Commit | Line | Data |
96449e8e |
1 | package SQL::Abstract; # see doc at end of file |
2 | |
96449e8e |
3 | use strict; |
4 | use warnings; |
9d9d5bd6 |
5 | use Carp (); |
312d830b |
6 | use List::Util (); |
7 | use Scalar::Util (); |
96449e8e |
8 | |
0da0fe34 |
9 | use Exporter 'import'; |
10 | our @EXPORT_OK = qw(is_plain_value is_literal_value); |
11 | |
12 | BEGIN { |
13 | if ($] < 5.009_005) { |
14 | require MRO::Compat; |
15 | } |
16 | else { |
17 | require mro; |
18 | } |
843a94b5 |
19 | |
20 | *SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION = $ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION} |
21 | ? sub () { 0 } |
22 | : sub () { 1 } |
23 | ; |
0da0fe34 |
24 | } |
25 | |
96449e8e |
26 | #====================================================================== |
27 | # GLOBALS |
28 | #====================================================================== |
29 | |
f0724630 |
30 | our $VERSION = '1.81_01'; |
7479e27e |
31 | |
22f1a437 |
32 | # This would confuse some packagers |
c520207b |
33 | $VERSION = eval $VERSION if $VERSION =~ /_/; # numify for warning-free dev releases |
96449e8e |
34 | |
35 | our $AUTOLOAD; |
36 | |
37 | # special operators (-in, -between). May be extended/overridden by user. |
38 | # See section WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS below for implementation |
39 | my @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS = ( |
b8db59b8 |
40 | {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? between $/ix, handler => '_where_field_BETWEEN'}, |
41 | {regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? in $/ix, handler => '_where_field_IN'}, |
cc422895 |
42 | {regex => qr/^ ident $/ix, handler => '_where_op_IDENT'}, |
43 | {regex => qr/^ value $/ix, handler => '_where_op_VALUE'}, |
b9b5a0b1 |
44 | {regex => qr/^ is (?: \s+ not )? $/ix, handler => '_where_field_IS'}, |
96449e8e |
45 | ); |
46 | |
97a920ef |
47 | # unaryish operators - key maps to handler |
59f23b3d |
48 | my @BUILTIN_UNARY_OPS = ( |
a47b433a |
49 | # the digits are backcompat stuff |
b8db59b8 |
50 | { regex => qr/^ and (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_ANDOR' }, |
51 | { regex => qr/^ or (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_ANDOR' }, |
52 | { regex => qr/^ nest (?: [_\s]? \d+ )? $/xi, handler => '_where_op_NEST' }, |
53 | { regex => qr/^ (?: not \s )? bool $/xi, handler => '_where_op_BOOL' }, |
cc422895 |
54 | { regex => qr/^ ident $/xi, handler => '_where_op_IDENT' }, |
b9b5a0b1 |
55 | { regex => qr/^ value $/xi, handler => '_where_op_VALUE' }, |
59f23b3d |
56 | ); |
97a920ef |
57 | |
96449e8e |
58 | #====================================================================== |
59 | # DEBUGGING AND ERROR REPORTING |
60 | #====================================================================== |
61 | |
62 | sub _debug { |
63 | return unless $_[0]->{debug}; shift; # a little faster |
64 | my $func = (caller(1))[3]; |
65 | warn "[$func] ", @_, "\n"; |
66 | } |
67 | |
68 | sub belch (@) { |
69 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
9d9d5bd6 |
70 | Carp::carp "[$func] Warning: ", @_; |
96449e8e |
71 | } |
72 | |
73 | sub puke (@) { |
74 | my($func) = (caller(1))[3]; |
9d9d5bd6 |
75 | Carp::croak "[$func] Fatal: ", @_; |
96449e8e |
76 | } |
77 | |
0da0fe34 |
78 | sub is_literal_value ($) { |
79 | ref $_[0] eq 'SCALAR' ? [ ${$_[0]} ] |
80 | : ( ref $_[0] eq 'REF' and ref ${$_[0]} eq 'ARRAY' ) ? [ @${ $_[0] } ] |
0da0fe34 |
81 | : undef; |
82 | } |
83 | |
84 | # FIXME XSify - this can be done so much more efficiently |
85 | sub is_plain_value ($) { |
86 | no strict 'refs'; |
966200cc |
87 | ! length ref $_[0] ? \($_[0]) |
0da0fe34 |
88 | : ( |
89 | ref $_[0] eq 'HASH' and keys %{$_[0]} == 1 |
90 | and |
91 | exists $_[0]->{-value} |
966200cc |
92 | ) ? \($_[0]->{-value}) |
0da0fe34 |
93 | : ( |
a1c9e0ff |
94 | # reuse @_ for even moar speedz |
95 | defined ( $_[1] = Scalar::Util::blessed $_[0] ) |
0da0fe34 |
96 | and |
97 | # deliberately not using Devel::OverloadInfo - the checks we are |
98 | # intersted in are much more limited than the fullblown thing, and |
99 | # this is a very hot piece of code |
100 | ( |
e8d729d4 |
101 | # simply using ->can('(""') can leave behind stub methods that |
102 | # break actually using the overload later (see L<perldiag/Stub |
103 | # found while resolving method "%s" overloading "%s" in package |
104 | # "%s"> and the source of overload::mycan()) |
44e54b41 |
105 | # |
0da0fe34 |
106 | # either has stringification which DBI SHOULD prefer out of the box |
a1c9e0ff |
107 | grep { *{ (qq[${_}::(""]) }{CODE} } @{ $_[2] = mro::get_linear_isa( $_[1] ) } |
0da0fe34 |
108 | or |
20e178a8 |
109 | # has nummification or boolification, AND fallback is *not* disabled |
0da0fe34 |
110 | ( |
843a94b5 |
111 | SQL::Abstract::_ENV_::DETECT_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION |
112 | and |
20e178a8 |
113 | ( |
114 | grep { *{"${_}::(0+"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} |
115 | or |
116 | grep { *{"${_}::(bool"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} |
117 | ) |
0da0fe34 |
118 | and |
119 | ( |
120 | # no fallback specified at all |
a1c9e0ff |
121 | ! ( ($_[3]) = grep { *{"${_}::()"}{CODE} } @{$_[2]} ) |
0da0fe34 |
122 | or |
123 | # fallback explicitly undef |
a1c9e0ff |
124 | ! defined ${"$_[3]::()"} |
0da0fe34 |
125 | or |
126 | # explicitly true |
a1c9e0ff |
127 | !! ${"$_[3]::()"} |
0da0fe34 |
128 | ) |
129 | ) |
130 | ) |
966200cc |
131 | ) ? \($_[0]) |
0da0fe34 |
132 | : undef; |
133 | } |
134 | |
135 | |
96449e8e |
136 | |
137 | #====================================================================== |
138 | # NEW |
139 | #====================================================================== |
140 | |
141 | sub new { |
142 | my $self = shift; |
143 | my $class = ref($self) || $self; |
144 | my %opt = (ref $_[0] eq 'HASH') ? %{$_[0]} : @_; |
145 | |
146 | # choose our case by keeping an option around |
147 | delete $opt{case} if $opt{case} && $opt{case} ne 'lower'; |
148 | |
149 | # default logic for interpreting arrayrefs |
ef559da3 |
150 | $opt{logic} = $opt{logic} ? uc $opt{logic} : 'OR'; |
96449e8e |
151 | |
152 | # how to return bind vars |
96449e8e |
153 | $opt{bindtype} ||= 'normal'; |
154 | |
155 | # default comparison is "=", but can be overridden |
156 | $opt{cmp} ||= '='; |
157 | |
3af02ccb |
158 | # try to recognize which are the 'equality' and 'inequality' ops |
3cdadcbe |
159 | # (temporary quickfix (in 2007), should go through a more seasoned API) |
160 | $opt{equality_op} = qr/^( \Q$opt{cmp}\E | \= )$/ix; |
161 | $opt{inequality_op} = qr/^( != | <> )$/ix; |
162 | |
163 | $opt{like_op} = qr/^ (is\s+)? r?like $/xi; |
164 | $opt{not_like_op} = qr/^ (is\s+)? not \s+ r?like $/xi; |
96449e8e |
165 | |
166 | # SQL booleans |
167 | $opt{sqltrue} ||= '1=1'; |
168 | $opt{sqlfalse} ||= '0=1'; |
169 | |
9d48860e |
170 | # special operators |
96449e8e |
171 | $opt{special_ops} ||= []; |
b6251592 |
172 | # regexes are applied in order, thus push after user-defines |
96449e8e |
173 | push @{$opt{special_ops}}, @BUILTIN_SPECIAL_OPS; |
174 | |
9d48860e |
175 | # unary operators |
59f23b3d |
176 | $opt{unary_ops} ||= []; |
177 | push @{$opt{unary_ops}}, @BUILTIN_UNARY_OPS; |
178 | |
3af02ccb |
179 | # rudimentary sanity-check for user supplied bits treated as functions/operators |
b6251592 |
180 | # If a purported function matches this regular expression, an exception is thrown. |
181 | # Literal SQL is *NOT* subject to this check, only functions (and column names |
182 | # when quoting is not in effect) |
96449e8e |
183 | |
b6251592 |
184 | # FIXME |
185 | # need to guard against ()'s in column names too, but this will break tons of |
186 | # hacks... ideas anyone? |
187 | $opt{injection_guard} ||= qr/ |
188 | \; |
189 | | |
190 | ^ \s* go \s |
191 | /xmi; |
96449e8e |
192 | |
b6251592 |
193 | return bless \%opt, $class; |
194 | } |
96449e8e |
195 | |
170e6c33 |
196 | |
197 | sub _assert_pass_injection_guard { |
198 | if ($_[1] =~ $_[0]->{injection_guard}) { |
199 | my $class = ref $_[0]; |
200 | puke "Possible SQL injection attempt '$_[1]'. If this is indeed a part of the " |
201 | . "desired SQL use literal SQL ( \'...' or \[ '...' ] ) or supply your own " |
202 | . "{injection_guard} attribute to ${class}->new()" |
203 | } |
204 | } |
205 | |
206 | |
96449e8e |
207 | #====================================================================== |
208 | # INSERT methods |
209 | #====================================================================== |
210 | |
211 | sub insert { |
02288357 |
212 | my $self = shift; |
213 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
214 | my $data = shift || return; |
215 | my $options = shift; |
96449e8e |
216 | |
217 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_insert", $data); |
02288357 |
218 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($data); |
96449e8e |
219 | $sql = join " ", $self->_sqlcase('insert into'), $table, $sql; |
02288357 |
220 | |
e82e648a |
221 | if ($options->{returning}) { |
78536e8b |
222 | my ($s, @b) = $self->_insert_returning ($options); |
e82e648a |
223 | $sql .= $s; |
224 | push @bind, @b; |
02288357 |
225 | } |
226 | |
96449e8e |
227 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
228 | } |
229 | |
b17a3ece |
230 | # Used by DBIx::Class::SQLMaker->insert |
231 | sub _insert_returning { shift->_returning(@_) } |
232 | |
95904db5 |
233 | sub _returning { |
e82e648a |
234 | my ($self, $options) = @_; |
6b1fe79d |
235 | |
e82e648a |
236 | my $f = $options->{returning}; |
237 | |
238 | my $fieldlist = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($f, { |
239 | ARRAYREF => sub {join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$f;}, |
240 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($f)}, |
241 | SCALARREF => sub {$$f}, |
6b1fe79d |
242 | }); |
e82e648a |
243 | return $self->_sqlcase(' returning ') . $fieldlist; |
6b1fe79d |
244 | } |
245 | |
96449e8e |
246 | sub _insert_HASHREF { # explicit list of fields and then values |
247 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
248 | |
249 | my @fields = sort keys %$data; |
250 | |
fe3ae272 |
251 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_insert_values($data); |
96449e8e |
252 | |
253 | # assemble SQL |
254 | $_ = $self->_quote($_) foreach @fields; |
255 | $sql = "( ".join(", ", @fields).") ".$sql; |
256 | |
257 | return ($sql, @bind); |
258 | } |
259 | |
260 | sub _insert_ARRAYREF { # just generate values(?,?) part (no list of fields) |
261 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
262 | |
263 | # no names (arrayref) so can't generate bindtype |
264 | $self->{bindtype} ne 'columns' |
265 | or belch "can't do 'columns' bindtype when called with arrayref"; |
266 | |
19b6ccce |
267 | my (@values, @all_bind); |
268 | foreach my $value (@$data) { |
269 | my ($values, @bind) = $self->_insert_value(undef, $value); |
270 | push @values, $values; |
271 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
272 | } |
273 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )"; |
274 | return ($sql, @all_bind); |
fe3ae272 |
275 | } |
276 | |
277 | sub _insert_ARRAYREFREF { # literal SQL with bind |
278 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
279 | |
280 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$data}; |
281 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
282 | |
283 | return ($sql, @bind); |
284 | } |
285 | |
286 | |
287 | sub _insert_SCALARREF { # literal SQL without bind |
288 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
289 | |
290 | return ($$data); |
291 | } |
292 | |
293 | sub _insert_values { |
294 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
295 | |
96449e8e |
296 | my (@values, @all_bind); |
fe3ae272 |
297 | foreach my $column (sort keys %$data) { |
19b6ccce |
298 | my ($values, @bind) = $self->_insert_value($column, $data->{$column}); |
299 | push @values, $values; |
300 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
301 | } |
302 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('values')." ( ".join(", ", @values)." )"; |
303 | return ($sql, @all_bind); |
304 | } |
96449e8e |
305 | |
19b6ccce |
306 | sub _insert_value { |
307 | my ($self, $column, $v) = @_; |
96449e8e |
308 | |
19b6ccce |
309 | my (@values, @all_bind); |
310 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
96449e8e |
311 | |
19b6ccce |
312 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
313 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # if array datatype are activated |
96449e8e |
314 | push @values, '?'; |
fe3ae272 |
315 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
19b6ccce |
316 | } |
317 | else { # else literal SQL with bind |
318 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
319 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
320 | push @values, $sql; |
321 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
322 | } |
323 | }, |
324 | |
325 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
326 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
327 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
328 | push @values, $sql; |
329 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
330 | }, |
331 | |
332 | # THINK : anything useful to do with a HASHREF ? |
333 | HASHREF => sub { # (nothing, but old SQLA passed it through) |
334 | #TODO in SQLA >= 2.0 it will die instead |
335 | belch "HASH ref as bind value in insert is not supported"; |
336 | push @values, '?'; |
337 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
338 | }, |
339 | |
340 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
341 | push @values, $$v; |
342 | }, |
343 | |
344 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
345 | push @values, '?'; |
346 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($column, $v); |
347 | }, |
96449e8e |
348 | |
19b6ccce |
349 | }); |
96449e8e |
350 | |
19b6ccce |
351 | my $sql = join(", ", @values); |
96449e8e |
352 | return ($sql, @all_bind); |
353 | } |
354 | |
355 | |
96449e8e |
356 | |
357 | #====================================================================== |
358 | # UPDATE methods |
359 | #====================================================================== |
360 | |
361 | |
362 | sub update { |
95904db5 |
363 | my $self = shift; |
364 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
365 | my $data = shift || return; |
366 | my $where = shift; |
367 | my $options = shift; |
96449e8e |
368 | |
369 | # first build the 'SET' part of the sql statement |
370 | my (@set, @all_bind); |
371 | puke "Unsupported data type specified to \$sql->update" |
372 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
373 | |
374 | for my $k (sort keys %$data) { |
375 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
376 | my $r = ref $v; |
377 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
378 | |
379 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
9d48860e |
380 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
96449e8e |
381 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype |
382 | push @set, "$label = ?"; |
383 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
384 | } |
385 | else { # literal SQL with bind |
386 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
fe3ae272 |
387 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
388 | push @set, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
389 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
96449e8e |
390 | } |
391 | }, |
392 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
393 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
fe3ae272 |
394 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
395 | push @set, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
396 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
96449e8e |
397 | }, |
398 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
399 | push @set, "$label = $$v"; |
0ec3aec7 |
400 | }, |
401 | HASHREF => sub { |
402 | my ($op, $arg, @rest) = %$v; |
403 | |
404 | puke 'Operator calls in update must be in the form { -op => $arg }' |
405 | if (@rest or not $op =~ /^\-(.+)/); |
