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1 | package MooseX::Types; |
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2 | use Moose; |
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3 | |
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4 | # ABSTRACT: Organise your Moose types in libraries |
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5 | |
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6 | use Moose::Util::TypeConstraints; |
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7 | use MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator; |
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8 | use MooseX::Types::Base (); |
9 | use MooseX::Types::Util qw( filter_tags ); |
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10 | use MooseX::Types::UndefinedType; |
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11 | use MooseX::Types::CheckedUtilExports (); |
12 | use Carp::Clan qw( ^MooseX::Types ); |
13 | use Sub::Name; |
14 | use Scalar::Util 'reftype'; |
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15 | |
16 | use namespace::clean -except => [qw( meta )]; |
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17 | |
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18 | use 5.008; |
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19 | my $UndefMsg = q{Action for type '%s' not yet defined in library '%s'}; |
20 | |
21 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
22 | |
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23 | =head2 Library Definition |
24 | |
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25 | package MyLibrary; |
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26 | |
27 | # predeclare our own types |
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28 | use MooseX::Types -declare => [ |
29 | qw( |
30 | PositiveInt |
31 | NegativeInt |
32 | ArrayRefOfPositiveInt |
33 | ArrayRefOfAtLeastThreeNegativeInts |
34 | LotsOfInnerConstraints |
35 | StrOrArrayRef |
36 | MyDateTime |
37 | ) |
38 | ]; |
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39 | |
40 | # import builtin types |
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41 | use MooseX::Types::Moose qw/Int HashRef/; |
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42 | |
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43 | # type definition. |
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44 | subtype PositiveInt, |
45 | as Int, |
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46 | where { $_ > 0 }, |
47 | message { "Int is not larger than 0" }; |
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48 | |
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49 | subtype NegativeInt, |
50 | as Int, |
51 | where { $_ < 0 }, |
52 | message { "Int is not smaller than 0" }; |
53 | |
54 | # type coercion |
55 | coerce PositiveInt, |
56 | from Int, |
57 | via { 1 }; |
58 | |
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59 | # with parameterized constraints. |
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60 | |
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61 | subtype ArrayRefOfPositiveInt, |
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62 | as ArrayRef[PositiveInt]; |
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63 | |
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64 | subtype ArrayRefOfAtLeastThreeNegativeInts, |
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65 | as ArrayRef[NegativeInt], |
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66 | where { scalar(@$_) > 2 }; |
67 | |
68 | subtype LotsOfInnerConstraints, |
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69 | as ArrayRef[ArrayRef[HashRef[Int]]]; |
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70 | |
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71 | # with TypeConstraint Unions |
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72 | |
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73 | subtype StrOrArrayRef, |
74 | as Str|ArrayRef; |
75 | |
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76 | # class types |
77 | |
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78 | class_type 'DateTime'; |
79 | |
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80 | # or better |
81 | |
82 | class_type MyDateTime, { class => 'DateTime' }; |
83 | |
84 | coerce MyDateTime, |
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85 | from HashRef, |
86 | via { DateTime->new(%$_) }; |
87 | |
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88 | 1; |
89 | |
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90 | =head2 Usage |
91 | |
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92 | package Foo; |
93 | use Moose; |
94 | use MyLibrary qw( PositiveInt NegativeInt ); |
95 | |
