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1 | package NEXT; |
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2 | $VERSION = '0.60_01'; |
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3 | use Carp; |
4 | use strict; |
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5 | use overload (); |
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6 | |
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7 | sub NEXT::ELSEWHERE::ancestors |
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8 | { |
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9 | my @inlist = shift; |
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10 | my @outlist = (); |
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11 | while (my $next = shift @inlist) { |
12 | push @outlist, $next; |
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13 | no strict 'refs'; |
14 | unshift @inlist, @{"$outlist[-1]::ISA"}; |
15 | } |
16 | return @outlist; |
17 | } |
18 | |
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19 | sub NEXT::ELSEWHERE::ordered_ancestors |
20 | { |
21 | my @inlist = shift; |
22 | my @outlist = (); |
23 | while (my $next = shift @inlist) { |
24 | push @outlist, $next; |
25 | no strict 'refs'; |
26 | push @inlist, @{"$outlist[-1]::ISA"}; |
27 | } |
28 | return sort { $a->isa($b) ? -1 |
29 | : $b->isa($a) ? +1 |
30 | : 0 } @outlist; |
31 | } |
32 | |
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33 | sub AUTOLOAD |
34 | { |
35 | my ($self) = @_; |
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36 | my $depth = 1; |
37 | until ((caller($depth))[3] !~ /^\(eval\)$/) { $depth++ } |
38 | my $caller = (caller($depth))[3]; |
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39 | my $wanted = $NEXT::AUTOLOAD || 'NEXT::AUTOLOAD'; |
40 | undef $NEXT::AUTOLOAD; |
41 | my ($caller_class, $caller_method) = $caller =~ m{(.*)::(.*)}g; |
42 | my ($wanted_class, $wanted_method) = $wanted =~ m{(.*)::(.*)}g; |
43 | croak "Can't call $wanted from $caller" |
44 | unless $caller_method eq $wanted_method; |
45 | |
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46 | my $key = ref $self && overload::Overloaded($self) |
47 | ? overload::StrVal($self) : $self; |
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48 | |
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49 | local ($NEXT::NEXT{$key,$wanted_method}, $NEXT::SEEN) = |
50 | ($NEXT::NEXT{$key,$wanted_method}, $NEXT::SEEN); |
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51 | |
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52 | unless ($NEXT::NEXT{$key,$wanted_method}) { |
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53 | my @forebears = |
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54 | NEXT::ELSEWHERE::ancestors ref $self || $self, |
55 | $wanted_class; |
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56 | while (@forebears) { |
57 | last if shift @forebears eq $caller_class |
58 | } |
59 | no strict 'refs'; |
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60 | @{$NEXT::NEXT{$key,$wanted_method}} = |
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61 | map { *{"${_}::$caller_method"}{CODE}||() } @forebears |
62 | unless $wanted_method eq 'AUTOLOAD'; |
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63 | @{$NEXT::NEXT{$key,$wanted_method}} = |
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64 | map { (*{"${_}::AUTOLOAD"}{CODE}) ? "${_}::AUTOLOAD" : ()} @forebears |
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65 | unless @{$NEXT::NEXT{$key,$wanted_method}||[]}; |
66 | $NEXT::SEEN->{$key,*{$caller}{CODE}}++; |
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67 | } |
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68 | my $call_method = shift @{$NEXT::NEXT{$key,$wanted_method}}; |
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69 | while ($wanted_class =~ /^NEXT\b.*\b(UNSEEN|DISTINCT)\b/ |
70 | && defined $call_method |
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71 | && $NEXT::SEEN->{$key,$call_method}++) { |
72 | $call_method = shift @{$NEXT::NEXT{$key,$wanted_method}}; |
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73 | } |
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74 | unless (defined $call_method) { |
75 | return unless $wanted_class =~ /^NEXT:.*:ACTUAL/; |
76 | (local $Carp::CarpLevel)++; |
77 | croak qq(Can't locate object method "$wanted_method" ), |
