $data_in_hash = { map { ($i++ => $_) } @$data }; |
135 | |
136 | return $self->_insert_values($data_in_hash); |
137 | } |
138 | |
139 | sub _insert_ARRAYREFREF { # literal SQL with bind |
140 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
141 | |
142 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$data}; |
143 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
144 | |
145 | return ($sql, @bind); |
146 | } |
147 | |
148 | |
149 | sub _insert_SCALARREF { # literal SQL without bind |
150 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
151 | |
152 | return ($$data); |
153 | } |
154 | |
155 | sub _insert_values { |
156 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
157 | |
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158 | my (@values, @all_bind); |
fe3ae272 |
159 | foreach my $column (sort keys %$data) { |
160 | my $v = $data->{$column}; |
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161 | |
162 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
163 | |
164 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
165 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # if array datatype are activated |
166 | push @values, '?'; |
fe3ae272 |
167 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
96449e8e |
168 | } |
169 | else { # else literal SQL with bind |
170 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
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171 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
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172 | push @values, $sql; |
173 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
174 | } |
175 | }, |
176 | |
177 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
178 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
fe3ae272 |
179 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
180 | push @values, $sql; |
181 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
182 | }, |
183 | |
184 | # THINK : anything useful to do with a HASHREF ? |
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185 | HASHREF => sub { # (nothing, but old SQLA passed it through) |
186 | #TODO in SQLA >= 2.0 it will die instead |
187 | belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported"; |
188 | push @values, '?'; |
fe3ae272 |
189 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
5db47f9f |
190 | }, |
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191 | |
192 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
193 | push @values, $$v; |
194 | }, |
195 | |
196 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
197 | push @values, '?'; |
fe3ae272 |
198 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
96449e8e |
199 | }, |
200 | |
201 | }); |
202 | |
203 | } |
204 | |
205 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )"; |
206 | return ($sql, @all_bind); |
207 | } |
208 | |
209 | |
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210 | |
211 | #====================================================================== |
212 | # UPDATE methods |
213 | #====================================================================== |
214 | |
215 | |
216 | sub update { |
217 | my $self = shift; |
218 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
219 | my $data = shift || return; |
220 | my $where = shift; |
221 | |
222 | # first build the 'SET' part of the sql statement |
223 | my (@set, @all_bind); |
224 | puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update" |
225 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
226 | |
227 | for my $k (sort keys %$data) { |
228 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
229 | my $r = ref $v; |
230 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
231 | |
232 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
233 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
234 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype |
235 | push @set, "$label = ?"; |
236 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
237 | } |
238 | else { # literal SQL with bind |
239 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
fe3ae272 |
240 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
241 | push @set, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
242 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
96449e8e |
243 | } |
244 | }, |
245 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
246 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
fe3ae272 |
247 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
248 | push @set, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
249 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
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250 | }, |
251 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
252 | push @set, "$label = $$v"; |
253 | }, |
254 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
255 | push @set, "$label = ?"; |
256 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
257 | }, |
258 | }); |
259 | } |
260 | |
261 | # generate sql |
262 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update') . " $table " . $self->_sqlcase('set ') |
263 | . join ', ', @set; |
264 | |
265 | if ($where) { |
266 | my($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where); |
267 | $sql .= $where_sql; |
268 | push @all_bind, @where_bind; |
269 | } |
270 | |
271 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @all_bind) : $sql; |
272 | } |
273 | |
274 | |
275 | |
276 | |
277 | #====================================================================== |
278 | # SELECT |
279 | #====================================================================== |
280 | |
281 | |
282 | sub select { |
283 | my $self = shift; |
284 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
285 | my $fields = shift || '*'; |
286 | my $where = shift; |
287 | my $order = shift; |
288 | |
289 | my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where, $order); |
290 | |
291 | my $f = (ref $fields eq 'ARRAY') ? join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$fields |
292 | : $fields; |
293 | my $sql = join(' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $f, |
294 | $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table) |
295 | . $where_sql; |
296 | |
297 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
298 | } |
299 | |
300 | #====================================================================== |
301 | # DELETE |
302 | #====================================================================== |
303 | |
304 | |
305 | sub delete { |
306 | my $self = shift; |
307 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
308 | my $where = shift; |
309 | |
310 | |
311 | my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where); |
312 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from') . " $table" . $where_sql; |
313 | |
314 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
315 | } |
316 | |
317 | |
318 | #====================================================================== |
319 | # WHERE: entry point |
320 | #====================================================================== |
321 | |
322 | |
323 | |
324 | # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses |
325 | sub where { |
326 | my ($self, $where, $order) = @_; |
327 | |
328 | # where ? |
329 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_recurse_where($where); |
330 | $sql = $sql ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : ''; |
331 | |
332 | # order by? |
333 | if ($order) { |
334 | $sql .= $self->_order_by($order); |
335 | } |
336 | |
337 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
338 | } |
339 | |
340 | |
341 | sub _recurse_where { |
342 | my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_; |
343 | |
344 | # dispatch on appropriate method according to refkind of $where |
345 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where", $where); |
311b2151 |
346 | |
347 | |
348 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($where, $logic); |
349 | |
350 | # DBIx::Class directly calls _recurse_where in scalar context, so |
351 | # we must implement it, even if not in the official API |
352 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
353 | } |
354 | |
355 | |
356 | |
357 | #====================================================================== |
358 | # WHERE: top-level ARRAYREF |
359 | #====================================================================== |
360 | |
361 | |
362 | sub _where_ARRAYREF { |
363 | my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_; |
364 | |
365 | $logic = uc($logic || $self->{logic}); |
366 | $logic eq 'AND' or $logic eq 'OR' or puke "unknown logic: $logic"; |
367 | |
368 | my @clauses = @$where; |
369 | |
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370 | my (@sql_clauses, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
371 | # need to use while() so can shift() for pairs |
372 | while (my $el = shift @clauses) { |
373 | |
374 | # switch according to kind of $el and get corresponding ($sql, @bind) |
375 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($el, { |
376 | |
377 | # skip empty elements, otherwise get invalid trailing AND stuff |
378 | ARRAYREF => sub {$self->_recurse_where($el) if @$el}, |
379 | |
474e3335 |
380 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { @{${$el}} if @{${$el}}}, |
381 | |
96449e8e |
382 | HASHREF => sub {$self->_recurse_where($el, 'and') if %$el}, |
383 | # LDNOTE : previous SQLA code for hashrefs was creating a dirty |
384 | # side-effect: the first hashref within an array would change |
385 | # the global logic to 'AND'. So [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] |
386 | # was interpreted as "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)", |
387 | # whereas it should be "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)". |
388 | |
389 | SCALARREF => sub { ($$el); }, |
390 | |
391 | SCALAR => sub {# top-level arrayref with scalars, recurse in pairs |
392 | $self->_recurse_where({$el => shift(@clauses)})}, |
393 | |
394 | UNDEF => sub {puke "not supported : UNDEF in arrayref" }, |
395 | }); |
396 | |
4b7b6026 |
397 | if ($sql) { |
398 | push @sql_clauses, $sql; |
399 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
400 | } |
96449e8e |
401 | } |
402 | |
403 | return $self->_join_sql_clauses($logic, \@sql_clauses, \@all_bind); |
404 | } |
405 | |
474e3335 |
406 | #====================================================================== |
407 | # WHERE: top-level ARRAYREFREF |
408 | #====================================================================== |
96449e8e |
409 | |
474e3335 |
410 | sub _where_ARRAYREFREF { |
411 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
412 | my ($sql, @bind) = @{${$where}}; |
413 | |
414 | return ($sql, @bind); |
415 | } |
96449e8e |
