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1 | |
2 | package SQL::Abstract; |
3 | |
4 | =head1 NAME |
5 | |
6 | SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures |
7 | |
8 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
9 | |
10 | use SQL::Abstract; |
11 | |
12 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
13 | |
14 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($table, \@fields, \%where, \@order); |
15 | |
16 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values); |
17 | |
18 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where); |
19 | |
20 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where); |
21 | |
22 | # Then, use these in your DBI statements |
23 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
24 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
25 | |
26 | # Just generate the WHERE clause |
abe72f94 |
27 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, \@order); |
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28 | |
29 | # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries |
30 | # See PERFORMANCE section for more details |
31 | my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals); |
32 | |
33 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
34 | |
35 | This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>. |
36 | However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted |
37 | to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my |
38 | statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to |
39 | create an abstract SQL generation module. |
40 | |
41 | While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are |
42 | several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE |
43 | clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier |
44 | to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive. |
45 | The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based |
46 | on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that |
47 | you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes, |
48 | as this module figures it out. |
49 | |
50 | To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash |
51 | of C<key=value> pairs: |
52 | |
53 | my %data = ( |
54 | name => 'Jimbo Bobson', |
55 | phone => '123-456-7890', |
56 | address => '42 Sister Lane', |
57 | city => 'St. Louis', |
58 | state => 'Louisiana', |
59 | ); |
60 | |
61 | The SQL can then be generated with this: |
62 | |
63 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
64 | |
65 | Which would give you something like this: |
66 | |
67 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people |
68 | (address, city, name, phone, state) |
69 | VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"; |
70 | @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson', |
71 | '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana'); |
72 | |
73 | These are then used directly in your DBI code: |
74 | |
75 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
76 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
77 | |
78 | In addition, you can apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> |
79 | by specifying an arrayref for the given hash value. For example, if |
80 | you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you |
81 | can say something like this: |
82 | |
83 | my %data = ( |
84 | name => 'Bill', |
85 | date_entered => ["to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003"], |
86 | ); |
87 | |
88 | The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are |
89 | optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives |
90 | you: |
91 | |
92 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
93 | |
94 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered) |
95 | VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))"; |
96 | @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003'); |
97 | |
98 | An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function: |
99 | |
100 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data); |
101 | |
102 | Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate |
103 | the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll |
104 | want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is |
105 | where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy... |
106 | |
107 | This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements |
108 | easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean |
109 | equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set |
110 | of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to |
111 | SELECT some data based on this criteria: |
112 | |
113 | my %where = ( |
114 | requestor => 'inna', |
115 | worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'], |
116 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
117 | ); |
118 | |
119 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where); |
120 | |
121 | The above would give you something like this: |
122 | |
123 | $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE |
124 | ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? ) |
125 | AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )"; |
126 | @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'); |
127 | |
128 | Which you could then use in DBI code like so: |
129 | |
130 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
131 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
132 | |
133 | Easy, eh? |
134 | |
135 | =head1 FUNCTIONS |
136 | |
137 | The functions are simple. There's one for each major SQL operation, |
138 | and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a |
139 | similar order to each function (table, then fields, then a where |
140 | clause) to try and simplify things. |
141 | |
142 | =cut |
143 | |
144 | use Carp; |
145 | use strict; |
146 | |
69f2a249 |
147 | our $VERSION = '1.22'; |
148 | our $REVISION = '$Id$'; |