78 | qq(via package "$caller_class"); |
79 | }; |
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80 | return $self->$call_method(@_[1..$#_]) if ref $call_method eq 'CODE'; |
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81 | no strict 'refs'; |
82 | ($wanted_method=${$caller_class."::AUTOLOAD"}) =~ s/.*::// |
83 | if $wanted_method eq 'AUTOLOAD'; |
84 | $$call_method = $caller_class."::NEXT::".$wanted_method; |
85 | return $call_method->(@_); |
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86 | } |
87 | |
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88 | no strict 'vars'; |
89 | package NEXT::UNSEEN; @ISA = 'NEXT'; |
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90 | package NEXT::DISTINCT; @ISA = 'NEXT'; |
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91 | package NEXT::ACTUAL; @ISA = 'NEXT'; |
92 | package NEXT::ACTUAL::UNSEEN; @ISA = 'NEXT'; |
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93 | package NEXT::ACTUAL::DISTINCT; @ISA = 'NEXT'; |
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94 | package NEXT::UNSEEN::ACTUAL; @ISA = 'NEXT'; |
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95 | package NEXT::DISTINCT::ACTUAL; @ISA = 'NEXT'; |
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96 | |
97 | package EVERY::LAST; @ISA = 'EVERY'; |
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98 | package EVERY; @ISA = 'NEXT'; |
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99 | sub AUTOLOAD |
100 | { |
101 | my ($self) = @_; |
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102 | my $depth = 1; |
103 | until ((caller($depth))[3] !~ /^\(eval\)$/) { $depth++ } |
104 | my $caller = (caller($depth))[3]; |
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105 | my $wanted = $EVERY::AUTOLOAD || 'EVERY::AUTOLOAD'; |
106 | undef $EVERY::AUTOLOAD; |
107 | my ($wanted_class, $wanted_method) = $wanted =~ m{(.*)::(.*)}g; |
108 | |
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109 | my $key = ref($self) && overload::Overloaded($self) |
110 | ? overload::StrVal($self) : $self; |
111 | |
112 | local $NEXT::ALREADY_IN_EVERY{$key,$wanted_method} = |
113 | $NEXT::ALREADY_IN_EVERY{$key,$wanted_method}; |
114 | |
115 | return if $NEXT::ALREADY_IN_EVERY{$key,$wanted_method}++; |
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116 | |
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117 | my @forebears = NEXT::ELSEWHERE::ordered_ancestors ref $self || $self, |
118 | $wanted_class; |
119 | @forebears = reverse @forebears if $wanted_class =~ /\bLAST\b/; |
120 | no strict 'refs'; |
121 | my %seen; |
122 | my @every = map { my $sub = "${_}::$wanted_method"; |
123 | !*{$sub}{CODE} || $seen{$sub}++ ? () : $sub |
124 | } @forebears |
125 | unless $wanted_method eq 'AUTOLOAD'; |
126 | |
127 | my $want = wantarray; |
128 | if (@every) { |
129 | if ($want) { |
130 | return map {($_, [$self->$_(@_[1..$#_])])} @every; |
131 | } |
132 | elsif (defined $want) { |
133 | return { map {($_, scalar($self->$_(@_[1..$#_])))} |
134 | @every |
135 | }; |
136 | } |
137 | else { |
138 | $self->$_(@_[1..$#_]) for @every; |
139 | return; |
140 | } |
141 | } |
142 | |
143 | @every = map { my $sub = "${_}::AUTOLOAD"; |
144 | !*{$sub}{CODE} || $seen{$sub}++ ? () : "${_}::AUTOLOAD" |
145 | } @forebears; |
146 | if ($want) { |
147 | return map { $$_ = ref($self)."::EVERY::".$wanted_method; |
148 | ($_, [$self->$_(@_[1..$#_])]); |
149 | } @every; |
150 | } |
151 | elsif (defined $want) { |
152 | return { map { $$_ = ref($self)."::EVERY::".$wanted_method; |
153 | ($_, scalar($self->$_(@_[1..$#_]))) |
154 | } @every |
155 | }; |
156 | } |
157 | else { |
158 | for (@every) { |
159 | $$_ = ref($self)."::EVERY::".$wanted_method; |
160 | $self->$_(@_[1..$#_]); |
161 | } |
162 | return; |
163 | } |
164 | } |
165 | |
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166 | |
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167 | 1; |
168 | |
169 | __END__ |
170 | |
171 | =head1 NAME |
172 | |
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173 | NEXT.pm - Provide a pseudo-class NEXT (et al) that allows method redispatch |
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174 | |
175 | |
176 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
177 | |
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178 | use NEXT; |
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179 | |
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180 | package A; |