416 | |
417 | #====================================================================== |
418 | # WHERE: top-level HASHREF |
419 | #====================================================================== |
420 | |
421 | sub _where_HASHREF { |
422 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
423 | my (@sql_clauses, @all_bind); |
424 | |
425 | # LDNOTE : don't really know why we need to sort keys |
426 | for my $k (sort keys %$where) { |
427 | my $v = $where->{$k}; |
428 | |
429 | # ($k => $v) is either a special op or a regular hashpair |
430 | my ($sql, @bind) = ($k =~ /^-(.+)/) ? $self->_where_op_in_hash($1, $v) |
431 | : do { |
432 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where_hashpair", $v); |
433 | $self->$method($k, $v); |
434 | }; |
435 | |
436 | push @sql_clauses, $sql; |
437 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
438 | } |
439 | |
440 | return $self->_join_sql_clauses('and', \@sql_clauses, \@all_bind); |
441 | } |
442 | |
443 | |
444 | sub _where_op_in_hash { |
6dae476e |
445 | my ($self, $op_str, $v) = @_; |
446 | |
447 | $op_str =~ /^ (AND|OR|NEST) ( \_? \d* ) $/xi |
448 | or puke "unknown operator: -$op_str"; |
449 | |
450 | my $op = uc($1); # uppercase, remove trailing digits |
451 | if ($2) { |
452 | belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. ' |
453 | . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ $op_str => COND1, $op_str => COND2 ... ]"; |
454 | } |
96449e8e |
455 | |
96449e8e |
456 | $self->_debug("OP(-$op) within hashref, recursing..."); |
457 | |
458 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
459 | |
460 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
96449e8e |
461 | return $self->_where_ARRAYREF($v, $op eq 'NEST' ? '' : $op); |
462 | }, |
463 | |
464 | HASHREF => sub { |
465 | if ($op eq 'OR') { |
96449e8e |
466 | return $self->_where_ARRAYREF([%$v], 'OR'); |
467 | } |
468 | else { # NEST | AND |
469 | return $self->_where_HASHREF($v); |
470 | } |
471 | }, |
472 | |
473 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL |
474 | $op eq 'NEST' |
475 | or puke "-$op => \\\$scalar not supported, use -nest => ..."; |
476 | return ($$v); |
477 | }, |
478 | |
479 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL |
480 | $op eq 'NEST' |
481 | or puke "-$op => \\[..] not supported, use -nest => ..."; |
482 | return @{${$v}}; |
483 | }, |
484 | |
485 | SCALAR => sub { # permissively interpreted as SQL |
486 | $op eq 'NEST' |
487 | or puke "-$op => 'scalar' not supported, use -nest => \\'scalar'"; |
488 | belch "literal SQL should be -nest => \\'scalar' " |
489 | . "instead of -nest => 'scalar' "; |
490 | return ($v); |
491 | }, |
492 | |
493 | UNDEF => sub { |
494 | puke "-$op => undef not supported"; |
495 | }, |
496 | }); |
497 | } |
498 | |
499 | |
500 | sub _where_hashpair_ARRAYREF { |
501 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
502 | |
503 | if( @$v ) { |
504 | my @v = @$v; # need copy because of shift below |
505 | $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements"); |
506 | |
507 | # put apart first element if it is an operator (-and, -or) |
04d940de |
508 | my $op = ($v[0] =~ /^ - (?: AND|OR ) $/ix |
509 | ? shift @v |
510 | : '' |
511 | ); |
96449e8e |
512 | my @distributed = map { {$k => $_} } @v; |
04d940de |
513 | |
514 | if ($op) { |
515 | $self->_debug("OP($op) reinjected into the distributed array"); |
516 | unshift @distributed, $op; |
517 | } |
518 | |
f67591bf |
519 | my $logic = $op ? substr($op, 1) : ''; |
96449e8e |
520 | |
f67591bf |
521 | return $self->_recurse_where(\@distributed, $logic); |
96449e8e |
522 | } |
523 | else { |
524 | # LDNOTE : not sure of this one. What does "distribute over nothing" mean? |
525 | $self->_debug("empty ARRAY($k) means 0=1"); |
526 | return ($self->{sqlfalse}); |
527 | } |
528 | } |
529 | |
530 | sub _where_hashpair_HASHREF { |
eb49170d |
531 | my ($self, $k, $v, $logic) = @_; |
532 | $logic ||= 'and'; |
96449e8e |
533 | |
eb49170d |
534 | my ($all_sql, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
535 | |
536 | for my $op (sort keys %$v) { |
537 | my $val = $v->{$op}; |
538 | |
539 | # put the operator in canonical form |
540 | $op =~ s/^-//; # remove initial dash |
541 | $op =~ tr/_/ /; # underscores become spaces |
542 | $op =~ s/^\s+//; # no initial space |
543 | $op =~ s/\s+$//; # no final space |
544 | $op =~ s/\s+/ /; # multiple spaces become one |
545 | |
546 | my ($sql, @bind); |
547 | |
548 | # CASE: special operators like -in or -between |
549 | my $special_op = first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{special_ops}}; |
550 | if ($special_op) { |
551 | ($sql, @bind) = $special_op->{handler}->($self, $k, $op, $val); |
552 | } |
96449e8e |
553 | else { |
cf838930 |
554 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, { |
555 | |
556 | ARRAYREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \@vals} |
557 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_field_op_ARRAYREF($k, $op, $val); |
558 | }, |
559 | |
fe3ae272 |
560 | SCALARREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \$scalar} (literal SQL without bind) |
cf838930 |
561 | $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
562 | $self->_sqlcase($op), |
563 | $$val; |
564 | }, |
565 | |
fe3ae272 |
566 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \[$sql, @bind]} (literal SQL with bind) |
b3be7bd0 |
567 | my ($sub_sql, @sub_bind) = @$$val; |
fe3ae272 |
568 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@sub_bind); |
b3be7bd0 |
569 | $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
570 | $self->_sqlcase($op), |
571 | $sub_sql; |
fe3ae272 |
572 | @bind = @sub_bind; |
b3be7bd0 |
573 | }, |
574 | |
eb49170d |
575 | HASHREF => sub { |
576 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_hashpair_HASHREF($k, $val, $op); |
577 | }, |
578 | |
cf838930 |
579 | UNDEF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => undef} : sql "IS (NOT)? NULL" |
580 | my $is = ($op =~ $self->{equality_op}) ? 'is' : |
581 | ($op =~ $self->{inequality_op}) ? 'is not' : |
582 | puke "unexpected operator '$op' with undef operand"; |
583 | $sql = $self->_quote($k) . $self->_sqlcase(" $is null"); |
584 | }, |
585 | |
586 | FALLBACK => sub { # CASE: col => {op => $scalar} |
587 | $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
588 | $self->_sqlcase($op), |
589 | $self->_convert('?'); |
590 | @bind = $self->_bindtype($k, $val); |
591 | }, |
592 | }); |
96449e8e |
593 | } |
594 | |
eb49170d |
595 | ($all_sql) = (defined $all_sql and $all_sql) ? $self->_join_sql_clauses($logic, [$all_sql, $sql], []) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
596 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
597 | } |
eb49170d |
598 | return ($all_sql, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
599 | } |
600 | |
601 | |
602 | |
603 | sub _where_field_op_ARRAYREF { |
604 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
605 | |
606 | if(@$vals) { |
607 | $self->_debug("ARRAY($vals) means multiple elements: [ @$vals ]"); |
608 | |
f2d5020d |
609 | # LDNOTE : had planned to change the distribution logic when |
96449e8e |
610 | # $op =~ $self->{inequality_op}, because of Morgan laws : |
611 | # with {field => {'!=' => [22, 33]}}, it would be ridiculous to generate |
612 | # WHERE field != 22 OR field != 33 : the user probably means |
613 | # WHERE field != 22 AND field != 33. |
f2d5020d |
614 | # To do this, replace the line below by : |
615 | # my $logic = ($op =~ $self->{inequality_op}) ? 'AND' : 'OR'; |
616 | # return $self->_recurse_where([map { {$k => {$op, $_}} } @$vals], $logic); |
96449e8e |
617 | |
618 | # distribute $op over each member of @$vals |
f2d5020d |
619 | return $self->_recurse_where([map { {$k => {$op, $_}} } @$vals]); |
96449e8e |
620 | } |
621 | else { |
622 | # try to DWIM on equality operators |
623 | # LDNOTE : not 100% sure this is the correct thing to do ... |
624 | return ($self->{sqlfalse}) if $op =~ $self->{equality_op}; |
625 | return ($self->{sqltrue}) if $op =~ $self->{inequality_op}; |
626 | |
627 | # otherwise |
628 | puke "operator '$op' applied on an empty array (field '$k')"; |
629 | } |
630 | } |
631 | |
632 | |
633 | sub _where_hashpair_SCALARREF { |
634 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
635 | $self->_debug("SCALAR($k) means literal SQL: $$v"); |
636 | my $sql = $self->_quote($k) . " " . $$v; |
637 | return ($sql); |
638 | } |
639 | |
fe3ae272 |
640 | # literal SQL with bind |
96449e8e |
641 | sub _where_hashpair_ARRAYREFREF { |
642 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
643 | $self->_debug("REF($k) means literal SQL: @${$v}"); |
644 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
fe3ae272 |
645 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
646 | $sql = $self->_quote($k) . " " . $sql; |
96449e8e |
647 | return ($sql, @bind ); |
648 | } |
649 | |
fe3ae272 |
650 | # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
651 | sub _where_hashpair_SCALAR { |
652 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
653 | $self->_debug("NOREF($k) means simple key=val: $k $self->{cmp} $v"); |
654 | my $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
655 | $self->_sqlcase($self->{cmp}), |
656 | $self->_convert('?'); |
657 | my @bind = $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
658 | return ( $sql, @bind); |
659 | } |
660 | |
661 | |
662 | sub _where_hashpair_UNDEF { |
663 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
664 | $self->_debug("UNDEF($k) means IS NULL"); |
665 | my $sql = $self->_quote($k) . $self->_sqlcase(' is null'); |
666 | return ($sql); |
667 | } |
668 | |
669 | #====================================================================== |
670 | # WHERE: TOP-LEVEL OTHERS (SCALARREF, SCALAR, UNDEF) |
671 | #====================================================================== |
672 | |
673 | |
674 | sub _where_SCALARREF { |
675 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
676 | |
677 | # literal sql |
678 | $self->_debug("SCALAR(*top) means literal SQL: $$where"); |
679 | return ($$where); |
680 | } |
681 | |
682 | |
683 | sub _where_SCALAR { |
684 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
685 | |
686 | # literal sql |
687 | $self->_debug("NOREF(*top) means literal SQL: $where"); |
688 | return ($where); |
689 | } |
690 | |
691 | |
692 | sub _where_UNDEF { |
693 | my ($self) = @_; |
694 | return (); |
695 | } |
696 | |
697 | |
698 | #====================================================================== |
699 | # WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS (-in, -between) |
700 | #====================================================================== |
701 | |
702 | |
703 | sub _where_field_BETWEEN { |
704 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
705 | |
cf02fc47 |