406 | |
407 | local $self->{_nested_func_lhs} = $k; |
408 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_unary_op ($1, $arg); |
409 | |
410 | push @set, "$label = $sql"; |
411 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
412 | }, |
96449e8e |
413 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
414 | push @set, "$label = ?"; |
415 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
416 | }, |
417 | }); |
418 | } |
419 | |
420 | # generate sql |
421 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('update') . " $table " . $self->_sqlcase('set ') |
422 | . join ', ', @set; |
423 | |
424 | if ($where) { |
425 | my($where_sql, @where_bind) = $self->where($where); |
426 | $sql .= $where_sql; |
427 | push @all_bind, @where_bind; |
428 | } |
429 | |
95904db5 |
430 | if ($options->{returning}) { |
20bb2ad5 |
431 | my ($returning_sql, @returning_bind) = $self->_update_returning ($options); |
95904db5 |
432 | $sql .= $returning_sql; |
433 | push @all_bind, @returning_bind; |
434 | } |
435 | |
96449e8e |
436 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @all_bind) : $sql; |
437 | } |
438 | |
20bb2ad5 |
439 | sub _update_returning { shift->_returning(@_) } |
96449e8e |
440 | |
441 | |
442 | |
443 | #====================================================================== |
444 | # SELECT |
445 | #====================================================================== |
446 | |
447 | |
448 | sub select { |
449 | my $self = shift; |
450 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
451 | my $fields = shift || '*'; |
452 | my $where = shift; |
453 | my $order = shift; |
454 | |
455 | my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where, $order); |
456 | |
457 | my $f = (ref $fields eq 'ARRAY') ? join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$fields |
458 | : $fields; |
9d48860e |
459 | my $sql = join(' ', $self->_sqlcase('select'), $f, |
96449e8e |
460 | $self->_sqlcase('from'), $table) |
461 | . $where_sql; |
462 | |
9d48860e |
463 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
464 | } |
465 | |
466 | #====================================================================== |
467 | # DELETE |
468 | #====================================================================== |
469 | |
470 | |
471 | sub delete { |
472 | my $self = shift; |
473 | my $table = $self->_table(shift); |
474 | my $where = shift; |
475 | |
476 | |
477 | my($where_sql, @bind) = $self->where($where); |
478 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('delete from') . " $table" . $where_sql; |
479 | |
9d48860e |
480 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
481 | } |
482 | |
483 | |
484 | #====================================================================== |
485 | # WHERE: entry point |
486 | #====================================================================== |
487 | |
488 | |
489 | |
490 | # Finally, a separate routine just to handle WHERE clauses |
491 | sub where { |
492 | my ($self, $where, $order) = @_; |
493 | |
494 | # where ? |
495 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_recurse_where($where); |
496 | $sql = $sql ? $self->_sqlcase(' where ') . "( $sql )" : ''; |
497 | |
498 | # order by? |
499 | if ($order) { |
26fe4d30 |
500 | my ($order_sql, @order_bind) = $self->_order_by($order); |
501 | $sql .= $order_sql; |
502 | push @bind, @order_bind; |
96449e8e |
503 | } |
504 | |
9d48860e |
505 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
506 | } |
507 | |
508 | |
509 | sub _recurse_where { |
510 | my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_; |
511 | |
512 | # dispatch on appropriate method according to refkind of $where |
513 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where", $where); |
311b2151 |
514 | |
9d48860e |
515 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->$method($where, $logic); |
311b2151 |
516 | |
abe1a491 |
517 | # DBIx::Class used to call _recurse_where in scalar context |
518 | # something else might too... |
519 | if (wantarray) { |
520 | return ($sql, @bind); |
521 | } |
522 | else { |
523 | belch "Calling _recurse_where in scalar context is deprecated and will go away before 2.0"; |
524 | return $sql; |
525 | } |
96449e8e |
526 | } |
527 | |
528 | |
529 | |
530 | #====================================================================== |
531 | # WHERE: top-level ARRAYREF |
532 | #====================================================================== |
533 | |
534 | |
535 | sub _where_ARRAYREF { |
5e1d09d5 |
536 | my ($self, $where, $logic) = @_; |
96449e8e |
537 | |
5e1d09d5 |
538 | $logic = uc($logic || $self->{logic}); |
96449e8e |
539 | $logic eq 'AND' or $logic eq 'OR' or puke "unknown logic: $logic"; |
540 | |
541 | my @clauses = @$where; |
542 | |
96449e8e |
543 | my (@sql_clauses, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
544 | # need to use while() so can shift() for pairs |
b5a576d2 |
545 | while (@clauses) { |
546 | my $el = shift @clauses; |
547 | |
548 | $el = undef if (defined $el and ! length $el); |
96449e8e |
549 | |
550 | # switch according to kind of $el and get corresponding ($sql, @bind) |
551 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($el, { |
552 | |
553 | # skip empty elements, otherwise get invalid trailing AND stuff |
554 | ARRAYREF => sub {$self->_recurse_where($el) if @$el}, |
555 | |
c94a6c93 |
556 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
557 | my ($s, @b) = @$$el; |
558 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b); |
559 | ($s, @b); |
560 | }, |
474e3335 |
561 | |
96449e8e |
562 | HASHREF => sub {$self->_recurse_where($el, 'and') if %$el}, |
96449e8e |
563 | |
564 | SCALARREF => sub { ($$el); }, |
565 | |
b5a576d2 |
566 | SCALAR => sub { |
567 | # top-level arrayref with scalars, recurse in pairs |
568 | $self->_recurse_where({$el => shift(@clauses)}) |
569 | }, |
96449e8e |
570 | |
b5a576d2 |
571 | UNDEF => sub {puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in array-pairs" }, |
96449e8e |
572 | }); |
573 | |
4b7b6026 |
574 | if ($sql) { |
575 | push @sql_clauses, $sql; |
576 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
577 | } |
96449e8e |
578 | } |
579 | |
580 | return $self->_join_sql_clauses($logic, \@sql_clauses, \@all_bind); |
581 | } |
582 | |
474e3335 |
583 | #====================================================================== |
584 | # WHERE: top-level ARRAYREFREF |
585 | #====================================================================== |
96449e8e |
586 | |
474e3335 |
587 | sub _where_ARRAYREFREF { |
588 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
c94a6c93 |
589 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$where; |
590 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
474e3335 |
591 | return ($sql, @bind); |
592 | } |
96449e8e |
593 | |
594 | #====================================================================== |
595 | # WHERE: top-level HASHREF |
596 | #====================================================================== |
597 | |
598 | sub _where_HASHREF { |
599 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
600 | my (@sql_clauses, @all_bind); |
601 | |
2281c758 |
602 | for my $k (sort keys %$where) { |
96449e8e |
603 | my $v = $where->{$k}; |
604 | |
2281c758 |
605 | # ($k => $v) is either a special unary op or a regular hashpair |
606 | my ($sql, @bind) = do { |
607 | if ($k =~ /^-./) { |
608 | # put the operator in canonical form |
609 | my $op = $k; |
b8db59b8 |
610 | $op = substr $op, 1; # remove initial dash |
2281c758 |
611 | $op =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;# remove leading/trailing space |
b8db59b8 |
612 | $op =~ s/\s+/ /g; # compress whitespace |
613 | |
614 | # so that -not_foo works correctly |
615 | $op =~ s/^not_/NOT /i; |
2281c758 |
616 | |
617 | $self->_debug("Unary OP(-$op) within hashref, recursing..."); |
0ec3aec7 |
618 | my ($s, @b) = $self->_where_unary_op ($op, $v); |
619 | |
620 | # top level vs nested |
621 | # we assume that handled unary ops will take care of their ()s |
622 | $s = "($s)" unless ( |
623 | List::Util::first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{unary_ops}} |
624 | or |
923ce642 |
625 | ( defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs} and $self->{_nested_func_lhs} eq $k ) |
0ec3aec7 |
626 | ); |
627 | ($s, @b); |
2281c758 |
628 | } |
629 | else { |
b5a576d2 |
630 | if (! length $k) { |
631 | if (is_literal_value ($v) ) { |
632 | belch 'Hash-pairs consisting of an empty string with a literal are deprecated, and will be removed in 2.0: use -and => [ $literal ] instead'; |
633 | } |
634 | else { |
635 | puke "Supplying an empty left hand side argument is not supported in hash-pairs"; |
636 | } |
637 | } |
638 | |
2281c758 |
639 | my $method = $self->_METHOD_FOR_refkind("_where_hashpair", $v); |
640 | $self->$method($k, $v); |
641 | } |
642 | }; |
96449e8e |
643 | |
644 | push @sql_clauses, $sql; |
645 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
646 | } |
647 | |
648 | return $self->_join_sql_clauses('and', \@sql_clauses, \@all_bind); |
649 | } |
650 | |
0ec3aec7 |
651 | sub _where_unary_op { |
2281c758 |
652 | my ($self, $op, $rhs) = @_; |
96449e8e |
653 | |
ddd6fbb6 |
654 | # top level special ops are illegal in general |
655 | # this includes the -ident/-value ops (dual purpose unary and special) |
656 | puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'" |
657 | if ! defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs} and List::Util::first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{special_ops}}; |
658 | |
0ec3aec7 |
659 | if (my $op_entry = List::Util::first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{unary_ops}}) { |
660 | my $handler = $op_entry->{handler}; |
661 | |
662 | if (not ref $handler) { |
663 | if ($op =~ s/ [_\s]? \d+ $//x ) { |
664 | belch 'Use of [and|or|nest]_N modifiers is deprecated and will be removed in SQLA v2.0. ' |
665 | . "You probably wanted ...-and => [ -$op => COND1, -$op => COND2 ... ]"; |
666 | } |
667 | return $self->$handler ($op, $rhs); |
668 | } |
669 | elsif (ref $handler eq 'CODE') { |
670 | return $handler->($self, $op, $rhs); |
671 | } |
672 | else { |
673 | puke "Illegal handler for operator $op - expecting a method name or a coderef"; |
674 | } |
675 | } |
676 | |
3d86e3b1 |
677 | $self->_debug("Generic unary OP: $op - recursing as function"); |
0ec3aec7 |
678 | |
170e6c33 |
679 | $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op); |
b6251592 |
680 | |
2281c758 |
681 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind ($rhs, { |
682 | SCALAR => sub { |
ddd6fbb6 |
683 | puke "Illegal use of top-level '-$op'" |
923ce642 |
684 | unless defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs}; |
a7661cfc |
685 | |
686 | return ( |
687 | $self->_convert('?'), |
688 | $self->_bindtype($self->{_nested_func_lhs}, $rhs) |
689 | ); |
2281c758 |
690 | }, |
691 | FALLBACK => sub { |
692 | $self->_recurse_where ($rhs) |
693 | }, |
694 | }); |
96449e8e |
695 | |
953d164e |
696 | $sql = sprintf ('%s %s', |
2281c758 |
697 | $self->_sqlcase($op), |
953d164e |
698 | $sql, |
2281c758 |
699 | ); |
96449e8e |
700 | |
2281c758 |
701 | return ($sql, @bind); |
97a920ef |
702 | } |
703 | |
704 | sub _where_op_ANDOR { |
2281c758 |
705 | my ($self, $op, $v) = @_; |
97a920ef |
706 | |
707 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
708 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
709 | return $self->_where_ARRAYREF($v, $op); |
710 | }, |
711 | |
712 | HASHREF => sub { |
59f23b3d |
713 | return ( $op =~ /^or/i ) |
97a920ef |
714 | ? $self->_where_ARRAYREF( [ map { $_ => $v->{$_} } ( sort keys %$v ) ], $op ) |
715 | : $self->_where_HASHREF($v); |
716 | }, |
717 | |
9d48860e |
718 | SCALARREF => sub { |
48d9f5f8 |
719 | puke "-$op => \\\$scalar makes little sense, use " . |
a0d6d323 |
720 | ($op =~ /^or/i |
48d9f5f8 |
721 | ? '[ \$scalar, \%rest_of_conditions ] instead' |
722 | : '-and => [ \$scalar, \%rest_of_conditions ] instead' |
723 | ); |
97a920ef |
724 | }, |
725 | |
726 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
48d9f5f8 |
727 | puke "-$op => \\[...] makes little sense, use " . |
a0d6d323 |
728 | ($op =~ /^or/i |
48d9f5f8 |
729 | ? '[ \[...], \%rest_of_conditions ] instead' |
730 | : '-and => [ \[...], \%rest_of_conditions ] instead' |
731 | ); |
97a920ef |
732 | }, |
733 | |
734 | SCALAR => sub { # permissively interpreted as SQL |
48d9f5f8 |
735 | puke "-$op => \$value makes little sense, use -bool => \$value instead"; |
97a920ef |
736 | }, |
737 | |
738 | UNDEF => sub { |
739 | puke "-$op => undef not supported"; |
740 | }, |
741 | }); |
742 | } |
743 | |
744 | sub _where_op_NEST { |
9d48860e |
745 | my ($self, $op, $v) = @_; |
97a920ef |
746 | |
96449e8e |
747 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
748 | |
96449e8e |
749 | SCALAR => sub { # permissively interpreted as SQL |
01a01e57 |
750 | belch "literal SQL should be -nest => \\'scalar' " |
751 | . "instead of -nest => 'scalar' "; |
9d48860e |
752 | return ($v); |
96449e8e |
753 | }, |
754 | |
755 | UNDEF => sub { |
756 | puke "-$op => undef not supported"; |
757 | }, |
e9501094 |
758 | |
759 | FALLBACK => sub { |
760 | $self->_recurse_where ($v); |
761 | }, |
762 | |
96449e8e |
763 | }); |
764 | } |
765 | |
766 | |
97a920ef |
767 | sub _where_op_BOOL { |
9d48860e |
768 | my ($self, $op, $v) = @_; |
97a920ef |
769 | |
b8db59b8 |
770 | my ($s, @b) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
771 | SCALAR => sub { # interpreted as SQL column |
772 | $self->_convert($self->_quote($v)); |
773 | }, |
ef03f1bc |
774 | |
b8db59b8 |
775 | UNDEF => sub { |
776 | puke "-$op => undef not supported"; |
777 | }, |
97a920ef |
778 | |
b8db59b8 |
779 | FALLBACK => sub { |
780 | $self->_recurse_where ($v); |
781 | }, |
782 | }); |
ef03f1bc |
783 | |
b8db59b8 |
784 | $s = "(NOT $s)" if $op =~ /^not/i; |
785 | ($s, @b); |
97a920ef |
786 | } |
787 | |
788 | |
cc422895 |
789 | sub _where_op_IDENT { |
790 | my $self = shift; |
791 | my ($op, $rhs) = splice @_, -2; |
8aa76984 |
792 | if (! defined $rhs or length ref $rhs) { |
793 | puke "-$op requires a single plain scalar argument (a quotable identifier)"; |
cc422895 |
794 | } |
795 | |
796 | # in case we are called as a top level special op (no '=') |
797 | my $lhs = shift; |
798 | |
799 | $_ = $self->_convert($self->_quote($_)) for ($lhs, $rhs); |
800 | |
801 | return $lhs |
802 | ? "$lhs = $rhs" |
803 | : $rhs |
804 | ; |
805 | } |
806 | |
807 | sub _where_op_VALUE { |
808 | my $self = shift; |
809 | my ($op, $rhs) = splice @_, -2; |
810 | |
811 | # in case we are called as a top level special op (no '=') |
812 | my $lhs = shift; |
813 | |
422ed2de |
814 | # special-case NULL |
815 | if (! defined $rhs) { |
923ce642 |
816 | return defined $lhs |
422ed2de |
817 | ? $self->_convert($self->_quote($lhs)) . ' IS NULL' |
818 | : undef |
819 | ; |
820 | } |
821 | |
cc422895 |
822 | my @bind = |
823 | $self->_bindtype ( |
923ce642 |
824 | ( defined $lhs ? $lhs : $self->{_nested_func_lhs} ), |
cc422895 |
825 | $rhs, |
826 | ) |
827 | ; |
828 | |
829 | return $lhs |
830 | ? ( |
831 | $self->_convert($self->_quote($lhs)) . ' = ' . $self->_convert('?'), |
832 | @bind |
833 | ) |
834 | : ( |
835 | $self->_convert('?'), |
836 | @bind, |
837 | ) |
838 | ; |
839 | } |
840 | |
96449e8e |
841 | sub _where_hashpair_ARRAYREF { |
842 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
843 | |
844 | if( @$v ) { |
845 | my @v = @$v; # need copy because of shift below |
846 | $self->_debug("ARRAY($k) means distribute over elements"); |
847 | |
848 | # put apart first element if it is an operator (-and, -or) |
e3cecb45 |
849 | my $op = ( |
850 | (defined $v[0] && $v[0] =~ /^ - (?: AND|OR ) $/ix) |
851 | ? shift @v |
852 | : '' |
04d940de |
853 | ); |
96449e8e |
854 | my @distributed = map { {$k => $_} } @v; |
04d940de |
855 | |
856 | if ($op) { |
857 | $self->_debug("OP($op) reinjected into the distributed array"); |
858 | unshift @distributed, $op; |
859 | } |
860 | |
f67591bf |
861 | my $logic = $op ? substr($op, 1) : ''; |
96449e8e |
862 | |
f67591bf |
863 | return $self->_recurse_where(\@distributed, $logic); |
9d48860e |
864 | } |
96449e8e |