32eab2da |
149 | our $AUTOLOAD; |
150 | |
151 | # Fix SQL case, if so requested |
152 | sub _sqlcase { |
153 | my $self = shift; |
154 | return $self->{case} ? $_[0] : uc($_[0]); |
155 | } |
156 | |
157 | # Anon copies of arrays/hashes |
158 | # Based on deep_copy example by merlyn |
159 | # http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/UnixReview/col30.html |
160 | sub _anoncopy { |
161 | my $orig = shift; |
162 | return (ref $orig eq 'HASH') ? +{map { $_ => _anoncopy($orig->{$_}) } keys %$orig} |
163 | : (ref $orig eq 'ARRAY') ? [map _anoncopy($_), @$orig] |
164 | : $orig; |
165 | } |
166 | |
167 | # Debug |
168 | sub _debug { |
169 | return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster |
170 | my $func = (caller(1))[3]; |
171 | warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n"; |
172 | } |
173 | |
174 | sub belch (@) { |
175 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
176 | carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_; |
177 | } |
178 | |
179 | sub puke (@) { |
180 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
181 | croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_; |
182 | } |
183 | |
184 | # Utility functions |
185 | sub _table { |
186 | my $self = shift; |
187 | my $tab = shift; |
188 | if (ref $tab eq 'ARRAY') { |
189 | return join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$tab; |
190 | } else { |
191 | return $self->_quote($tab); |
192 | } |
193 | } |
194 | |
195 | sub _quote { |
196 | my $self = shift; |
197 | my $label = shift; |
198 | |
199 | return $label |
200 | if $label eq '*'; |
201 | |
202 | return $self->{quote_char} . $label . $self->{quote_char} |
203 | if !defined $self->{name_sep}; |
204 | |
205 | return join $self->{name_sep}, |
206 | map { $self->{quote_char} . $_ . $self->{quote_char} } |
207 | split /\Q$self->{name_sep}\E/, $label; |
208 | } |
209 | |
210 | # Conversion, if applicable |
211 | sub _convert ($) { |
212 | my $self = shift; |
213 | return @_ unless $self->{convert}; |
214 | my $conv = $self->_sqlcase($self->{convert}); |
215 | my @ret = map { $conv.'('.$_.')' } @_; |
216 | return wantarray ? @ret : $ret[0]; |
217 | } |
218 | |
219 | # And bindtype |
220 | sub _bindtype (@) { |
221 | my $self = shift; |
222 | my($col,@val) = @_; |
223 | return $self->{bindtype} eq 'columns' ? [ @_ ] : @val; |
224 | } |
225 | |
226 | # Modified -logic or -nest |
227 | sub _modlogic ($) { |
228 | my $self = shift; |
229 | my $sym = @_ ? lc(shift) : $self->{logic}; |
230 | $sym =~ tr/_/ /; |
231 | $sym = $self->{logic} if $sym eq 'nest'; |
232 | return $self->_sqlcase($sym); # override join |
233 | } |
234 | |
235 | =head2 new(option => 'value') |
236 | |
237 | The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns |
238 | a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL |
239 | through the methods below. The options accepted are: |
240 | |
241 | =over |
242 | |
243 | =item case |
244 | |
245 | If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By |
246 | default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like: |
247 | |
248 | SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%' |
249 | |
250 | =item cmp |
251 | |
252 | This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default |
253 | it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this: |
254 | |
255 | %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org'); |
256 | |
257 | Will generate SQL like this: |
258 | |
259 | WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org' |
260 | |
261 | However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set |
262 | C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as: |
263 | |
264 | WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org' |
265 | |
266 | You can also override the comparsion on an individual basis - see |
267 | the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom. |
268 | |
269 | =item logic |
270 | |
271 | This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE |
272 | statements in arrays. By default it is "or", meaning that a WHERE |
273 | array of the form: |
274 | |
275 | @where = ( |
276 | event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
277 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'}, |
278 | ); |
279 | |
280 | Will generate SQL like this: |
281 | |
282 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03' |
283 | |
284 | This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look |
285 | at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify: |
286 | |
287 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and'); |
288 | |
289 | Which will change the above C<WHERE> to: |
290 | |
291 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03' |
292 | |
293 | =item convert |
294 | |
295 | This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL |
296 | function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument |
297 | of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of |
298 | case-insensitive "searches". For example, this: |
299 | |
300 | $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper'); |
301 | %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive'); |
302 | |
303 | Will turn out the following SQL: |
304 | |
305 | WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive') |
306 | |
307 | The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function |
308 | that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does |
309 | not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim). |
310 | |
311 | =item bindtype |
312 | |
313 | This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't |
314 | just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields. |
315 | Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>: |
316 | |
317 | $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data'); |
318 | $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