706 | (ref $vals eq 'ARRAY' && @$vals == 2) or |
707 | (ref $vals eq 'REF' && (@$$vals == 1 || @$$vals == 2 || @$$vals == 3)) |
708 | or puke "special op 'between' requires an arrayref of two values (or a scalarref or arrayrefref for literal SQL)"; |
709 | |
710 | my ($clause, @bind, $label, $and, $placeholder); |
711 | $label = $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)); |
712 | $and = ' ' . $self->_sqlcase('and') . ' '; |
713 | $placeholder = $self->_convert('?'); |
96449e8e |
714 | $op = $self->_sqlcase($op); |
715 | |
cf02fc47 |
716 | if (ref $vals eq 'REF') { |
717 | ($clause, @bind) = @$$vals; |
718 | } |
719 | else { |
720 | my (@all_sql, @all_bind); |
721 | |
722 | foreach my $val (@$vals) { |
723 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, { |
724 | SCALAR => sub { |
725 | return ($placeholder, ($val)); |
726 | }, |
727 | SCALARREF => sub { |
728 | return ($self->_convert($$val), ()); |
729 | }, |
730 | }); |
731 | push @all_sql, $sql; |
732 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
733 | } |
734 | |
735 | $clause = (join $and, @all_sql); |
736 | @bind = $self->_bindtype($k, @all_bind); |
737 | } |
738 | my $sql = "( $label $op $clause )"; |
96449e8e |
739 | return ($sql, @bind) |
740 | } |
741 | |
742 | |
743 | sub _where_field_IN { |
744 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
745 | |
746 | # backwards compatibility : if scalar, force into an arrayref |
747 | $vals = [$vals] if defined $vals && ! ref $vals; |
748 | |
96449e8e |
749 | my ($label) = $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)); |
750 | my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?'); |
96449e8e |
751 | $op = $self->_sqlcase($op); |
752 | |
8a0d798a |
753 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($vals, { |
754 | ARRAYREF => sub { # list of choices |
755 | if (@$vals) { # nonempty list |
756 | my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$vals); |
757 | my $sql = "$label $op ( $placeholders )"; |
758 | my @bind = $self->_bindtype($k, @$vals); |
96449e8e |
759 | |
8a0d798a |
760 | return ($sql, @bind); |
761 | } |
762 | else { # empty list : some databases won't understand "IN ()", so DWIM |
763 | my $sql = ($op =~ /\bnot\b/i) ? $self->{sqltrue} : $self->{sqlfalse}; |
764 | return ($sql); |
765 | } |
766 | }, |
767 | |
768 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
769 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$vals; |
fe3ae272 |
770 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
8a0d798a |
771 | return ("$label $op ( $sql )", @bind); |
772 | }, |
773 | |
774 | FALLBACK => sub { |
775 | puke "special op 'in' requires an arrayref (or arrayref-ref)"; |
776 | }, |
777 | }); |
778 | |
779 | return ($sql, @bind); |
96449e8e |
780 | } |
781 | |
782 | |
783 | |
784 | |
785 | |
786 | |
787 | #====================================================================== |
788 | # ORDER BY |
789 | #====================================================================== |
790 | |
791 | sub _order_by { |
792 | my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
793 | |
794 | # construct list of ordering instructions |
795 | my @order = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($arg, { |
796 | |
797 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
798 | map {$self->_SWITCH_refkind($_, { |
799 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($_)}, |
fffe6900 |
800 | UNDEF => sub {}, |
96449e8e |
801 | SCALARREF => sub {$$_}, # literal SQL, no quoting |
802 | HASHREF => sub {$self->_order_by_hash($_)} |
803 | }) } @$arg; |
804 | }, |
805 | |
806 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($arg)}, |
b6475fb1 |
807 | UNDEF => sub {}, |
96449e8e |
808 | SCALARREF => sub {$$arg}, # literal SQL, no quoting |
809 | HASHREF => sub {$self->_order_by_hash($arg)}, |
810 | |
811 | }); |
812 | |
813 | # build SQL |
814 | my $order = join ', ', @order; |
815 | return $order ? $self->_sqlcase(' order by')." $order" : ''; |
816 | } |
817 | |
818 | |
819 | sub _order_by_hash { |
820 | my ($self, $hash) = @_; |
821 | |
822 | # get first pair in hash |
823 | my ($key, $val) = each %$hash; |
824 | |
825 | # check if one pair was found and no other pair in hash |
826 | $key && !(each %$hash) |
827 | or puke "hash passed to _order_by must have exactly one key (-desc or -asc)"; |
828 | |
829 | my ($order) = ($key =~ /^-(desc|asc)/i) |
830 | or puke "invalid key in _order_by hash : $key"; |
831 | |
994edb77 |
832 | $val = ref $val eq 'ARRAY' ? $val : [$val]; |
833 | return join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) . ' ' . $self->_sqlcase($order) } @$val; |
96449e8e |
834 | } |
835 | |
836 | |
837 | |
838 | #====================================================================== |
839 | # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES) |
840 | #====================================================================== |
841 | |
842 | sub _table { |
843 | my $self = shift; |
844 | my $from = shift; |
845 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($from, { |
846 | ARRAYREF => sub {join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$from;}, |
847 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($from)}, |
848 | SCALARREF => sub {$$from}, |
849 | ARRAYREFREF => sub {join ', ', @$from;}, |
850 | }); |
851 | } |
852 | |
853 | |
854 | #====================================================================== |
855 | # UTILITY FUNCTIONS |
856 | #====================================================================== |
857 | |
858 | sub _quote { |
859 | my $self = shift; |
860 | my $label = shift; |
861 | |
862 | $label or puke "can't quote an empty label"; |
863 | |
864 | # left and right quote characters |
865 | my ($ql, $qr, @other) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($self->{quote_char}, { |
866 | SCALAR => sub {($self->{quote_char}, $self->{quote_char})}, |
867 | ARRAYREF => sub {@{$self->{quote_char}}}, |
868 | UNDEF => sub {()}, |
869 | }); |
870 | not @other |
871 | or puke "quote_char must be an arrayref of 2 values"; |
872 | |
873 | # no quoting if no quoting chars |
874 | $ql or return $label; |
875 | |
876 | # no quoting for literal SQL |
877 | return $$label if ref($label) eq 'SCALAR'; |
878 | |
879 | # separate table / column (if applicable) |
880 | my $sep = $self->{name_sep} || ''; |
881 | my @to_quote = $sep ? split /\Q$sep\E/, $label : ($label); |
882 | |
883 | # do the quoting, except for "*" or for `table`.* |
884 | my @quoted = map { $_ eq '*' ? $_: $ql.$_.$qr} @to_quote; |
885 | |
886 | # reassemble and return. |
887 | return join $sep, @quoted; |
888 | } |
889 | |
890 | |
891 | # Conversion, if applicable |
892 | sub _convert ($) { |
893 | my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
894 | |
895 | # LDNOTE : modified the previous implementation below because |
896 | # it was not consistent : the first "return" is always an array, |
897 | # the second "return" is context-dependent. Anyway, _convert |
898 | # seems always used with just a single argument, so make it a |
899 | # scalar function. |
900 | # return @_ unless $self->{convert}; |
901 | # my $conv = $self->_sqlcase($self->{convert}); |
902 | # my @ret = map { $conv.'('.$_.')' } @_; |
903 | # return wantarray ? @ret : $ret[0]; |
904 | if ($self->{convert}) { |
905 | my $conv = $self->_sqlcase($self->{convert}); |
906 | $arg = $conv.'('.$arg.')'; |
907 | } |
908 | return $arg; |
909 | } |
910 | |
911 | # And bindtype |
912 | sub _bindtype (@) { |
913 | my $self = shift; |
914 | my($col, @vals) = @_; |
915 | |
916 | #LDNOTE : changed original implementation below because it did not make |
917 | # sense when bindtype eq 'columns' and @vals > 1. |
918 | # return $self->{bindtype} eq 'columns' ? [ $col, @vals ] : @vals; |
919 | |
920 | return $self->{bindtype} eq 'columns' ? map {[$col, $_]} @vals : @vals; |
921 | } |
922 | |
fe3ae272 |
923 | # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format |
924 | # if bindtype is 'columns'. |
925 | sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype { |
926 | my ($self, @bind) = @_; |
927 | |
928 | if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') { |
929 | foreach my $val (@bind) { |
930 | if (!defined $val || ref($val) ne 'ARRAY' || @$val != 2) { |
931 | die "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]" |
932 | } |
933 | } |
934 | } |
935 | } |
936 | |
96449e8e |
937 | sub _join_sql_clauses { |
938 | my ($self, $logic, $clauses_aref, $bind_aref) = @_; |
939 | |
940 | if (@$clauses_aref > 1) { |
941 | my $join = " " . $self->_sqlcase($logic) . " "; |
942 | my $sql = '( ' . join($join, @$clauses_aref) . ' )'; |
943 | return ($sql, @$bind_aref); |
944 | } |
945 | elsif (@$clauses_aref) { |
946 | return ($clauses_aref->[0], @$bind_aref); # no parentheses |
947 | } |
948 | else { |
949 | return (); # if no SQL, ignore @$bind_aref |
950 | } |
951 | } |
952 | |
953 | |
954 | # Fix SQL case, if so requested |
955 | sub _sqlcase { |
956 | my $self = shift; |
957 | |
958 | # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we |
959 | # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it! |
960 | return $self->{case} ? $_[0] : uc($_[0]); |
961 | } |
962 | |
963 | |
964 | #====================================================================== |
965 | # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND |
966 | #====================================================================== |
967 | |
968 | sub _refkind { |
969 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
970 | my $suffix = ''; |
971 | my $ref; |
90aab162 |
972 | my $n_steps = 0; |
96449e8e |
973 | |
96449e8e |
974 | while (1) { |
90aab162 |
975 | # blessed objects are treated like scalars |
976 | $ref = (blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data; |
977 | $n_steps += 1 if $ref; |
978 | last if $ref ne 'REF'; |
96449e8e |
979 | $data = $$data; |
980 | } |
981 | |
90aab162 |
982 | my $base = $ref || (defined $data ? 'SCALAR' : 'UNDEF'); |
983 | |
984 | return $base . ('REF' x $n_steps); |
96449e8e |
985 | } |
986 | |
90aab162 |
987 | |
988 | |
96449e8e |
989 | sub _try_refkind { |
990 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
991 | my @try = ($self->_refkind($data)); |
992 | push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF'; |
993 | push @try, 'FALLBACK'; |
994 | return @try; |
995 | } |
996 | |
997 | sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind { |
998 | my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_; |
999 | my $method = first {$_} map {$self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_)} |
1000 | $self->_try_refkind($data) |
1001 | or puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data); |
1002 | return $method; |
1003 | } |
1004 | |
1005 | |
1006 | sub _SWITCH_refkind { |
