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f716a1dd |
1 | # File/Copy.pm. Written in 1994 by Aaron Sherman <ajs@ajs.com>. This |
2 | # source code has been placed in the public domain by the author. |
3 | # Please be kind and preserve the documentation. |
4 | # |
71be2cbc |
5 | # Additions copyright 1996 by Charles Bailey. Permission is granted |
6 | # to distribute the revised code under the same terms as Perl itself. |
f716a1dd |
7 | |
8 | package File::Copy; |
9 | |
3b825e41 |
10 | use 5.006; |
71be2cbc |
11 | use strict; |
b395063c |
12 | use warnings; |
6c254d95 |
13 | use File::Spec; |
96a91e01 |
14 | use Config; |
17f410f9 |
15 | our(@ISA, @EXPORT, @EXPORT_OK, $VERSION, $Too_Big, $Syscopy_is_copy); |
16 | sub copy; |
17 | sub syscopy; |
18 | sub cp; |
19 | sub mv; |
71be2cbc |
20 | |
21 | # Note that this module implements only *part* of the API defined by |
22 | # the File/Copy.pm module of the File-Tools-2.0 package. However, that |
23 | # package has not yet been updated to work with Perl 5.004, and so it |
24 | # would be a Bad Thing for the CPAN module to grab it and replace this |
25 | # module. Therefore, we set this module's version higher than 2.0. |
c9fbd0c8 |
26 | $VERSION = '2.11'; |
f716a1dd |
27 | |
71be2cbc |
28 | require Exporter; |
29 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
30 | @EXPORT = qw(copy move); |
31 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(cp mv); |
f716a1dd |
32 | |
441496b2 |
33 | $Too_Big = 1024 * 1024 * 2; |
f716a1dd |
34 | |
8878f897 |
35 | sub croak { |
36 | require Carp; |
37 | goto &Carp::croak; |
38 | } |
39 | |
754f2cd0 |
40 | sub carp { |
41 | require Carp; |
42 | goto &Carp::carp; |
43 | } |
44 | |
bcdb689b |
45 | my $macfiles; |
46 | if ($^O eq 'MacOS') { |
47 | $macfiles = eval { require Mac::MoreFiles }; |
48 | warn 'Mac::MoreFiles could not be loaded; using non-native syscopy' |
3a2263fe |
49 | if $@ && $^W; |
bcdb689b |
50 | } |
51 | |
6c254d95 |
52 | sub _catname { |
71be2cbc |
53 | my($from, $to) = @_; |
54 | if (not defined &basename) { |
55 | require File::Basename; |
56 | import File::Basename 'basename'; |
57 | } |
6c254d95 |
58 | |
59 | if ($^O eq 'MacOS') { |
60 | # a partial dir name that's valid only in the cwd (e.g. 'tmp') |
61 | $to = ':' . $to if $to !~ /:/; |
62 | } |
63 | |
64 | return File::Spec->catfile($to, basename($from)); |
f716a1dd |
65 | } |
66 | |
236a0738 |
67 | # _eq($from, $to) tells whether $from and $to are identical |
68 | # works for strings and references |
69 | sub _eq { |
70 | return $_[0] == $_[1] if ref $_[0] && ref $_[1]; |
71 | return $_[0] eq $_[1] if !ref $_[0] && !ref $_[1]; |
72 | return ""; |
73 | } |
74 | |
f716a1dd |
75 | sub copy { |
71be2cbc |
76 | croak("Usage: copy(FROM, TO [, BUFFERSIZE]) ") |
f716a1dd |
77 | unless(@_ == 2 || @_ == 3); |
78 | |
79 | my $from = shift; |
80 | my $to = shift; |
71be2cbc |
81 | |
82 | my $from_a_handle = (ref($from) |
