fix a patcho in t/lib/st-06compat.t

[p5sagit/p5-mst-13.2.git] / lib / File / Temp.pm

package File::Temp;

=head1 NAME

File::Temp - return name and handle of a temporary file safely

=begin __INTERNALS

=head1 PORTABILITY

This module is designed to be portable across operating systems
and it currently supports Unix, VMS, DOS, OS/2 and Windows. When
porting to a new OS there are generally three main issues
that have to be solved:

=over 4

=item *

Can the OS unlink an open file? If it can not then the
C<_can_unlink_opened_file> method should be modified.

=item *

Are the return values from C<stat> reliable? By default all the
return values from C<stat> are compared when unlinking a temporary
file using the filename and the handle. Operating systems other than
unix do not always have valid entries in all fields. If C<unlink0> fails
then the C<stat> comparison should be modified accordingly.

=item *

Security. Systems that can not support a test for the sticky bit
on a directory can not use the MEDIUM and HIGH security tests.
The C<_can_do_level> method should be modified accordingly.

=back

=end __INTERNALS

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use File::Temp qw/ tempfile tempdir /; 

  $dir = tempdir( CLEANUP => 1 );
  ($fh, $filename) = tempfile( DIR => $dir );

  ($fh, $filename) = tempfile( $template, DIR => $dir);
  ($fh, $filename) = tempfile( $template, SUFFIX => '.dat');

  $fh = tempfile();

MkTemp family:

  use File::Temp qw/ :mktemp  /;

  ($fh, $file) = mkstemp( "tmpfileXXXXX" );
  ($fh, $file) = mkstemps( "tmpfileXXXXXX", $suffix);

  $tmpdir = mkdtemp( $template );

  $unopened_file = mktemp( $template );

POSIX functions:

  use File::Temp qw/ :POSIX /;

  $file = tmpnam();
  $fh = tmpfile();

  ($fh, $file) = tmpnam();
  ($fh, $file) = tmpfile();


Compatibility functions:

  $unopened_file = File::Temp::tempnam( $dir, $pfx );

=begin later

Objects (NOT YET IMPLEMENTED):

  require File::Temp;

  $fh = new File::Temp($template);
  $fname = $fh->filename;

=end later

=head1 DESCRIPTION

C<File::Temp> can be used to create and open temporary files in a safe way.
The tempfile() function can be used to return the name and the open
filehandle of a temporary file.  The tempdir() function can 
be used to create a temporary directory.

The security aspect of temporary file creation is emphasized such that
a filehandle and filename are returned together.  This helps guarantee
that a race condition can not occur where the temporary file is
created by another process between checking for the existence of the
file and its opening.  Additional security levels are provided to
check, for example, that the sticky bit is set on world writable
directories.  See L<"safe_level"> for more information.

For compatibility with popular C library functions, Perl implementations of
the mkstemp() family of functions are provided. These are, mkstemp(),
mkstemps(), mkdtemp() and mktemp().

Additionally, implementations of the standard L<POSIX|POSIX>
tmpnam() and tmpfile() functions are provided if required.

Implementations of mktemp(), tmpnam(), and tempnam() are provided,
but should be used with caution since they return only a filename
that was valid when function was called, so cannot guarantee
that the file will not exist by the time the caller opens the filename.

=cut

# 5.6.0 gives us S_IWOTH, S_IWGRP, our and auto-vivifying filehandls
# People would like a version on 5.005 so give them what they want :-)
use 5.005;
use strict;
use Carp;
use File::Spec 0.8;
use File::Path qw/ rmtree /;
use Fcntl 1.03;
use Errno;
require VMS::Stdio if $^O eq 'VMS';

# Need the Symbol package if we are running older perl
require Symbol if $] < 5.006;


# use 'our' on v5.6.0
use vars qw($VERSION @EXPORT_OK %EXPORT_TAGS $DEBUG);

$DEBUG = 0;

# We are exporting functions

use base qw/Exporter/;

# Export list - to allow fine tuning of export table

@EXPORT_OK = qw{
	      tempfile
	      tempdir
	      tmpnam
	      tmpfile
	      mktemp
	      mkstemp
	      mkstemps
	      mkdtemp
	      unlink0
		};

# Groups of functions for export

%EXPORT_TAGS = (
		'POSIX' => [qw/ tmpnam tmpfile /],
		'mktemp' => [qw/ mktemp mkstemp mkstemps mkdtemp/],
	       );

# add contents of these tags to @EXPORT
Exporter::export_tags('POSIX','mktemp');

# Version number 

$VERSION = '0.12';

# This is a list of characters that can be used in random filenames

my @CHARS = (qw/ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
	         a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
	         0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 _
	     /);

# Maximum number of tries to make a temp file before failing

use constant MAX_TRIES => 10;

# Minimum number of X characters that should be in a template
use constant MINX => 4;

# Default template when no template supplied

use constant TEMPXXX => 'X' x 10;

# Constants for the security level

use constant STANDARD => 0;
use constant MEDIUM   => 1;
use constant HIGH     => 2;

# OPENFLAGS. If we defined the flag to use with Sysopen here this gives
# us an optimisation when many temporary files are requested

my $OPENFLAGS = O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_RDWR;

for my $oflag (qw/ FOLLOW BINARY LARGEFILE EXLOCK NOINHERIT /) {
  my ($bit, $func) = (0, "Fcntl::O_" . $oflag);
  no strict 'refs';
  $OPENFLAGS |= $bit if eval {
    # Make sure that redefined die handlers do not cause problems
    # eg CGI::Carp
    local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub {};
    local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {};
    $bit = &$func();
    1;
  };
}

# On some systems the O_TEMPORARY flag can be used to tell the OS
# to automatically remove the file when it is closed. This is fine
# in most cases but not if tempfile is called with UNLINK=>0 and
# the filename is requested -- in the case where the filename is to
# be passed to another routine. This happens on windows. We overcome
# this by using a second open flags variable

my $OPENTEMPFLAGS = $OPENFLAGS;
for my $oflag (qw/ TEMPORARY /) {
  my ($bit, $func) = (0, "Fcntl::O_" . $oflag);
  no strict 'refs';
  $OPENTEMPFLAGS |= $bit if eval {
    # Make sure that redefined die handlers do not cause problems
    # eg CGI::Carp
    local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub {};
    local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {};
    $bit = &$func();
    1;
  };
}

# INTERNAL ROUTINES - not to be used outside of package

# Generic routine for getting a temporary filename
# modelled on OpenBSD _gettemp() in mktemp.c

# The template must contain X's that are to be replaced
# with the random values

#  Arguments:

#  TEMPLATE   - string containing the XXXXX's that is converted
#           to a random filename and opened if required

# Optionally, a hash can also be supplied containing specific options
#   "open" => if true open the temp file, else just return the name
#             default is 0
#   "mkdir"=> if true, we are creating a temp directory rather than tempfile
#             default is 0
#   "suffixlen" => number of characters at end of PATH to be ignored.
#                  default is 0.
#   "unlink_on_close" => indicates that, if possible,  the OS should remove
#                        the file as soon as it is closed. Usually indicates
#                        use of the O_TEMPORARY flag to sysopen. 
#                        Usually irrelevant on unix

# Optionally a reference to a scalar can be passed into the function
# On error this will be used to store the reason for the error
#   "ErrStr"  => \$errstr
# "open" and "mkdir" can not both be true
# "unlink_on_close" is not used when "mkdir" is true.