319 | |
320 | The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array, |
321 | which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not. |
322 | |
323 | If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned. |
324 | Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you |
325 | specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this: |
326 | |
327 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns'); |
328 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...); |
329 | |
330 | @bind = ( |
331 | [ 'column1', 'value1' ], |
332 | [ 'column2', 'value2' ], |
333 | [ 'column3', 'value3' ], |
334 | ); |
335 | |
336 | You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>. |
337 | |
338 | $sth->prepare($stmt); |
339 | my $i = 1; |
340 | for (@bind) { |
341 | my($col, $data) = @$_; |
342 | if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') { |
343 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
344 | } elsif ($col eq 'image') { |
345 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB}); |
346 | } else { |
347 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data); |
348 | } |
349 | $i++; |
350 | } |
351 | $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now |
352 | |
353 | Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap? |
354 | Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields |
355 | are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple |
356 | sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still |
357 | get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification. |
358 | |
359 | =item quote_char |
360 | |
361 | This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted |
362 | with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to |
363 | the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this: |
364 | |
365 | SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%' |
366 | |
367 | This is useful if you have tables or columns that are reserved words |
368 | in your database's SQL dialect. |
369 | |
370 | =item name_sep |
371 | |
372 | This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is |
373 | necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected, |
374 | so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this: |
375 | |
376 | SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1 |
377 | |
378 | =back |
379 | |
380 | =cut |
381 | |
382 | sub new { |
383 | my $self = shift; |
384 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
385 | my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_; |
386 | |
387 | # choose our case by keeping an option around |
388 | delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower'; |
389 | |
390 | # override logical operator |
391 | $opt{logic} = uc $opt{logic} if $opt{logic}; |
392 | |
393 | # how to return bind vars |
394 | $opt{bindtype} ||= delete($opt{bind_type}) || 'normal'; |
395 | |
396 | # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden |
397 | $opt{cmp} ||= '='; |
398 | |
399 | # default quotation character around tables/columns |
400 | $opt{quote_char} ||= ''; |
401 | |
402 | return bless \%opt, $class; |
403 | } |
404 | |
405 | =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals) |
406 | |
407 | This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name |
408 | and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs. |
409 | It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values. |
410 | |
411 | =cut |
412 | |
413 | sub insert { |
414 | my $self = shift; |
415 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
416 | my $data = shift || return; |
417 | |
418 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('insert into') . " $table "; |
419 | my(@sqlf, @sqlv, @sqlq) = (); |
420 | |
421 | my $ref = ref $data; |
422 | if ($ref eq 'HASH') { |
423 | for my $k (sort keys %$data) { |
424 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
425 | my $r = ref $v; |
426 | # named fields, so must save names in order |
427 | push @sqlf, $self->_quote($k); |
428 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
429 | # SQL included for values |
430 | my @val = @$v; |
431 | push @sqlq, shift @val; |
432 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, @val); |
433 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
434 | # embedded literal SQL |
435 | push @sqlq, $$v; |
436 | } else { |
437 | push @sqlq, '?'; |
438 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
439 | } |
440 | } |
441 | $sql .= '(' . join(', ', @sqlf) .') '. $self->_sqlcase('values') . ' ('. join(', ', @sqlq) .')'; |
442 | } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') { |
443 | # just generate values(?,?) part |
444 | # no names (arrayref) so can't generate bindtype |
445 | carp "Warning: ",__PACKAGE__,"->insert called with arrayref when bindtype set" |
446 | if $self->{bindtype} ne 'normal'; |
447 | for my $v (@$data) { |
448 | my $r = ref $v; |
449 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
450 | my @val = @$v; |
451 | push @sqlq, shift @val; |
452 | push @sqlv, @val; |
453 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
454 | # embedded literal SQL |
455 | push @sqlq, $$v; |
456 | } else { |
457 | push @sqlq, '?'; |
458 | push @sqlv, $v; |
459 | } |
460 | } |
461 | $sql .= $self->_sqlcase('values') . ' ('. join(', ', @sqlq) .')'; |
462 | } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') { |
463 | # literal SQL |
464 | $sql .= $$data; |
465 | } else { |
466 | puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->insert"; |
467 | } |
468 | |
469 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @sqlv) : $sql; |
470 | } |
471 | |
472 | =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where) |
473 | |
474 | This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional |
475 | hashref WHERE clause. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list |
476 | of bind values. |
477 | |
478 | =cut |