181 | sub A::method { print "$_[0]: A method\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::method() } |
182 | sub A::DESTROY { print "$_[0]: A dtor\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::DESTROY() } |
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183 | |
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184 | package B; |
185 | use base qw( A ); |
186 | sub B::AUTOLOAD { print "$_[0]: B AUTOLOAD\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::AUTOLOAD() } |
187 | sub B::DESTROY { print "$_[0]: B dtor\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::DESTROY() } |
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188 | |
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189 | package C; |
190 | sub C::method { print "$_[0]: C method\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::method() } |
191 | sub C::AUTOLOAD { print "$_[0]: C AUTOLOAD\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::AUTOLOAD() } |
192 | sub C::DESTROY { print "$_[0]: C dtor\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::DESTROY() } |
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193 | |
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194 | package D; |
195 | use base qw( B C ); |
196 | sub D::method { print "$_[0]: D method\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::method() } |
197 | sub D::AUTOLOAD { print "$_[0]: D AUTOLOAD\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::AUTOLOAD() } |
198 | sub D::DESTROY { print "$_[0]: D dtor\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::DESTROY() } |
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199 | |
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200 | package main; |
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201 | |
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202 | my $obj = bless {}, "D"; |
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203 | |
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204 | $obj->method(); # Calls D::method, A::method, C::method |
205 | $obj->missing_method(); # Calls D::AUTOLOAD, B::AUTOLOAD, C::AUTOLOAD |
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206 | |
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207 | # Clean-up calls D::DESTROY, B::DESTROY, A::DESTROY, C::DESTROY |
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208 | |
209 | |
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210 | |
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211 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
212 | |
213 | NEXT.pm adds a pseudoclass named C<NEXT> to any program |
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214 | that uses it. If a method C<m> calls C<$self-E<gt>NEXT::m()>, the call to |
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215 | C<m> is redispatched as if the calling method had not originally been found. |
216 | |
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217 | In other words, a call to C<$self-E<gt>NEXT::m()> resumes the depth-first, |
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218 | left-to-right search of C<$self>'s class hierarchy that resulted in the |
219 | original call to C<m>. |
220 | |
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221 | Note that this is not the same thing as C<$self-E<gt>SUPER::m()>, which |
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222 | begins a new dispatch that is restricted to searching the ancestors |
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223 | of the current class. C<$self-E<gt>NEXT::m()> can backtrack |
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224 | past the current class -- to look for a suitable method in other |
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225 | ancestors of C<$self> -- whereas C<$self-E<gt>SUPER::m()> cannot. |
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226 | |
227 | A typical use would be in the destructors of a class hierarchy, |
228 | as illustrated in the synopsis above. Each class in the hierarchy |
229 | has a DESTROY method that performs some class-specific action |
230 | and then redispatches the call up the hierarchy. As a result, |
231 | when an object of class D is destroyed, the destructors of I<all> |
232 | its parent classes are called (in depth-first, left-to-right order). |
233 | |
234 | Another typical use of redispatch would be in C<AUTOLOAD>'ed methods. |