# The default options are equivalent to mktemp().

# Returns:
#   filehandle - open file handle (if called with doopen=1, else undef)
#   temp name  - name of the temp file or directory

# For example:
#   ($fh, $name) = _gettemp($template, "open" => 1);

# for the current version, failures are associated with
# stored in an error string and returned to give the reason whilst debugging
# This routine is not called by any external function
sub _gettemp {

  croak 'Usage: ($fh, $name) = _gettemp($template, OPTIONS);'
    unless scalar(@_) >= 1;

  # the internal error string - expect it to be overridden
  # Need this in case the caller decides not to supply us a value
  # need an anonymous scalar
  my $tempErrStr;
  # Default options
  my %options = (
		 "open" => 0,
		 "mkdir" => 0,
		 "suffixlen" => 0,
		 "unlink_on_close" => 0,
		 "ErrStr" => \$tempErrStr,
		);

  # Read the template
  my $template = shift;
  if (ref($template)) {
    # Use a warning here since we have not yet merged ErrStr
    carp "File::Temp::_gettemp: template must not be a reference";
    return ();
  }

  # Check that the number of entries on stack are even
  if (scalar(@_) % 2 != 0) {
    # Use a warning here since we have not yet merged ErrStr
    carp "File::Temp::_gettemp: Must have even number of options";
    return ();
  }

  # Read the options and merge with defaults
  %options = (%options, @_)  if @_;

  # Make sure the error string is set to undef
  ${$options{ErrStr}} = undef;
  # Can not open the file and make a directory in a single call
  if ($options{"open"} && $options{"mkdir"}) {
    ${$options{ErrStr}} = "doopen and domkdir can not both be true\n";
    return ();
  }

  # Find the start of the end of the  Xs (position of last X)
  # Substr starts from 0
  my $start = length($template) - 1 - $options{"suffixlen"};

  # Check that we have at least MINX x X (eg 'XXXX") at the end of the string
  # (taking suffixlen into account). Any fewer is insecure.

  # Do it using substr - no reason to use a pattern match since
  # we know where we are looking and what we are looking for

  if (substr($template, $start - MINX + 1, MINX) ne 'X' x MINX) {
    ${$options{ErrStr}} = "The template must contain at least ".
      MINX . " 'X' characters\n";
    return ();
  }

  # Replace all the X at the end of the substring with a
  # random character or just all the XX at the end of a full string.
  # Do it as an if, since the suffix adjusts which section to replace
  # and suffixlen=0 returns nothing if used in the substr directly
  # and generate a full path from the template

  my $path = _replace_XX($template, $options{"suffixlen"});


  # Split the path into constituent parts - eventually we need to check
  # whether the directory exists
  # We need to know whether we are making a temp directory
  # or a tempfile

  my ($volume, $directories, $file);
  my $parent; # parent directory
  if ($options{"mkdir"}) {
    # There is no filename at the end
    ($volume, $directories, $file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path, 1);

    # The parent is then $directories without the last directory
    # Split the directory and put it back together again
    my @dirs = File::Spec->splitdir($directories);

    # If @dirs only has one entry that means we are in the current
    # directory
    if ($#dirs == 0) {
      $parent = File::Spec->curdir;
    } else {

      if ($^O eq 'VMS') {  # need volume to avoid relative dir spec
        $parent = File::Spec->catdir($volume, @dirs[0..$#dirs-1]);
        $parent = 'sys$disk:[]' if $parent eq '';
      } else {

	# Put it back together without the last one
	$parent = File::Spec->catdir(@dirs[0..$#dirs-1]);

	# ...and attach the volume (no filename)
	$parent = File::Spec->catpath($volume, $parent, '');
      }

    }

  } else {

    # Get rid of the last filename (use File::Basename for this?)
    ($volume, $directories, $file) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path );

    # Join up without the file part
    $parent = File::Spec->catpath($volume,$directories,'');

    # If $parent is empty replace with curdir
    $parent = File::Spec->curdir
      unless $directories ne '';

  }

  # Check that the parent directories exist 
  # Do this even for the case where we are simply returning a name
  # not a file -- no point returning a name that includes a directory
  # that does not exist or is not writable

  unless (-d $parent) {
    ${$options{ErrStr}} = "Parent directory ($parent) is not a directory";
    return ();
  }
  unless (-w _) {
    ${$options{ErrStr}} = "Parent directory ($parent) is not writable\n";
      return ();
  }

  # Check the stickiness of the directory and chown giveaway if required
  # If the directory is world writable the sticky bit
  # must be set

  if (File::Temp->safe_level == MEDIUM) {
    my $safeerr;
    unless (_is_safe($parent,\$safeerr)) {
      ${$options{ErrStr}} = "Parent directory ($parent) is not safe ($safeerr)";
      return ();
    }
  } elsif (File::Temp->safe_level == HIGH) {
    my $safeerr;
    unless (_is_verysafe($parent, \$safeerr)) {
      ${$options{ErrStr}} = "Parent directory ($parent) is not safe ($safeerr)";
      return ();
    }
  }


  # Now try MAX_TRIES time to open the file
  for (my $i = 0; $i < MAX_TRIES; $i++) {

    # Try to open the file if requested
    if ($options{"open"}) {
      my $fh;

      # If we are running before perl5.6.0 we can not auto-vivify
      if ($] < 5.006) {
	$fh = &Symbol::gensym;
      }

      # Try to make sure this will be marked close-on-exec
      # XXX: Win32 doesn't respect this, nor the proper fcntl,
      #      but may have O_NOINHERIT. This may or may not be in Fcntl.
      local $^F = 2;