1007 | my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_; |
1008 | |
1009 | my $coderef = first {$_} map {$dispatch_table->{$_}} |
1010 | $self->_try_refkind($data) |
1011 | or puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data); |
1012 | $coderef->(); |
1013 | } |
1014 | |
1015 | |
1016 | |
1017 | |
1018 | #====================================================================== |
1019 | # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD |
1020 | #====================================================================== |
1021 | |
1022 | # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section |
1023 | # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should |
1024 | # only be activated on explicit demand by user. |
1025 | |
1026 | sub values { |
1027 | my $self = shift; |
1028 | my $data = shift || return; |
1029 | puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash" |
1030 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
bab725ce |
1031 | |
1032 | my @all_bind; |
1033 | foreach my $k ( sort keys %$data ) { |
1034 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
1035 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
1036 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
1037 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype |
1038 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1039 | } |
1040 | else { # literal SQL with bind |
1041 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1042 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1043 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1044 | } |
1045 | }, |
1046 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
1047 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
1048 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1049 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1050 | }, |
1051 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
1052 | }, |
1053 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
1054 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1055 | }, |
1056 | }); |
1057 | } |
1058 | |
1059 | return @all_bind; |
96449e8e |
1060 | } |
1061 | |
1062 | sub generate { |
1063 | my $self = shift; |
1064 | |
1065 | my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv); |
1066 | |
1067 | for (@_) { |
1068 | my $ref = ref $_; |
1069 | if ($ref eq 'HASH') { |
1070 | for my $k (sort keys %$_) { |
1071 | my $v = $_->{$k}; |
1072 | my $r = ref $v; |
1073 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
1074 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
fe3ae272 |
1075 | # literal SQL with bind |
1076 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1077 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
1078 | push @sqlq, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
1079 | push @sqlv, @bind; |
96449e8e |
1080 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
fe3ae272 |
1081 | # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1082 | push @sqlq, "$label = $$v"; |
1083 | } else { |
1084 | push @sqlq, "$label = ?"; |
1085 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1086 | } |
1087 | } |
1088 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq; |
1089 | } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') { |
1090 | # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL |
1091 | for my $v (@$_) { |
1092 | my $r = ref $v; |
fe3ae272 |
1093 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind |
1094 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1095 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1096 | push @sqlq, $sql; |
1097 | push @sqlv, @bind; |
1098 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1099 | # embedded literal SQL |
1100 | push @sqlq, $$v; |
1101 | } else { |
1102 | push @sqlq, '?'; |
1103 | push @sqlv, $v; |
1104 | } |
1105 | } |
1106 | push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')'; |
1107 | } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') { |
1108 | # literal SQL |
1109 | push @sql, $$_; |
1110 | } else { |
1111 | # strings get case twiddled |
1112 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_); |
1113 | } |
1114 | } |
1115 | |
1116 | my $sql = join ' ', @sql; |
1117 | |
1118 | # this is pretty tricky |
1119 | # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind) |
1120 | # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline |
1121 | if (wantarray) { |
1122 | return ($sql, @sqlv); |
1123 | } else { |
1124 | 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv); |
1125 | ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e; |
1126 | return $sql; |
1127 | } |
1128 | } |
1129 | |
1130 | |
1131 | sub DESTROY { 1 } |
1132 | |
1133 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
1134 | # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr |
1135 | my $self = shift; |
1136 | my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/; |
1137 | return $self->generate($name, @_); |
1138 | } |
1139 | |
1140 | 1; |
1141 | |
1142 | |
1143 | |
1144 | __END__ |
32eab2da |
1145 | |
1146 | =head1 NAME |
1147 | |
1148 | SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures |
1149 | |
1150 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
1151 | |
1152 | use SQL::Abstract; |
1153 | |
1154 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
1155 | |
1156 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($table, \@fields, \%where, \@order); |
1157 | |
1158 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values); |
1159 | |
1160 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where); |
1161 | |
1162 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where); |
1163 | |
1164 | # Then, use these in your DBI statements |
1165 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1166 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1167 | |
1168 | # Just generate the WHERE clause |
abe72f94 |
1169 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, \@order); |
32eab2da |
1170 | |
1171 | # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries |
1172 | # See PERFORMANCE section for more details |
1173 | my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals); |
1174 | |
1175 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
1176 | |
1177 | This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>. |
1178 | However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted |
1179 | to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my |
1180 | statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to |
1181 | create an abstract SQL generation module. |
1182 | |
1183 | While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are |
1184 | several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE |
1185 | clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier |
1186 | to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive. |
1187 | The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based |
1188 | on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that |
1189 | you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes, |
1190 | as this module figures it out. |
1191 | |
1192 | To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash |
1193 | of C<key=value> pairs: |
1194 | |
1195 | my %data = ( |
1196 | name => 'Jimbo Bobson', |
1197 | phone => '123-456-7890', |
1198 | address => '42 Sister Lane', |
1199 | city => 'St. Louis', |
1200 | state => 'Louisiana', |
1201 | ); |
1202 | |
1203 | The SQL can then be generated with this: |
1204 | |
1205 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
1206 | |
1207 | Which would give you something like this: |
1208 | |
1209 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people |
1210 | (address, city, name, phone, state) |
1211 | VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"; |
1212 | @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson', |
1213 | '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana'); |
1214 | |
1215 | These are then used directly in your DBI code: |
1216 | |
1217 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1218 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1219 | |
96449e8e |
1220 | =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays |
1221 | |
1222 | If your database has array types (like for example Postgres), |
1223 | activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >> |
1224 | when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object. |
1225 | Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types: |
1226 | |
1227 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1); |
1228 | my %data = ( |
1229 | planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/] |
1230 | ); |
1231 | |
1232 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data); |
1233 | |
1234 | This results in: |
1235 | |
1236 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)" |
1237 | |
1238 | @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']); |
1239 | |
1240 | |
1241 | =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL |
1242 | |
1243 | In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may |
1244 | specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example, |
1245 | if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can |
1246 | say something like this: |
32eab2da |
1247 | |
1248 | my %data = ( |
1249 | name => 'Bill', |
96449e8e |
1250 | date_entered => \["to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003"], |
32eab2da |
1251 | ); |
1252 | |
1253 | The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are |
1254 | optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives |
1255 | you: |
1256 | |
1257 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
1258 | |
1259 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered) |
1260 | VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))"; |
1261 | @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003'); |
1262 | |
1263 | An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function: |
1264 | |
1265 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data); |
1266 | |
1267 | Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate |
1268 | the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll |
1269 | want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is |
1270 | where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy... |
1271 | |
96449e8e |
1272 | =head2 Complex where statements |
1273 | |
32eab2da |
1274 | This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements |
1275 | easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean |
1276 | equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set |
1277 | of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to |
1278 | SELECT some data based on this criteria: |
1279 | |
1280 | my %where = ( |
1281 | requestor => 'inna', |