235 | If such a method determined that it was not able to handle a |
236 | particular call, it might choose to redispatch that call, in the |
237 | hope that some other C<AUTOLOAD> (above it, or to its left) might |
238 | do better. |
239 | |
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240 | By default, if a redispatch attempt fails to find another method |
241 | elsewhere in the objects class hierarchy, it quietly gives up and does |
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242 | nothing (but see L<"Enforcing redispatch">). This gracious acquiescence |
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243 | is also unlike the (generally annoying) behaviour of C<SUPER>, which |
244 | throws an exception if it cannot redispatch. |
245 | |
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246 | Note that it is a fatal error for any method (including C<AUTOLOAD>) |
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247 | to attempt to redispatch any method that does not have the |
248 | same name. For example: |
249 | |
250 | sub D::oops { print "oops!\n"; $_[0]->NEXT::other_method() } |
251 | |
252 | |
253 | =head2 Enforcing redispatch |
254 | |
255 | It is possible to make C<NEXT> redispatch more demandingly (i.e. like |
256 | C<SUPER> does), so that the redispatch throws an exception if it cannot |
257 | find a "next" method to call. |
258 | |
259 | To do this, simple invoke the redispatch as: |
260 | |
261 | $self->NEXT::ACTUAL::method(); |
262 | |
263 | rather than: |
264 | |
265 | $self->NEXT::method(); |
266 | |
267 | The C<ACTUAL> tells C<NEXT> that there must actually be a next method to call, |
268 | or it should throw an exception. |
269 | |
270 | C<NEXT::ACTUAL> is most commonly used in C<AUTOLOAD> methods, as a means to |
271 | decline an C<AUTOLOAD> request, but preserve the normal exception-on-failure |
272 | semantics: |
273 | |
274 | sub AUTOLOAD { |
275 | if ($AUTOLOAD =~ /foo|bar/) { |
276 | # handle here |
277 | } |
278 | else { # try elsewhere |
279 | shift()->NEXT::ACTUAL::AUTOLOAD(@_); |
280 | } |
281 | } |
282 | |
283 | By using C<NEXT::ACTUAL>, if there is no other C<AUTOLOAD> to handle the |
284 | method call, an exception will be thrown (as usually happens in the absence of |
285 | a suitable C<AUTOLOAD>). |
286 | |
287 | |
288 | =head2 Avoiding repetitions |
289 | |
290 | If C<NEXT> redispatching is used in the methods of a "diamond" class hierarchy: |
291 | |
292 | # A B |
293 | # / \ / |
294 | # C D |
295 | # \ / |
296 | # E |
297 | |
298 | use NEXT; |
299 | |
300 | package A; |
301 | sub foo { print "called A::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::foo() } |
302 | |
303 | package B; |
304 | sub foo { print "called B::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::foo() } |
305 | |
306 | package C; @ISA = qw( A ); |
307 | sub foo { print "called C::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::foo() } |
308 | |
309 | package D; @ISA = qw(A B); |
310 | sub foo { print "called D::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::foo() } |
311 | |
312 | package E; @ISA = qw(C D); |
313 | sub foo { print "called E::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::foo() } |
314 | |
315 | E->foo(); |
316 | |
317 | then derived classes may (re-)inherit base-class methods through two or |
318 | more distinct paths (e.g. in the way C<E> inherits C<A::foo> twice -- |
319 | through C<C> and C<D>). In such cases, a sequence of C<NEXT> redispatches |
320 | will invoke the multiply inherited method as many times as it is |
321 | inherited. For example, the above code prints: |
322 | |
323 | called E::foo |
324 | called C::foo |
325 | called A::foo |
326 | called D::foo |
327 | called A::foo |
328 | called B::foo |
329 | |
330 | (i.e. C<A::foo> is called twice). |
331 | |
332 | In some cases this I<may> be the desired effect within a diamond hierarchy, |
333 | but in others (e.g. for destructors) it may be more appropriate to |
334 | call each method only once during a sequence of redispatches. |
335 | |
336 | To cover such cases, you can redispatch methods via: |
337 | |
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338 | $self->NEXT::DISTINCT::method(); |
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339 | |
340 | rather than: |
341 | |
342 | $self->NEXT::method(); |
343 | |
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344 | This causes the redispatcher to only visit each distinct C<method> method |