      # Store callers umask
      my $umask = umask();

      # Set a known umask
      umask(066);

      # Attempt to open the file
      my $open_success = undef;
      if ( $^O eq 'VMS' and $options{"unlink_on_close"} ) {
        # make it auto delete on close by setting FAB$V_DLT bit
	$fh = VMS::Stdio::vmssysopen($path, $OPENFLAGS, 0600, 'fop=dlt');
	$open_success = $fh;
      } else {
	my $flags = ( $options{"unlink_on_close"} ?
		      $OPENTEMPFLAGS :
		      $OPENFLAGS );
	$open_success = sysopen($fh, $path, $flags, 0600);
      }
      if ( $open_success ) {

	# Reset umask
	umask($umask);
	
	# Opened successfully - return file handle and name
	return ($fh, $path);

      } else {
	# Reset umask
	umask($umask);

	# Error opening file - abort with error
	# if the reason was anything but EEXIST
	unless ($!{EEXIST}) {
	  ${$options{ErrStr}} = "Could not create temp file $path: $!";
	  return ();
	}

	# Loop round for another try
	
      }
    } elsif ($options{"mkdir"}) {

      # Store callers umask
      my $umask = umask();

      # Set a known umask
      umask(066);

      # Open the temp directory
      if (mkdir( $path, 0700)) {
	# created okay
	# Reset umask
	umask($umask);

	return undef, $path;
      } else {

	# Reset umask
	umask($umask);

	# Abort with error if the reason for failure was anything
	# except EEXIST
	unless ($!{EEXIST}) {
	  ${$options{ErrStr}} = "Could not create directory $path: $!";
	  return ();
	}

	# Loop round for another try

      }

    } else {

      # Return true if the file can not be found
      # Directory has been checked previously

      return (undef, $path) unless -e $path;

      # Try again until MAX_TRIES

    }

    # Did not successfully open the tempfile/dir
    # so try again with a different set of random letters
    # No point in trying to increment unless we have only
    # 1 X say and the randomness could come up with the same
    # file MAX_TRIES in a row.

    # Store current attempt - in principal this implies that the
    # 3rd time around the open attempt that the first temp file
    # name could be generated again. Probably should store each
    # attempt and make sure that none are repeated

    my $original = $path;
    my $counter = 0;  # Stop infinite loop
    my $MAX_GUESS = 50;

    do {

      # Generate new name from original template
      $path = _replace_XX($template, $options{"suffixlen"});

      $counter++;

    } until ($path ne $original || $counter > $MAX_GUESS);

    # Check for out of control looping
    if ($counter > $MAX_GUESS) {
      ${$options{ErrStr}} = "Tried to get a new temp name different to the previous value $MAX_GUESS times.\nSomething wrong with template?? ($template)";
      return ();
    }

  }

  # If we get here, we have run out of tries
  ${ $options{ErrStr} } = "Have exceeded the maximum number of attempts ("
    . MAX_TRIES . ") to open temp file/dir";

  return ();

}

# Internal routine to return a random character from the
# character list. Does not do an srand() since rand()
# will do one automatically

# No arguments. Return value is the random character

# No longer called since _replace_XX runs a few percent faster if
# I inline the code. This is important if we are creating thousands of
# temporary files.

sub _randchar {

  $CHARS[ int( rand( $#CHARS ) ) ];

}

# Internal routine to replace the XXXX... with random characters
# This has to be done by _gettemp() every time it fails to 
# open a temp file/dir

# Arguments:  $template (the template with XXX), 
#             $ignore   (number of characters at end to ignore)

# Returns:    modified template

sub _replace_XX {

  croak 'Usage: _replace_XX($template, $ignore)'
    unless scalar(@_) == 2;

  my ($path, $ignore) = @_;

  # Do it as an if, since the suffix adjusts which section to replace
  # and suffixlen=0 returns nothing if used in the substr directly
  # Alternatively, could simply set $ignore to length($path)-1
  # Don't want to always use substr when not required though.

  if ($ignore) {
    substr($path, 0, - $ignore) =~ s/X(?=X*\z)/$CHARS[ int( rand( $#CHARS ) ) ]/ge;
  } else {
    $path =~ s/X(?=X*\z)/$CHARS[ int( rand( $#CHARS ) ) ]/ge;
  }

  return $path;
}

# internal routine to check to see if the directory is safe
# First checks to see if the directory is not owned by the
# current user or root. Then checks to see if anyone else
# can write to the directory and if so, checks to see if
# it has the sticky bit set

# Will not work on systems that do not support sticky bit

#Args:  directory path to check
#       Optionally: reference to scalar to contain error message
# Returns true if the path is safe and false otherwise.
# Returns undef if can not even run stat() on the path

# This routine based on version written by Tom Christiansen

# Presumably, by the time we actually attempt to create the
# file or directory in this directory, it may not be safe
# anymore... Have to run _is_safe directly after the open.

sub _is_safe {

  my $path = shift;
  my $err_ref = shift;

  # Stat path
  my @info = stat($path);
  unless (scalar(@info)) {
    $$err_ref = "stat(path) returned no values";
    return 0;
  };
  return 1 if $^O eq 'VMS';  # owner delete control at file level

  # Check to see whether owner is neither superuser (or a system uid) nor me
  # Use the real uid from the $< variable
  # UID is in [4]
  if ($info[4] > File::Temp->top_system_uid() && $info[4] != $<) {

    Carp::cluck(sprintf "uid=$info[4] topuid=%s \$<=$< path='$path'",
		File::Temp->top_system_uid());

    $$err_ref = "Directory owned neither by root nor the current user"
      if ref($err_ref);
    return 0;
  }

  # check whether group or other can write file
  # use 066 to detect either reading or writing
  # use 022 to check writability
  # Do it with S_IWOTH and S_IWGRP for portability (maybe)
  # mode is in info[2]
  if (($info[2] & &Fcntl::S_IWGRP) ||   # Is group writable?
      ($info[2] & &Fcntl::S_IWOTH) ) {  # Is world writable?
    # Must be a directory
    unless (-d _) {
      $$err_ref = "Path ($path) is not a directory"
      if ref($err_ref);
      return 0;
    }
    # Must have sticky bit set
    unless (-k _) {
      $$err_ref = "Sticky bit not set on $path when dir is group|world writable"
	if ref($err_ref);
      return 0;
    }
  }

  return 1;
}

# Internal routine to check whether a directory is safe
# for temp files. Safer than _is_safe since it checks for 
# the possibility of chown giveaway and if that is a possibility
# checks each directory in the path to see if it is safe (with _is_safe)