83 | ? (ref($from) eq 'GLOB' |
d704f39a |
84 | || UNIVERSAL::isa($from, 'GLOB') |
85 | || UNIVERSAL::isa($from, 'IO::Handle')) |
71be2cbc |
86 | : (ref(\$from) eq 'GLOB')); |
87 | my $to_a_handle = (ref($to) |
88 | ? (ref($to) eq 'GLOB' |
d704f39a |
89 | || UNIVERSAL::isa($to, 'GLOB') |
90 | || UNIVERSAL::isa($to, 'IO::Handle')) |
71be2cbc |
91 | : (ref(\$to) eq 'GLOB')); |
92 | |
236a0738 |
93 | if (_eq($from, $to)) { # works for references, too |
754f2cd0 |
94 | carp("'$from' and '$to' are identical (not copied)"); |
95 | # The "copy" was a success as the source and destination contain |
96 | # the same data. |
97 | return 1; |
96a91e01 |
98 | } |
99 | |
ac7b122d |
100 | if ((($Config{d_symlink} && $Config{d_readlink}) || $Config{d_link}) && |
4c38808d |
101 | !($^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'os2')) { |
ac7b122d |
102 | my @fs = stat($from); |
103 | if (@fs) { |
96a91e01 |
104 | my @ts = stat($to); |
ac7b122d |
105 | if (@ts && $fs[0] == $ts[0] && $fs[1] == $ts[1]) { |
754f2cd0 |
106 | carp("'$from' and '$to' are identical (not copied)"); |
107 | return 0; |
96a91e01 |
108 | } |
109 | } |
110 | } |
111 | |
71be2cbc |
112 | if (!$from_a_handle && !$to_a_handle && -d $to && ! -d $from) { |
113 | $to = _catname($from, $to); |
114 | } |
115 | |
1a04d035 |
116 | if (defined &syscopy && !$Syscopy_is_copy |
e6434134 |
117 | && !$to_a_handle |
1d84e8df |
118 | && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'os2' ) # OS/2 cannot handle handles |
119 | && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'mpeix') # and neither can MPE/iX. |
7509b657 |
120 | && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'MSWin32') |
fa648be5 |
121 | && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'MacOS') |
2986a63f |
122 | && !($from_a_handle && $^O eq 'NetWare') |
1a04d035 |
123 | ) |
71be2cbc |
124 | { |
4c38808d |
125 | my $copy_to = $to; |
126 | |
127 | if ($^O eq 'VMS' && -e $from) { |
128 | |
129 | if (! -d $to && ! -d $from) { |
130 | |
131 | # VMS has sticky defaults on extensions, which means that |
132 | # if there is a null extension on the destination file, it |
133 | # will inherit the extension of the source file |
134 | # So add a '.' for a null extension. |
135 | |
136 | $copy_to = VMS::Filespec::vmsify($to); |
137 | my ($vol, $dirs, $file) = File::Spec->splitpath($copy_to); |
138 | $file = $file . '.' unless ($file =~ /(?<!\^)\./); |
139 | $copy_to = File::Spec->catpath($vol, $dirs, $file); |
140 | |
141 | # Get rid of the old versions to be like UNIX |
142 | 1 while unlink $copy_to; |
143 | } |
144 | } |
145 | |
146 | return syscopy($from, $copy_to); |
71be2cbc |
147 | } |
148 | |
149 | my $closefrom = 0; |
150 | my $closeto = 0; |
f716a1dd |
151 | my ($size, $status, $r, $buf); |
48a5c399 |
152 | local($\) = ''; |
f716a1dd |
153 | |
23ba2776 |
154 | my $from_h; |
71be2cbc |
155 | if ($from_a_handle) { |
23ba2776 |
156 | $from_h = $from; |
f716a1dd |