345 | once. That is, to skip any classes in the hierarchy that it has |
346 | already visited during redispatch. So, for example, if the |
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347 | previous example were rewritten: |
348 | |
349 | package A; |
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350 | sub foo { print "called A::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::DISTINCT::foo() } |
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351 | |
352 | package B; |
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353 | sub foo { print "called B::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::DISTINCT::foo() } |
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354 | |
355 | package C; @ISA = qw( A ); |
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356 | sub foo { print "called C::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::DISTINCT::foo() } |
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357 | |
358 | package D; @ISA = qw(A B); |
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359 | sub foo { print "called D::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::DISTINCT::foo() } |
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360 | |
361 | package E; @ISA = qw(C D); |
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362 | sub foo { print "called E::foo\n"; shift->NEXT::DISTINCT::foo() } |
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363 | |
364 | E->foo(); |
365 | |
366 | then it would print: |
367 | |
368 | called E::foo |
369 | called C::foo |
370 | called A::foo |
371 | called D::foo |
372 | called B::foo |
373 | |
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374 | and omit the second call to C<A::foo> (since it would not be distinct |
375 | from the first call to C<A::foo>). |
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376 | |
377 | Note that you can also use: |
378 | |
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379 | $self->NEXT::DISTINCT::ACTUAL::method(); |
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380 | |
381 | or: |
382 | |
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383 | $self->NEXT::ACTUAL::DISTINCT::method(); |
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384 | |
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385 | to get both unique invocation I<and> exception-on-failure. |
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386 | |
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387 | Note that, for historical compatibility, you can also use |
388 | C<NEXT::UNSEEN> instead of C<NEXT::DISTINCT>. |
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389 | |
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390 | |
391 | =head2 Invoking all versions of a method with a single call |
392 | |
393 | Yet another pseudo-class that NEXT.pm provides is C<EVERY>. |
394 | Its behaviour is considerably simpler than that of the C<NEXT> family. |
395 | A call to: |
396 | |
397 | $obj->EVERY::foo(); |
398 | |
399 | calls I<every> method named C<foo> that the object in C<$obj> has inherited. |
400 | That is: |
401 | |
402 | use NEXT; |
403 | |
404 | package A; @ISA = qw(B D X); |
405 | sub foo { print "A::foo " } |
406 | |
407 | package B; @ISA = qw(D X); |
408 | sub foo { print "B::foo " } |
409 | |
410 | package X; @ISA = qw(D); |
411 | sub foo { print "X::foo " } |
412 | |
413 | package D; |
414 | sub foo { print "D::foo " } |
415 | |
416 | package main; |
417 | |
418 | my $obj = bless {}, 'A'; |
419 | $obj->EVERY::foo(); # prints" A::foo B::foo X::foo D::foo |
420 | |
421 | Prefixing a method call with C<EVERY::> causes every method in the |
422 | object's hierarchy with that name to be invoked. As the above example |
423 | illustrates, they are not called in Perl's usual "left-most-depth-first" |
424 | order. Instead, they are called "breadth-first-dependency-wise". |
425 | |
426 | That means that the inheritance tree of the object is traversed breadth-first |
427 | and the resulting order of classes is used as the sequence in which methods |
428 | are called. However, that sequence is modified by imposing a rule that the |
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429 | appropriate method of a derived class must be called before the same method of |
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430 | any ancestral class. That's why, in the above example, C<X::foo> is called |