# If _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED is not set, does the full test of each
# directory anyway.

# Takes optional second arg as scalar ref to error reason
sub _is_verysafe {

  # Need POSIX - but only want to bother if really necessary due to overhead
  require POSIX;

  my $path = shift;
  print "_is_verysafe testing $path\n" if $DEBUG;
  return 1 if $^O eq 'VMS';  # owner delete control at file level

  my $err_ref = shift;
  # Should Get the value of _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED if it is defined
  # and If it is not there do the extensive test
  my $chown_restricted;
  $chown_restricted = &POSIX::_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED()
    if eval { &POSIX::_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED(); 1};

  # If chown_resticted is set to some value we should test it
  if (defined $chown_restricted) {

    # Return if the current directory is safe
    return _is_safe($path,$err_ref) if POSIX::sysconf( $chown_restricted );

  }

  # To reach this point either, the _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED symbol
  # was not avialable or the symbol was there but chown giveaway
  # is allowed. Either way, we now have to test the entire tree for
  # safety.

  # Convert path to an absolute directory if required
  unless (File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute($path)) {
    $path = File::Spec->rel2abs($path);
  }

  # Split directory into components - assume no file
  my ($volume, $directories, undef) = File::Spec->splitpath( $path, 1);

  # Slightly less efficient than having a a function in File::Spec
  # to chop off the end of a directory or even a function that
  # can handle ../ in a directory tree
  # Sometimes splitdir() returns a blank at the end
  # so we will probably check the bottom directory twice in some cases
  my @dirs = File::Spec->splitdir($directories);

  # Concatenate one less directory each time around
  foreach my $pos (0.. $#dirs) {
    # Get a directory name
    my $dir = File::Spec->catpath($volume,
				  File::Spec->catdir(@dirs[0.. $#dirs - $pos]),
				  ''
				  );

    print "TESTING DIR $dir\n" if $DEBUG;

    # Check the directory
    return 0 unless _is_safe($dir,$err_ref);

  }

  return 1;
}



# internal routine to determine whether unlink works on this
# platform for files that are currently open.
# Returns true if we can, false otherwise.

# Currently WinNT, OS/2 and VMS can not unlink an opened file
# On VMS this is because the O_EXCL flag is used to open the
# temporary file. Currently I do not know enough about the issues
# on VMS to decide whether O_EXCL is a requirement.

sub _can_unlink_opened_file {

  if ($^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'os2' || $^O eq 'VMS' || $^O eq 'dos') {
    return 0;
  } else {
    return 1;
  }

}

# internal routine to decide which security levels are allowed
# see safe_level() for more information on this

# Controls whether the supplied security level is allowed

#   $cando = _can_do_level( $level )

sub _can_do_level {

  # Get security level
  my $level = shift;

  # Always have to be able to do STANDARD
  return 1 if $level == STANDARD;

  # Currently, the systems that can do HIGH or MEDIUM are identical
  if ( $^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'os2' || $^O eq 'cygwin' || $^O eq 'dos') {
    return 0;
  } else {
    return 1;
  }

}

# This routine sets up a deferred unlinking of a specified
# filename and filehandle. It is used in the following cases:
#  - Called by unlink0 if an opened file can not be unlinked
#  - Called by tempfile() if files are to be removed on shutdown
#  - Called by tempdir() if directories are to be removed on shutdown

# Arguments:
#   _deferred_unlink( $fh, $fname, $isdir );
#
#   - filehandle (so that it can be expclicitly closed if open
#   - filename   (the thing we want to remove)
#   - isdir      (flag to indicate that we are being given a directory)
#                 [and hence no filehandle]

# Status is not referred to since all the magic is done with an END block

{
  # Will set up two lexical variables to contain all the files to be
  # removed. One array for files, another for directories
  # They will only exist in this block
  # This means we only have to set up a single END block to remove all files
  # @files_to_unlink contains an array ref with the filehandle and filename
  my (@files_to_unlink, @dirs_to_unlink);

  # Set up an end block to use these arrays
  END {
    # Files
    foreach my $file (@files_to_unlink) {
      # close the filehandle without checking its state
      # in order to make real sure that this is closed
      # if its already closed then I dont care about the answer
      # probably a better way to do this
      close($file->[0]);  # file handle is [0]

      if (-f $file->[1]) {  # file name is [1]
	unlink $file->[1] or warn "Error removing ".$file->[1];
      }
    }
    # Dirs
    foreach my $dir (@dirs_to_unlink) {
      if (-d $dir) {
	rmtree($dir, $DEBUG, 1);
      }
    }

  }

  # This is the sub called to register a file for deferred unlinking
  # This could simply store the input parameters and defer everything
  # until the END block. For now we do a bit of checking at this
  # point in order to make sure that (1) we have a file/dir to delete
  # and (2) we have been called with the correct arguments.
  sub _deferred_unlink {

    croak 'Usage:  _deferred_unlink($fh, $fname, $isdir)'
      unless scalar(@_) == 3;

    my ($fh, $fname, $isdir) = @_;

    warn "Setting up deferred removal of $fname\n"
      if $DEBUG;

    # If we have a directory, check that it is a directory
    if ($isdir) {

      if (-d $fname) {

	# Directory exists so store it
	# first on VMS turn []foo into [.foo] for rmtree
	$fname = VMS::Filespec::vmspath($fname) if $^O eq 'VMS';
	push (@dirs_to_unlink, $fname);

      } else {
	carp "Request to remove directory $fname could not be completed since it does not exist!\n" if $^W;
      }

    } else {

      if (-f $fname) {

	# file exists so store handle and name for later removal
	push(@files_to_unlink, [$fh, $fname]);

      } else {
	carp "Request to remove file $fname could not be completed since it is not there!\n" if $^W;
      }

    }

  }


}

=head1 FUNCTIONS

This section describes the recommended interface for generating
temporary files and directories.

=over 4

=item B<tempfile>

This is the basic function to generate temporary files.
The behaviour of the file can be changed using various options:

  ($fh, $filename) = tempfile();

Create a temporary file in  the directory specified for temporary
files, as specified by the tmpdir() function in L<File::Spec>.

  ($fh, $filename) = tempfile($template);

Create a temporary file in the current directory using the supplied
template.  Trailing `X' characters are replaced with random letters to
generate the filename.  At least four `X' characters must be present
in the template.