865 | else { |
96449e8e |
866 | $self->_debug("empty ARRAY($k) means 0=1"); |
867 | return ($self->{sqlfalse}); |
868 | } |
869 | } |
870 | |
871 | sub _where_hashpair_HASHREF { |
eb49170d |
872 | my ($self, $k, $v, $logic) = @_; |
873 | $logic ||= 'and'; |
96449e8e |
874 | |
923ce642 |
875 | local $self->{_nested_func_lhs} = defined $self->{_nested_func_lhs} |
876 | ? $self->{_nested_func_lhs} |
877 | : $k |
878 | ; |
a7661cfc |
879 | |
eb49170d |
880 | my ($all_sql, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
881 | |
a47b433a |
882 | for my $orig_op (sort keys %$v) { |
883 | my $val = $v->{$orig_op}; |
96449e8e |
884 | |
885 | # put the operator in canonical form |
a47b433a |
886 | my $op = $orig_op; |
b8db59b8 |
887 | |
888 | # FIXME - we need to phase out dash-less ops |
889 | $op =~ s/^-//; # remove possible initial dash |
a47b433a |
890 | $op =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g;# remove leading/trailing space |
b8db59b8 |
891 | $op =~ s/\s+/ /g; # compress whitespace |
892 | |
170e6c33 |
893 | $self->_assert_pass_injection_guard($op); |
b6251592 |
894 | |
b9b5a0b1 |
895 | # fixup is_not |
896 | $op =~ s/^is_not/IS NOT/i; |
897 | |
b8db59b8 |
898 | # so that -not_foo works correctly |
899 | $op =~ s/^not_/NOT /i; |
96449e8e |
900 | |
422ed2de |
901 | # another retarded special case: foo => { $op => { -value => undef } } |
902 | if (ref $val eq 'HASH' and keys %$val == 1 and exists $val->{-value} and ! defined $val->{-value} ) { |
903 | $val = undef; |
904 | } |
905 | |
96449e8e |
906 | my ($sql, @bind); |
907 | |
2281c758 |
908 | # CASE: col-value logic modifiers |
909 | if ( $orig_op =~ /^ \- (and|or) $/xi ) { |
910 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_hashpair_HASHREF($k, $val, $1); |
911 | } |
96449e8e |
912 | # CASE: special operators like -in or -between |
312d830b |
913 | elsif ( my $special_op = List::Util::first {$op =~ $_->{regex}} @{$self->{special_ops}} ) { |
3a2e1a5e |
914 | my $handler = $special_op->{handler}; |
915 | if (! $handler) { |
a47b433a |
916 | puke "No handler supplied for special operator $orig_op"; |
3a2e1a5e |
917 | } |
918 | elsif (not ref $handler) { |
919 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->$handler ($k, $op, $val); |
920 | } |
921 | elsif (ref $handler eq 'CODE') { |
922 | ($sql, @bind) = $handler->($self, $k, $op, $val); |
923 | } |
924 | else { |
a47b433a |
925 | puke "Illegal handler for special operator $orig_op - expecting a method name or a coderef"; |
3a2e1a5e |
926 | } |
96449e8e |
927 | } |
96449e8e |
928 | else { |
cf838930 |
929 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, { |
930 | |
931 | ARRAYREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \@vals} |
932 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_field_op_ARRAYREF($k, $op, $val); |
933 | }, |
934 | |
fe3ae272 |
935 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => \[$sql, @bind]} (literal SQL with bind) |
b3be7bd0 |
936 | my ($sub_sql, @sub_bind) = @$$val; |
fe3ae272 |
937 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@sub_bind); |
b3be7bd0 |
938 | $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
939 | $self->_sqlcase($op), |
940 | $sub_sql; |
fe3ae272 |
941 | @bind = @sub_bind; |
b3be7bd0 |
942 | }, |
943 | |
cf838930 |
944 | UNDEF => sub { # CASE: col => {op => undef} : sql "IS (NOT)? NULL" |
3cdadcbe |
945 | my $is = |
40f2f231 |
946 | $op =~ /^not$/i ? 'is not' # legacy |
947 | : $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? 'is' |
3cdadcbe |
948 | : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is' |
949 | : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? 'is not' |
950 | : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an undefined argument to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && 'is not' |
951 | : puke "unexpected operator '$orig_op' with undef operand"; |
952 | |
cf838930 |
953 | $sql = $self->_quote($k) . $self->_sqlcase(" $is null"); |
954 | }, |
a47b433a |
955 | |
2281c758 |
956 | FALLBACK => sub { # CASE: col => {op/func => $stuff} |
0ec3aec7 |
957 | ($sql, @bind) = $self->_where_unary_op ($op, $val); |
953d164e |
958 | |
959 | $sql = join (' ', |
960 | $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
961 | $self->{_nested_func_lhs} eq $k ? $sql : "($sql)", # top level vs nested |
962 | ); |
cf838930 |
963 | }, |
964 | }); |
96449e8e |
965 | } |
966 | |
eb49170d |
967 | ($all_sql) = (defined $all_sql and $all_sql) ? $self->_join_sql_clauses($logic, [$all_sql, $sql], []) : $sql; |
96449e8e |
968 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
969 | } |
eb49170d |
970 | return ($all_sql, @all_bind); |
96449e8e |
971 | } |
972 | |
b9b5a0b1 |
973 | sub _where_field_IS { |
974 | my ($self, $k, $op, $v) = @_; |
975 | |
976 | my ($s) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
977 | UNDEF => sub { |
978 | join ' ', |
979 | $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
980 | map { $self->_sqlcase($_)} ($op, 'null') |
981 | }, |
982 | FALLBACK => sub { |
983 | puke "$op can only take undef as argument"; |
984 | }, |
985 | }); |
96449e8e |
986 | |
b9b5a0b1 |
987 | $s; |
988 | } |
96449e8e |
989 | |
990 | sub _where_field_op_ARRAYREF { |
991 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
992 | |
ce261791 |
993 | my @vals = @$vals; #always work on a copy |
994 | |
995 | if(@vals) { |
bd6a65ca |
996 | $self->_debug(sprintf '%s means multiple elements: [ %s ]', |
997 | $vals, |
998 | join (', ', map { defined $_ ? "'$_'" : 'NULL' } @vals ), |
999 | ); |
96449e8e |
1000 | |
4030915f |
1001 | # see if the first element is an -and/-or op |
1002 | my $logic; |
bd6a65ca |
1003 | if (defined $vals[0] && $vals[0] =~ /^ - ( AND|OR ) $/ix) { |
4030915f |
1004 | $logic = uc $1; |
ce261791 |
1005 | shift @vals; |
4030915f |
1006 | } |
1007 | |
3cdadcbe |
1008 | # a long standing API wart - an attempt to change this behavior during |
1009 | # the 1.50 series failed *spectacularly*. Warn instead and leave the |
1010 | # behavior as is |
1011 | if ( |
1012 | @vals > 1 |
1013 | and |
1014 | (!$logic or $logic eq 'OR') |
1015 | and |
1016 | ( $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} or $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ) |
1017 | ) { |
1018 | my $o = uc($op); |
1019 | belch "A multi-element arrayref as an argument to the inequality op '$o' " |
1020 | . 'is technically equivalent to an always-true 1=1 (you probably wanted ' |
1021 | . "to say ...{ \$inequality_op => [ -and => \@values ] }... instead)" |
1022 | ; |
1023 | } |
1024 | |
ce261791 |
1025 | # distribute $op over each remaining member of @vals, append logic if exists |
1026 | return $self->_recurse_where([map { {$k => {$op, $_}} } @vals], $logic); |
4030915f |
1027 | |
9d48860e |
1028 | } |
96449e8e |
1029 | else { |
9d48860e |
1030 | # try to DWIM on equality operators |
3cdadcbe |
1031 | return |
1032 | $op =~ $self->{equality_op} ? $self->{sqlfalse} |
1033 | : $op =~ $self->{like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->{sqlfalse} |
1034 | : $op =~ $self->{inequality_op} ? $self->{sqltrue} |
1035 | : $op =~ $self->{not_like_op} ? belch("Supplying an empty arrayref to '@{[ uc $op]}' is deprecated") && $self->{sqltrue} |
1036 | : puke "operator '$op' applied on an empty array (field '$k')"; |
96449e8e |
1037 | } |
1038 | } |
1039 | |
1040 | |
1041 | sub _where_hashpair_SCALARREF { |
1042 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
1043 | $self->_debug("SCALAR($k) means literal SQL: $$v"); |
1044 | my $sql = $self->_quote($k) . " " . $$v; |
1045 | return ($sql); |
1046 | } |
1047 | |
fe3ae272 |
1048 | # literal SQL with bind |
96449e8e |
1049 | sub _where_hashpair_ARRAYREFREF { |
1050 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
1051 | $self->_debug("REF($k) means literal SQL: @${$v}"); |
c94a6c93 |
1052 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$v; |
fe3ae272 |
1053 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
1054 | $sql = $self->_quote($k) . " " . $sql; |
96449e8e |
1055 | return ($sql, @bind ); |
1056 | } |
1057 | |
fe3ae272 |
1058 | # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1059 | sub _where_hashpair_SCALAR { |
1060 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
1061 | $self->_debug("NOREF($k) means simple key=val: $k $self->{cmp} $v"); |
9d48860e |
1062 | my $sql = join ' ', $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)), |
1063 | $self->_sqlcase($self->{cmp}), |
96449e8e |
1064 | $self->_convert('?'); |
1065 | my @bind = $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1066 | return ( $sql, @bind); |
1067 | } |
1068 | |
1069 | |
1070 | sub _where_hashpair_UNDEF { |
1071 | my ($self, $k, $v) = @_; |
1072 | $self->_debug("UNDEF($k) means IS NULL"); |
1073 | my $sql = $self->_quote($k) . $self->_sqlcase(' is null'); |
1074 | return ($sql); |
1075 | } |
1076 | |
1077 | #====================================================================== |
1078 | # WHERE: TOP-LEVEL OTHERS (SCALARREF, SCALAR, UNDEF) |
1079 | #====================================================================== |
1080 | |
1081 | |
1082 | sub _where_SCALARREF { |
1083 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
1084 | |
1085 | # literal sql |
1086 | $self->_debug("SCALAR(*top) means literal SQL: $$where"); |
1087 | return ($$where); |
1088 | } |
1089 | |
1090 | |
1091 | sub _where_SCALAR { |
1092 | my ($self, $where) = @_; |
1093 | |
1094 | # literal sql |
1095 | $self->_debug("NOREF(*top) means literal SQL: $where"); |
1096 | return ($where); |
1097 | } |
1098 | |
1099 | |
1100 | sub _where_UNDEF { |
1101 | my ($self) = @_; |
1102 | return (); |
1103 | } |
1104 | |
1105 | |
1106 | #====================================================================== |
1107 | # WHERE: BUILTIN SPECIAL OPERATORS (-in, -between) |
1108 | #====================================================================== |
1109 | |
1110 | |
1111 | sub _where_field_BETWEEN { |
1112 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
1113 | |
4d8b3dc4 |
1114 | my ($label, $and, $placeholder); |
cf02fc47 |
1115 | $label = $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)); |
1116 | $and = ' ' . $self->_sqlcase('and') . ' '; |
1117 | $placeholder = $self->_convert('?'); |
96449e8e |
1118 | $op = $self->_sqlcase($op); |
1119 | |
7f54040f |
1120 | my $invalid_args = "Operator '$op' requires either an arrayref with two defined values or expressions, or a single literal scalarref/arrayref-ref"; |
1121 | |
4d8b3dc4 |
1122 | my ($clause, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($vals, { |
1123 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
c94a6c93 |
1124 | my ($s, @b) = @$$vals; |
1125 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b); |
1126 | ($s, @b); |
4d8b3dc4 |
1127 | }, |
1128 | SCALARREF => sub { |
1129 | return $$vals; |
1130 | }, |
1131 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
7f54040f |
1132 | puke $invalid_args if @$vals != 2; |
4d8b3dc4 |
1133 | |
1134 | my (@all_sql, @all_bind); |
1135 | foreach my $val (@$vals) { |
1136 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, { |
1137 | SCALAR => sub { |
5e5cbf51 |
1138 | return ($placeholder, $self->_bindtype($k, $val) ); |
4d8b3dc4 |
1139 | }, |
1140 | SCALARREF => sub { |
0336eddb |
1141 | return $$val; |
4d8b3dc4 |
1142 | }, |
1143 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
1144 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$val; |
c94a6c93 |
1145 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
0336eddb |
1146 | return ($sql, @bind); |
4d8b3dc4 |
1147 | }, |
0336eddb |
1148 | HASHREF => sub { |
1149 | my ($func, $arg, @rest) = %$val; |
1150 | puke ("Only simple { -func => arg } functions accepted as sub-arguments to BETWEEN") |
1151 | if (@rest or $func !~ /^ \- (.+)/x); |
0ec3aec7 |
1152 | $self->_where_unary_op ($1 => $arg); |
7f54040f |
1153 | }, |
1154 | FALLBACK => sub { |
1155 | puke $invalid_args, |
1156 | }, |
4d8b3dc4 |
1157 | }); |
1158 | push @all_sql, $sql; |
1159 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1160 | } |
1161 | |
1162 | return ( |
1163 | (join $and, @all_sql), |
5e5cbf51 |
1164 | @all_bind |
4d8b3dc4 |
1165 | ); |
1166 | }, |
1167 | FALLBACK => sub { |
7f54040f |
1168 | puke $invalid_args, |
4d8b3dc4 |
1169 | }, |
1170 | }); |
cf02fc47 |
1171 | |
cf02fc47 |
1172 | my $sql = "( $label $op $clause )"; |
96449e8e |
1173 | return ($sql, @bind) |
1174 | } |
1175 | |
1176 | |
1177 | sub _where_field_IN { |
1178 | my ($self, $k, $op, $vals) = @_; |
1179 | |
1180 | # backwards compatibility : if scalar, force into an arrayref |
1181 | $vals = [$vals] if defined $vals && ! ref $vals; |
1182 | |
96449e8e |
1183 | my ($label) = $self->_convert($self->_quote($k)); |
1184 | my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?'); |
96449e8e |
1185 | $op = $self->_sqlcase($op); |
1186 | |
8a0d798a |
1187 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($vals, { |
1188 | ARRAYREF => sub { # list of choices |
1189 | if (@$vals) { # nonempty list |
0336eddb |
1190 | my (@all_sql, @all_bind); |
1191 | |
1192 | for my $val (@$vals) { |
1193 | my ($sql, @bind) = $self->_SWITCH_refkind($val, { |
1194 | SCALAR => sub { |
1195 | return ($placeholder, $val); |
1196 | }, |
1197 | SCALARREF => sub { |
1198 | return $$val; |
1199 | }, |
1200 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
1201 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$val; |
1202 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1203 | return ($sql, @bind); |
1204 | }, |
1205 | HASHREF => sub { |
1206 | my ($func, $arg, @rest) = %$val; |
1207 | puke ("Only simple { -func => arg } functions accepted as sub-arguments to IN") |
1208 | if (@rest or $func !~ /^ \- (.+)/x); |
0ec3aec7 |
1209 | $self->_where_unary_op ($1 => $arg); |
279eb282 |
1210 | }, |
1211 | UNDEF => sub { |
032dfe20 |
1212 | puke( |
1213 | 'SQL::Abstract before v1.75 used to generate incorrect SQL when the ' |
1214 | . "-$op operator was given an undef-containing list: !!!AUDIT YOUR CODE " |
1215 | . 'AND DATA!!! (the upcoming Data::Query-based version of SQL::Abstract ' |
1216 | . 'will emit the logically correct SQL instead of raising this exception)' |
1217 | ); |
279eb282 |
1218 | }, |
0336eddb |
1219 | }); |
1220 | push @all_sql, $sql; |
1221 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1222 | } |
96449e8e |
1223 | |
88a89939 |
1224 | return ( |
1225 | sprintf ('%s %s ( %s )', |
1226 | $label, |
1227 | $op, |
1228 | join (', ', @all_sql) |
1229 | ), |
1230 | $self->_bindtype($k, @all_bind), |
0336eddb |
1231 | ); |
8a0d798a |
1232 | } |
1233 | else { # empty list : some databases won't understand "IN ()", so DWIM |
1234 | my $sql = ($op =~ /\bnot\b/i) ? $self->{sqltrue} : $self->{sqlfalse}; |
1235 | return ($sql); |
1236 | } |
1237 | }, |
1238 | |
4a1f01a3 |
1239 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL |
1240 | my $sql = $self->_open_outer_paren ($$vals); |
1241 | return ("$label $op ( $sql )"); |
1242 | }, |
8a0d798a |
1243 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
1244 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$$vals; |
fe3ae272 |
1245 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
4a1f01a3 |
1246 | $sql = $self->_open_outer_paren ($sql); |
8a0d798a |
1247 | return ("$label $op ( $sql )", @bind); |
1248 | }, |
1249 | |
ff8ca6b4 |
1250 | UNDEF => sub { |
1251 | puke "Argument passed to the '$op' operator can not be undefined"; |
1252 | }, |
1253 | |
8a0d798a |
1254 | FALLBACK => sub { |
ff8ca6b4 |
1255 | puke "special op $op requires an arrayref (or scalarref/arrayref-ref)"; |
8a0d798a |
1256 | }, |
1257 | }); |
1258 | |
1259 | return ($sql, @bind); |
96449e8e |
1260 | } |
1261 | |
4a1f01a3 |
1262 | # Some databases (SQLite) treat col IN (1, 2) different from |
1263 | # col IN ( (1, 2) ). Use this to strip all outer parens while |
1264 | # adding them back in the corresponding method |
1265 | sub _open_outer_paren { |
1266 | my ($self, $sql) = @_; |
a5f91feb |
1267 | |
1268 | while ( my ($inner) = $sql =~ /^ \s* \( (.*) \) \s* $/xs ) { |
1269 | |
1270 | # there are closing parens inside, need the heavy duty machinery |