1282 | worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'], |
1283 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
1284 | ); |
1285 | |
1286 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where); |
1287 | |
1288 | The above would give you something like this: |
1289 | |
1290 | $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE |
1291 | ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? ) |
1292 | AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )"; |
1293 | @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'); |
1294 | |
1295 | Which you could then use in DBI code like so: |
1296 | |
1297 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1298 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1299 | |
1300 | Easy, eh? |
1301 | |
1302 | =head1 FUNCTIONS |
1303 | |
1304 | The functions are simple. There's one for each major SQL operation, |
1305 | and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a |
1306 | similar order to each function (table, then fields, then a where |
1307 | clause) to try and simplify things. |
1308 | |
83cab70b |
1309 | |
83cab70b |
1310 | |
32eab2da |
1311 | |
1312 | =head2 new(option => 'value') |
1313 | |
1314 | The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns |
1315 | a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL |
1316 | through the methods below. The options accepted are: |
1317 | |
1318 | =over |
1319 | |
1320 | =item case |
1321 | |
1322 | If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By |
1323 | default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like: |
1324 | |
1325 | SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%' |
1326 | |
96449e8e |
1327 | Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored. |
1328 | |
32eab2da |
1329 | =item cmp |
1330 | |
1331 | This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default |
1332 | it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this: |
1333 | |
1334 | %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org'); |
1335 | |
1336 | Will generate SQL like this: |
1337 | |
1338 | WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org' |
1339 | |
1340 | However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set |
1341 | C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as: |
1342 | |
1343 | WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org' |
1344 | |
1345 | You can also override the comparsion on an individual basis - see |
1346 | the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom. |
1347 | |
96449e8e |
1348 | =item sqltrue, sqlfalse |
1349 | |
1350 | Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements. |
6e0c6552 |
1351 | By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used |
1352 | by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating |
1353 | correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below). |
96449e8e |
1354 | |
32eab2da |
1355 | =item logic |
1356 | |
1357 | This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE |
7cac25e6 |
1358 | statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or" |
1359 | for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE |
32eab2da |
1360 | array of the form: |
1361 | |
1362 | @where = ( |
1363 | event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
1364 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'}, |
1365 | ); |
1366 | |
7cac25e6 |
1367 | will generate SQL like this: |
32eab2da |
1368 | |
1369 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03' |
1370 | |
1371 | This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look |
1372 | at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify: |
1373 | |
1374 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and'); |
1375 | |
1376 | Which will change the above C<WHERE> to: |
1377 | |
1378 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03' |
1379 | |
96449e8e |
1380 | The logic can also be changed locally by inserting |
7cac25e6 |
1381 | a modifier in front of an arrayref : |
96449e8e |
1382 | |
7cac25e6 |
1383 | @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
1384 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]); |
96449e8e |
1385 | |
1386 | See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations. |
1387 | |
32eab2da |
1388 | =item convert |
1389 | |
1390 | This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL |
1391 | function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument |
1392 | of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of |
1393 | case-insensitive "searches". For example, this: |
1394 | |
1395 | $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper'); |
1396 | %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive'); |
1397 | |
1398 | Will turn out the following SQL: |
1399 | |
1400 | WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive') |
1401 | |
1402 | The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function |
1403 | that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does |
1404 | not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim). |
1405 | |
1406 | =item bindtype |
1407 | |
1408 | This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't |
1409 | just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields. |
1410 | Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>: |
1411 | |
1412 | $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data'); |
1413 | $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
1414 | |
1415 | The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array, |
1416 | which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not. |
1417 | |
1418 | If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned. |
1419 | Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you |
1420 | specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this: |
1421 | |
1422 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns'); |
1423 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...); |
1424 | |
1425 | @bind = ( |
1426 | [ 'column1', 'value1' ], |
1427 | [ 'column2', 'value2' ], |
1428 | [ 'column3', 'value3' ], |
1429 | ); |
1430 | |
1431 | You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>. |
e3f9dff4 |
1432 | |
32eab2da |
1433 | $sth->prepare($stmt); |
1434 | my $i = 1; |
1435 | for (@bind) { |
1436 | my($col, $data) = @$_; |
1437 | if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') { |
1438 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
1439 | } elsif ($col eq 'image') { |
1440 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB}); |
1441 | } else { |
1442 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data); |
1443 | } |
1444 | $i++; |
1445 | } |
1446 | $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now |
1447 | |
1448 | Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap? |
1449 | Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields |
1450 | are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple |
1451 | sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still |
1452 | get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification. |
1453 | |
deb148a2 |
1454 | Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[$sql, @bind]> |
1455 | construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>) |
1456 | will expect the bind values in this format. |
1457 | |
32eab2da |
1458 | =item quote_char |
1459 | |
1460 | This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted |
1461 | with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to |
1462 | the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this: |
1463 | |
1464 | SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%' |
1465 | |
96449e8e |
1466 | Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left |
1467 | hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For |
1468 | example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes |
1469 | that generates SQL like this: |
1470 | |
1471 | SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%' |
1472 | |
1473 | Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved |
1474 | words in your database's SQL dialect. |
32eab2da |
1475 | |
1476 | =item name_sep |
1477 | |
1478 | This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is |
1479 | necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected, |
1480 | so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this: |
1481 | |
1482 | SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1 |
1483 | |
96449e8e |
1484 | =item array_datatypes |
32eab2da |
1485 | |
96449e8e |
1486 | When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are |
1487 | interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly |
1488 | to the DBI layer. |
1489 | When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted |
1490 | as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs |
1491 | (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing |
1492 | new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax |
1493 | for literal SQL). |
32eab2da |
1494 | |
32eab2da |
1495 | |
96449e8e |
1496 | =item special_ops |
32eab2da |
1497 | |
96449e8e |
1498 | Takes a reference to a list of "special operators" |
1499 | to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>. |
1500 | See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details. |
32eab2da |
1501 | |
32eab2da |
1502 | |
32eab2da |
1503 | |
96449e8e |
1504 | =back |
32eab2da |
1505 | |
1506 | =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals) |
1507 | |
1508 | This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name |
1509 | and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs. |
1510 | It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values. |
96449e8e |
1511 | See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and |
1512 | L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert |
1513 | with those data types. |
32eab2da |
1514 | |
1515 | =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where) |
1516 | |
1517 | This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional |
86298391 |
1518 | hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list |
32eab2da |
1519 | of bind values. |
96449e8e |
1520 | See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and |
1521 | L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert |
1522 | with those data types. |
32eab2da |
1523 | |
96449e8e |
1524 | =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order) |
32eab2da |
1525 | |
96449e8e |
1526 | This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as |
1527 | specified by the arguments : |
32eab2da |
1528 | |
96449e8e |
1529 | =over |
32eab2da |
1530 | |
96449e8e |
1531 | =item $source |
32eab2da |
1532 | |
96449e8e |
1533 | Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement. |