  ($fh, $filename) = tempfile($template, SUFFIX => $suffix)

Same as previously, except that a suffix is added to the template
after the `X' translation.  Useful for ensuring that a temporary
filename has a particular extension when needed by other applications.
But see the WARNING at the end.

  ($fh, $filename) = tempfile($template, DIR => $dir);

Translates the template as before except that a directory name
is specified.

  ($fh, $filename) = tempfile($template, UNLINK => 1);

Return the filename and filehandle as before except that the file is
automatically removed when the program exits. Default is for the file
to be removed if a file handle is requested and to be kept if the
filename is requested. In a scalar context (where no filename is 
returned) the file is always deleted either on exit or when it is closed.

If the template is not specified, a template is always
automatically generated. This temporary file is placed in tmpdir()
(L<File::Spec>) unless a directory is specified explicitly with the 
DIR option.

  $fh = tempfile( $template, DIR => $dir );

If called in scalar context, only the filehandle is returned
and the file will automatically be deleted when closed (see 
the description of tmpfile() elsewhere in this document).
This is the preferred mode of operation, as if you only 
have a filehandle, you can never create a race condition
by fumbling with the filename. On systems that can not unlink
an open file or can not mark a file as temporary when it is opened
(for example, Windows NT uses the C<O_TEMPORARY> flag))
the file is marked for deletion when the program ends (equivalent
to setting UNLINK to 1). The C<UNLINK> flag is ignored if present.

  (undef, $filename) = tempfile($template, OPEN => 0);

This will return the filename based on the template but
will not open this file.  Cannot be used in conjunction with
UNLINK set to true. Default is to always open the file 
to protect from possible race conditions. A warning is issued
if warnings are turned on. Consider using the tmpnam()
and mktemp() functions described elsewhere in this document
if opening the file is not required.

Options can be combined as required.

=cut

sub tempfile {

  # Can not check for argument count since we can have any
  # number of args

  # Default options
  my %options = (
		 "DIR"    => undef,  # Directory prefix
                "SUFFIX" => '',     # Template suffix
                "UNLINK" => 0,      # Do not unlink file on exit
                "OPEN"   => 1,      # Open file
		);

  # Check to see whether we have an odd or even number of arguments
  my $template = (scalar(@_) % 2 == 1 ? shift(@_) : undef);

  # Read the options and merge with defaults
  %options = (%options, @_)  if @_;

  # First decision is whether or not to open the file
  if (! $options{"OPEN"}) {

    warn "tempfile(): temporary filename requested but not opened.\nPossibly unsafe, consider using tempfile() with OPEN set to true\n"
      if $^W;

  }

  if ($options{"DIR"} and $^O eq 'VMS') {

      # on VMS turn []foo into [.foo] for concatenation
      $options{"DIR"} = VMS::Filespec::vmspath($options{"DIR"});
  }

  # Construct the template

  # Have a choice of trying to work around the mkstemp/mktemp/tmpnam etc
  # functions or simply constructing a template and using _gettemp()
  # explicitly. Go for the latter

  # First generate a template if not defined and prefix the directory
  # If no template must prefix the temp directory
  if (defined $template) {
    if ($options{"DIR"}) {

      $template = File::Spec->catfile($options{"DIR"}, $template);

    }

  } else {

    if ($options{"DIR"}) {

      $template = File::Spec->catfile($options{"DIR"}, TEMPXXX);

    } else {

      $template = File::Spec->catfile(File::Spec->tmpdir, TEMPXXX);

    }

  }

  # Now add a suffix
  $template .= $options{"SUFFIX"};

  # Determine whether we should tell _gettemp to unlink the file
  # On unix this is irrelevant and can be worked out after the file is
  # opened (simply by unlinking the open filehandle). On Windows or VMS
  # we have to indicate temporary-ness when we open the file. In general
  # we only want a true temporary file if we are returning just the 
  # filehandle - if the user wants the filename they probably do not
  # want the file to disappear as soon as they close it.
  # For this reason, tie unlink_on_close to the return context regardless
  # of OS.
  my $unlink_on_close = ( wantarray ? 0 : 1);

  # Create the file
  my ($fh, $path, $errstr);
  croak "Error in tempfile() using $template: $errstr"
    unless (($fh, $path) = _gettemp($template,
				    "open" => $options{'OPEN'},
				    "mkdir"=> 0 ,
                                    "unlink_on_close" => $unlink_on_close,
				    "suffixlen" => length($options{'SUFFIX'}),
				    "ErrStr" => \$errstr,
				   ) );

  # Set up an exit handler that can do whatever is right for the
  # system. This removes files at exit when requested explicitly or when
  # system is asked to unlink_on_close but is unable to do so because
  # of OS limitations.
  # The latter should be achieved by using a tied filehandle.
  # Do not check return status since this is all done with END blocks.
  _deferred_unlink($fh, $path, 0) if $options{"UNLINK"};

  # Return
  if (wantarray()) {

    if ($options{'OPEN'}) {
      return ($fh, $path);
    } else {
      return (undef, $path);
    }

  } else {

    # Unlink the file. It is up to unlink0 to decide what to do with
    # this (whether to unlink now or to defer until later)
    unlink0($fh, $path) or croak "Error unlinking file $path using unlink0";

    # Return just the filehandle.
    return $fh;
  }


}

=item B<tempdir>

This is the recommended interface for creation of temporary directories.
The behaviour of the function depends on the arguments:

  $tempdir = tempdir();

Create a directory in tmpdir() (see L<File::Spec|File::Spec>).

  $tempdir = tempdir( $template );

Create a directory from the supplied template. This template is
similar to that described for tempfile(). `X' characters at the end
of the template are replaced with random letters to construct the
directory name. At least four `X' characters must be in the template.

  $tempdir = tempdir ( DIR => $dir );

Specifies the directory to use for the temporary directory.
The temporary directory name is derived from an internal template.

  $tempdir = tempdir ( $template, DIR => $dir );

Prepend the supplied directory name to the template. The template
should not include parent directory specifications itself. Any parent
directory specifications are removed from the template before
prepending the supplied directory.

  $tempdir = tempdir ( $template, TMPDIR => 1 );

Using the supplied template, creat the temporary directory in 
a standard location for temporary files. Equivalent to doing

  $tempdir = tempdir ( $template, DIR => File::Spec->tmpdir);

but shorter. Parent directory specifications are stripped from the
template itself. The C<TMPDIR> option is ignored if C<DIR> is set
explicitly.  Additionally, C<TMPDIR> is implied if neither a template
nor a directory are supplied.