1271 | # to reevaluate the extraction starting from $sql (full reevaluation) |
1272 | if ( $inner =~ /\)/ ) { |
1273 | require Text::Balanced; |
1274 | |
1275 | my (undef, $remainder) = do { |
1276 | # idiotic design - writes to $@ but *DOES NOT* throw exceptions |
1277 | local $@; |
1278 | Text::Balanced::extract_bracketed( $sql, '()', qr/\s*/ ); |
1279 | }; |
1280 | |
1281 | # the entire expression needs to be a balanced bracketed thing |
1282 | # (after an extract no remainder sans trailing space) |
1283 | last if defined $remainder and $remainder =~ /\S/; |
1284 | } |
1285 | |
1286 | $sql = $inner; |
1287 | } |
1288 | |
1289 | $sql; |
4a1f01a3 |
1290 | } |
1291 | |
96449e8e |
1292 | |
96449e8e |
1293 | #====================================================================== |
1294 | # ORDER BY |
1295 | #====================================================================== |
1296 | |
1297 | sub _order_by { |
1298 | my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
1299 | |
f267b646 |
1300 | my (@sql, @bind); |
1301 | for my $c ($self->_order_by_chunks ($arg) ) { |
1302 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind ($c, { |
1303 | SCALAR => sub { push @sql, $c }, |
1304 | ARRAYREF => sub { push @sql, shift @$c; push @bind, @$c }, |
1305 | }); |
1306 | } |
1307 | |
1308 | my $sql = @sql |
1309 | ? sprintf ('%s %s', |
1310 | $self->_sqlcase(' order by'), |
1311 | join (', ', @sql) |
1312 | ) |
1313 | : '' |
1314 | ; |
1315 | |
1316 | return wantarray ? ($sql, @bind) : $sql; |
1317 | } |
1318 | |
1319 | sub _order_by_chunks { |
1320 | my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
1321 | |
1322 | return $self->_SWITCH_refkind($arg, { |
96449e8e |
1323 | |
1324 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
f267b646 |
1325 | map { $self->_order_by_chunks ($_ ) } @$arg; |
96449e8e |
1326 | }, |
1327 | |
c94a6c93 |
1328 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { |
1329 | my ($s, @b) = @$$arg; |
1330 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@b); |
1331 | [ $s, @b ]; |
1332 | }, |
f267b646 |
1333 | |
96449e8e |
1334 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($arg)}, |
f267b646 |
1335 | |
1336 | UNDEF => sub {return () }, |
1337 | |
96449e8e |
1338 | SCALARREF => sub {$$arg}, # literal SQL, no quoting |
96449e8e |
1339 | |
f267b646 |
1340 | HASHREF => sub { |
5e436130 |
1341 | # get first pair in hash |
1342 | my ($key, $val, @rest) = %$arg; |
1343 | |
1344 | return () unless $key; |
1345 | |
1346 | if ( @rest or not $key =~ /^-(desc|asc)/i ) { |
1347 | puke "hash passed to _order_by must have exactly one key (-desc or -asc)"; |
f267b646 |
1348 | } |
5e436130 |
1349 | |
1350 | my $direction = $1; |
96449e8e |
1351 | |
e9bd3547 |
1352 | my @ret; |
f267b646 |
1353 | for my $c ($self->_order_by_chunks ($val)) { |
e9bd3547 |
1354 | my ($sql, @bind); |
96449e8e |
1355 | |
f267b646 |
1356 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind ($c, { |
1357 | SCALAR => sub { |
e9bd3547 |
1358 | $sql = $c; |
f267b646 |
1359 | }, |
1360 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
e9bd3547 |
1361 | ($sql, @bind) = @$c; |
f267b646 |
1362 | }, |
1363 | }); |
96449e8e |
1364 | |
5e436130 |
1365 | $sql = $sql . ' ' . $self->_sqlcase($direction); |
96449e8e |
1366 | |
e9bd3547 |
1367 | push @ret, [ $sql, @bind]; |
1368 | } |
96449e8e |
1369 | |
e9bd3547 |
1370 | return @ret; |
f267b646 |
1371 | }, |
1372 | }); |
96449e8e |
1373 | } |
1374 | |
1375 | |
96449e8e |
1376 | #====================================================================== |
1377 | # DATASOURCE (FOR NOW, JUST PLAIN TABLE OR LIST OF TABLES) |
1378 | #====================================================================== |
1379 | |
1380 | sub _table { |
1381 | my $self = shift; |
1382 | my $from = shift; |
1383 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($from, { |
1384 | ARRAYREF => sub {join ', ', map { $self->_quote($_) } @$from;}, |
1385 | SCALAR => sub {$self->_quote($from)}, |
1386 | SCALARREF => sub {$$from}, |
96449e8e |
1387 | }); |
1388 | } |
1389 | |
1390 | |
1391 | #====================================================================== |
1392 | # UTILITY FUNCTIONS |
1393 | #====================================================================== |
1394 | |
955e77ca |
1395 | # highly optimized, as it's called way too often |
96449e8e |
1396 | sub _quote { |
955e77ca |
1397 | # my ($self, $label) = @_; |
96449e8e |
1398 | |
955e77ca |
1399 | return '' unless defined $_[1]; |
955e77ca |
1400 | return ${$_[1]} if ref($_[1]) eq 'SCALAR'; |
96449e8e |
1401 | |
439834d3 |
1402 | $_[0]->{quote_char} or |
1403 | ($_[0]->_assert_pass_injection_guard($_[1]), return $_[1]); |
96449e8e |
1404 | |
07d7c35c |
1405 | my $qref = ref $_[0]->{quote_char}; |
439834d3 |
1406 | my ($l, $r) = |
1407 | !$qref ? ($_[0]->{quote_char}, $_[0]->{quote_char}) |
1408 | : ($qref eq 'ARRAY') ? @{$_[0]->{quote_char}} |
1409 | : puke "Unsupported quote_char format: $_[0]->{quote_char}"; |
1410 | |
46be4313 |
1411 | my $esc = $_[0]->{escape_char} || $r; |
96449e8e |
1412 | |
07d7c35c |
1413 | # parts containing * are naturally unquoted |
1414 | return join( $_[0]->{name_sep}||'', map |
439834d3 |
1415 | +( $_ eq '*' ? $_ : do { (my $n = $_) =~ s/(\Q$esc\E|\Q$r\E)/$esc$1/g; $l . $n . $r } ), |
955e77ca |
1416 | ( $_[0]->{name_sep} ? split (/\Q$_[0]->{name_sep}\E/, $_[1] ) : $_[1] ) |
1417 | ); |
96449e8e |
1418 | } |
1419 | |
1420 | |
1421 | # Conversion, if applicable |
d7c862e0 |
1422 | sub _convert { |
07d7c35c |
1423 | #my ($self, $arg) = @_; |
07d7c35c |
1424 | if ($_[0]->{convert}) { |
1425 | return $_[0]->_sqlcase($_[0]->{convert}) .'(' . $_[1] . ')'; |
96449e8e |
1426 | } |
07d7c35c |
1427 | return $_[1]; |
96449e8e |
1428 | } |
1429 | |
1430 | # And bindtype |
d7c862e0 |
1431 | sub _bindtype { |
07d7c35c |
1432 | #my ($self, $col, @vals) = @_; |
07d7c35c |
1433 | # called often - tighten code |
1434 | return $_[0]->{bindtype} eq 'columns' |
1435 | ? map {[$_[1], $_]} @_[2 .. $#_] |
1436 | : @_[2 .. $#_] |
1437 | ; |
96449e8e |
1438 | } |
1439 | |
fe3ae272 |
1440 | # Dies if any element of @bind is not in [colname => value] format |
1441 | # if bindtype is 'columns'. |
1442 | sub _assert_bindval_matches_bindtype { |
c94a6c93 |
1443 | # my ($self, @bind) = @_; |
1444 | my $self = shift; |
fe3ae272 |
1445 | if ($self->{bindtype} eq 'columns') { |
c94a6c93 |
1446 | for (@_) { |
1447 | if (!defined $_ || ref($_) ne 'ARRAY' || @$_ != 2) { |
3a06278c |
1448 | puke "bindtype 'columns' selected, you need to pass: [column_name => bind_value]" |
fe3ae272 |
1449 | } |
1450 | } |
1451 | } |
1452 | } |
1453 | |
96449e8e |
1454 | sub _join_sql_clauses { |
1455 | my ($self, $logic, $clauses_aref, $bind_aref) = @_; |
1456 | |
1457 | if (@$clauses_aref > 1) { |
1458 | my $join = " " . $self->_sqlcase($logic) . " "; |
1459 | my $sql = '( ' . join($join, @$clauses_aref) . ' )'; |
1460 | return ($sql, @$bind_aref); |
1461 | } |
1462 | elsif (@$clauses_aref) { |
1463 | return ($clauses_aref->[0], @$bind_aref); # no parentheses |
1464 | } |
1465 | else { |
1466 | return (); # if no SQL, ignore @$bind_aref |
1467 | } |
1468 | } |
1469 | |
1470 | |
1471 | # Fix SQL case, if so requested |
1472 | sub _sqlcase { |
96449e8e |
1473 | # LDNOTE: if $self->{case} is true, then it contains 'lower', so we |
1474 | # don't touch the argument ... crooked logic, but let's not change it! |
07d7c35c |
1475 | return $_[0]->{case} ? $_[1] : uc($_[1]); |
96449e8e |
1476 | } |
1477 | |
1478 | |
1479 | #====================================================================== |
1480 | # DISPATCHING FROM REFKIND |
1481 | #====================================================================== |
1482 | |
1483 | sub _refkind { |
1484 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
96449e8e |
1485 | |
955e77ca |
1486 | return 'UNDEF' unless defined $data; |
1487 | |
1488 | # blessed objects are treated like scalars |
1489 | my $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data; |
1490 | |
1491 | return 'SCALAR' unless $ref; |
1492 | |
1493 | my $n_steps = 1; |
1494 | while ($ref eq 'REF') { |
96449e8e |
1495 | $data = $$data; |
955e77ca |
1496 | $ref = (Scalar::Util::blessed $data) ? '' : ref $data; |
1497 | $n_steps++ if $ref; |
96449e8e |
1498 | } |
1499 | |
848556bc |
1500 | return ($ref||'SCALAR') . ('REF' x $n_steps); |
96449e8e |
1501 | } |
1502 | |
1503 | sub _try_refkind { |
1504 | my ($self, $data) = @_; |
1505 | my @try = ($self->_refkind($data)); |
1506 | push @try, 'SCALAR_or_UNDEF' if $try[0] eq 'SCALAR' || $try[0] eq 'UNDEF'; |
1507 | push @try, 'FALLBACK'; |
955e77ca |
1508 | return \@try; |
96449e8e |
1509 | } |
1510 | |
1511 | sub _METHOD_FOR_refkind { |
1512 | my ($self, $meth_prefix, $data) = @_; |
f39eaa60 |
1513 | |
1514 | my $method; |
955e77ca |
1515 | for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) { |
f39eaa60 |
1516 | $method = $self->can($meth_prefix."_".$_) |
1517 | and last; |
1518 | } |
1519 | |
1520 | return $method || puke "cannot dispatch on '$meth_prefix' for ".$self->_refkind($data); |
96449e8e |
1521 | } |
1522 | |
1523 | |
1524 | sub _SWITCH_refkind { |
1525 | my ($self, $data, $dispatch_table) = @_; |
1526 | |
f39eaa60 |
1527 | my $coderef; |
955e77ca |
1528 | for (@{$self->_try_refkind($data)}) { |
f39eaa60 |
1529 | $coderef = $dispatch_table->{$_} |
1530 | and last; |
1531 | } |
1532 | |
1533 | puke "no dispatch entry for ".$self->_refkind($data) |
1534 | unless $coderef; |
1535 | |
96449e8e |
1536 | $coderef->(); |
1537 | } |
1538 | |
1539 | |
1540 | |
1541 | |
1542 | #====================================================================== |
1543 | # VALUES, GENERATE, AUTOLOAD |
1544 | #====================================================================== |
1545 | |
1546 | # LDNOTE: original code from nwiger, didn't touch code in that section |
1547 | # I feel the AUTOLOAD stuff should not be the default, it should |
1548 | # only be activated on explicit demand by user. |
1549 | |
1550 | sub values { |
1551 | my $self = shift; |
1552 | my $data = shift || return; |
1553 | puke "Argument to ", __PACKAGE__, "->values must be a \\%hash" |
1554 | unless ref $data eq 'HASH'; |
bab725ce |
1555 | |
1556 | my @all_bind; |
1557 | foreach my $k ( sort keys %$data ) { |
1558 | my $v = $data->{$k}; |
1559 | $self->_SWITCH_refkind($v, { |
9d48860e |
1560 | ARRAYREF => sub { |
bab725ce |
1561 | if ($self->{array_datatypes}) { # array datatype |
1562 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1563 | } |
1564 | else { # literal SQL with bind |
1565 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1566 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1567 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1568 | } |
1569 | }, |
1570 | ARRAYREFREF => sub { # literal SQL with bind |
1571 | my ($sql, @bind) = @${$v}; |
1572 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1573 | push @all_bind, @bind; |
1574 | }, |
1575 | SCALARREF => sub { # literal SQL without bind |
1576 | }, |
1577 | SCALAR_or_UNDEF => sub { |
1578 | push @all_bind, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1579 | }, |
1580 | }); |
1581 | } |
1582 | |
1583 | return @all_bind; |
96449e8e |
1584 | } |
1585 | |
1586 | sub generate { |
1587 | my $self = shift; |
1588 | |
1589 | my(@sql, @sqlq, @sqlv); |
1590 | |
1591 | for (@_) { |
1592 | my $ref = ref $_; |
1593 | if ($ref eq 'HASH') { |
1594 | for my $k (sort keys %$_) { |
1595 | my $v = $_->{$k}; |
1596 | my $r = ref $v; |
1597 | my $label = $self->_quote($k); |
1598 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { |
fe3ae272 |
1599 | # literal SQL with bind |
1600 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1601 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
96449e8e |
1602 | push @sqlq, "$label = $sql"; |
fe3ae272 |
1603 | push @sqlv, @bind; |
96449e8e |
1604 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { |
fe3ae272 |
1605 | # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1606 | push @sqlq, "$label = $$v"; |
9d48860e |
1607 | } else { |
96449e8e |
1608 | push @sqlq, "$label = ?"; |
1609 | push @sqlv, $self->_bindtype($k, $v); |
1610 | } |
1611 | } |
1612 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase('set'), join ', ', @sqlq; |
1613 | } elsif ($ref eq 'ARRAY') { |
1614 | # unlike insert(), assume these are ONLY the column names, i.e. for SQL |
1615 | for my $v (@$_) { |
1616 | my $r = ref $v; |
fe3ae272 |
1617 | if ($r eq 'ARRAY') { # literal SQL with bind |
1618 | my ($sql, @bind) = @$v; |
1619 | $self->_assert_bindval_matches_bindtype(@bind); |
1620 | push @sqlq, $sql; |
1621 | push @sqlv, @bind; |
1622 | } elsif ($r eq 'SCALAR') { # literal SQL without bind |
96449e8e |
1623 | # embedded literal SQL |
1624 | push @sqlq, $$v; |
9d48860e |
1625 | } else { |
96449e8e |
1626 | push @sqlq, '?'; |
1627 | push @sqlv, $v; |
1628 | } |
1629 | } |
1630 | push @sql, '(' . join(', ', @sqlq) . ')'; |
1631 | } elsif ($ref eq 'SCALAR') { |
1632 | # literal SQL |
1633 | push @sql, $$_; |
1634 | } else { |
1635 | # strings get case twiddled |
1636 | push @sql, $self->_sqlcase($_); |
1637 | } |
1638 | } |
1639 | |
1640 | my $sql = join ' ', @sql; |
1641 | |
1642 | # this is pretty tricky |
1643 | # if ask for an array, return ($stmt, @bind) |
1644 | # otherwise, s/?/shift @sqlv/ to put it inline |
1645 | if (wantarray) { |
1646 | return ($sql, @sqlv); |
1647 | } else { |
1648 | 1 while $sql =~ s/\?/my $d = shift(@sqlv); |
1649 | ref $d ? $d->[1] : $d/e; |
1650 | return $sql; |
1651 | } |
1652 | } |
1653 | |
1654 | |
1655 | sub DESTROY { 1 } |
1656 | |
1657 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
1658 | # This allows us to check for a local, then _form, attr |
1659 | my $self = shift; |
1660 | my($name) = $AUTOLOAD =~ /.*::(.+)/; |
1661 | return $self->generate($name, @_); |
1662 | } |
1663 | |
1664 | 1; |
1665 | |
1666 | |
1667 | |
1668 | __END__ |
32eab2da |
1669 | |
1670 | =head1 NAME |
1671 | |
1672 | SQL::Abstract - Generate SQL from Perl data structures |
1673 | |
1674 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
1675 | |
1676 | use SQL::Abstract; |
1677 | |
1678 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
1679 | |
85783f3c |
1680 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select($source, \@fields, \%where, $order); |
32eab2da |
1681 | |
1682 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert($table, \%fieldvals || \@values); |
1683 | |
1684 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where); |
1685 | |
1686 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->delete($table, \%where); |
1687 | |
1688 | # Then, use these in your DBI statements |
1689 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1690 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1691 | |
1692 | # Just generate the WHERE clause |
85783f3c |
1693 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where, $order); |
32eab2da |
1694 | |
1695 | # Return values in the same order, for hashed queries |
1696 | # See PERFORMANCE section for more details |
1697 | my @bind = $sql->values(\%fieldvals); |
1698 | |
1699 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
1700 | |
1701 | This module was inspired by the excellent L<DBIx::Abstract>. |
1702 | However, in using that module I found that what I really wanted |
1703 | to do was generate SQL, but still retain complete control over my |
1704 | statement handles and use the DBI interface. So, I set out to |
1705 | create an abstract SQL generation module. |
1706 | |
1707 | While based on the concepts used by L<DBIx::Abstract>, there are |
1708 | several important differences, especially when it comes to WHERE |
1709 | clauses. I have modified the concepts used to make the SQL easier |
1710 | to generate from Perl data structures and, IMO, more intuitive. |
1711 | The underlying idea is for this module to do what you mean, based |
1712 | on the data structures you provide it. The big advantage is that |
1713 | you don't have to modify your code every time your data changes, |
1714 | as this module figures it out. |
1715 | |
1716 | To begin with, an SQL INSERT is as easy as just specifying a hash |
1717 | of C<key=value> pairs: |