479 | |
480 | sub update { |
481 | my $self = shift; |
482 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
483 | my $data = shift || return; |
484 | my $where = shift; |
485 | |
486 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update') . " $table " . $self->_sqlcase('set '); |
487 | my(@sqlf, @sqlv) = (); |
488 | |
489 | puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update" |
490 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
491 | |
492 | for my $k (sort keys %$data) { |
493 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
494 | my $r = ref $v; |
495 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
496 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
497 | # SQL included for values |
498 | my @bind = @$v; |
499 | my $sql = shift @bind; |
500 | push @sqlf, "$label = $sql"; |
501 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, @bind); |
502 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
503 | # embedded literal SQL |
504 | push @sqlf, "$label = $$v"; |
505 | } else { |
506 | push @sqlf, "$label = ?"; |
507 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
508 | } |
509 | } |
510 | |
511 | $sql .= join ', ', @sqlf; |
512 | |
513 | if ($where) { |
514 | my($wsql, @wval) = $self->where($where); |
515 | $sql .= $wsql; |
516 | push @sqlv, @wval; |
517 | } |
518 | |
519 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @sqlv) : $sql; |
520 | } |
521 | |
522 | =head2 select($table, \@fields, \%where, \@order) |
523 | |
524 | This takes a table, arrayref of fields (or '*'), optional hashref |
525 | WHERE clause, and optional arrayref order by, and returns the |
526 | corresponding SQL SELECT statement and list of bind values. |
527 | |
528 | =cut |
529 | |
530 | sub select { |
531 | my $self = shift; |
532 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
533 | my $fields = shift || '*'; |
534 | my $where = shift; |
535 | my $order = shift; |
536 | |
537 | my $f = (ref $fields eq 'ARRAY') ? join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$fields : $fields; |
538 | my $sql = join ' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $f, $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table; |
539 | |
540 | my(@sqlf, @sqlv) = (); |
541 | my($wsql, @wval) = $self->where($where, $order); |
542 | $sql .= $wsql; |
543 | push @sqlv, @wval; |
544 | |
545 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @sqlv) : $sql; |
546 | } |
547 | |
548 | =head2 delete($table, \%where) |
549 | |
550 | This takes a table name and optional hashref WHERE clause. |
551 | It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values. |
552 | |
553 | =cut |
554 | |
555 | sub delete { |
556 | my $self = shift; |
557 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
558 | my $where = shift; |
559 | |
560 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from') . " $table"; |
561 | my(@sqlf, @sqlv) = (); |
562 | |
563 | if ($where) { |
564 | my($wsql, @wval) = $self->where($where); |
565 | $sql .= $wsql; |
566 | push @sqlv, @wval; |
567 | } |
568 | |
569 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @sqlv) : $sql; |
570 | } |
571 | |
572 | =head2 where(\%where, \@order) |
573 | |
574 | This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example, |
575 | if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the |
576 | rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way |
577 | to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE |
578 | clause and list of bind values. |
579 | |
580 | =cut |
581 | |
582 | # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses |
583 | sub where { |
584 | my $self = shift; |
585 | my $where = shift; |
586 | my $order = shift; |
587 | |
588 | # Need a separate routine to properly wrap w/ "where" |
589 | my $sql = ''; |
590 | my @ret = $self->_recurse_where($where); |
591 | if (@ret) { |
592 | my $wh = shift @ret; |
593 | $sql .= $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . $wh if $wh; |
594 | } |
595 | |
596 | # order by? |
597 | if ($order) { |
598 | $sql .= $self->_order_by($order); |
599 | } |
600 | |
601 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @ret) : $sql; |
602 | } |
603 | |
604 | |
605 | sub _recurse_where { |
606 | local $^W = 0; # really, you've gotta be fucking kidding me |
607 | my $self = shift; |
608 | my $where = _anoncopy(shift); # prevent destroying original |
609 | my $ref = ref $where || ''; |
610 | my $join = shift || $self->{logic} || |
611 | ($ref eq 'ARRAY' ? $self->_sqlcase('or') : $self->_sqlcase('and')); |
612 | |
613 | # For assembling SQL fields and values |
614 | my(@sqlf, @sqlv) = (); |
615 | |
616 | # If an arrayref, then we join each element |
617 | if ($ref eq 'ARRAY') { |
618 | # need to use while() so can shift() for arrays |
619 | my $subjoin; |
620 | while (my $el = shift @$where) { |
621 | |
622 | # skip empty elements, otherwise get invalid trailing AND stuff |
623 | if (my $ref2 = ref $el) { |
624 | if ($ref2 eq 'ARRAY') { |
625 | next unless @$el; |
626 | } elsif ($ref2 eq 'HASH') { |
627 | next unless %$el; |
628 | $subjoin ||= $self->_sqlcase('and'); |
629 | } elsif ($ref2 eq 'SCALAR') { |
630 | # literal SQL |
631 | push @sqlf, $$el; |
632 | next; |
633 | } |
634 | $self->_debug("$ref2(*top) means join with $subjoin"); |
635 | } else { |
636 | # top-level arrayref with scalars, recurse in pairs |
637 | $self->_debug("NOREF(*top) means join with $subjoin"); |
638 | $el = {$el => shift(@$where)}; |
639 | } |
640 | my @ret = $self->_recurse_where($el, $subjoin); |
641 | push @sqlf, shift @ret; |
642 | push @sqlv, @ret; |
643 | } |
644 | } |
645 | elsif ($ref eq 'HASH') { |
646 | # Note: during recursion, the last element will always be a hashref, |
647 | # since it needs to point a column => value. So this be the end. |
648 | for my $k (sort keys %$where) { |
649 | my $v = $where->{$k}; |
650 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