  $tempdir = tempdir( $template, CLEANUP => 1);

Create a temporary directory using the supplied template, but 
attempt to remove it (and all files inside it) when the program
exits. Note that an attempt will be made to remove all files from
the directory even if they were not created by this module (otherwise
why ask to clean it up?). The directory removal is made with
the rmtree() function from the L<File::Path|File::Path> module.
Of course, if the template is not specified, the temporary directory
will be created in tmpdir() and will also be removed at program exit.

=cut

# '

sub tempdir  {

  # Can not check for argument count since we can have any
  # number of args

  # Default options
  my %options = (
		 "CLEANUP"    => 0,  # Remove directory on exit
		 "DIR"        => '', # Root directory
		 "TMPDIR"     => 0,  # Use tempdir with template
		);

  # Check to see whether we have an odd or even number of arguments
  my $template = (scalar(@_) % 2 == 1 ? shift(@_) : undef );

  # Read the options and merge with defaults
  %options = (%options, @_)  if @_;

  # Modify or generate the template

  # Deal with the DIR and TMPDIR options
  if (defined $template) {

    # Need to strip directory path if using DIR or TMPDIR
    if ($options{'TMPDIR'} || $options{'DIR'}) {

      # Strip parent directory from the filename
      #
      # There is no filename at the end
      $template = VMS::Filespec::vmspath($template) if $^O eq 'VMS';
      my ($volume, $directories, undef) = File::Spec->splitpath( $template, 1);

      # Last directory is then our template
      $template = (File::Spec->splitdir($directories))[-1];

      # Prepend the supplied directory or temp dir
      if ($options{"DIR"}) {

        $template = File::Spec->catdir($options{"DIR"}, $template);

      } elsif ($options{TMPDIR}) {

	# Prepend tmpdir
	$template = File::Spec->catdir(File::Spec->tmpdir, $template);

      }

    }

  } else {

    if ($options{"DIR"}) {

      $template = File::Spec->catdir($options{"DIR"}, TEMPXXX);

    } else {

      $template = File::Spec->catdir(File::Spec->tmpdir, TEMPXXX);

    }

  }

  # Create the directory
  my $tempdir;
  my $suffixlen = 0;
  if ($^O eq 'VMS') {  # dir names can end in delimiters
    $template =~ m/([\.\]:>]+)$/;
    $suffixlen = length($1);
  }
  my $errstr;
  croak "Error in tempdir() using $template: $errstr"
    unless ((undef, $tempdir) = _gettemp($template,
				    "open" => 0,
				    "mkdir"=> 1 ,
				    "suffixlen" => $suffixlen,
				    "ErrStr" => \$errstr,
				   ) );

  # Install exit handler; must be dynamic to get lexical
  if ( $options{'CLEANUP'} && -d $tempdir) {
    _deferred_unlink(undef, $tempdir, 1);
  }

  # Return the dir name
  return $tempdir;

}

=back

=head1 MKTEMP FUNCTIONS

The following functions are Perl implementations of the 
mktemp() family of temp file generation system calls.

=over 4

=item B<mkstemp>

Given a template, returns a filehandle to the temporary file and the name
of the file.

  ($fh, $name) = mkstemp( $template );

In scalar context, just the filehandle is returned.

The template may be any filename with some number of X's appended
to it, for example F</tmp/temp.XXXX>. The trailing X's are replaced
with unique alphanumeric combinations.

=cut



sub mkstemp {

  croak "Usage: mkstemp(template)"
    if scalar(@_) != 1;

  my $template = shift;

  my ($fh, $path, $errstr);
  croak "Error in mkstemp using $template: $errstr"
    unless (($fh, $path) = _gettemp($template,
				    "open" => 1,
				    "mkdir"=> 0 ,
				    "suffixlen" => 0,
				    "ErrStr" => \$errstr,
				   ) );

  if (wantarray()) {
    return ($fh, $path);
  } else {
    return $fh;
  }

}


=item B<mkstemps>

Similar to mkstemp(), except that an extra argument can be supplied
with a suffix to be appended to the template.

  ($fh, $name) = mkstemps( $template, $suffix );

For example a template of C<testXXXXXX> and suffix of C<.dat>
would generate a file similar to F<testhGji_w.dat>.

Returns just the filehandle alone when called in scalar context.

=cut

sub mkstemps {

  croak "Usage: mkstemps(template, suffix)"
    if scalar(@_) != 2;


  my $template = shift;
  my $suffix   = shift;

  $template .= $suffix;

  my ($fh, $path, $errstr);
  croak "Error in mkstemps using $template: $errstr"
    unless (($fh, $path) = _gettemp($template,
				    "open" => 1,
				    "mkdir"=> 0 ,
				    "suffixlen" => length($suffix),
				    "ErrStr" => \$errstr,
				   ) );

  if (wantarray()) {
    return ($fh, $path);
  } else {
    return $fh;
  }

}

=item B<mkdtemp>

Create a directory from a template. The template must end in
X's that are replaced by the routine.

  $tmpdir_name = mkdtemp($template);

Returns the name of the temporary directory created.
Returns undef on failure.

Directory must be removed by the caller.

=cut

#' # for emacs

sub mkdtemp {

  croak "Usage: mkdtemp(template)"
    if scalar(@_) != 1;

  my $template = shift;
  my $suffixlen = 0;
  if ($^O eq 'VMS') {  # dir names can end in delimiters
    $template =~ m/([\.\]:>]+)$/;
    $suffixlen = length($1);
  }
  my ($junk, $tmpdir, $errstr);
  croak "Error creating temp directory from template $template\: $errstr"
    unless (($junk, $tmpdir) = _gettemp($template,
					"open" => 0,
					"mkdir"=> 1 ,
					"suffixlen" => $suffixlen,
					"ErrStr" => \$errstr,
				       ) );

  return $tmpdir;

}

=item B<mktemp>

Returns a valid temporary filename but does not guarantee
that the file will not be opened by someone else.

  $unopened_file = mktemp($template);

Template is the same as that required by mkstemp().

=cut

sub mktemp {

  croak "Usage: mktemp(template)"
    if scalar(@_) != 1;

  my $template = shift;

  my ($tmpname, $junk, $errstr);
  croak "Error getting name to temp file from template $template: $errstr"
    unless (($junk, $tmpname) = _gettemp($template,
					 "open" => 0,
					 "mkdir"=> 0 ,
					 "suffixlen" => 0,
					 "ErrStr" => \$errstr,
					 ) );

  return $tmpname;
}

=back

=head1 POSIX FUNCTIONS

This section describes the re-implementation of the tmpnam()
and tmpfile() functions described in L<POSIX> 
using the mkstemp() from this module.