1718 | |
1719 | my %data = ( |
1720 | name => 'Jimbo Bobson', |
1721 | phone => '123-456-7890', |
1722 | address => '42 Sister Lane', |
1723 | city => 'St. Louis', |
1724 | state => 'Louisiana', |
1725 | ); |
1726 | |
1727 | The SQL can then be generated with this: |
1728 | |
1729 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
1730 | |
1731 | Which would give you something like this: |
1732 | |
1733 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people |
1734 | (address, city, name, phone, state) |
1735 | VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)"; |
1736 | @bind = ('42 Sister Lane', 'St. Louis', 'Jimbo Bobson', |
1737 | '123-456-7890', 'Louisiana'); |
1738 | |
1739 | These are then used directly in your DBI code: |
1740 | |
1741 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1742 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1743 | |
96449e8e |
1744 | =head2 Inserting and Updating Arrays |
1745 | |
1746 | If your database has array types (like for example Postgres), |
1747 | activate the special option C<< array_datatypes => 1 >> |
9d48860e |
1748 | when creating the C<SQL::Abstract> object. |
96449e8e |
1749 | Then you may use an arrayref to insert and update database array types: |
1750 | |
1751 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(array_datatypes => 1); |
1752 | my %data = ( |
1753 | planets => [qw/Mercury Venus Earth Mars/] |
1754 | ); |
9d48860e |
1755 | |
96449e8e |
1756 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('solar_system', \%data); |
1757 | |
1758 | This results in: |
1759 | |
1760 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO solar_system (planets) VALUES (?)" |
1761 | |
1762 | @bind = (['Mercury', 'Venus', 'Earth', 'Mars']); |
1763 | |
1764 | |
1765 | =head2 Inserting and Updating SQL |
1766 | |
1767 | In order to apply SQL functions to elements of your C<%data> you may |
1768 | specify a reference to an arrayref for the given hash value. For example, |
1769 | if you need to execute the Oracle C<to_date> function on a value, you can |
1770 | say something like this: |
32eab2da |
1771 | |
1772 | my %data = ( |
1773 | name => 'Bill', |
3ae1c5e2 |
1774 | date_entered => \[ "to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY')", "03/02/2003" ], |
9d48860e |
1775 | ); |
32eab2da |
1776 | |
1777 | The first value in the array is the actual SQL. Any other values are |
1778 | optional and would be included in the bind values array. This gives |
1779 | you: |
1780 | |
1781 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert('people', \%data); |
1782 | |
9d48860e |
1783 | $stmt = "INSERT INTO people (name, date_entered) |
32eab2da |
1784 | VALUES (?, to_date(?,'MM/DD/YYYY'))"; |
1785 | @bind = ('Bill', '03/02/2003'); |
1786 | |
1787 | An UPDATE is just as easy, all you change is the name of the function: |
1788 | |
1789 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('people', \%data); |
1790 | |
1791 | Notice that your C<%data> isn't touched; the module will generate |
1792 | the appropriately quirky SQL for you automatically. Usually you'll |
1793 | want to specify a WHERE clause for your UPDATE, though, which is |
1794 | where handling C<%where> hashes comes in handy... |
1795 | |
96449e8e |
1796 | =head2 Complex where statements |
1797 | |
32eab2da |
1798 | This module can generate pretty complicated WHERE statements |
1799 | easily. For example, simple C<key=value> pairs are taken to mean |
1800 | equality, and if you want to see if a field is within a set |
1801 | of values, you can use an arrayref. Let's say we wanted to |
1802 | SELECT some data based on this criteria: |
1803 | |
1804 | my %where = ( |
1805 | requestor => 'inna', |
1806 | worker => ['nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'], |
1807 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
1808 | ); |
1809 | |
1810 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->select('tickets', '*', \%where); |
1811 | |
1812 | The above would give you something like this: |
1813 | |
1814 | $stmt = "SELECT * FROM tickets WHERE |
1815 | ( requestor = ? ) AND ( status != ? ) |
1816 | AND ( worker = ? OR worker = ? OR worker = ? )"; |
1817 | @bind = ('inna', 'completed', 'nwiger', 'rcwe', 'sfz'); |
1818 | |
1819 | Which you could then use in DBI code like so: |
1820 | |
1821 | my $sth = $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
1822 | $sth->execute(@bind); |
1823 | |
1824 | Easy, eh? |
1825 | |
0da0fe34 |
1826 | =head1 METHODS |
32eab2da |
1827 | |
13cc86af |
1828 | The methods are simple. There's one for every major SQL operation, |
32eab2da |
1829 | and a constructor you use first. The arguments are specified in a |
13cc86af |
1830 | similar order for each method (table, then fields, then a where |
32eab2da |
1831 | clause) to try and simplify things. |
1832 | |
32eab2da |
1833 | =head2 new(option => 'value') |
1834 | |
1835 | The C<new()> function takes a list of options and values, and returns |
1836 | a new B<SQL::Abstract> object which can then be used to generate SQL |
1837 | through the methods below. The options accepted are: |
1838 | |
1839 | =over |
1840 | |
1841 | =item case |
1842 | |
1843 | If set to 'lower', then SQL will be generated in all lowercase. By |
1844 | default SQL is generated in "textbook" case meaning something like: |
1845 | |
1846 | SELECT a_field FROM a_table WHERE some_field LIKE '%someval%' |
1847 | |
96449e8e |
1848 | Any setting other than 'lower' is ignored. |
1849 | |
32eab2da |
1850 | =item cmp |
1851 | |
1852 | This determines what the default comparison operator is. By default |
1853 | it is C<=>, meaning that a hash like this: |
1854 | |
1855 | %where = (name => 'nwiger', email => 'nate@wiger.org'); |
1856 | |
1857 | Will generate SQL like this: |
1858 | |
1859 | WHERE name = 'nwiger' AND email = 'nate@wiger.org' |
1860 | |
1861 | However, you may want loose comparisons by default, so if you set |
1862 | C<cmp> to C<like> you would get SQL such as: |
1863 | |
1864 | WHERE name like 'nwiger' AND email like 'nate@wiger.org' |
1865 | |
3af02ccb |
1866 | You can also override the comparison on an individual basis - see |
32eab2da |
1867 | the huge section on L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> at the bottom. |
1868 | |
96449e8e |
1869 | =item sqltrue, sqlfalse |
1870 | |
1871 | Expressions for inserting boolean values within SQL statements. |
6e0c6552 |
1872 | By default these are C<1=1> and C<1=0>. They are used |
1873 | by the special operators C<-in> and C<-not_in> for generating |
1874 | correct SQL even when the argument is an empty array (see below). |
96449e8e |
1875 | |
32eab2da |
1876 | =item logic |
1877 | |
1878 | This determines the default logical operator for multiple WHERE |
7cac25e6 |
1879 | statements in arrays or hashes. If absent, the default logic is "or" |
1880 | for arrays, and "and" for hashes. This means that a WHERE |
32eab2da |
1881 | array of the form: |
1882 | |
1883 | @where = ( |
9d48860e |
1884 | event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
1885 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'}, |
32eab2da |
1886 | ); |
1887 | |
7cac25e6 |
1888 | will generate SQL like this: |
32eab2da |
1889 | |
1890 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' OR event_date <= '4/24/03' |
1891 | |
1892 | This is probably not what you want given this query, though (look |
1893 | at the dates). To change the "OR" to an "AND", simply specify: |
1894 | |
1895 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(logic => 'and'); |
1896 | |
1897 | Which will change the above C<WHERE> to: |
1898 | |
1899 | WHERE event_date >= '2/13/99' AND event_date <= '4/24/03' |
1900 | |
96449e8e |
1901 | The logic can also be changed locally by inserting |
7cac25e6 |
1902 | a modifier in front of an arrayref : |
96449e8e |
1903 | |
9d48860e |
1904 | @where = (-and => [event_date => {'>=', '2/13/99'}, |
7cac25e6 |
1905 | event_date => {'<=', '4/24/03'} ]); |
96449e8e |
1906 | |
1907 | See the L</"WHERE CLAUSES"> section for explanations. |
1908 | |
32eab2da |
1909 | =item convert |
1910 | |
1911 | This will automatically convert comparisons using the specified SQL |
1912 | function for both column and value. This is mostly used with an argument |
1913 | of C<upper> or C<lower>, so that the SQL will have the effect of |
1914 | case-insensitive "searches". For example, this: |
1915 | |
1916 | $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(convert => 'upper'); |
1917 | %where = (keywords => 'MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive'); |
1918 | |
1919 | Will turn out the following SQL: |
1920 | |
1921 | WHERE upper(keywords) like upper('MaKe iT CAse inSeNSItive') |
1922 | |
1923 | The conversion can be C<upper()>, C<lower()>, or any other SQL function |
1924 | that can be applied symmetrically to fields (actually B<SQL::Abstract> does |
1925 | not validate this option; it will just pass through what you specify verbatim). |
1926 | |
1927 | =item bindtype |
1928 | |
1929 | This is a kludge because many databases suck. For example, you can't |
1930 | just bind values using DBI's C<execute()> for Oracle C<CLOB> or C<BLOB> fields. |
1931 | Instead, you have to use C<bind_param()>: |
1932 | |
1933 | $sth->bind_param(1, 'reg data'); |
1934 | $sth->bind_param(2, $lots, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
1935 | |
1936 | The problem is, B<SQL::Abstract> will normally just return a C<@bind> array, |
1937 | which loses track of which field each slot refers to. Fear not. |
1938 | |
1939 | If you specify C<bindtype> in new, you can determine how C<@bind> is returned. |
1940 | Currently, you can specify either C<normal> (default) or C<columns>. If you |
1941 | specify C<columns>, you will get an array that looks like this: |
1942 | |
1943 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new(bindtype => 'columns'); |
1944 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->insert(...); |
1945 | |
1946 | @bind = ( |
1947 | [ 'column1', 'value1' ], |
1948 | [ 'column2', 'value2' ], |
1949 | [ 'column3', 'value3' ], |
1950 | ); |
1951 | |
1952 | You can then iterate through this manually, using DBI's C<bind_param()>. |
e3f9dff4 |
1953 | |
32eab2da |
1954 | $sth->prepare($stmt); |
1955 | my $i = 1; |
1956 | for (@bind) { |
1957 | my($col, $data) = @$_; |
1958 | if ($col eq 'details' || $col eq 'comments') { |
1959 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_CLOB}); |
1960 | } elsif ($col eq 'image') { |
1961 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data, {ora_type => ORA_BLOB}); |
1962 | } else { |
1963 | $sth->bind_param($i, $data); |
1964 | } |
1965 | $i++; |
1966 | } |
1967 | $sth->execute; # execute without @bind now |
1968 | |
1969 | Now, why would you still use B<SQL::Abstract> if you have to do this crap? |
1970 | Basically, the advantage is still that you don't have to care which fields |
1971 | are or are not included. You could wrap that above C<for> loop in a simple |
1972 | sub called C<bind_fields()> or something and reuse it repeatedly. You still |
1973 | get a layer of abstraction over manual SQL specification. |
1974 | |
3ae1c5e2 |
1975 | Note that if you set L</bindtype> to C<columns>, the C<\[ $sql, @bind ]> |
deb148a2 |
1976 | construct (see L</Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries)>) |
1977 | will expect the bind values in this format. |
1978 | |
32eab2da |
1979 | =item quote_char |
1980 | |
1981 | This is the character that a table or column name will be quoted |
9d48860e |
1982 | with. By default this is an empty string, but you could set it to |
32eab2da |
1983 | the character C<`>, to generate SQL like this: |
1984 | |
1985 | SELECT `a_field` FROM `a_table` WHERE `some_field` LIKE '%someval%' |
1986 | |
96449e8e |
1987 | Alternatively, you can supply an array ref of two items, the first being the left |
1988 | hand quote character, and the second the right hand quote character. For |
1989 | example, you could supply C<['[',']']> for SQL Server 2000 compliant quotes |
1990 | that generates SQL like this: |
1991 | |
1992 | SELECT [a_field] FROM [a_table] WHERE [some_field] LIKE '%someval%' |
1993 | |
9d48860e |
1994 | Quoting is useful if you have tables or columns names that are reserved |
96449e8e |
1995 | words in your database's SQL dialect. |
32eab2da |
1996 | |
46be4313 |
1997 | =item escape_char |
1998 | |
1999 | This is the character that will be used to escape L</quote_char>s appearing |
2000 | in an identifier before it has been quoted. |
2001 | |
80790166 |
2002 | The parameter default in case of a single L</quote_char> character is the quote |
46be4313 |
2003 | character itself. |
2004 | |
2005 | When opening-closing-style quoting is used (L</quote_char> is an arrayref) |
2006 | this parameter defaults to the B<closing (right)> L</quote_char>. Occurences |
2007 | of the B<opening (left)> L</quote_char> within the identifier are currently left |
2008 | untouched. The default for opening-closing-style quotes may change in future |
2009 | versions, thus you are B<strongly encouraged> to specify the escape character |
2010 | explicitly. |
2011 | |
32eab2da |
2012 | =item name_sep |
2013 | |
2014 | This is the character that separates a table and column name. It is |
2015 | necessary to specify this when the C<quote_char> option is selected, |
2016 | so that tables and column names can be individually quoted like this: |
2017 | |
2018 | SELECT `table`.`one_field` FROM `table` WHERE `table`.`other_field` = 1 |
2019 | |
b6251592 |
2020 | =item injection_guard |
2021 | |
2022 | A regular expression C<qr/.../> that is applied to any C<-function> and unquoted |
2023 | column name specified in a query structure. This is a safety mechanism to avoid |
2024 | injection attacks when mishandling user input e.g.: |
2025 | |
2026 | my %condition_as_column_value_pairs = get_values_from_user(); |
2027 | $sqla->select( ... , \%condition_as_column_value_pairs ); |
2028 | |
2029 | If the expression matches an exception is thrown. Note that literal SQL |
2030 | supplied via C<\'...'> or C<\['...']> is B<not> checked in any way. |
2031 | |
2032 | Defaults to checking for C<;> and the C<GO> keyword (TransactSQL) |
2033 | |
96449e8e |
2034 | =item array_datatypes |
32eab2da |
2035 | |
9d48860e |
2036 | When this option is true, arrayrefs in INSERT or UPDATE are |
2037 | interpreted as array datatypes and are passed directly |
96449e8e |
2038 | to the DBI layer. |
2039 | When this option is false, arrayrefs are interpreted |
2040 | as literal SQL, just like refs to arrayrefs |
2041 | (but this behavior is for backwards compatibility; when writing |
2042 | new queries, use the "reference to arrayref" syntax |
2043 | for literal SQL). |
32eab2da |
2044 | |
32eab2da |
2045 | |
96449e8e |
2046 | =item special_ops |
32eab2da |
2047 | |
9d48860e |
2048 | Takes a reference to a list of "special operators" |
96449e8e |
2049 | to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>. |
2050 | See section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> for details. |
32eab2da |
2051 | |
59f23b3d |
2052 | =item unary_ops |
2053 | |
9d48860e |
2054 | Takes a reference to a list of "unary operators" |
59f23b3d |
2055 | to extend the syntax understood by L<SQL::Abstract>. |
2056 | See section L</"UNARY OPERATORS"> for details. |
2057 | |
32eab2da |
2058 | |
32eab2da |
2059 | |
96449e8e |
2060 | =back |
32eab2da |
2061 | |
02288357 |
2062 | =head2 insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options) |
32eab2da |
2063 | |
2064 | This is the simplest function. You simply give it a table name |
2065 | and either an arrayref of values or hashref of field/value pairs. |
2066 | It returns an SQL INSERT statement and a list of bind values. |
96449e8e |
2067 | See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and |
2068 | L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert |
2069 | with those data types. |
32eab2da |
2070 | |
02288357 |
2071 | The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional |
2072 | options to generate the insert SQL. Currently supported options |
2073 | are: |
2074 | |
2075 | =over 4 |
2076 | |
2077 | =item returning |