1534 | The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table |
1535 | name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list |
1536 | of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref |
1537 | (literal table name, not quoted), or a ref to an arrayref |
1538 | (list of literal table names, joined by commas, not quoted). |
32eab2da |
1539 | |
96449e8e |
1540 | =item $fields |
32eab2da |
1541 | |
96449e8e |
1542 | Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from |
1543 | the source. |
1544 | The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list |
1545 | of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a |
1546 | plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted). |
1547 | Please observe that this API is not as flexible as for |
e3f9dff4 |
1548 | the first argument C<$table>, for backwards compatibility reasons. |
32eab2da |
1549 | |
96449e8e |
1550 | =item $where |
32eab2da |
1551 | |
96449e8e |
1552 | Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query. |
1553 | The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be |
1554 | an arrayref or plain scalar -- |
1555 | see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details. |
32eab2da |
1556 | |
96449e8e |
1557 | =item $order |
32eab2da |
1558 | |
96449e8e |
1559 | Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query. |
1560 | The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref |
1561 | -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES"> |
1562 | for details. |
32eab2da |
1563 | |
96449e8e |
1564 | =back |
32eab2da |
1565 | |
32eab2da |
1566 | |
1567 | =head2 delete($table, \%where) |
1568 | |
86298391 |
1569 | This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. |
32eab2da |
1570 | It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values. |
1571 | |
32eab2da |
1572 | =head2 where(\%where, \@order) |
1573 | |
1574 | This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example, |
1575 | if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the |
1576 | rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way |
1577 | to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE |
1578 | clause and list of bind values. |
1579 | |
32eab2da |
1580 | |
1581 | =head2 values(\%data) |
1582 | |
1583 | This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same |
1584 | order that would be returned from any of the other above queries. |
1585 | Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you |
1586 | are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section. |
1587 | |
32eab2da |
1588 | =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types) |
1589 | |
1590 | Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change. |
1591 | |
1592 | This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut. |
1593 | It will return two different things, depending on return context: |
1594 | |
1595 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
1596 | my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
1597 | |
1598 | These would return the following: |
1599 | |
1600 | # First calling form |
1601 | $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)"; |
1602 | @bind = (field1, field2); |
1603 | |
1604 | # Second calling form |
1605 | $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)"; |
1606 | |
1607 | Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct |
1608 | format. In this example, the second form is what you would want. |
1609 | |
1610 | By the same token: |
1611 | |
1612 | $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' }); |
1613 | |
1614 | Might give you: |
1615 | |
1616 | ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY' |
1617 | |
1618 | You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything |
1619 | else remains verbatim. |
1620 | |
32eab2da |
1621 | |
32eab2da |
1622 | |
32eab2da |
1623 | |
1624 | =head1 WHERE CLAUSES |
1625 | |
96449e8e |
1626 | =head2 Introduction |
1627 | |
32eab2da |
1628 | This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It |
1629 | is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this |
1630 | module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes |
1631 | are AND'ed.> |
1632 | |
1633 | The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After |
1634 | each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used: |
1635 | |
1636 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where); |
1637 | |
1638 | However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any |
1639 | of the other functions as well, as described above. |
1640 | |
96449e8e |
1641 | =head2 Key-value pairs |
1642 | |
32eab2da |
1643 | So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash: |
1644 | |
1645 | my %where = ( |
1646 | user => 'nwiger', |
1647 | status => 'completed' |
1648 | ); |
1649 | |
1650 | Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements: |
1651 | |
1652 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?"; |
1653 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
1654 | |
1655 | One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that |
1656 | a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of |
1657 | an arrayref: |
1658 | |
1659 | my %where = ( |
1660 | user => 'nwiger', |
1661 | status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending']; |
1662 | ); |
1663 | |
1664 | This simple code will create the following: |
1665 | |
1666 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )"; |
1667 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'); |
1668 | |
7cac25e6 |
1669 | A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a |
1670 | logical false and will generate 0=1. |
8a68b5be |
1671 | |
6e0c6552 |
1672 | =head2 Specific comparison operators |
96449e8e |
1673 | |
32eab2da |
1674 | If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison, |
1675 | you can use a hashref for a given column: |
1676 | |
1677 | my %where = ( |
1678 | user => 'nwiger', |
1679 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
1680 | ); |
1681 | |
1682 | Which would generate: |
1683 | |
1684 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?"; |
1685 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
1686 | |
1687 | To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref: |
1688 | |
96449e8e |
1689 | status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] }; |
1690 | |
f2d5020d |
1691 | Which would give you: |
96449e8e |
1692 | |
1693 | "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?" |
1694 | |
1695 | |
1696 | The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded |
32eab2da |
1697 | into an C<AND> of its elements: |
1698 | |
1699 | my %where = ( |
1700 | user => 'nwiger', |
1701 | status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' } |
1702 | ); |
1703 | |
1704 | # Or more dynamically, like from a form |
1705 | $where{user} = 'nwiger'; |
1706 | $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed'; |
1707 | $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%'; |
1708 | |
1709 | # Both generate this |
1710 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?"; |
1711 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%'); |
1712 | |
96449e8e |
1713 | |
32eab2da |
1714 | To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea: |
1715 | |
1716 | my %where => ( |
1717 | user => 'nwiger', |
1718 | priority => [ {'=', 2}, {'!=', 1} ] |
1719 | ); |
1720 | |
1721 | Which would generate: |
1722 | |
1723 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND priority = ? OR priority != ?"; |
1724 | @bind = ('nwiger', '2', '1'); |
1725 | |
44b9e502 |
1726 | If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a |
1727 | scalar reference or array reference as the value: |
1728 | |
1729 | my %where = ( |
1730 | date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] }, |
1731 | date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" } |
1732 | ); |
1733 | |
1734 | Which would generate: |
1735 | |
1736 | $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > "to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()"; |
1737 | @bind = ('11/26/2008'); |
1738 | |
96449e8e |
1739 | |
1740 | =head2 Logic and nesting operators |
1741 | |
1742 | In the example above, |
1743 | there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like |
32eab2da |
1744 | this (notice the C<AND>): |
1745 | |
1746 | WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ? |
1747 | |
1748 | Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this: |
1749 | |
1750 | priority => { '!=', 2, '!=', 1 } |
1751 | |
1752 | As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution |
1753 | is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref: |
1754 | |
96449e8e |
1755 | priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2}, |
1756 | {'!=', 1} ] |
1757 | |
32eab2da |
1758 | |
1759 | Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it |
1760 | to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the |
1761 | C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries |
1762 | work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes |
1763 | B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will |
1764 | B<NOT> do what you think it might: |
1765 | |
1766 | priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG! |
1767 | |
1768 | Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap: |
1769 | |
1770 | # Same |
1771 | status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' } |
1772 | status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}] |
1773 | |
1774 | # Same |
1775 | status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']} |
1776 | status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}] |
1777 | status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ] |
1778 | |
e3f9dff4 |
1779 | |
1780 | |
96449e8e |
1781 | =head2 Special operators : IN, BETWEEN, etc. |
1782 | |
32eab2da |
1783 | You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the |
1784 | C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref: |
1785 | |
1786 | my %where = ( |
1787 | status => 'completed', |
1788 | reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] } |
1789 | ); |
1790 | |
1791 | Which would generate: |
1792 | |
1793 | $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)"; |
1794 | @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2'); |
1795 | |
96449e8e |
1796 | The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in |
1797 | the same way. |
1798 | |
6e0c6552 |
1799 | If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated |
1800 | (by default : C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates |
1801 | 'sqltrue' (by default : C<1=1>). |
1802 | |
1803 | |
1804 | |
96449e8e |
1805 | Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>, |
1806 | used with an arrayref of two values: |