96 | # use the exported constants as type names |
97 | has 'bar', |
98 | isa => PositiveInt, |
99 | is => 'rw'; |
100 | has 'baz', |
101 | isa => NegativeInt, |
102 | is => 'rw'; |
103 | |
104 | sub quux { |
105 | my ($self, $value); |
106 | |
107 | # test the value |
108 | print "positive\n" if is_PositiveInt($value); |
109 | print "negative\n" if is_NegativeInt($value); |
110 | |
111 | # coerce the value, NegativeInt doesn't have a coercion |
112 | # helper, since it didn't define any coercions. |
113 | $value = to_PositiveInt($value) or die "Cannot coerce"; |
114 | } |
115 | |
116 | 1; |
117 | |
118 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
119 | |
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120 | The type system provided by Moose effectively makes all of its builtin type |
121 | global, as are any types you declare with Moose. This means that every module |
122 | that declares a type named "PositiveInt" is sharing the same type object. This |
123 | can be a problem when different parts of the code base want to use the same |
124 | name for different things. |
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125 | |
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126 | This package lets you declare types using short names, but behind the scenes |
127 | it namespaces all your type declarations, effectively prevent name clashes |
128 | between packages. |
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129 | |
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130 | This is done by creating a type library module like C<MyApp::Types> and then |
131 | importing types from that module into other modules. |
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132 | |
93f28db7 |
133 | As a side effect, the declaration mechanism allows you to write type names as |
134 | barewords (really function calls), which catches typos in names at compile |
135 | time rather than run time. |
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136 | |
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137 | This module also provides some helper functions for using Moose types outside |
138 | of attribute declarations. |
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139 | |
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140 | If you mix string-based names with types created by this module, it will warn, |
141 | with a few exceptions. If you are declaring a C<class_type()> or |
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142 | C<role_type()> within your type library, or if you use a fully qualified name |
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143 | like C<"MyApp::Foo">. |
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144 | |
145 | =head1 LIBRARY DEFINITION |
146 | |
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147 | A MooseX::Types is just a normal Perl module. Unlike Moose |
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148 | itself, it does not install C<use strict> and C<use warnings> in your |
149 | class by default, so this is up to you. |
150 | |
151 | The only thing a library is required to do is |
152 | |
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153 | use MooseX::Types -declare => \@types; |
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154 | |
155 | with C<@types> being a list of types you wish to define in this library. |
156 | This line will install a proper base class in your package as well as the |
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157 | full set of L<handlers|/"TYPE HANDLER FUNCTIONS"> for your declared |
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158 | types. It will then hand control over to L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints>' |
159 | C<import> method to export the functions you will need to declare your |
160 | types. |
161 | |
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162 | If you want to use Moose' built-in types (e.g. for subtyping) you will |
163 | want to |
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164 | |
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165 | use MooseX::Types::Moose @types; |
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166 | |
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167 | to import the helpers from the shipped L<MooseX::Types::Moose> |
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168 | library which can export all types that come with Moose. |
169 | |
170 | You will have to define coercions for your types or your library won't |
171 | export a L</to_$type> coercion helper for it. |
172 | |
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173 | Note that you currently cannot define types containing C<::>, since |
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174 | exporting would be a problem. |