61fdf29c |
651 | |
32eab2da |
652 | if ($k =~ /^-(\D+)/) { |
653 | # special nesting, like -and, -or, -nest, so shift over |
654 | my $subjoin = $self->_modlogic($1); |
655 | $self->_debug("OP(-$1) means special logic ($subjoin), recursing..."); |
656 | my @ret = $self->_recurse_where($v, $subjoin); |
657 | push @sqlf, shift @ret; |
658 | push @sqlv, @ret; |
659 | } elsif (! defined($v)) { |
660 | # undef = null |
661 | $self->_debug("UNDEF($k) means IS NULL"); |
662 | push @sqlf, $label . $self->_sqlcase(' is null'); |
663 | } elsif (ref $v eq 'ARRAY') { |
664 | my @v = @$v; |
665 | |
666 | # multiple elements: multiple options |
667 | $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means multiple elements: [ @v ]"); |
668 | |
669 | # special nesting, like -and, -or, -nest, so shift over |
670 | my $subjoin = $self->_sqlcase('or'); |
671 | if ($v[0] =~ /^-(\D+)/) { |
672 | $subjoin = $self->_modlogic($1); # override subjoin |
673 | $self->_debug("OP(-$1) means special logic ($subjoin), shifting..."); |
674 | shift @v; |
675 | } |
676 | |
677 | # map into an array of hashrefs and recurse |
678 | my @ret = $self->_recurse_where([map { {$k => $_} } @v], $subjoin); |
679 | |
680 | # push results into our structure |
681 | push @sqlf, shift @ret; |
682 | push @sqlv, @ret; |
683 | } elsif (ref $v eq 'HASH') { |
684 | # modified operator { '!=', 'completed' } |
685 | for my $f (sort keys %$v) { |
686 | my $x = $v->{$f}; |
61fdf29c |
687 | |
688 | # do the right thing for single -in values |
689 | $x = [$x] if ($f =~ /^-?\s*(not[\s_]+)?in\s*$/i && ref $x ne 'ARRAY'); |
690 | |
32eab2da |
691 | $self->_debug("HASH($k) means modified operator: { $f }"); |
692 | |
693 | # check for the operator being "IN" or "BETWEEN" or whatever |
694 | if (ref $x eq 'ARRAY') { |
695 | if ($f =~ /^-?\s*(not[\s_]+)?(in|between)\s*$/i) { |
696 | my $u = $self->_modlogic($1 . $2); |
697 | $self->_debug("HASH($f => $x) uses special operator: [ $u ]"); |
698 | if ($u =~ /between/i) { |
699 | # SQL sucks |
61fdf29c |
700 | # Throw an exception if you try to use between with |
701 | # anything other than 2 values |
702 | $self->puke("You need two values to use between") unless @$x == 2; |
32eab2da |
703 | push @sqlf, join ' ', $self->_convert($label), $u, $self->_convert('?'), |
704 | $self->_sqlcase('and'), $self->_convert('?'); |
61fdf29c |
705 | } elsif (@$x) { |
706 | # DWIM for empty arrayrefs |
32eab2da |
707 | push @sqlf, join ' ', $self->_convert($label), $u, '(', |
708 | join(', ', map { $self->_convert('?') } @$x), |
709 | ')'; |
61fdf29c |
710 | } elsif(@$x == 0){ |
711 | # Empty IN defaults to 0=1 and empty NOT IN to 1=1 |
712 | push(@sqlf, ($u =~ /not/i ? "1=1" : "0=1")); |
32eab2da |
713 | } |
714 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, @$x); |
715 | } else { |
716 | # multiple elements: multiple options |
717 | $self->_debug("ARRAY($x) means multiple elements: [ @$x ]"); |
718 | |
719 | # map into an array of hashrefs and recurse |
720 | my @ret = $self->_recurse_where([map { {$k => {$f, $_}} } @$x]); |
721 | |
722 | # push results into our structure |
723 | push @sqlf, shift @ret; |
724 | push @sqlv, @ret; |
725 | } |
726 | } elsif (! defined($x)) { |
727 | # undef = NOT null |
728 | my $not = ($f eq '!=' || $f eq 'not like') ? ' not' : ''; |
729 | push @sqlf, $label . $self->_sqlcase(" is$not null"); |
730 | } else { |
731 | # regular ol' value |
732 | $f =~ s/^-//; # strip leading -like => |
733 | $f =~ s/_/ /; # _ => " " |
734 | push @sqlf, join ' ', $self->_convert($label), $self->_sqlcase($f), $self->_convert('?'); |
735 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $x); |
736 | } |
737 | } |
738 | } elsif (ref $v eq 'SCALAR') { |
739 | # literal SQL |
740 | $self->_debug("SCALAR($k) means literal SQL: $$v"); |
741 | push @sqlf, "$label $$v"; |
742 | } else { |
743 | # standard key => val |
744 | $self->_debug("NOREF($k) means simple key=val: $k $self->{cmp} $v"); |
745 | push @sqlf, join ' ', $self->_convert($label), $self->_sqlcase($self->{cmp}), $self->_convert('?'); |
746 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
747 | } |
748 | } |
749 | } |
750 | elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') { |
751 | # literal sql |
752 | $self->_debug("SCALAR(*top) means literal SQL: $$where"); |
753 | push @sqlf, $$where; |
754 | } |
755 | elsif (defined $where) { |
756 | # literal sql |
757 | $self->_debug("NOREF(*top) means literal SQL: $where"); |
758 | push @sqlf, $where; |
759 | } |
760 | |
761 | # assemble and return sql |
762 | my $wsql = @sqlf ? '( ' . join(" $join ", @sqlf) . ' )' : ''; |
763 | return wantarray ? ($wsql, @sqlv) : $wsql; |
764 | } |
765 | |
766 | sub _order_by { |
767 | my $self = shift; |
768 | my $ref = ref $_[0]; |
769 | |
770 | my @vals = $ref eq 'ARRAY' ? @{$_[0]} : |
771 | $ref eq 'SCALAR' ? ${$_[0]} : |
772 | $ref eq '' ? $_[0] : |
773 | puke "Unsupported data struct $ref for ORDER BY"; |
774 | |
775 | my $val = join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @vals; |
776 | return $val ? $self->_sqlcase(' order by')." $val" : ''; |
777 | } |
778 | |
779 | =head2 values(\%data) |
780 | |
781 | This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same |
782 | order that would be returned from any of the other above queries. |
783 | Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you |
784 | are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section. |
785 | |
786 | =cut |
787 | |
788 | sub values { |
789 | my $self = shift; |
790 | my $data = shift || return; |
791 | puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash" |
792 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
793 | return map { $self->_bindtype($_, $data->{$_}) } sort keys %$data; |
794 | } |
795 | |
796 | =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types) |
797 | |
798 | Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change. |
799 | |