2078 | |
2079 | Takes either a scalar of raw SQL fields, or an array reference of |
2080 | field names, and adds on an SQL C<RETURNING> statement at the end. |
2081 | This allows you to return data generated by the insert statement |
2082 | (such as row IDs) without performing another C<SELECT> statement. |
2083 | Note, however, this is not part of the SQL standard and may not |
2084 | be supported by all database engines. |
2085 | |
2086 | =back |
2087 | |
95904db5 |
2088 | =head2 update($table, \%fieldvals, \%where, \%options) |
32eab2da |
2089 | |
2090 | This takes a table, hashref of field/value pairs, and an optional |
86298391 |
2091 | hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. It returns an SQL UPDATE function and a list |
32eab2da |
2092 | of bind values. |
96449e8e |
2093 | See the sections on L</"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> and |
2094 | L</"Inserting and Updating SQL"> for information on how to insert |
2095 | with those data types. |
32eab2da |
2096 | |
95904db5 |
2097 | The optional C<\%options> hash reference may contain additional |
2098 | options to generate the update SQL. Currently supported options |
2099 | are: |
2100 | |
2101 | =over 4 |
2102 | |
2103 | =item returning |
2104 | |
2105 | See the C<returning> option to |
2106 | L<insert|/insert($table, \@values || \%fieldvals, \%options)>. |
2107 | |
2108 | =back |
2109 | |
96449e8e |
2110 | =head2 select($source, $fields, $where, $order) |
32eab2da |
2111 | |
9d48860e |
2112 | This returns a SQL SELECT statement and associated list of bind values, as |
96449e8e |
2113 | specified by the arguments : |
32eab2da |
2114 | |
96449e8e |
2115 | =over |
32eab2da |
2116 | |
96449e8e |
2117 | =item $source |
32eab2da |
2118 | |
9d48860e |
2119 | Specification of the 'FROM' part of the statement. |
96449e8e |
2120 | The argument can be either a plain scalar (interpreted as a table |
2121 | name, will be quoted), or an arrayref (interpreted as a list |
2122 | of table names, joined by commas, quoted), or a scalarref |
2123 | (literal table name, not quoted), or a ref to an arrayref |
2124 | (list of literal table names, joined by commas, not quoted). |
32eab2da |
2125 | |
96449e8e |
2126 | =item $fields |
32eab2da |
2127 | |
9d48860e |
2128 | Specification of the list of fields to retrieve from |
96449e8e |
2129 | the source. |
2130 | The argument can be either an arrayref (interpreted as a list |
9d48860e |
2131 | of field names, will be joined by commas and quoted), or a |
96449e8e |
2132 | plain scalar (literal SQL, not quoted). |
521647e7 |
2133 | Please observe that this API is not as flexible as that of |
2134 | the first argument C<$source>, for backwards compatibility reasons. |
32eab2da |
2135 | |
96449e8e |
2136 | =item $where |
32eab2da |
2137 | |
96449e8e |
2138 | Optional argument to specify the WHERE part of the query. |
2139 | The argument is most often a hashref, but can also be |
9d48860e |
2140 | an arrayref or plain scalar -- |
96449e8e |
2141 | see section L<WHERE clause|/"WHERE CLAUSES"> for details. |
32eab2da |
2142 | |
96449e8e |
2143 | =item $order |
32eab2da |
2144 | |
96449e8e |
2145 | Optional argument to specify the ORDER BY part of the query. |
9d48860e |
2146 | The argument can be a scalar, a hashref or an arrayref |
96449e8e |
2147 | -- see section L<ORDER BY clause|/"ORDER BY CLAUSES"> |
2148 | for details. |
32eab2da |
2149 | |
96449e8e |
2150 | =back |
32eab2da |
2151 | |
32eab2da |
2152 | |
2153 | =head2 delete($table, \%where) |
2154 | |
86298391 |
2155 | This takes a table name and optional hashref L<WHERE clause|/WHERE CLAUSES>. |
32eab2da |
2156 | It returns an SQL DELETE statement and list of bind values. |
2157 | |
85783f3c |
2158 | =head2 where(\%where, $order) |
32eab2da |
2159 | |
2160 | This is used to generate just the WHERE clause. For example, |
2161 | if you have an arbitrary data structure and know what the |
2162 | rest of your SQL is going to look like, but want an easy way |
2163 | to produce a WHERE clause, use this. It returns an SQL WHERE |
2164 | clause and list of bind values. |
2165 | |
32eab2da |
2166 | |
2167 | =head2 values(\%data) |
2168 | |
2169 | This just returns the values from the hash C<%data>, in the same |
2170 | order that would be returned from any of the other above queries. |
2171 | Using this allows you to markedly speed up your queries if you |
2172 | are affecting lots of rows. See below under the L</"PERFORMANCE"> section. |
2173 | |
32eab2da |
2174 | =head2 generate($any, 'number', $of, \@data, $struct, \%types) |
2175 | |
2176 | Warning: This is an experimental method and subject to change. |
2177 | |
2178 | This returns arbitrarily generated SQL. It's a really basic shortcut. |
2179 | It will return two different things, depending on return context: |
2180 | |
2181 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
2182 | my $stmt_and_val = $sql->generate('create table', \$table, \@fields); |
2183 | |
2184 | These would return the following: |
2185 | |
2186 | # First calling form |
2187 | $stmt = "CREATE TABLE test (?, ?)"; |
2188 | @bind = (field1, field2); |
2189 | |
2190 | # Second calling form |
2191 | $stmt_and_val = "CREATE TABLE test (field1, field2)"; |
2192 | |
2193 | Depending on what you're trying to do, it's up to you to choose the correct |
2194 | format. In this example, the second form is what you would want. |
2195 | |
2196 | By the same token: |
2197 | |
2198 | $sql->generate('alter session', { nls_date_format => 'MM/YY' }); |
2199 | |
2200 | Might give you: |
2201 | |
2202 | ALTER SESSION SET nls_date_format = 'MM/YY' |
2203 | |
2204 | You get the idea. Strings get their case twiddled, but everything |
2205 | else remains verbatim. |
2206 | |
0da0fe34 |
2207 | =head1 EXPORTABLE FUNCTIONS |
2208 | |
2209 | =head2 is_plain_value |
2210 | |
2211 | Determines if the supplied argument is a plain value as understood by this |
2212 | module: |
2213 | |
2214 | =over |
2215 | |
2216 | =item * The value is C<undef> |
2217 | |
2218 | =item * The value is a non-reference |
2219 | |
2220 | =item * The value is an object with stringification overloading |
2221 | |
2222 | =item * The value is of the form C<< { -value => $anything } >> |
2223 | |
2224 | =back |
2225 | |
966200cc |
2226 | On failure returns C<undef>, on sucess returns a B<scalar> reference |
2227 | to the original supplied argument. |
0da0fe34 |
2228 | |
843a94b5 |
2229 | =over |
2230 | |
2231 | =item * Note |
2232 | |
2233 | The stringification overloading detection is rather advanced: it takes |
2234 | into consideration not only the presence of a C<""> overload, but if that |
2235 | fails also checks for enabled |
2236 | L<autogenerated versions of C<"">|overload/Magic Autogeneration>, based |
2237 | on either C<0+> or C<bool>. |
2238 | |
2239 | Unfortunately testing in the field indicates that this |
2240 | detection B<< may tickle a latent bug in perl versions before 5.018 >>, |
2241 | but only when very large numbers of stringifying objects are involved. |
2242 | At the time of writing ( Sep 2014 ) there is no clear explanation of |
2243 | the direct cause, nor is there a manageably small test case that reliably |
2244 | reproduces the problem. |
2245 | |
2246 | If you encounter any of the following exceptions in B<random places within |
2247 | your application stack> - this module may be to blame: |
2248 | |
2249 | Operation "ne": no method found, |
2250 | left argument in overloaded package <something>, |
2251 | right argument in overloaded package <something> |
2252 | |
2253 | or perhaps even |
2254 | |
2255 | Stub found while resolving method "???" overloading """" in package <something> |
2256 | |
2257 | If you fall victim to the above - please attempt to reduce the problem |
2258 | to something that could be sent to the L<SQL::Abstract developers |
1f490ae4 |
2259 | |DBIx::Class/GETTING HELP/SUPPORT> |
843a94b5 |
2260 | (either publicly or privately). As a workaround in the meantime you can |
2261 | set C<$ENV{SQLA_ISVALUE_IGNORE_AUTOGENERATED_STRINGIFICATION}> to a true |
2262 | value, which will most likely eliminate your problem (at the expense of |
2263 | not being able to properly detect exotic forms of stringification). |
2264 | |
2265 | This notice and environment variable will be removed in a future version, |
2266 | as soon as the underlying problem is found and a reliable workaround is |
2267 | devised. |
2268 | |
2269 | =back |
2270 | |
0da0fe34 |
2271 | =head2 is_literal_value |
2272 | |
2273 | Determines if the supplied argument is a literal value as understood by this |
2274 | module: |
2275 | |
2276 | =over |
2277 | |
2278 | =item * C<\$sql_string> |
2279 | |
2280 | =item * C<\[ $sql_string, @bind_values ]> |
2281 | |
0da0fe34 |
2282 | =back |
2283 | |
966200cc |
2284 | On failure returns C<undef>, on sucess returns an B<array> reference |
2285 | containing the unpacked version of the supplied literal SQL and bind values. |
0da0fe34 |
2286 | |
32eab2da |
2287 | =head1 WHERE CLAUSES |
2288 | |
96449e8e |
2289 | =head2 Introduction |
2290 | |
32eab2da |
2291 | This module uses a variation on the idea from L<DBIx::Abstract>. It |
2292 | is B<NOT>, repeat I<not> 100% compatible. B<The main logic of this |
2293 | module is that things in arrays are OR'ed, and things in hashes |
2294 | are AND'ed.> |
2295 | |
2296 | The easiest way to explain is to show lots of examples. After |
2297 | each C<%where> hash shown, it is assumed you used: |
2298 | |
2299 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->where(\%where); |
2300 | |
2301 | However, note that the C<%where> hash can be used directly in any |
2302 | of the other functions as well, as described above. |
2303 | |
96449e8e |
2304 | =head2 Key-value pairs |
2305 | |
32eab2da |
2306 | So, let's get started. To begin, a simple hash: |
2307 | |
2308 | my %where = ( |
2309 | user => 'nwiger', |
2310 | status => 'completed' |
2311 | ); |
2312 | |
2313 | Is converted to SQL C<key = val> statements: |
2314 | |
2315 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status = ?"; |
2316 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
2317 | |
2318 | One common thing I end up doing is having a list of values that |
2319 | a field can be in. To do this, simply specify a list inside of |
2320 | an arrayref: |
2321 | |
2322 | my %where = ( |
2323 | user => 'nwiger', |
2324 | status => ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending']; |
2325 | ); |
2326 | |
2327 | This simple code will create the following: |
9d48860e |
2328 | |
32eab2da |
2329 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND ( status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ? )"; |
2330 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'); |
2331 | |
9d48860e |
2332 | A field associated to an empty arrayref will be considered a |
7cac25e6 |
2333 | logical false and will generate 0=1. |
8a68b5be |
2334 | |
b864ba9b |
2335 | =head2 Tests for NULL values |
2336 | |
2337 | If the value part is C<undef> then this is converted to SQL <IS NULL> |
2338 | |
2339 | my %where = ( |
2340 | user => 'nwiger', |
2341 | status => undef, |
2342 | ); |
2343 | |
2344 | becomes: |
2345 | |
2346 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status IS NULL"; |
2347 | @bind = ('nwiger'); |
2348 | |
e9614080 |
2349 | To test if a column IS NOT NULL: |
2350 | |
2351 | my %where = ( |
2352 | user => 'nwiger', |
2353 | status => { '!=', undef }, |
2354 | ); |
cc422895 |
2355 | |
6e0c6552 |
2356 | =head2 Specific comparison operators |
96449e8e |
2357 | |
32eab2da |
2358 | If you want to specify a different type of operator for your comparison, |
2359 | you can use a hashref for a given column: |
2360 | |
2361 | my %where = ( |
2362 | user => 'nwiger', |
2363 | status => { '!=', 'completed' } |
2364 | ); |
2365 | |
2366 | Which would generate: |
2367 | |
2368 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ?"; |
2369 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed'); |
2370 | |
2371 | To test against multiple values, just enclose the values in an arrayref: |
2372 | |
96449e8e |
2373 | status => { '=', ['assigned', 'in-progress', 'pending'] }; |
2374 | |
f2d5020d |
2375 | Which would give you: |
96449e8e |
2376 | |
2377 | "WHERE status = ? OR status = ? OR status = ?" |
2378 | |
2379 | |
2380 | The hashref can also contain multiple pairs, in which case it is expanded |
32eab2da |
2381 | into an C<AND> of its elements: |
2382 | |
2383 | my %where = ( |
2384 | user => 'nwiger', |
2385 | status => { '!=', 'completed', -not_like => 'pending%' } |
2386 | ); |
2387 | |
2388 | # Or more dynamically, like from a form |
2389 | $where{user} = 'nwiger'; |
2390 | $where{status}{'!='} = 'completed'; |
2391 | $where{status}{'-not_like'} = 'pending%'; |
2392 | |
2393 | # Both generate this |
2394 | $stmt = "WHERE user = ? AND status != ? AND status NOT LIKE ?"; |
2395 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'completed', 'pending%'); |
2396 | |
96449e8e |
2397 | |
32eab2da |
2398 | To get an OR instead, you can combine it with the arrayref idea: |
2399 | |
2400 | my %where => ( |
2401 | user => 'nwiger', |
1a6f2a03 |
2402 | priority => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] |
32eab2da |
2403 | ); |
2404 | |
2405 | Which would generate: |
2406 | |
1a6f2a03 |
2407 | $stmt = "WHERE ( priority = ? OR priority > ? ) AND user = ?"; |
2408 | @bind = ('2', '5', 'nwiger'); |
32eab2da |
2409 | |
44b9e502 |
2410 | If you want to include literal SQL (with or without bind values), just use a |
13cc86af |
2411 | scalar reference or reference to an arrayref as the value: |
44b9e502 |
2412 | |
2413 | my %where = ( |
2414 | date_entered => { '>' => \["to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY')", "11/26/2008"] }, |
2415 | date_expires => { '<' => \"now()" } |
2416 | ); |
2417 | |
2418 | Which would generate: |
2419 | |
13cc86af |
2420 | $stmt = "WHERE date_entered > to_date(?, 'MM/DD/YYYY') AND date_expires < now()"; |
44b9e502 |
2421 | @bind = ('11/26/2008'); |
2422 | |
96449e8e |
2423 | |
2424 | =head2 Logic and nesting operators |
2425 | |
2426 | In the example above, |
2427 | there is a subtle trap if you want to say something like |
32eab2da |
2428 | this (notice the C<AND>): |
2429 | |
2430 | WHERE priority != ? AND priority != ? |
2431 | |
2432 | Because, in Perl you I<can't> do this: |
2433 | |
13cc86af |
2434 | priority => { '!=' => 2, '!=' => 1 } |
32eab2da |
2435 | |
2436 | As the second C<!=> key will obliterate the first. The solution |
2437 | is to use the special C<-modifier> form inside an arrayref: |
2438 | |
9d48860e |
2439 | priority => [ -and => {'!=', 2}, |
96449e8e |
2440 | {'!=', 1} ] |
2441 | |
32eab2da |
2442 | |
2443 | Normally, these would be joined by C<OR>, but the modifier tells it |
2444 | to use C<AND> instead. (Hint: You can use this in conjunction with the |
2445 | C<logic> option to C<new()> in order to change the way your queries |
2446 | work by default.) B<Important:> Note that the C<-modifier> goes |
2447 | B<INSIDE> the arrayref, as an extra first element. This will |
2448 | B<NOT> do what you think it might: |
2449 | |
2450 | priority => -and => [{'!=', 2}, {'!=', 1}] # WRONG! |
2451 | |
2452 | Here is a quick list of equivalencies, since there is some overlap: |
2453 | |
2454 | # Same |
2455 | status => {'!=', 'completed', 'not like', 'pending%' } |
2456 | status => [ -and => {'!=', 'completed'}, {'not like', 'pending%'}] |
2457 | |
2458 | # Same |
2459 | status => {'=', ['assigned', 'in-progress']} |
2460 | status => [ -or => {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'}] |
2461 | status => [ {'=', 'assigned'}, {'=', 'in-progress'} ] |
2462 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2463 | |
2464 | |
96449e8e |
2465 | =head2 Special operators : IN, BETWEEN, etc. |
2466 | |
32eab2da |
2467 | You can also use the hashref format to compare a list of fields using the |
2468 | C<IN> comparison operator, by specifying the list as an arrayref: |
2469 | |
2470 | my %where = ( |
2471 | status => 'completed', |
2472 | reportid => { -in => [567, 2335, 2] } |
2473 | ); |
2474 | |
2475 | Which would generate: |