175 | |
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176 | You also don't need to use C<warnings> and C<strict>, since the |
177 | definition of a library automatically exports those. |
178 | |
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179 | =head1 LIBRARY USAGE |
180 | |
181 | You can import the L<"type helpers"|/"TYPE HANDLER FUNCTIONS"> of a |
182 | library by C<use>ing it with a list of types to import as arguments. If |
183 | you want all of them, use the C<:all> tag. For example: |
184 | |
185 | use MyLibrary ':all'; |
186 | use MyOtherLibrary qw( TypeA TypeB ); |
187 | |
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188 | MooseX::Types comes with a library of Moose' built-in types called |
189 | L<MooseX::Types::Moose>. |
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190 | |
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191 | The exporting mechanism is, since version 0.5, implemented via a wrapper |
192 | around L<Sub::Exporter>. This means you can do something like this: |
193 | |
194 | use MyLibrary TypeA => { -as => 'MyTypeA' }, |
195 | TypeB => { -as => 'MyTypeB' }; |
196 | |
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197 | =head1 TYPE HANDLER FUNCTIONS |
198 | |
199 | =head2 $type |
200 | |
201 | A constant with the name of your type. It contains the type's fully |
202 | qualified name. Takes no value, as all constants. |
203 | |
204 | =head2 is_$type |
205 | |
206 | This handler takes a value and tests if it is a valid value for this |
207 | C<$type>. It will return true or false. |
208 | |
209 | =head2 to_$type |
210 | |
211 | A handler that will take a value and coerce it into the C<$type>. It will |
212 | return a false value if the type could not be coerced. |
213 | |
214 | B<Important Note>: This handler will only be exported for types that can |
215 | do type coercion. This has the advantage that a coercion to a type that |
216 | has not defined any coercions will lead to a compile-time error. |
217 | |
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218 | =head1 WRAPPING A LIBRARY |
219 | |
220 | You can define your own wrapper subclasses to manipulate the behaviour |
221 | of a set of library exports. Here is an example: |
222 | |
223 | package MyWrapper; |
224 | use strict; |
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225 | use MRO::Compat; |
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226 | use base 'MooseX::Types::Wrapper'; |
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227 | |
228 | sub coercion_export_generator { |
229 | my $class = shift; |
230 | my $code = $class->next::method(@_); |
231 | return sub { |
232 | my $value = $code->(@_); |
233 | warn "Coercion returned undef!" |
234 | unless defined $value; |
235 | return $value; |
236 | }; |
237 | } |
238 | |
239 | 1; |
240 | |
241 | This class wraps the coercion generator (e.g., C<to_Int()>) and warns |
242 | if a coercion returned an undefined value. You can wrap any library |
243 | with this: |
244 | |
245 | package Foo; |
246 | use strict; |
247 | use MyWrapper MyLibrary => [qw( Foo Bar )], |
248 | Moose => [qw( Str Int )]; |
249 | |
250 | ... |
251 | 1; |
252 | |
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253 | The C<Moose> library name is a special shortcut for L<MooseX::Types::Moose>. |
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254 | |
255 | =head2 Generator methods you can overload |
256 | |
257 | =over 4 |
258 | |
259 | =item type_export_generator( $short, $full ) |
260 | |
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261 | Creates a closure returning the type's L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint> object. |
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262 | |
263 | =item check_export_generator( $short, $full, $undef_message ) |
264 | |
265 | This creates the closure used to test if a value is valid for this type. |
266 | |
267 | =item coercion_export_generator( $short, $full, $undef_message ) |
268 | |
269 | This is the closure that's doing coercions. |
270 | |
271 | =back |
272 | |
273 | =head2 Provided Parameters |
274 | |
275 | =over 4 |
276 | |
277 | =item $short |
278 | |
279 | The short, exported name of the type. |
280 | |
281 | =item $full |
282 | |
283 | The fully qualified name of this type as L<Moose> knows it. |
284 | |
285 | =item $undef_message |
286 | |
287 | A message that will be thrown when type functionality is used but the |
288 | type does not yet exist. |
289 | |
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290 | =back |
291 | |
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292 | =head1 RECURSIVE SUBTYPES |
293 | |
294 | As of version 0.08, L<Moose::Types> has experimental support for Recursive |
295 | subtypes. This will allow: |
296 | |