Unlike the L<POSIX|POSIX> implementations, the directory used
for the temporary file is not specified in a system include
file (C<P_tmpdir>) but simply depends on the choice of tmpdir()
returned by L<File::Spec|File::Spec>. On some implementations this
location can be set using the C<TMPDIR> environment variable, which
may not be secure.
If this is a problem, simply use mkstemp() and specify a template.

=over 4

=item B<tmpnam>

When called in scalar context, returns the full name (including path)
of a temporary file (uses mktemp()). The only check is that the file does
not already exist, but there is no guarantee that that condition will
continue to apply.

  $file = tmpnam();

When called in list context, a filehandle to the open file and
a filename are returned. This is achieved by calling mkstemp()
after constructing a suitable template.

  ($fh, $file) = tmpnam();

If possible, this form should be used to prevent possible
race conditions.

See L<File::Spec/tmpdir> for information on the choice of temporary
directory for a particular operating system.

=cut

sub tmpnam {

   # Retrieve the temporary directory name
   my $tmpdir = File::Spec->tmpdir;

   croak "Error temporary directory is not writable"
     if $tmpdir eq '';

   # Use a ten character template and append to tmpdir
   my $template = File::Spec->catfile($tmpdir, TEMPXXX);

   if (wantarray() ) {
       return mkstemp($template);
   } else {
       return mktemp($template);
   }

}

=item B<tmpfile>

In scalar context, returns the filehandle of a temporary file.

  $fh = tmpfile();

The file is removed when the filehandle is closed or when the program
exits. No access to the filename is provided.

=cut

sub tmpfile {

  # Simply call tmpnam() in a list context
  my ($fh, $file) = tmpnam();

  # Make sure file is removed when filehandle is closed
  unlink0($fh, $file) or croak "Unable to unlink temporary file: $!";

  return $fh;

}

=back

=head1 ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS

These functions are provided for backwards compatibility
with common tempfile generation C library functions.

They are not exported and must be addressed using the full package
name. 

=over 4

=item B<tempnam>

Return the name of a temporary file in the specified directory
using a prefix. The file is guaranteed not to exist at the time
the function was called, but such guarantees are good for one 
clock tick only.  Always use the proper form of C<sysopen>
with C<O_CREAT | O_EXCL> if you must open such a filename.

  $filename = File::Temp::tempnam( $dir, $prefix );

Equivalent to running mktemp() with $dir/$prefixXXXXXXXX
(using unix file convention as an example) 

Because this function uses mktemp(), it can suffer from race conditions.

=cut

sub tempnam {

  croak 'Usage tempnam($dir, $prefix)' unless scalar(@_) == 2;

  my ($dir, $prefix) = @_;

  # Add a string to the prefix
  $prefix .= 'XXXXXXXX';

  # Concatenate the directory to the file
  my $template = File::Spec->catfile($dir, $prefix);

  return mktemp($template);

}

=back

=head1 UTILITY FUNCTIONS

Useful functions for dealing with the filehandle and filename.

=over 4

=item B<unlink0>

Given an open filehandle and the associated filename, make a safe
unlink. This is achieved by first checking that the filename and
filehandle initially point to the same file and that the number of
links to the file is 1 (all fields returned by stat() are compared).
Then the filename is unlinked and the filehandle checked once again to
verify that the number of links on that file is now 0.  This is the
closest you can come to making sure that the filename unlinked was the
same as the file whose descriptor you hold.

  unlink0($fh, $path) or die "Error unlinking file $path safely";

Returns false on error. The filehandle is not closed since on some
occasions this is not required.

On some platforms, for example Windows NT, it is not possible to
unlink an open file (the file must be closed first). On those
platforms, the actual unlinking is deferred until the program ends and
good status is returned. A check is still performed to make sure that
the filehandle and filename are pointing to the same thing (but not at
the time the end block is executed since the deferred removal may not
have access to the filehandle).

Additionally, on Windows NT not all the fields returned by stat() can
be compared. For example, the C<dev> and C<rdev> fields seem to be
different.  Also, it seems that the size of the file returned by stat()
does not always agree, with C<stat(FH)> being more accurate than
C<stat(filename)>, presumably because of caching issues even when
using autoflush (this is usually overcome by waiting a while after
writing to the tempfile before attempting to C<unlink0> it).

Finally, on NFS file systems the link count of the file handle does
not always go to zero immediately after unlinking. Currently, this
command is expected to fail on NFS disks.

=cut

sub unlink0 {

  croak 'Usage: unlink0(filehandle, filename)'
    unless scalar(@_) == 2;

  # Read args
  my ($fh, $path) = @_;

  warn "Unlinking $path using unlink0\n"
    if $DEBUG;

  # Stat the filehandle
  my @fh = stat $fh;

  if ($fh[3] > 1 && $^W) {
    carp "unlink0: fstat found too many links; SB=@fh" if $^W;
  }

  # Stat the path
  my @path = stat $path;

  unless (@path) {
    carp "unlink0: $path is gone already" if $^W;
    return;
  }

  # this is no longer a file, but may be a directory, or worse
  unless (-f _) {
    confess "panic: $path is no longer a file: SB=@fh";
  }

  # Do comparison of each member of the array
  # On WinNT dev and rdev seem to be different
  # depending on whether it is a file or a handle.
  # Cannot simply compare all members of the stat return
  # Select the ones we can use
  my @okstat = (0..$#fh);  # Use all by default
  if ($^O eq 'MSWin32') {
    @okstat = (1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,10);
  } elsif ($^O eq 'os2') {
    @okstat = (0, 2..$#fh);
  } elsif ($^O eq 'VMS') { # device and file ID are sufficient
    @okstat = (0, 1);
  } elsif ($^O eq 'dos') {
     @okstat = (0,2..7,11..$#fh);
  }

  # Now compare each entry explicitly by number
  for (@okstat) {
    print "Comparing: $_ : $fh[$_] and $path[$_]\n" if $DEBUG;
    # Use eq rather than == since rdev, blksize, and blocks (6, 11,
    # and 12) will be '' on platforms that do not support them.  This
    # is fine since we are only comparing integers.
    unless ($fh[$_] eq $path[$_]) {
      warn "Did not match $_ element of stat\n" if $DEBUG;
      return 0;
    }
  }

  # attempt remove the file (does not work on some platforms)
  if (_can_unlink_opened_file()) {
    # XXX: do *not* call this on a directory; possible race
    #      resulting in recursive removal
    croak "unlink0: $path has become a directory!" if -d $path;
    unlink($path) or return 0;

    # Stat the filehandle
    @fh = stat $fh;

    print "Link count = $fh[3] \n" if $DEBUG;

    # Make sure that the link count is zero
    # - Cygwin provides deferred unlinking, however,
    #   on Win9x the link count remains 1
    return ( $fh[3] == 0 or $^O eq 'cygwin' ? 1 : 0);

  } else {
    _deferred_unlink($fh, $path, 0);
    return 1;
  }

}

=back

=head1 PACKAGE VARIABLES

These functions control the global state of the package.