2476 | |
2477 | $stmt = "WHERE status = ? AND reportid IN (?,?,?)"; |
2478 | @bind = ('completed', '567', '2335', '2'); |
2479 | |
9d48860e |
2480 | The reverse operator C<-not_in> generates SQL C<NOT IN> and is used in |
96449e8e |
2481 | the same way. |
2482 | |
6e0c6552 |
2483 | If the argument to C<-in> is an empty array, 'sqlfalse' is generated |
2484 | (by default : C<1=0>). Similarly, C<< -not_in => [] >> generates |
2485 | 'sqltrue' (by default : C<1=1>). |
2486 | |
e41c3bdd |
2487 | In addition to the array you can supply a chunk of literal sql or |
2488 | literal sql with bind: |
6e0c6552 |
2489 | |
e41c3bdd |
2490 | my %where = { |
2491 | customer => { -in => \[ |
2492 | 'SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ?', |
2493 | 2000, |
2494 | ], |
2495 | status => { -in => \'SELECT status_codes FROM states' }, |
2496 | }; |
6e0c6552 |
2497 | |
e41c3bdd |
2498 | would generate: |
2499 | |
2500 | $stmt = "WHERE ( |
2501 | customer IN ( SELECT cust_id FROM cust WHERE balance > ? ) |
2502 | AND status IN ( SELECT status_codes FROM states ) |
2503 | )"; |
2504 | @bind = ('2000'); |
2505 | |
0dfd2442 |
2506 | Finally, if the argument to C<-in> is not a reference, it will be |
2507 | treated as a single-element array. |
e41c3bdd |
2508 | |
2509 | Another pair of operators is C<-between> and C<-not_between>, |
96449e8e |
2510 | used with an arrayref of two values: |
32eab2da |
2511 | |
2512 | my %where = ( |
2513 | user => 'nwiger', |
2514 | completion_date => { |
2515 | -not_between => ['2002-10-01', '2003-02-06'] |
2516 | } |
2517 | ); |
2518 | |
2519 | Would give you: |
2520 | |
2521 | WHERE user = ? AND completion_date NOT BETWEEN ( ? AND ? ) |
2522 | |
e41c3bdd |
2523 | Just like with C<-in> all plausible combinations of literal SQL |
2524 | are possible: |
2525 | |
2526 | my %where = { |
2527 | start0 => { -between => [ 1, 2 ] }, |
2528 | start1 => { -between => \["? AND ?", 1, 2] }, |
2529 | start2 => { -between => \"lower(x) AND upper(y)" }, |
9d48860e |
2530 | start3 => { -between => [ |
e41c3bdd |
2531 | \"lower(x)", |
2532 | \["upper(?)", 'stuff' ], |
2533 | ] }, |
2534 | }; |
2535 | |
2536 | Would give you: |
2537 | |
2538 | $stmt = "WHERE ( |
2539 | ( start0 BETWEEN ? AND ? ) |
2540 | AND ( start1 BETWEEN ? AND ? ) |
2541 | AND ( start2 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(y) ) |
2542 | AND ( start3 BETWEEN lower(x) AND upper(?) ) |
2543 | )"; |
2544 | @bind = (1, 2, 1, 2, 'stuff'); |
2545 | |
2546 | |
9d48860e |
2547 | These are the two builtin "special operators"; but the |
96449e8e |
2548 | list can be expanded : see section L</"SPECIAL OPERATORS"> below. |
2549 | |
59f23b3d |
2550 | =head2 Unary operators: bool |
97a920ef |
2551 | |
2552 | If you wish to test against boolean columns or functions within your |
2553 | database you can use the C<-bool> and C<-not_bool> operators. For |
2554 | example to test the column C<is_user> being true and the column |
827bb0eb |
2555 | C<is_enabled> being false you would use:- |
97a920ef |
2556 | |
2557 | my %where = ( |
2558 | -bool => 'is_user', |
2559 | -not_bool => 'is_enabled', |
2560 | ); |
2561 | |
2562 | Would give you: |
2563 | |
277b5d3f |
2564 | WHERE is_user AND NOT is_enabled |
97a920ef |
2565 | |
0b604e9d |
2566 | If a more complex combination is required, testing more conditions, |
2567 | then you should use the and/or operators:- |
2568 | |
2569 | my %where = ( |
2570 | -and => [ |
2571 | -bool => 'one', |
23401b81 |
2572 | -not_bool => { two=> { -rlike => 'bar' } }, |
2573 | -not_bool => { three => [ { '=', 2 }, { '>', 5 } ] }, |
0b604e9d |
2574 | ], |
2575 | ); |
2576 | |
2577 | Would give you: |
2578 | |
23401b81 |
2579 | WHERE |
2580 | one |
2581 | AND |
2582 | (NOT two RLIKE ?) |
2583 | AND |
2584 | (NOT ( three = ? OR three > ? )) |
97a920ef |
2585 | |
2586 | |
107b72f1 |
2587 | =head2 Nested conditions, -and/-or prefixes |
96449e8e |
2588 | |
32eab2da |
2589 | So far, we've seen how multiple conditions are joined with a top-level |
2590 | C<AND>. We can change this by putting the different conditions we want in |
2591 | hashes and then putting those hashes in an array. For example: |
2592 | |
2593 | my @where = ( |
2594 | { |
2595 | user => 'nwiger', |
2596 | status => { -like => ['pending%', 'dispatched'] }, |
2597 | }, |
2598 | { |
2599 | user => 'robot', |
2600 | status => 'unassigned', |
2601 | } |
2602 | ); |
2603 | |
2604 | This data structure would create the following: |
2605 | |
2606 | $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? AND ( status LIKE ? OR status LIKE ? ) ) |
2607 | OR ( user = ? AND status = ? ) )"; |
2608 | @bind = ('nwiger', 'pending', 'dispatched', 'robot', 'unassigned'); |
2609 | |
107b72f1 |
2610 | |
48d9f5f8 |
2611 | Clauses in hashrefs or arrayrefs can be prefixed with an C<-and> or C<-or> |
2612 | to change the logic inside : |
32eab2da |
2613 | |
2614 | my @where = ( |
2615 | -and => [ |
2616 | user => 'nwiger', |
48d9f5f8 |
2617 | [ |
2618 | -and => [ workhrs => {'>', 20}, geo => 'ASIA' ], |
2619 | -or => { workhrs => {'<', 50}, geo => 'EURO' }, |
32eab2da |
2620 | ], |
2621 | ], |
2622 | ); |
2623 | |
2624 | That would yield: |
2625 | |
13cc86af |
2626 | $stmt = "WHERE ( user = ? |
2627 | AND ( ( workhrs > ? AND geo = ? ) |
2628 | OR ( workhrs < ? OR geo = ? ) ) )"; |
2629 | @bind = ('nwiger', '20', 'ASIA', '50', 'EURO'); |
107b72f1 |
2630 | |
cc422895 |
2631 | =head3 Algebraic inconsistency, for historical reasons |
107b72f1 |
2632 | |
7cac25e6 |
2633 | C<Important note>: when connecting several conditions, the C<-and->|C<-or> |
2634 | operator goes C<outside> of the nested structure; whereas when connecting |
2635 | several constraints on one column, the C<-and> operator goes |
2636 | C<inside> the arrayref. Here is an example combining both features : |
2637 | |
2638 | my @where = ( |
2639 | -and => [a => 1, b => 2], |
2640 | -or => [c => 3, d => 4], |
2641 | e => [-and => {-like => 'foo%'}, {-like => '%bar'} ] |
2642 | ) |
2643 | |
2644 | yielding |
2645 | |
9d48860e |
2646 | WHERE ( ( ( a = ? AND b = ? ) |
2647 | OR ( c = ? OR d = ? ) |
7cac25e6 |
2648 | OR ( e LIKE ? AND e LIKE ? ) ) ) |
2649 | |
107b72f1 |
2650 | This difference in syntax is unfortunate but must be preserved for |
2651 | historical reasons. So be careful : the two examples below would |
2652 | seem algebraically equivalent, but they are not |
2653 | |
a948b1fe |
2654 | { col => [ -and => |
2655 | { -like => 'foo%' }, |
2656 | { -like => '%bar' }, |
2657 | ] } |
107b72f1 |
2658 | # yields : WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? AND col LIKE ? ) ) |
2659 | |
a948b1fe |
2660 | [ -and => |
2661 | { col => { -like => 'foo%' } }, |
2662 | { col => { -like => '%bar' } }, |
2663 | ] |
107b72f1 |
2664 | # yields : WHERE ( ( col LIKE ? OR col LIKE ? ) ) |
2665 | |
7cac25e6 |
2666 | |
cc422895 |
2667 | =head2 Literal SQL and value type operators |
96449e8e |
2668 | |
cc422895 |
2669 | The basic premise of SQL::Abstract is that in WHERE specifications the "left |
2670 | side" is a column name and the "right side" is a value (normally rendered as |
2671 | a placeholder). This holds true for both hashrefs and arrayref pairs as you |
2672 | see in the L</WHERE CLAUSES> examples above. Sometimes it is necessary to |
2673 | alter this behavior. There are several ways of doing so. |
e9614080 |
2674 | |
cc422895 |
2675 | =head3 -ident |
2676 | |
2677 | This is a virtual operator that signals the string to its right side is an |
2678 | identifier (a column name) and not a value. For example to compare two |
2679 | columns you would write: |
32eab2da |
2680 | |
e9614080 |
2681 | my %where = ( |
2682 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
cc422895 |
2683 | requestor => { -ident => 'submitter' }, |
e9614080 |
2684 | ); |
2685 | |
2686 | which creates: |
2687 | |
2688 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor = submitter"; |
2689 | @bind = ('2'); |
2690 | |
cc422895 |
2691 | If you are maintaining legacy code you may see a different construct as |
2692 | described in L</Deprecated usage of Literal SQL>, please use C<-ident> in new |
2693 | code. |
2694 | |
2695 | =head3 -value |
e9614080 |
2696 | |
cc422895 |
2697 | This is a virtual operator that signals that the construct to its right side |
2698 | is a value to be passed to DBI. This is for example necessary when you want |
2699 | to write a where clause against an array (for RDBMS that support such |
2700 | datatypes). For example: |
e9614080 |
2701 | |
32eab2da |
2702 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2703 | array => { -value => [1, 2, 3] } |
32eab2da |
2704 | ); |
2705 | |
cc422895 |
2706 | will result in: |
32eab2da |
2707 | |
cc422895 |
2708 | $stmt = 'WHERE array = ?'; |
2709 | @bind = ([1, 2, 3]); |
32eab2da |
2710 | |
cc422895 |
2711 | Note that if you were to simply say: |
32eab2da |
2712 | |
2713 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2714 | array => [1, 2, 3] |
32eab2da |
2715 | ); |
2716 | |
3af02ccb |
2717 | the result would probably not be what you wanted: |
cc422895 |
2718 | |
2719 | $stmt = 'WHERE array = ? OR array = ? OR array = ?'; |
2720 | @bind = (1, 2, 3); |
2721 | |
2722 | =head3 Literal SQL |
96449e8e |
2723 | |
cc422895 |
2724 | Finally, sometimes only literal SQL will do. To include a random snippet |
2725 | of SQL verbatim, you specify it as a scalar reference. Consider this only |
2726 | as a last resort. Usually there is a better way. For example: |
96449e8e |
2727 | |
2728 | my %where = ( |
cc422895 |
2729 | priority => { '<', 2 }, |
2730 | requestor => { -in => \'(SELECT name FROM hitmen)' }, |
96449e8e |
2731 | ); |
2732 | |
cc422895 |
2733 | Would create: |
96449e8e |
2734 | |
cc422895 |
2735 | $stmt = "WHERE priority < ? AND requestor IN (SELECT name FROM hitmen)" |
2736 | @bind = (2); |
2737 | |
2738 | Note that in this example, you only get one bind parameter back, since |
2739 | the verbatim SQL is passed as part of the statement. |
2740 | |
2741 | =head4 CAVEAT |
2742 | |
2743 | Never use untrusted input as a literal SQL argument - this is a massive |
2744 | security risk (there is no way to check literal snippets for SQL |
2745 | injections and other nastyness). If you need to deal with untrusted input |
2746 | use literal SQL with placeholders as described next. |
96449e8e |
2747 | |
cc422895 |
2748 | =head3 Literal SQL with placeholders and bind values (subqueries) |
96449e8e |
2749 | |
2750 | If the literal SQL to be inserted has placeholders and bind values, |
2751 | use a reference to an arrayref (yes this is a double reference -- |
2752 | not so common, but perfectly legal Perl). For example, to find a date |
2753 | in Postgres you can use something like this: |
2754 | |
2755 | my %where = ( |
3ae1c5e2 |
2756 | date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", 10 ] |
96449e8e |
2757 | ) |
2758 | |
2759 | This would create: |
2760 | |
d2a8fe1a |
2761 | $stmt = "WHERE ( date_column = date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer )" |
96449e8e |
2762 | @bind = ('10'); |
2763 | |
deb148a2 |
2764 | Note that you must pass the bind values in the same format as they are returned |
85783f3c |
2765 | by L<where|/where(\%where, $order)>. This means that if you set L</bindtype> |
1f490ae4 |
2766 | to C<columns>, you must provide the bind values in the |
2767 | C<< [ column_meta => value ] >> format, where C<column_meta> is an opaque |
2768 | scalar value; most commonly the column name, but you can use any scalar value |
2769 | (including references and blessed references), L<SQL::Abstract> will simply |
2770 | pass it through intact. So if C<bindtype> is set to C<columns> the above |
2771 | example will look like: |
deb148a2 |
2772 | |
2773 | my %where = ( |
3ae1c5e2 |
2774 | date_column => \[ "= date '2008-09-30' - ?::integer", [ {} => 10 ] ] |
deb148a2 |
2775 | ) |
96449e8e |
2776 | |
2777 | Literal SQL is especially useful for nesting parenthesized clauses in the |
2778 | main SQL query. Here is a first example : |
2779 | |
2780 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) = ("SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?", |
2781 | 100, "foo%"); |
2782 | my %where = ( |
2783 | foo => 1234, |
2784 | bar => \["IN ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2785 | ); |
2786 | |
2787 | This yields : |
2788 | |
9d48860e |
2789 | $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND bar IN (SELECT c1 FROM t1 |
96449e8e |
2790 | WHERE c2 < ? AND c3 LIKE ?))"; |
2791 | @bind = (1234, 100, "foo%"); |
2792 | |
9d48860e |
2793 | Other subquery operators, like for example C<"E<gt> ALL"> or C<"NOT IN">, |
96449e8e |
2794 | are expressed in the same way. Of course the C<$sub_stmt> and |
9d48860e |
2795 | its associated bind values can be generated through a former call |
96449e8e |
2796 | to C<select()> : |
2797 | |
2798 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
9d48860e |
2799 | = $sql->select("t1", "c1", {c2 => {"<" => 100}, |
96449e8e |
2800 | c3 => {-like => "foo%"}}); |
2801 | my %where = ( |
2802 | foo => 1234, |
2803 | bar => \["> ALL ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2804 | ); |
2805 | |
2806 | In the examples above, the subquery was used as an operator on a column; |
9d48860e |
2807 | but the same principle also applies for a clause within the main C<%where> |
96449e8e |
2808 | hash, like an EXISTS subquery : |
2809 | |
9d48860e |
2810 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
96449e8e |
2811 | = $sql->select("t1", "*", {c1 => 1, c2 => \"> t0.c0"}); |
48d9f5f8 |
2812 | my %where = ( -and => [ |
96449e8e |
2813 | foo => 1234, |
48d9f5f8 |
2814 | \["EXISTS ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
2815 | ]); |
96449e8e |
2816 | |
2817 | which yields |
2818 | |
9d48860e |
2819 | $stmt = "WHERE (foo = ? AND EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t1 |
96449e8e |
2820 | WHERE c1 = ? AND c2 > t0.c0))"; |
2821 | @bind = (1234, 1); |
2822 | |
2823 | |
9d48860e |
2824 | Observe that the condition on C<c2> in the subquery refers to |
2825 | column C<t0.c0> of the main query : this is I<not> a bind |
2826 | value, so we have to express it through a scalar ref. |
96449e8e |
2827 | Writing C<< c2 => {">" => "t0.c0"} >> would have generated |
2828 | C<< c2 > ? >> with bind value C<"t0.c0"> ... not exactly |
2829 | what we wanted here. |
2830 | |
96449e8e |
2831 | Finally, here is an example where a subquery is used |
2832 | for expressing unary negation: |
2833 | |
9d48860e |
2834 | my ($sub_stmt, @sub_bind) |
96449e8e |
2835 | = $sql->where({age => [{"<" => 10}, {">" => 20}]}); |
2836 | $sub_stmt =~ s/^ where //i; # don't want "WHERE" in the subclause |
2837 | my %where = ( |
2838 | lname => {like => '%son%'}, |
48d9f5f8 |
2839 | \["NOT ($sub_stmt)" => @sub_bind], |
96449e8e |
2840 | ); |
2841 | |
2842 | This yields |
2843 | |
2844 | $stmt = "lname LIKE ? AND NOT ( age < ? OR age > ? )" |
2845 | @bind = ('%son%', 10, 20) |
2846 | |
cc422895 |
2847 | =head3 Deprecated usage of Literal SQL |
2848 | |
2849 | Below are some examples of archaic use of literal SQL. It is shown only as |
2850 | reference for those who deal with legacy code. Each example has a much |
2851 | better, cleaner and safer alternative that users should opt for in new code. |
2852 | |
2853 | =over |
2854 | |
2855 | =item * |
2856 | |
2857 | my %where = ( requestor => \'IS NOT NULL' ) |
2858 | |
2859 | $stmt = "WHERE requestor IS NOT NULL" |
2860 | |
2861 | This used to be the way of generating NULL comparisons, before the handling |
2862 | of C<undef> got formalized. For new code please use the superior syntax as |
2863 | described in L</Tests for NULL values>. |
96449e8e |
2864 | |
cc422895 |
2865 | =item * |
2866 | |
2867 | my %where = ( requestor => \'= submitter' ) |
2868 | |
2869 | $stmt = "WHERE requestor = submitter" |
2870 | |
2871 | This used to be the only way to compare columns. Use the superior L</-ident> |
2872 | method for all new code. For example an identifier declared in such a way |
2873 | will be properly quoted if L</quote_char> is properly set, while the legacy |
2874 | form will remain as supplied. |
2875 | |
2876 | =item * |