157 | } else { |
fa648be5 |
158 | $from = _protect($from) if $from =~ /^\s/s; |
23ba2776 |
159 | $from_h = \do { local *FH }; |
160 | open($from_h, "< $from\0") or goto fail_open1; |
161 | binmode $from_h or die "($!,$^E)"; |
f716a1dd |
162 | $closefrom = 1; |
1a04d035 |
163 | } |
164 | |
23ba2776 |
165 | my $to_h; |
71be2cbc |
166 | if ($to_a_handle) { |
23ba2776 |
167 | $to_h = $to; |
1a04d035 |
168 | } else { |
fa648be5 |
169 | $to = _protect($to) if $to =~ /^\s/s; |
23ba2776 |
170 | $to_h = \do { local *FH }; |
171 | open($to_h,"> $to\0") or goto fail_open2; |
172 | binmode $to_h or die "($!,$^E)"; |
71be2cbc |
173 | $closeto = 1; |
1a04d035 |
174 | } |
f716a1dd |
175 | |
176 | if (@_) { |
177 | $size = shift(@_) + 0; |
178 | croak("Bad buffer size for copy: $size\n") unless ($size > 0); |
179 | } else { |
025a6ea3 |
180 | $size = tied(*$from_h) ? 0 : -s $from_h || 0; |
f716a1dd |
181 | $size = 1024 if ($size < 512); |
441496b2 |
182 | $size = $Too_Big if ($size > $Too_Big); |
f716a1dd |
183 | } |
184 | |
71be2cbc |
185 | $! = 0; |
186 | for (;;) { |
187 | my ($r, $w, $t); |
23ba2776 |
188 | defined($r = sysread($from_h, $buf, $size)) |
71be2cbc |
189 | or goto fail_inner; |
190 | last unless $r; |
191 | for ($w = 0; $w < $r; $w += $t) { |
23ba2776 |
192 | $t = syswrite($to_h, $buf, $r - $w, $w) |
71be2cbc |
193 | or goto fail_inner; |
f716a1dd |
194 | } |
195 | } |
71be2cbc |
196 | |
23ba2776 |
197 | close($to_h) || goto fail_open2 if $closeto; |
198 | close($from_h) || goto fail_open1 if $closefrom; |
71be2cbc |
199 | |
48a5c399 |
200 | # Use this idiom to avoid uninitialized value warning. |
f716a1dd |
201 | return 1; |
1a04d035 |
202 | |
f716a1dd |
203 | # All of these contortions try to preserve error messages... |
204 | fail_inner: |
205 | if ($closeto) { |
206 | $status = $!; |
207 | $! = 0; |
23ba2776 |
208 | close $to_h; |
f716a1dd |
209 | $! = $status unless $!; |
210 | } |
211 | fail_open2: |
212 | if ($closefrom) { |
213 | $status = $!; |
214 | $! = 0; |
23ba2776 |
215 | close $from_h; |
f716a1dd |
216 | $! = $status unless $!; |
217 | } |
218 | fail_open1: |
f716a1dd |
219 | return 0; |
220 | } |
9b957b78 |
221 | |
441496b2 |
222 | sub move { |
754f2cd0 |
223 | croak("Usage: move(FROM, TO) ") unless @_ == 2; |
224 | |
71be2cbc |
225 | my($from,$to) = @_; |
754f2cd0 |
226 | |
fa76202e |
227 | my($fromsz,$tosz1,$tomt1,$tosz2,$tomt2,$sts,$ossts); |
441496b2 |
228 | |
71be2cbc |
229 | if (-d $to && ! -d $from) { |
230 | $to = _catname($from, $to); |
231 | } |
232 | |
233 | ($tosz1,$tomt1) = (stat($to))[7,9]; |
234 | $fromsz = -s $from; |
e6434134 |
235 | if ($^O eq 'os2' and defined $tosz1 and defined $fromsz) { |
236 | # will not rename with overwrite |
237 | unlink $to; |
238 | } |
4c38808d |
239 | |
240 | my $rename_to = $to; |
241 | if (-$^O eq 'VMS' && -e $from) { |
242 | |
243 | if (! -d $to && ! -d $from) { |
244 | # VMS has sticky defaults on extensions, which means that |