431 | before C<D::foo>, even though C<D> comes before C<X> in C<@B::ISA>. |
432 | |
433 | In general, there's no need to worry about the order of calls. They will be |
434 | left-to-right, breadth-first, most-derived-first. This works perfectly for |
435 | most inherited methods (including destructors), but is inappropriate for |
436 | some kinds of methods (such as constructors, cloners, debuggers, and |
437 | initializers) where it's more appropriate that the least-derived methods be |
438 | called first (as more-derived methods may rely on the behaviour of their |
439 | "ancestors"). In that case, instead of using the C<EVERY> pseudo-class: |
440 | |
441 | $obj->EVERY::foo(); # prints" A::foo B::foo X::foo D::foo |
442 | |
443 | you can use the C<EVERY::LAST> pseudo-class: |
444 | |
445 | $obj->EVERY::LAST::foo(); # prints" D::foo X::foo B::foo A::foo |
446 | |
447 | which reverses the order of method call. |
448 | |
449 | Whichever version is used, the actual methods are called in the same |
450 | context (list, scalar, or void) as the original call via C<EVERY>, and return: |
451 | |
452 | =over |
453 | |
454 | =item * |
455 | |
456 | A hash of array references in list context. Each entry of the hash has the |
457 | fully qualified method name as its key and a reference to an array containing |
458 | the method's list-context return values as its value. |
459 | |
460 | =item * |
461 | |
462 | A reference to a hash of scalar values in scalar context. Each entry of the hash has the |
463 | fully qualified method name as its key and the method's scalar-context return values as its value. |
464 | |
465 | =item * |
466 | |
467 | Nothing in void context (obviously). |
468 | |
469 | =back |
470 | |
471 | =head2 Using C<EVERY> methods |
472 | |
473 | The typical way to use an C<EVERY> call is to wrap it in another base |
474 | method, that all classes inherit. For example, to ensure that every |
475 | destructor an object inherits is actually called (as opposed to just the |
476 | left-most-depth-first-est one): |
477 | |
478 | package Base; |
479 | sub DESTROY { $_[0]->EVERY::Destroy } |
480 | |
481 | package Derived1; |
482 | use base 'Base'; |
483 | sub Destroy {...} |
484 | |
485 | package Derived2; |
486 | use base 'Base', 'Derived1'; |
487 | sub Destroy {...} |
488 | |
489 | et cetera. Every derived class than needs its own clean-up |
490 | behaviour simply adds its own C<Destroy> method (I<not> a C<DESTROY> method), |
491 | which the call to C<EVERY::LAST::Destroy> in the inherited destructor |
492 | then correctly picks up. |
493 | |
494 | Likewise, to create a class hierarchy in which every initializer inherited by |
495 | a new object is invoked: |
496 | |
497 | package Base; |
498 | sub new { |
499 | my ($class, %args) = @_; |
500 | my $obj = bless {}, $class; |
501 | $obj->EVERY::LAST::Init(\%args); |
502 | } |
503 | |
504 | package Derived1; |
505 | use base 'Base'; |
506 | sub Init { |
507 | my ($argsref) = @_; |
508 | ... |
509 | } |
510 | |
511 | package Derived2; |
512 | use base 'Base', 'Derived1'; |
513 | sub Init { |
514 | my ($argsref) = @_; |
515 | ... |
516 | } |
517 | |
518 | et cetera. Every derived class than needs some additional initialization |
519 | behaviour simply adds its own C<Init> method (I<not> a C<new> method), |
520 | which the call to C<EVERY::LAST::Init> in the inherited constructor |
521 | then correctly picks up. |
522 | |
523 | |
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524 | =head1 AUTHOR |
525 | |
526 | Damian Conway (damian@conway.org) |
527 | |
528 | =head1 BUGS AND IRRITATIONS |
529 | |
530 | Because it's a module, not an integral part of the interpreter, NEXT.pm |
531 | has to guess where the surrounding call was found in the method |
532 | look-up sequence. In the presence of diamond inheritance patterns |
533 | it occasionally guesses wrong. |
534 | |
535 | It's also too slow (despite caching). |
536 | |
537 | Comment, suggestions, and patches welcome. |
538 | |
539 | =head1 COPYRIGHT |
540 | |
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541 | Copyright (c) 2000-2001, Damian Conway. All Rights Reserved. |
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542 | This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed |
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543 | and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself. |