2877 | |
2878 | my %where = ( is_ready => \"", completed => { '>', '2012-12-21' } ) |
2879 | |
2880 | $stmt = "WHERE completed > ? AND is_ready" |
2881 | @bind = ('2012-12-21') |
2882 | |
2883 | Using an empty string literal used to be the only way to express a boolean. |
2884 | For all new code please use the much more readable |
2885 | L<-bool|/Unary operators: bool> operator. |
2886 | |
2887 | =back |
96449e8e |
2888 | |
2889 | =head2 Conclusion |
2890 | |
32eab2da |
2891 | These pages could go on for a while, since the nesting of the data |
2892 | structures this module can handle are pretty much unlimited (the |
2893 | module implements the C<WHERE> expansion as a recursive function |
2894 | internally). Your best bet is to "play around" with the module a |
2895 | little to see how the data structures behave, and choose the best |
2896 | format for your data based on that. |
2897 | |
2898 | And of course, all the values above will probably be replaced with |
2899 | variables gotten from forms or the command line. After all, if you |
2900 | knew everything ahead of time, you wouldn't have to worry about |
2901 | dynamically-generating SQL and could just hardwire it into your |
2902 | script. |
2903 | |
86298391 |
2904 | =head1 ORDER BY CLAUSES |
2905 | |
9d48860e |
2906 | Some functions take an order by clause. This can either be a scalar (just a |
18710f60 |
2907 | column name), a hashref of C<< { -desc => 'col' } >> or C<< { -asc => 'col' } |
2908 | >>, a scalarref, an arrayref-ref, or an arrayref of any of the previous |
2909 | forms. Examples: |
1cfa1db3 |
2910 | |
8c15b421 |
2911 | Given | Will Generate |
18710f60 |
2912 | --------------------------------------------------------------- |
8c15b421 |
2913 | | |
2914 | 'colA' | ORDER BY colA |
2915 | | |
2916 | [qw/colA colB/] | ORDER BY colA, colB |
2917 | | |
2918 | {-asc => 'colA'} | ORDER BY colA ASC |
2919 | | |
2920 | {-desc => 'colB'} | ORDER BY colB DESC |
2921 | | |
2922 | ['colA', {-asc => 'colB'}] | ORDER BY colA, colB ASC |
2923 | | |
2924 | { -asc => [qw/colA colB/] } | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB ASC |
2925 | | |
2926 | \'colA DESC' | ORDER BY colA DESC |
2927 | | |
2928 | \[ 'FUNC(colA, ?)', $x ] | ORDER BY FUNC(colA, ?) |
2929 | | /* ...with $x bound to ? */ |
2930 | | |
2931 | [ | |
2932 | { -asc => 'colA' }, | ORDER BY colA ASC, colB DESC, |
2933 | { -desc => [qw/colB/] }, | colC ASC, colD ASC, |
2934 | { -asc => [qw/colC colD/] },| colE DESC, FUNC(colF, ?) |
2935 | \'colE DESC', | /* ...with $x bound to ? */ |
2936 | \[ 'FUNC(colF, ?)', $x ], | |
2937 | ] | |
18710f60 |
2938 | =============================================================== |
86298391 |
2939 | |
96449e8e |
2940 | |
2941 | |
2942 | =head1 SPECIAL OPERATORS |
2943 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2944 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [ |
3a2e1a5e |
2945 | { |
2946 | regex => qr/.../, |
e3f9dff4 |
2947 | handler => sub { |
2948 | my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_; |
2949 | ... |
3a2e1a5e |
2950 | }, |
2951 | }, |
2952 | { |
2953 | regex => qr/.../, |
2954 | handler => 'method_name', |
e3f9dff4 |
2955 | }, |
2956 | ]); |
2957 | |
9d48860e |
2958 | A "special operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be |
e3f9dff4 |
2959 | applied to a field, instead of a usual binary operator. |
9d48860e |
2960 | For example : |
e3f9dff4 |
2961 | |
2962 | WHERE field IN (?, ?, ?) |
2963 | WHERE field BETWEEN ? AND ? |
2964 | WHERE MATCH(field) AGAINST (?, ?) |
96449e8e |
2965 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2966 | Special operators IN and BETWEEN are fairly standard and therefore |
3a2e1a5e |
2967 | are builtin within C<SQL::Abstract> (as the overridable methods |
2968 | C<_where_field_IN> and C<_where_field_BETWEEN>). For other operators, |
2969 | like the MATCH .. AGAINST example above which is specific to MySQL, |
2970 | you can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<special_ops> |
2971 | argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of |
2972 | operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two |
2973 | entries: |
96449e8e |
2974 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2975 | =over |
2976 | |
2977 | =item regex |
2978 | |
2979 | the regular expression to match the operator |
96449e8e |
2980 | |
e3f9dff4 |
2981 | =item handler |
2982 | |
3a2e1a5e |
2983 | Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases |
2984 | the expected return is C<< ($sql, @bind) >>. |
2985 | |
2986 | When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the |
13cc86af |
2987 | L<SQL::Abstract> object as: |
3a2e1a5e |
2988 | |
2989 | $self->$method_name ($field, $op, $arg) |
2990 | |
2991 | Where: |
2992 | |
3a2e1a5e |
2993 | $field is the LHS of the operator |
13cc86af |
2994 | $op is the part that matched the handler regex |
3a2e1a5e |
2995 | $arg is the RHS |
2996 | |
2997 | When supplied with a coderef, it is called as: |
2998 | |
2999 | $coderef->($self, $field, $op, $arg) |
3000 | |
e3f9dff4 |
3001 | |
3002 | =back |
3003 | |
9d48860e |
3004 | For example, here is an implementation |
e3f9dff4 |
3005 | of the MATCH .. AGAINST syntax for MySQL |
3006 | |
3007 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(special_ops => [ |
9d48860e |
3008 | |
e3f9dff4 |
3009 | # special op for MySql MATCH (field) AGAINST(word1, word2, ...) |
9d48860e |
3010 | {regex => qr/^match$/i, |
e3f9dff4 |
3011 | handler => sub { |
3012 | my ($self, $field, $op, $arg) = @_; |
3013 | $arg = [$arg] if not ref $arg; |
3014 | my $label = $self->_quote($field); |
3015 | my ($placeholder) = $self->_convert('?'); |
3016 | my $placeholders = join ", ", (($placeholder) x @$arg); |
3017 | my $sql = $self->_sqlcase('match') . " ($label) " |
3018 | . $self->_sqlcase('against') . " ($placeholders) "; |
3019 | my @bind = $self->_bindtype($field, @$arg); |
3020 | return ($sql, @bind); |
3021 | } |
3022 | }, |
9d48860e |
3023 | |
e3f9dff4 |
3024 | ]); |
96449e8e |
3025 | |
3026 | |
59f23b3d |
3027 | =head1 UNARY OPERATORS |
3028 | |
112b5232 |
3029 | my $sqlmaker = SQL::Abstract->new(unary_ops => [ |
59f23b3d |
3030 | { |
3031 | regex => qr/.../, |
3032 | handler => sub { |
3033 | my ($self, $op, $arg) = @_; |
3034 | ... |
3035 | }, |
3036 | }, |
3037 | { |
3038 | regex => qr/.../, |
3039 | handler => 'method_name', |
3040 | }, |
3041 | ]); |
3042 | |
9d48860e |
3043 | A "unary operator" is a SQL syntactic clause that can be |
59f23b3d |
3044 | applied to a field - the operator goes before the field |
3045 | |
3046 | You can write your own operator handlers - supply a C<unary_ops> |
3047 | argument to the C<new> method. That argument takes an arrayref of |
3048 | operator definitions; each operator definition is a hashref with two |
3049 | entries: |
3050 | |
3051 | =over |
3052 | |
3053 | =item regex |
3054 | |
3055 | the regular expression to match the operator |
3056 | |
3057 | =item handler |
3058 | |
3059 | Either a coderef or a plain scalar method name. In both cases |
3060 | the expected return is C<< $sql >>. |
3061 | |
3062 | When supplied with a method name, it is simply called on the |
13cc86af |
3063 | L<SQL::Abstract> object as: |
59f23b3d |
3064 | |
3065 | $self->$method_name ($op, $arg) |
3066 | |
3067 | Where: |
3068 | |
3069 | $op is the part that matched the handler regex |
3070 | $arg is the RHS or argument of the operator |
3071 | |
3072 | When supplied with a coderef, it is called as: |
3073 | |
3074 | $coderef->($self, $op, $arg) |
3075 | |
3076 | |
3077 | =back |
3078 | |
3079 | |
32eab2da |
3080 | =head1 PERFORMANCE |
3081 | |
3082 | Thanks to some benchmarking by Mark Stosberg, it turns out that |
3083 | this module is many orders of magnitude faster than using C<DBIx::Abstract>. |
3084 | I must admit this wasn't an intentional design issue, but it's a |
3085 | byproduct of the fact that you get to control your C<DBI> handles |
3086 | yourself. |
3087 | |
3088 | To maximize performance, use a code snippet like the following: |
3089 | |
3090 | # prepare a statement handle using the first row |
3091 | # and then reuse it for the rest of the rows |
3092 | my($sth, $stmt); |
3093 | for my $href (@array_of_hashrefs) { |
3094 | $stmt ||= $sql->insert('table', $href); |
3095 | $sth ||= $dbh->prepare($stmt); |
3096 | $sth->execute($sql->values($href)); |
3097 | } |
3098 | |
3099 | The reason this works is because the keys in your C<$href> are sorted |
3100 | internally by B<SQL::Abstract>. Thus, as long as your data retains |
3101 | the same structure, you only have to generate the SQL the first time |
3102 | around. On subsequent queries, simply use the C<values> function provided |
3103 | by this module to return your values in the correct order. |
3104 | |
b864ba9b |
3105 | However this depends on the values having the same type - if, for |
3106 | example, the values of a where clause may either have values |
3107 | (resulting in sql of the form C<column = ?> with a single bind |
3108 | value), or alternatively the values might be C<undef> (resulting in |
3109 | sql of the form C<column IS NULL> with no bind value) then the |
3110 | caching technique suggested will not work. |
96449e8e |
3111 | |
32eab2da |
3112 | =head1 FORMBUILDER |
3113 | |
3114 | If you use my C<CGI::FormBuilder> module at all, you'll hopefully |
3115 | really like this part (I do, at least). Building up a complex query |
3116 | can be as simple as the following: |
3117 | |
3118 | #!/usr/bin/perl |
3119 | |
46dc2f3e |
3120 | use warnings; |
3121 | use strict; |
3122 | |
32eab2da |
3123 | use CGI::FormBuilder; |
3124 | use SQL::Abstract; |
3125 | |
3126 | my $form = CGI::FormBuilder->new(...); |
3127 | my $sql = SQL::Abstract->new; |
3128 | |
3129 | if ($form->submitted) { |
3130 | my $field = $form->field; |
3131 | my $id = delete $field->{id}; |
3132 | my($stmt, @bind) = $sql->update('table', $field, {id => $id}); |
3133 | } |
3134 | |
3135 | Of course, you would still have to connect using C<DBI> to run the |
3136 | query, but the point is that if you make your form look like your |
3137 | table, the actual query script can be extremely simplistic. |
3138 | |
3139 | If you're B<REALLY> lazy (I am), check out C<HTML::QuickTable> for |
9d48860e |
3140 | a fast interface to returning and formatting data. I frequently |
32eab2da |
3141 | use these three modules together to write complex database query |
3142 | apps in under 50 lines. |
3143 | |
af733667 |
3144 | =head1 HOW TO CONTRIBUTE |
3145 | |
3146 | Contributions are always welcome, in all usable forms (we especially |
3147 | welcome documentation improvements). The delivery methods include git- |
3148 | or unified-diff formatted patches, GitHub pull requests, or plain bug |
3149 | reports either via RT or the Mailing list. Contributors are generally |
3150 | granted full access to the official repository after their first several |
3151 | patches pass successful review. |
3152 | |
3153 | This project is maintained in a git repository. The code and related tools are |
3154 | accessible at the following locations: |
d8cc1792 |
3155 | |
3156 | =over |
3157 | |
af733667 |
3158 | =item * Official repo: L<git://git.shadowcat.co.uk/dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git> |
3159 | |
3160 | =item * Official gitweb: L<http://git.shadowcat.co.uk/gitweb/gitweb.cgi?p=dbsrgits/SQL-Abstract.git> |
3161 | |
3162 | =item * GitHub mirror: L<https://github.com/dbsrgits/sql-abstract> |
d8cc1792 |
3163 | |
af733667 |
3164 | =item * Authorized committers: L<ssh://dbsrgits@git.shadowcat.co.uk/SQL-Abstract.git> |
d8cc1792 |
3165 | |
3166 | =back |
32eab2da |
3167 | |
96449e8e |
3168 | =head1 CHANGES |
3169 | |
3170 | Version 1.50 was a major internal refactoring of C<SQL::Abstract>. |
3171 | Great care has been taken to preserve the I<published> behavior |
3172 | documented in previous versions in the 1.* family; however, |
9d48860e |
3173 | some features that were previously undocumented, or behaved |
96449e8e |
3174 | differently from the documentation, had to be changed in order |
3175 | to clarify the semantics. Hence, client code that was relying |
9d48860e |
3176 | on some dark areas of C<SQL::Abstract> v1.* |
96449e8e |
3177 | B<might behave differently> in v1.50. |
32eab2da |
3178 | |
d2a8fe1a |
3179 | The main changes are : |
3180 | |
96449e8e |
3181 | =over |
32eab2da |
3182 | |
9d48860e |
3183 | =item * |
32eab2da |
3184 | |
3ae1c5e2 |
3185 | support for literal SQL through the C<< \ [ $sql, @bind ] >> syntax. |
96449e8e |
3186 | |
3187 | =item * |
3188 | |
145fbfc8 |
3189 | support for the { operator => \"..." } construct (to embed literal SQL) |
3190 | |
3191 | =item * |
3192 | |
9c37b9c0 |
3193 | support for the { operator => \["...", @bind] } construct (to embed literal SQL with bind values) |
3194 | |
3195 | =item * |
3196 | |
96449e8e |
3197 | optional support for L<array datatypes|/"Inserting and Updating Arrays"> |
3198 | |
9d48860e |
3199 | =item * |
96449e8e |
3200 | |
3201 | defensive programming : check arguments |
3202 | |
3203 | =item * |
3204 | |
3205 | fixed bug with global logic, which was previously implemented |
7cac25e6 |
3206 | through global variables yielding side-effects. Prior versions would |
96449e8e |
3207 | interpret C<< [ {cond1, cond2}, [cond3, cond4] ] >> |
3208 | as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 AND cond4)" >>. |
3209 | Now this is interpreted |
3210 | as C<< "(cond1 AND cond2) OR (cond3 OR cond4)" >>. |
3211 | |
96449e8e |
3212 | |
3213 | =item * |
3214 | |
3215 | fixed semantics of _bindtype on array args |
3216 | |
9d48860e |
3217 | =item * |
96449e8e |
3218 | |
3219 | dropped the C<_anoncopy> of the %where tree. No longer necessary, |
3220 | we just avoid shifting arrays within that tree. |
3221 | |
3222 | =item * |
3223 | |
3224 | dropped the C<_modlogic> function |
3225 | |
3226 | =back |
32eab2da |
3227 | |
32eab2da |
3228 | =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
3229 | |
3230 | There are a number of individuals that have really helped out with |
3231 | this module. Unfortunately, most of them submitted bugs via CPAN |
3232 | so I have no idea who they are! But the people I do know are: |
3233 | |
9d48860e |
3234 | Ash Berlin (order_by hash term support) |
b643abe1 |
3235 | Matt Trout (DBIx::Class support) |
32eab2da |
3236 | Mark Stosberg (benchmarking) |
3237 | Chas Owens (initial "IN" operator support) |
3238 | Philip Collins (per-field SQL functions) |
3239 | Eric Kolve (hashref "AND" support) |
3240 | Mike Fragassi (enhancements to "BETWEEN" and "LIKE") |
3241 | Dan Kubb (support for "quote_char" and "name_sep") |
f5aab26e |
3242 | Guillermo Roditi (patch to cleanup "IN" and "BETWEEN", fix and tests for _order_by) |
48d9f5f8 |
3243 | Laurent Dami (internal refactoring, extensible list of special operators, literal SQL) |
dbdf7648 |
3244 | Norbert Buchmuller (support for literal SQL in hashpair, misc. fixes & tests) |
e96c510a |
3245 | Peter Rabbitson (rewrite of SQLA::Test, misc. fixes & tests) |
02288357 |
3246 | Oliver Charles (support for "RETURNING" after "INSERT") |
32eab2da |
3247 | |
3248 | Thanks! |
3249 | |
32eab2da |
3250 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
3251 | |
86298391 |
3252 | L<DBIx::Class>, L<DBIx::Abstract>, L<CGI::FormBuilder>, L<HTML::QuickTable>. |
32eab2da |
3253 | |
32eab2da |
3254 | =head1 AUTHOR |
3255 | |
b643abe1 |
3256 | Copyright (c) 2001-2007 Nathan Wiger <nwiger@cpan.org>. All Rights Reserved. |
3257 | |
3258 | This module is actively maintained by Matt Trout <mst@shadowcatsystems.co.uk> |
32eab2da |
3259 | |
abe72f94 |
3260 | For support, your best bet is to try the C<DBIx::Class> users mailing list. |
3261 | While not an official support venue, C<DBIx::Class> makes heavy use of |
3262 | C<SQL::Abstract>, and as such list members there are very familiar with |
3263 | how to create queries. |
3264 | |
0d067ded |
3265 | =head1 LICENSE |
3266 | |
d988ab87 |
3267 | This module is free software; you may copy this under the same |
3268 | terms as perl itself (either the GNU General Public License or |
3269 | the Artistic License) |
32eab2da |
3270 | |
3271 | =cut |
3272 | |