800 | This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut. |
801 | It will return two different things, depending on return context: |
802 | |
803 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
804 | my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
805 | |
806 | These would return the following: |
807 | |
808 | # First calling form |
809 | $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)"; |
810 | @bind = (field1, field2); |
811 | |
812 | # Second calling form |
813 | $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)"; |
814 | |
815 | Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct |
816 | format. In this example, the second form is what you would want. |
817 | |
818 | By the same token: |
819 | |
820 | $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' }); |
821 | |
822 | Might give you: |
823 | |
824 | ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY' |
825 | |
826 | You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything |
827 | else remains verbatim. |
828 | |
829 | =cut |
830 | |
831 | sub generate { |
832 | my $self = shift; |
833 | |
834 | my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv); |
835 | |
836 | for (@_) { |
837 | my $ref = ref $_; |
838 | if ($ref eq 'HASH') { |
839 | for my $k (sort keys %$_) { |
840 | my $v = $_->{$k}; |
841 | my $r = ref $v; |
842 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
843 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
844 | # SQL included for values |
845 | my @bind = @$v; |
846 | my $sql = shift @bind; |
847 | push @sqlq, "$label = $sql"; |
848 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, @bind); |
849 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
850 | # embedded literal SQL |
851 | push @sqlq, "$label = $$v"; |
852 | } else { |
853 | push @sqlq, "$label = ?"; |
854 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
855 | } |
856 | } |
857 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq; |
858 | } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') { |
859 | # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL |
860 | for my $v (@$_) { |
861 | my $r = ref $v; |
862 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
863 | my @val = @$v; |
864 | push @sqlq, shift @val; |
865 | push @sqlv, @val; |
866 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
867 | # embedded literal SQL |
868 | push @sqlq, $$v; |
869 | } else { |
870 | push @sqlq, '?'; |
871 | push @sqlv, $v; |
872 | } |
873 | } |
874 | push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')'; |
875 | } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') { |
876 | # literal SQL |
877 | push @sql, $$_; |
878 | } else { |
879 | # strings get case twiddled |
880 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_); |
881 | } |
882 | } |
883 | |
884 | my $sql = join ' ', @sql; |
885 | |
886 | # this is pretty tricky |
887 | # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind) |
888 | # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline |
889 | if (wantarray) { |
890 | return ($sql, @sqlv); |
891 | } else { |
892 | 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv); |
893 | ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e; |
894 | return $sql; |
895 | } |
896 | } |
897 | |
898 | sub DESTROY { 1 } |
899 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
900 | # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr |
901 | my $self = shift; |
902 | my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/; |
903 | return $self->generate($name, @_); |
904 | } |
905 | |
906 | 1; |
907 | |
908 | __END__ |
909 | |
910 | =head1 WHERE CLAUSES |
911 | |
912 | This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It |
913 | is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this |
914 | module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes |
915 | are AND'ed.> |
916 | |
917 | The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After |
918 | each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used: |
919 | |
920 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where); |
921 | |
922 | However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any |
923 | of the other functions as well, as described above. |
924 | |
925 | So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash: |
926 | |
927 | my %where = ( |
928 | user => 'nwiger', |
929 | status => 'completed' |
930 | ); |
931 | |
932 | Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements: |
933 | |
934 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?"; |
935 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
936 | |
937 | One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that |
938 | a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of |
939 | an arrayref: |
940 | |
941 | my %where = ( |
942 | user => 'nwiger', |
943 | status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending']; |
944 | ); |
945 | |
946 | This simple code will create the following: |
947 | |
948 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )"; |
949 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'); |
950 | |
951 | If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison, |
952 | you can use a hashref for a given column: |
953 | |
954 | my %where = ( |
955 | user => 'nwiger', |
956 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
957 | ); |
958 | |
959 | Which would generate: |
960 | |
961 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?"; |
962 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
963 | |
964 | To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref: |
965 | |
966 | status => { '!=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] }; |
967 | |
968 | Which would give you: |
969 | |
970 | "WHERE status != ? OR status != ? OR status != ?" |
971 | |
972 | But, this is probably not what you want in this case (look at it). So |