297 | subtype Tree() => as HashRef[Str|Tree]; |
298 | |
299 | Which validates things like: |
300 | |
301 | {key=>'value'}; |
302 | {key=>{subkey1=>'value', subkey2=>'value'}} |
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303 | |
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304 | And so on. This feature is new and there may be lurking bugs so don't be afraid |
305 | to hunt me down with patches and test cases if you have trouble. |
306 | |
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307 | =head1 NOTES REGARDING TYPE UNIONS |
308 | |
309 | L<MooseX::Types> uses L<MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator> to do some overloading |
310 | which generally allows you to easily create union types: |
311 | |
312 | subtype StrOrArrayRef, |
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313 | as Str|ArrayRef; |
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314 | |
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315 | As with parameterized constraints, this overloading extends to modules using the |
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316 | types you define in a type library. |
317 | |
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318 | use Moose; |
319 | use MooseX::Types::Moose qw(HashRef Int); |
320 | |
321 | has 'attr' => ( isa => HashRef | Int ); |
475bbd1d |
322 | |
323 | And everything should just work as you'd think. |
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324 | |
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325 | =head1 METHODS |
326 | |
327 | =head2 import |
328 | |
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329 | Installs the L<MooseX::Types::Base> class into the caller and exports types |
330 | according to the specification described in L</"LIBRARY DEFINITION">. This |
331 | will continue to L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints>' C<import> method to export |
332 | helper functions you will need to declare your types. |
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333 | |
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334 | =cut |
335 | |
336 | sub import { |
337 | my ($class, %args) = @_; |
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338 | my $caller = caller; |
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339 | |
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340 | # everyone should want this |
341 | strict->import; |
342 | warnings->import; |
343 | |
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344 | # inject base class into new library |
345 | { no strict 'refs'; |
5c3e47c7 |
346 | unshift @{ $caller . '::ISA' }, 'MooseX::Types::Base'; |
8af0a70d |
347 | } |
348 | |
349 | # generate predeclared type helpers |
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350 | if (my @orig_declare = @{ $args{ -declare } || [] }) { |
351 | my ($tags, $declare) = filter_tags @orig_declare; |
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352 | my @to_export; |
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353 | |
354 | for my $type (@$declare) { |
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355 | |
356 | croak "Cannot create a type containing '::' ($type) at the moment" |
357 | if $type =~ /::/; |
358 | |
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359 | # add type to library and remember to export |
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360 | $caller->add_type($type); |
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361 | push @to_export, $type; |
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362 | } |
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363 | |
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364 | $caller->import({ -full => 1, -into => $caller }, @to_export); |
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365 | } |
366 | |
367 | # run type constraints import |
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368 | Moose::Util::TypeConstraints->import({ into => $caller }); |
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369 | |
370 | # override some with versions that check for syntax errors |
5c3e47c7 |
371 | MooseX::Types::CheckedUtilExports->import({ into => $caller }); |
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372 | |
373 | 1; |
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374 | } |
375 | |
376 | =head2 type_export_generator |
377 | |
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378 | Generate a type export, e.g. C<Int()>. This will return either a |
379 | L<Moose::Meta::TypeConstraint> object, or alternatively a |
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380 | L<MooseX::Types::UndefinedType> object if the type was not yet defined. |
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381 | |