32eab2da |
1807 | |
1808 | my %where = ( |
1809 | user => 'nwiger', |
1810 | completion_date => { |
1811 | -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06'] |
1812 | } |
1813 | ); |
1814 | |
1815 | Would give you: |
1816 | |
1817 | WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? ) |
1818 | |
96449e8e |
1819 | These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the |
1820 | list can be expanded : see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below. |
1821 | |
107b72f1 |
1822 | =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes |
96449e8e |
1823 | |
32eab2da |
1824 | So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level |
1825 | C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in |
1826 | hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example: |
1827 | |
1828 | my @where = ( |
1829 | { |
1830 | user => 'nwiger', |
1831 | status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] }, |
1832 | }, |
1833 | { |
1834 | user => 'robot', |
1835 | status => 'unassigned', |
1836 | } |
1837 | ); |
1838 | |
1839 | This data structure would create the following: |
1840 | |
1841 | $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) ) |
1842 | OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )"; |
1843 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned'); |
1844 | |
107b72f1 |
1845 | |
1846 | There is also a special C<-nest> |
1847 | operator which adds an additional set of parens, to create a subquery. |
1848 | For example, to get something like this: |
1849 | |
1850 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( workhrs > ? OR geo = ? )"; |
1851 | @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA'); |
1852 | |
1853 | You would do: |
1854 | |
1855 | my %where = ( |
1856 | user => 'nwiger', |
1857 | -nest => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ], |
1858 | ); |
1859 | |
1860 | |
1861 | Finally, clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be |
7cac25e6 |
1862 | prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or> to change the logic |
1863 | inside : |
32eab2da |
1864 | |
1865 | my @where = ( |
1866 | -and => [ |
1867 | user => 'nwiger', |
1868 | -nest => [ |
7cac25e6 |
1869 | -and => [workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ], |
1870 | -and => [workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' ] |
32eab2da |
1871 | ], |
1872 | ], |
1873 | ); |
1874 | |
1875 | That would yield: |
1876 | |
1877 | WHERE ( user = ? AND |
1878 | ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? ) |
1879 | OR ( workhrs < ? AND geo = ? ) ) ) |
1880 | |
107b72f1 |
1881 | |
1882 | =head2 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons |
1883 | |
7cac25e6 |
1884 | C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or> |
1885 | operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting |
1886 | several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes |
1887 | C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features : |
1888 | |
1889 | my @where = ( |
1890 | -and => [a => 1, b => 2], |
1891 | -or => [c => 3, d => 4], |
1892 | e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ] |
1893 | ) |
1894 | |
1895 | yielding |
1896 | |
1897 | WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? ) |
1898 | OR ( c = ? OR d = ? ) |
1899 | OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) ) |
1900 | |
107b72f1 |
1901 | This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for |
1902 | historical reasons. So be careful : the two examples below would |
1903 | seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not |
1904 | |
1905 | {col => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'}]} |
1906 | # yields : WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) ) |
1907 | |
1908 | [-and => {col => {-like => 'foo%'}, {col => {-like => '%bar'}}]] |
1909 | # yields : WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) ) |
1910 | |
7cac25e6 |
1911 | |
96449e8e |
1912 | =head2 Literal SQL |
1913 | |
32eab2da |
1914 | Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. If you want to include |
1915 | literal SQL verbatim, you can specify it as a scalar reference, namely: |
1916 | |
1917 | my $inn = 'is Not Null'; |
1918 | my %where = ( |
1919 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
1920 | requestor => \$inn |
1921 | ); |
1922 | |
1923 | This would create: |
1924 | |
1925 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor is Not Null"; |
1926 | @bind = ('2'); |
1927 | |
1928 | Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since |
1929 | the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement. |
1930 | |
1931 | Of course, just to prove a point, the above can also be accomplished |
1932 | with this: |
1933 | |
1934 | my %where = ( |
1935 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
1936 | requestor => { '!=', undef }, |
1937 | ); |
1938 | |
96449e8e |
1939 | |
32eab2da |
1940 | TMTOWTDI. |
1941 | |
96449e8e |
1942 | Conditions on boolean columns can be expressed in the |
1943 | same way, passing a reference to an empty string : |
1944 | |
1945 | my %where = ( |
1946 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
1947 | is_ready => \""; |
1948 | ); |
1949 | |
1950 | which yields |
1951 | |
1952 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND is_ready"; |
1953 | @bind = ('2'); |
1954 | |
1955 | |
1956 | =head2 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries) |
1957 | |
1958 | If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values, |
1959 | use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference -- |
1960 | not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date |
1961 | in Postgres you can use something like this: |
1962 | |
1963 | my %where = ( |
1964 | date_column => \[q/= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer/, 10/] |
1965 | ) |
1966 | |
1967 | This would create: |
1968 | |
d2a8fe1a |
1969 | $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )" |
96449e8e |
1970 | @bind = ('10'); |
1971 | |
deb148a2 |
1972 | Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned |
62552e7d |
1973 | by L</where>. That means that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, you must |
26f2dca5 |
1974 | provide the bind values in the C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where |
1975 | C<column_meta> is an opaque scalar value; most commonly the column name, but |
62552e7d |
1976 | you can use any scalar value (including references and blessed references), |
1977 | L<SQL::Abstract> will simply pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set |
1978 | to C<columns> the above example will look like: |
deb148a2 |
1979 | |
1980 | my %where = ( |
1981 | date_column => \[q/= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer/, [ dummy => 10 ]/] |
1982 | ) |
96449e8e |
1983 | |
1984 | Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the |
1985 | main SQL query. Here is a first example : |
1986 | |
1987 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?", |
1988 | 100, "foo%"); |
1989 | my %where = ( |
1990 | foo => 1234, |
1991 | bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
1992 | ); |
1993 | |
1994 | This yields : |
1995 | |
1996 | $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1 |
1997 | WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))"; |
1998 | @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%"); |
1999 | |
2000 | Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">, |
2001 | are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and |
2002 | its associated bind values can be generated through a former call |
2003 | to C<select()> : |
2004 | |
2005 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
2006 | = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100}, |
2007 | c3 => {-like => "foo%"}}); |
2008 | my %where = ( |
2009 | foo => 1234, |
2010 | bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2011 | ); |
2012 | |
2013 | In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column; |
2014 | but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where> |
2015 | hash, like an EXISTS subquery : |
2016 | |
2017 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
2018 | = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"}); |
2019 | my %where = ( |
2020 | foo => 1234, |
2021 | -nest => \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2022 | ); |
2023 | |
2024 | which yields |
2025 | |
2026 | $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1 |
2027 | WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))"; |
2028 | @bind = (1234, 1); |
2029 | |
2030 | |
2031 | Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to |
2032 | column C<t0.c0> of the main query : this is I<not> a bind |
2033 | value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref. |
2034 | Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated |
2035 | C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly |
2036 | what we wanted here. |
2037 | |
2038 | Another use of the subquery technique is when some SQL clauses need |
2039 | parentheses, as it often occurs with some proprietary SQL extensions |
2040 | like for example fulltext expressions, geospatial expressions, |
2041 | NATIVE clauses, etc. Here is an example of a fulltext query in MySQL : |
2042 | |
2043 | my %where = ( |
2044 | -nest => \["MATCH (col1, col2) AGAINST (?)" => qw/apples/] |
2045 | ); |
2046 | |
2047 | Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used |
2048 | for expressing unary negation: |
2049 | |
2050 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
2051 | = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]}); |
2052 | $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause |
2053 | my %where = ( |
2054 | lname => {like => '%son%'}, |
2055 | -nest => \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2056 | ); |
2057 | |
2058 | This yields |
2059 | |
2060 | $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )" |
2061 | @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20) |
2062 | |
2063 | |
2064 | |
2065 | =head2 Conclusion |
2066 | |
32eab2da |
2067 | These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data |
2068 | structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the |
2069 | module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function |
2070 | internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a |
2071 | little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best |
2072 | format for your data based on that. |
2073 | |
2074 | And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with |
2075 | variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you |
2076 | knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about |
2077 | dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your |