973 | the hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded |
974 | into an C<AND> of its elements: |
975 | |
976 | my %where = ( |
977 | user => 'nwiger', |
978 | status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' } |
979 | ); |
980 | |
981 | # Or more dynamically, like from a form |
982 | $where{user} = 'nwiger'; |
983 | $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed'; |
984 | $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%'; |
985 | |
986 | # Both generate this |
987 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?"; |
988 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%'); |
989 | |
990 | To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea: |
991 | |
992 | my %where => ( |
993 | user => 'nwiger', |
994 | priority => [ {'=', 2}, {'!=', 1} ] |
995 | ); |
996 | |
997 | Which would generate: |
998 | |
999 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND priority = ? OR priority != ?"; |
1000 | @bind = ('nwiger', '2', '1'); |
1001 | |
1002 | However, there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like |
1003 | this (notice the C<AND>): |
1004 | |
1005 | WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ? |
1006 | |
1007 | Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this: |
1008 | |
1009 | priority => { '!=', 2, '!=', 1 } |
1010 | |
1011 | As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution |
1012 | is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref: |
1013 | |
1014 | priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1} ] |
1015 | |
1016 | Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it |
1017 | to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the |
1018 | C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries |
1019 | work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes |
1020 | B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will |
1021 | B<NOT> do what you think it might: |
1022 | |
1023 | priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG! |
1024 | |
1025 | Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap: |
1026 | |
1027 | # Same |
1028 | status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' } |
1029 | status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}] |
1030 | |
1031 | # Same |
1032 | status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']} |
1033 | status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}] |
1034 | status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ] |
1035 | |
1036 | In addition to C<-and> and C<-or>, there is also a special C<-nest> |
1037 | operator which adds an additional set of parens, to create a subquery. |
1038 | For example, to get something like this: |
1039 | |
1040 | $stmt = WHERE user = ? AND ( workhrs > ? OR geo = ? ) |
1041 | @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA'); |
1042 | |
1043 | You would do: |
1044 | |
1045 | my %where = ( |
1046 | user => 'nwiger', |
1047 | -nest => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ], |
1048 | ); |
1049 | |
1050 | You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the |
1051 | C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref: |
1052 | |
1053 | my %where = ( |
1054 | status => 'completed', |
1055 | reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] } |
1056 | ); |
1057 | |
1058 | Which would generate: |
1059 | |
1060 | $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)"; |
1061 | @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2'); |
1062 | |
1063 | You can use this same format to use other grouping functions, such |
1064 | as C<BETWEEN>, C<SOME>, and so forth. For example: |
1065 | |
1066 | my %where = ( |
1067 | user => 'nwiger', |
1068 | completion_date => { |
1069 | -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06'] |
1070 | } |
1071 | ); |
1072 | |
1073 | Would give you: |
1074 | |
1075 | WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? ) |
1076 | |
1077 | So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level |
1078 | C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in |
1079 | hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example: |
1080 | |
1081 | my @where = ( |
1082 | { |
1083 | user => 'nwiger', |
1084 | status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] }, |
1085 | }, |
1086 | { |
1087 | user => 'robot', |
1088 | status => 'unassigned', |
1089 | } |
1090 | ); |
1091 | |
1092 | This data structure would create the following: |
1093 | |
1094 | $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) ) |
1095 | OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )"; |
1096 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned'); |
1097 | |
1098 | This can be combined with the C<-nest> operator to properly group |
1099 | SQL statements: |
1100 | |
1101 | my @where = ( |
1102 | -and => [ |
1103 | user => 'nwiger', |
1104 | -nest => [ |
1105 | -and => [workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ], |
1106 | -and => [workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' ] |
1107 | ], |
1108 | ], |
1109 | ); |
1110 | |
1111 | That would yield: |
1112 | |
1113 | WHERE ( user = ? AND |
1114 | ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? ) |
1115 | OR ( workhrs < ? AND geo = ? ) ) ) |
1116 | |
1117 | Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. If you want to include |
1118 | literal SQL verbatim, you can specify it as a scalar reference, namely: |
1119 | |
1120 | my $inn = 'is Not Null'; |
1121 | my %where = ( |
1122 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
1123 | requestor => \$inn |
1124 | ); |
1125 | |
1126 | This would create: |
1127 | |
1128 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor is Not Null"; |
1129 | @bind = ('2'); |
1130 | |
1131 | Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since |
1132 | the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement. |
1133 | |
1134 | Of course, just to prove a point, the above can also be accomplished |