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382 | =cut |
383 | |
384 | sub type_export_generator { |
a706b0f2 |
385 | my ($class, $type, $name) = @_; |
e9dc30af |
386 | |
686e5888 |
387 | ## Return an anonymous subroutine that will generate the proxied type |
388 | ## constraint for you. |
4e6dc81d |
389 | |
1150ce72 |
390 | return subname "__TYPE__::$name" => sub { |
b0db42a9 |
391 | my $type_constraint = $class->create_base_type_constraint($name); |
392 | |
e088dd03 |
393 | if(defined(my $params = shift @_)) { |
686e5888 |
394 | ## We currently only allow a TC to accept a single, ArrayRef |
395 | ## parameter, as in HashRef[Int], where [Int] is what's inside the |
396 | ## ArrayRef passed. |
b0db42a9 |
397 | if(reftype $params eq 'ARRAY') { |
e088dd03 |
398 | $type_constraint = $class->create_arged_type_constraint($name, @$params); |
b0db42a9 |
399 | } elsif(!defined $type_constraint) { |
400 | croak "Syntax error in type definition (did you forget a comma" |
401 | . " after $type?)"; |
e088dd03 |
402 | } else { |
b0db42a9 |
403 | croak "Argument must be an ArrayRef to create a parameterized " |
404 | . "type, Eg.: ${type}[Int]. Got: ".ref($params)."." |
e088dd03 |
405 | } |
e088dd03 |
406 | } |
e7d06577 |
407 | |
e088dd03 |
408 | $type_constraint = defined($type_constraint) ? $type_constraint |
409 | : MooseX::Types::UndefinedType->new($name); |
e9dc30af |
410 | |
d9002a85 |
411 | my $type_decorator = $class->create_type_decorator($type_constraint); |
e9dc30af |
412 | |
686e5888 |
413 | ## If there are additional args, that means it's probably stuff that |
414 | ## needs to be returned to the subtype. Not an ideal solution here but |
415 | ## doesn't seem to cause trouble. |
e9dc30af |
416 | |
d9002a85 |
417 | if(@_) { |
418 | return ($type_decorator, @_); |
419 | } else { |
420 | return $type_decorator; |
421 | } |
e211870f |
422 | }; |
8af0a70d |
423 | } |
424 | |
a706b0f2 |
425 | =head2 create_arged_type_constraint ($name, @args) |
426 | |
686e5888 |
427 | Given a String $name with @args find the matching typeconstraint and parameterize |
428 | it with @args. |
a706b0f2 |
429 | |
430 | =cut |
431 | |
432 | sub create_arged_type_constraint { |
e9dc30af |
433 | my ($class, $name, @args) = @_; |
371efa05 |
434 | my $type_constraint = Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::find_or_create_type_constraint("$name"); |
8a58233c |
435 | my $parameterized = $type_constraint->parameterize(@args); |
436 | # It's obnoxious to have to parameterize before looking for the TC, but the |
437 | # alternative is to hard-code the assumption that the name is |
438 | # "$name[$args[0]]", which would be worse. |
64f42303 |
439 | # This breaks MXMS, unfortunately, which relies on things like Tuple[...] |
440 | # creating new type objects each time. |
441 | # if (my $existing = |
442 | # Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::find_type_constraint($parameterized->name)) { |
443 | # return $existing; |
444 | # } |
445 | # Moose::Util::TypeConstraints::register_type_constraint($parameterized); |
8a58233c |
446 | return $parameterized; |
a706b0f2 |
447 | } |
448 | |
449 | =head2 create_base_type_constraint ($name) |
450 | |
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451 | Given a String $name, find the matching type constraint. |
a706b0f2 |
452 | |
453 | =cut |
454 | |
455 | sub create_base_type_constraint { |
456 | my ($class, $name) = @_; |
457 | return find_type_constraint($name); |
458 | } |
459 | |
460 | =head2 create_type_decorator ($type_constraint) |
461 | |
462 | Given a $type_constraint, return a lightweight L<MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator> |
463 | instance. |
464 | |
465 | =cut |
466 | |
467 | sub create_type_decorator { |
468 | my ($class, $type_constraint) = @_; |
475bbd1d |
469 | return MooseX::Types::TypeDecorator->new($type_constraint); |
a706b0f2 |
470 | } |
471 | |
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472 | =head2 coercion_export_generator |
473 | |
93f28db7 |
474 | This generates a coercion handler function, e.g. C<to_Int($value)>. |
e211870f |
475 | |
8af0a70d |
476 | =cut |
477 | |
478 | sub coercion_export_generator { |
479 | my ($class, $type, $full, $undef_msg) = @_; |
480 | return sub { |
481 | my ($value) = @_; |
482 | |
483 | # we need a type object |
484 | my $tobj = find_type_constraint($full) or croak $undef_msg; |
485 | my $return = $tobj->coerce($value); |
486 | |
487 | # non-successful coercion returns false |
488 | return unless $tobj->check($return); |
489 | |
490 | return $return; |
491 | } |
492 | } |
493 | |
494 | =head2 check_export_generator |
495 | |
e211870f |
496 | Generates a constraint check closure, e.g. C<is_Int($value)>. |
497 | |
8af0a70d |
498 | =cut |
499 | |
500 | sub check_export_generator { |