2078 | script. |
2079 | |
96449e8e |
2080 | |
2081 | |
2082 | |
86298391 |
2083 | =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES |
2084 | |
2085 | Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a |
2086 | column name,) a hash of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' } >>, |
1cfa1db3 |
2087 | or an array of either of the two previous forms. Examples: |
2088 | |
2089 | Given | Will Generate |
2090 | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
2091 | \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC |
2092 | 'colA' | ORDER BY colA |
2093 | [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB |
2094 | {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC |
2095 | {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC |
2096 | [ | |
2097 | {-asc => 'colA'}, | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB DESC |
2098 | {-desc => 'colB'} | |
2099 | ] | |
2100 | [colA => {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC |
994edb77 |
2101 | { -asc => [qw/colA colB] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC |
2102 | { -asc => [qw/colA colB] },| |
2103 | -desc => [qw/colC colD] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC, colC DESC, colD DESC |
1cfa1db3 |
2104 | ========================================================== |
86298391 |
2105 | |
96449e8e |
2106 | |
2107 | |
2108 | =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS |
2109 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2110 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [ |
2111 | {regex => qr/.../, |
2112 | handler => sub { |
2113 | my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2114 | ... |
2115 | }, |
2116 | }, |
2117 | ]); |
2118 | |
2119 | A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be |
2120 | applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator. |
2121 | For example : |
2122 | |
2123 | WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?) |
2124 | WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ? |
2125 | WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?) |
96449e8e |
2126 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2127 | Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore |
2128 | are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract>. For other operators, |
2129 | like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is |
2130 | specific to MySQL, you can write your own operator handlers : |
2131 | supply a C<special_ops> argument to the C<new> method. |
2132 | That argument takes an arrayref of operator definitions; |
2133 | each operator definition is a hashref with two entries |
96449e8e |
2134 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2135 | =over |
2136 | |
2137 | =item regex |
2138 | |
2139 | the regular expression to match the operator |
96449e8e |
2140 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2141 | =item handler |
2142 | |
2143 | coderef that will be called when meeting that operator |
2144 | in the input tree. The coderef will be called with |
2145 | arguments C<< ($self, $field, $op, $arg) >>, and |
2146 | should return a C<< ($sql, @bind) >> structure. |
2147 | |
2148 | =back |
2149 | |
2150 | For example, here is an implementation |
2151 | of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL |
2152 | |
2153 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [ |
2154 | |
2155 | # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...) |
2156 | {regex => qr/^match$/i, |
2157 | handler => sub { |
2158 | my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2159 | $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg; |
2160 | my $label = $self->_quote($field); |
2161 | my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?'); |
2162 | my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg); |
2163 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) " |
2164 | . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) "; |
2165 | my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg); |
2166 | return ($sql, @bind); |
2167 | } |
2168 | }, |
2169 | |
2170 | ]); |
96449e8e |
2171 | |
2172 | |
32eab2da |
2173 | =head1 PERFORMANCE |
2174 | |
2175 | Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that |
2176 | this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>. |
2177 | I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a |
2178 | byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles |
2179 | yourself. |
2180 | |
2181 | To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following: |
2182 | |
2183 | # prepare a statement handle using the first row |
2184 | # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows |
2185 | my($sth, $stmt); |
2186 | for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) { |
2187 | $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href); |
2188 | $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
2189 | $sth->execute($sql->values($href)); |
2190 | } |
2191 | |
2192 | The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted |
2193 | internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains |
2194 | the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time |
2195 | around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided |
2196 | by this module to return your values in the correct order. |
2197 | |
96449e8e |
2198 | |
32eab2da |
2199 | =head1 FORMBUILDER |
2200 | |
2201 | If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully |
2202 | really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query |
2203 | can be as simple as the following: |
2204 | |
2205 | #!/usr/bin/perl |
2206 | |
2207 | use CGI::FormBuilder; |
2208 | use SQL::Abstract; |
2209 | |
2210 | my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...); |
2211 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
2212 | |
2213 | if ($form->submitted) { |
2214 | my $field = $form->field; |
2215 | my $id = delete $field->{id}; |
2216 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id}); |
2217 | } |
2218 | |
2219 | Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the |
2220 | query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your |
2221 | table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic. |
2222 | |
2223 | If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for |
2224 | a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently |
2225 | use these three modules together to write complex database query |
2226 | apps in under 50 lines. |
2227 | |
32eab2da |
2228 | |
96449e8e |
2229 | =head1 CHANGES |
2230 | |
2231 | Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>. |
2232 | Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior |
2233 | documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however, |
2234 | some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved |
2235 | differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order |
2236 | to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying |
2237 | on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.* |
2238 | B<might behave differently> in v1.50. |
32eab2da |
2239 | |
d2a8fe1a |
2240 | The main changes are : |
2241 | |
96449e8e |
2242 | =over |
32eab2da |
2243 | |
96449e8e |
2244 | =item * |
32eab2da |
2245 | |
96449e8e |
2246 | support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [$sql, bind] >> syntax. |
2247 | |
2248 | =item * |
2249 | |
145fbfc8 |
2250 | support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL) |
2251 | |
2252 | =item * |
2253 | |
9c37b9c0 |
2254 | support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values) |
2255 | |
2256 | =item * |
2257 | |
96449e8e |
2258 | optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> |
2259 | |
2260 | =item * |
2261 | |
2262 | defensive programming : check arguments |
2263 | |
2264 | =item * |
2265 | |
2266 | fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented |
7cac25e6 |
2267 | through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would |
96449e8e |
2268 | interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >> |
2269 | as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>. |
2270 | Now this is interpreted |
2271 | as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>. |
2272 | |
96449e8e |
2273 | |
2274 | =item * |
2275 | |
2276 | fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args |
2277 | |
2278 | =item * |
2279 | |
2280 | dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary, |
2281 | we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree. |
2282 | |
2283 | =item * |
2284 | |
2285 | dropped the C<_modlogic> function |
2286 | |
2287 | =back |
32eab2da |
2288 | |
32eab2da |
2289 | |
32eab2da |
2290 | |
2291 | =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
2292 | |
2293 | There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with |
2294 | this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN |
2295 | so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are: |
2296 | |
86298391 |
2297 | Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support) |
b643abe1 |
2298 | Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support) |
32eab2da |
2299 | Mark Stosberg (benchmarking) |
2300 | Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support) |
2301 | Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions) |
2302 | Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support) |
2303 | Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE") |
2304 | Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep") |
f5aab26e |
2305 | Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by) |
96449e8e |
2306 | Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, multiple -nest, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL) |
dbdf7648 |
2307 | Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests) |
32eab2da |
2308 | |
2309 | Thanks! |
2310 | |
32eab2da |
2311 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
2312 | |
86298391 |
2313 | L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>. |
32eab2da |
2314 | |
32eab2da |
2315 | =head1 AUTHOR |
2316 | |
b643abe1 |
2317 | Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved. |
2318 | |
2319 | This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk> |
32eab2da |
2320 | |
abe72f94 |
2321 | For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list. |
2322 | While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of |
2323 | C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with |
2324 | how to create queries. |
2325 | |
32eab2da |
2326 | This module is free software; you may copy this under the terms of |
2327 | the GNU General Public License, or the Artistic License, copies of |
2328 | which should have accompanied your Perl kit. |
2329 | |
2330 | =cut |
2331 | |