=over 4

=item B<safe_level>

Controls the lengths to which the module will go to check the safety of the
temporary file or directory before proceeding.
Options are:

=over 8

=item STANDARD

Do the basic security measures to ensure the directory exists and
is writable, that the umask() is fixed before opening of the file,
that temporary files are opened only if they do not already exist, and
that possible race conditions are avoided.  Finally the L<unlink0|"unlink0">
function is used to remove files safely.

=item MEDIUM

In addition to the STANDARD security, the output directory is checked
to make sure that it is owned either by root or the user running the
program. If the directory is writable by group or by other, it is then
checked to make sure that the sticky bit is set.

Will not work on platforms that do not support the C<-k> test
for sticky bit.

=item HIGH

In addition to the MEDIUM security checks, also check for the
possibility of ``chown() giveaway'' using the L<POSIX|POSIX>
sysconf() function. If this is a possibility, each directory in the
path is checked in turn for safeness, recursively walking back to the 
root directory.

For platforms that do not support the L<POSIX|POSIX>
C<_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED> symbol (for example, Windows NT) it is 
assumed that ``chown() giveaway'' is possible and the recursive test
is performed.

=back

The level can be changed as follows:

  File::Temp->safe_level( File::Temp::HIGH );

The level constants are not exported by the module.

Currently, you must be running at least perl v5.6.0 in order to
run with MEDIUM or HIGH security. This is simply because the 
safety tests use functions from L<Fcntl|Fcntl> that are not
available in older versions of perl. The problem is that the version
number for Fcntl is the same in perl 5.6.0 and in 5.005_03 even though
they are different versions.

On systems that do not support the HIGH or MEDIUM safety levels
(for example Win NT or OS/2) any attempt to change the level will
be ignored. The decision to ignore rather than raise an exception
allows portable programs to be written with high security in mind
for the systems that can support this without those programs failing
on systems where the extra tests are irrelevant.

If you really need to see whether the change has been accepted
simply examine the return value of C<safe_level>.

  $newlevel = File::Temp->safe_level( File::Temp::HIGH );
  die "Could not change to high security" 
      if $newlevel != File::Temp::HIGH;

=cut

{
  # protect from using the variable itself
  my $LEVEL = STANDARD;
  sub safe_level {
    my $self = shift;
    if (@_) { 
      my $level = shift;
      if (($level != STANDARD) && ($level != MEDIUM) && ($level != HIGH)) {
	carp "safe_level: Specified level ($level) not STANDARD, MEDIUM or HIGH - ignoring\n" if $^W;
      } else {
	# Dont allow this on perl 5.005 or earlier
	if ($] < 5.006 && $level != STANDARD) {
	  # Cant do MEDIUM or HIGH checks
	  croak "Currently requires perl 5.006 or newer to do the safe checks";
	}
	# Check that we are allowed to change level
	# Silently ignore if we can not.
        $LEVEL = $level if _can_do_level($level);
      }
    }
    return $LEVEL;
  }
}

=item TopSystemUID

This is the highest UID on the current system that refers to a root
UID. This is used to make sure that the temporary directory is 
owned by a system UID (C<root>, C<bin>, C<sys> etc) rather than 
simply by root.

This is required since on many unix systems C</tmp> is not owned
by root.

Default is to assume that any UID less than or equal to 10 is a root
UID.

  File::Temp->top_system_uid(10);
  my $topid = File::Temp->top_system_uid;

This value can be adjusted to reduce security checking if required.
The value is only relevant when C<safe_level> is set to MEDIUM or higher.

=back

=cut

{
  my $TopSystemUID = 10;
  sub top_system_uid {
    my $self = shift;
    if (@_) {
      my $newuid = shift;
      croak "top_system_uid: UIDs should be numeric"
        unless $newuid =~ /^\d+$/s;
      $TopSystemUID = $newuid;
    }
    return $TopSystemUID;
  }
}

=head1 WARNING

For maximum security, endeavour always to avoid ever looking at,
touching, or even imputing the existence of the filename.  You do not
know that that filename is connected to the same file as the handle
you have, and attempts to check this can only trigger more race
conditions.  It's far more secure to use the filehandle alone and
dispense with the filename altogether.

If you need to pass the handle to something that expects a filename
then, on a unix system, use C<"/dev/fd/" . fileno($fh)> for arbitrary
programs, or more generally C<< "+<=&" . fileno($fh) >> for Perl
programs.  You will have to clear the close-on-exec bit on that file
descriptor before passing it to another process.

    use Fcntl qw/F_SETFD F_GETFD/;
    fcntl($tmpfh, F_SETFD, 0)
        or die "Can't clear close-on-exec flag on temp fh: $!\n";

=head2 Temporary files and NFS

Some problems are associated with using temporary files that reside
on NFS file systems and it is recommended that a local filesystem
is used whenever possible. Some of the security tests will most probably
fail when the temp file is not local. Additionally, be aware that
the performance of I/O operations over NFS will not be as good as for
a local disk.

=head1 HISTORY

Originally began life in May 1999 as an XS interface to the system
mkstemp() function. In March 2000, the OpenBSD mkstemp() code was
translated to Perl for total control of the code's
security checking, to ensure the presence of the function regardless of
operating system and to help with portability.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<POSIX/tmpnam>, L<POSIX/tmpfile>, L<File::Spec>, L<File::Path>

See L<IO::File> and L<File::MkTemp> for different implementations of 
temporary file handling.

=head1 AUTHOR

Tim Jenness E<lt>t.jenness@jach.hawaii.eduE<gt>

Copyright (C) 1999, 2000 Tim Jenness and the UK Particle Physics and
Astronomy Research Council. All Rights Reserved.  This program is free
software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself.

Original Perl implementation loosely based on the OpenBSD C code for 
mkstemp(). Thanks to Tom Christiansen for suggesting that this module
should be written and providing ideas for code improvements and
security enhancements.

=cut


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