501 | my ($class, $type, $full, $undef_msg) = @_; |
502 | return sub { |
503 | my ($value) = @_; |
504 | |
505 | # we need a type object |
506 | my $tobj = find_type_constraint($full) or croak $undef_msg; |
507 | |
508 | return $tobj->check($value); |
509 | } |
510 | } |
511 | |
e211870f |
512 | =head1 CAVEATS |
513 | |
93f28db7 |
514 | The following are lists of gotchas and their workarounds for developers coming |
686e5888 |
515 | from the standard string based type constraint names |
516 | |
517 | =head2 Uniqueness |
518 | |
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519 | A library makes the types quasi-unique by prefixing their names with (by |
520 | default) the library package name. If you're only using the type handler |
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521 | functions provided by MooseX::Types, you shouldn't ever have to use |
e211870f |
522 | a type's actual full name. |
523 | |
686e5888 |
524 | =head2 Argument separation ('=>' versus ',') |
525 | |
93f28db7 |
526 | The L<perlop> manpage has this to say about the '=>' operator: "The => operator is |
686e5888 |
527 | a synonym for the comma, but forces any word (consisting entirely of word |
528 | characters) to its left to be interpreted as a string (as of 5.001). This |
529 | includes words that might otherwise be considered a constant or function call." |
530 | |
531 | Due to this stringification, the following will NOT work as you might think: |
532 | |
93f28db7 |
533 | subtype StrOrArrayRef => as Str | ArrayRef; |
534 | |
e2d7e14b |
535 | The 'StrOrArrayRef' will have its stringification activated this causes the |
686e5888 |
536 | subtype to not be created. Since the bareword type constraints are not strings |
537 | you really should not try to treat them that way. You will have to use the ',' |
16b11399 |
538 | operator instead. The authors of this package realize that all the L<Moose> |
c807eb83 |
539 | documentation and examples nearly uniformly use the '=>' version of the comma |
686e5888 |
540 | operator and this could be an issue if you are converting code. |
541 | |
542 | Patches welcome for discussion. |
077ac262 |
543 | |
544 | =head2 Compatibility with Sub::Exporter |
545 | |
546 | If you want to use L<Sub::Exporter> with a Type Library, you need to make sure |
547 | you export all the type constraints declared AS WELL AS any additional export |
548 | targets. For example if you do: |
549 | |
93f28db7 |
550 | package TypeAndSubExporter; |
551 | |
552 | use MooseX::Types::Moose qw(Str); |
553 | use MooseX::Types -declare => [qw(MyStr)]; |
554 | use Sub::Exporter -setup => { exports => [qw(something)] }; |
555 | |
556 | subtype MyStr, as Str; |
557 | |
558 | sub something { |
559 | return 1; |
560 | } |
561 | |
562 | # then in another module ... |
563 | |
564 | package Foo; |
565 | use TypeAndSubExporter qw(MyStr); |
077ac262 |
566 | |
567 | You'll get a '"MyStr" is not exported by the TypeAndSubExporter module' error. |
47464996 |
568 | It can be worked around by: |
077ac262 |
569 | |
93f28db7 |
570 | - use Sub::Exporter -setup => { exports => [ qw(something) ] }; |
571 | + use Sub::Exporter -setup => { exports => [ qw(something MyStr) ] }; |
077ac262 |
572 | |
573 | This is a workaround and I am exploring how to make these modules work better |
574 | together. I realize this workaround will lead a lot of duplication in your |
575 | export declarations and will be onerous for large type libraries. Patches and |
576 | detailed test cases welcome. See the tests directory for a start on this. |
29dcd6ad |
577 | |
578 | =head1 COMBINING TYPE LIBRARIES |
579 | |
580 | You may want to combine a set of types for your application with other type |
581 | libraries, like L<MooseX::Types::Moose> or L<MooseX::Types::Common::String>. |
582 | |
583 | The L<MooseX::Types::Combine> module provides a simple API for combining a set |
584 | of type libraries together. |
585 | |
8af0a70d |
586 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
587 | |
93f28db7 |
588 | L<Moose>, L<Moose::Util::TypeConstraints>, L<MooseX::Types::Moose>, |
16ddefbf |
589 | L<Sub::Exporter> |
8af0a70d |
590 | |
b55332a8 |
591 | =head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
8af0a70d |
592 | |
b55332a8 |
593 | Many thanks to the C<#moose> cabal on C<irc.perl.org>. |
8af0a70d |
594 | |
b55332a8 |
595 | =head1 CONTRIBUTORS |
596 | |
597 | jnapiorkowski: John Napiorkowski <jjnapiork@cpan.org> |
598 | |
599 | caelum: Rafael Kitover <rkitover@cpan.org> |
600 | |
97cc8c9f |
601 | rafl: Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org> |
602 | |
86a2a6b8 |
603 | hdp: Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@cpan.org> |
604 | |
cec62c79 |
605 | autarch: Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org> |
606 | |
8af0a70d |
607 | =cut |
608 | |
609 | 1; |