1135 | with this: |
1136 | |
1137 | my %where = ( |
1138 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
1139 | requestor => { '!=', undef }, |
1140 | ); |
1141 | |
1142 | TMTOWTDI. |
1143 | |
1144 | These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data |
1145 | structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the |
1146 | module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function |
1147 | internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a |
1148 | little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best |
1149 | format for your data based on that. |
1150 | |
1151 | And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with |
1152 | variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you |
1153 | knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about |
1154 | dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your |
1155 | script. |
1156 | |
1157 | =head1 PERFORMANCE |
1158 | |
1159 | Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that |
1160 | this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>. |
1161 | I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a |
1162 | byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles |
1163 | yourself. |
1164 | |
1165 | To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following: |
1166 | |
1167 | # prepare a statement handle using the first row |
1168 | # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows |
1169 | my($sth, $stmt); |
1170 | for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) { |
1171 | $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href); |
1172 | $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1173 | $sth->execute($sql->values($href)); |
1174 | } |
1175 | |
1176 | The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted |
1177 | internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains |
1178 | the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time |
1179 | around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided |
1180 | by this module to return your values in the correct order. |
1181 | |
1182 | =head1 FORMBUILDER |
1183 | |
1184 | If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully |
1185 | really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query |
1186 | can be as simple as the following: |
1187 | |
1188 | #!/usr/bin/perl |
1189 | |
1190 | use CGI::FormBuilder; |
1191 | use SQL::Abstract; |
1192 | |
1193 | my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...); |
1194 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
1195 | |
1196 | if ($form->submitted) { |
1197 | my $field = $form->field; |
1198 | my $id = delete $field->{id}; |
1199 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id}); |
1200 | } |
1201 | |
1202 | Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the |
1203 | query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your |
1204 | table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic. |
1205 | |
1206 | If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for |
1207 | a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently |
1208 | use these three modules together to write complex database query |
1209 | apps in under 50 lines. |
1210 | |
1211 | =head1 NOTES |
1212 | |
1213 | There is not (yet) any explicit support for SQL compound logic |
1214 | statements like "AND NOT". Instead, just do the de Morgan's |
1215 | law transformations yourself. For example, this: |
1216 | |
1217 | "lname LIKE '%son%' AND NOT ( age < 10 OR age > 20 )" |
1218 | |
1219 | Becomes: |
1220 | |
1221 | "lname LIKE '%son%' AND ( age >= 10 AND age <= 20 )" |
1222 | |
1223 | With the corresponding C<%where> hash: |
1224 | |
1225 | %where = ( |
1226 | lname => {like => '%son%'}, |
1227 | age => [-and => {'>=', 10}, {'<=', 20}], |
1228 | ); |
1229 | |
1230 | Again, remember that the C<-and> goes I<inside> the arrayref. |
1231 | |
1232 | =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
1233 | |
1234 | There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with |
1235 | this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN |
1236 | so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are: |
1237 | |
1238 | Mark Stosberg (benchmarking) |
1239 | Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support) |
1240 | Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions) |
1241 | Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support) |
1242 | Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE") |
1243 | Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep") |
abe72f94 |
1244 | Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support) |
32eab2da |
1245 | |
1246 | Thanks! |
1247 | |
1248 | =head1 BUGS |
1249 | |
1250 | If found, please DO NOT submit anything via C<rt.cpan.org> - that |
1251 | just causes me a ton of work. Email me a patch (or script demonstrating |
abe72f94 |
1252 | the problem) to the below address, and include the VERSION you're using. |
32eab2da |
1253 | |
1254 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
1255 | |
1256 | L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<DBI|DBI>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable> |
1257 | |
32eab2da |
1258 | =head1 AUTHOR |
1259 | |
6be9cea3 |
1260 | Copyright (c) 2001-2006 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved. |
32eab2da |
1261 | |
abe72f94 |
1262 | For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list. |
1263 | While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of |
1264 | C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with |
1265 | how to create queries. |
1266 | |
32eab2da |
1267 | This module is free software; you may copy this under the terms of |
1268 | the GNU General Public License, or the Artistic License, copies of |
1269 | which should have accompanied your Perl kit. |
1270 | |
1271 | =cut |
1272 | |