245 | # if there is a null extension on the destination file, it |
246 | # will inherit the extension of the source file |
247 | # So add a '.' for a null extension. |
248 | |
249 | $rename_to = VMS::Filespec::vmsify($to); |
250 | my ($vol, $dirs, $file) = File::Spec->splitpath($rename_to); |
251 | $file = $file . '.' unless ($file =~ /(?<!\^)\./); |
252 | $rename_to = File::Spec->catpath($vol, $dirs, $file); |
253 | |
254 | # Get rid of the old versions to be like UNIX |
255 | 1 while unlink $rename_to; |
256 | } |
257 | } |
258 | |
259 | return 1 if rename $from, $rename_to; |
71be2cbc |
260 | |
71be2cbc |
261 | # Did rename return an error even though it succeeded, because $to |
262 | # is on a remote NFS file system, and NFS lost the server's ack? |
263 | return 1 if defined($fromsz) && !-e $from && # $from disappeared |
264 | (($tosz2,$tomt2) = (stat($to))[7,9]) && # $to's there |
c9fbd0c8 |
265 | ((!defined $tosz1) || # not before or |
266 | ($tosz1 != $tosz2 or $tomt1 != $tomt2)) && # was changed |
71be2cbc |
267 | $tosz2 == $fromsz; # it's all there |
1a04d035 |
268 | |
71be2cbc |
269 | ($tosz1,$tomt1) = (stat($to))[7,9]; # just in case rename did something |
762548ba |
270 | |
271 | { |
272 | local $@; |
273 | eval { |
754f2cd0 |
274 | local $SIG{__DIE__}; |
762548ba |
275 | copy($from,$to) or die; |
276 | my($atime, $mtime) = (stat($from))[8,9]; |
277 | utime($atime, $mtime, $to); |
278 | unlink($from) or die; |
279 | }; |
280 | return 1 unless $@; |
281 | } |
fa76202e |
282 | ($sts,$ossts) = ($! + 0, $^E + 0); |
1a04d035 |
283 | |
71be2cbc |
284 | ($tosz2,$tomt2) = ((stat($to))[7,9],0,0) if defined $tomt1; |
285 | unlink($to) if !defined($tomt1) or $tomt1 != $tomt2 or $tosz1 != $tosz2; |
286 | ($!,$^E) = ($sts,$ossts); |
287 | return 0; |
441496b2 |
288 | } |
9b957b78 |
289 | |
71be2cbc |
290 | *cp = \© |
291 | *mv = \&move; |
292 | |
fa648be5 |
293 | |
294 | if ($^O eq 'MacOS') { |
295 | *_protect = sub { MacPerl::MakeFSSpec($_[0]) }; |
296 | } else { |
297 | *_protect = sub { "./$_[0]" }; |
298 | } |
299 | |
9b957b78 |
300 | # &syscopy is an XSUB under OS/2 |
1d84e8df |
301 | unless (defined &syscopy) { |
302 | if ($^O eq 'VMS') { |
303 | *syscopy = \&rmscopy; |
304 | } elsif ($^O eq 'mpeix') { |
305 | *syscopy = sub { |
3f5ee302 |
306 | return 0 unless @_ == 2; |
1d84e8df |
307 | # Use the MPE cp program in order to |
308 | # preserve MPE file attributes. |
309 | return system('/bin/cp', '-f', $_[0], $_[1]) == 0; |
310 | }; |
cf2f24a4 |
311 | } elsif ($^O eq 'MSWin32' && defined &DynaLoader::boot_DynaLoader) { |
312 | # Win32::CopyFile() fill only work if we can load Win32.xs |
7509b657 |
313 | *syscopy = sub { |
314 | return 0 unless @_ == 2; |
315 | return Win32::CopyFile(@_, 1); |
316 | }; |
bcdb689b |
317 | } elsif ($macfiles) { |
fa648be5 |
318 | *syscopy = sub { |
319 | my($from, $to) = @_; |
320 | my($dir, $toname); |
321 | |
322 | return 0 unless -e $from; |
323 | |
324 | if ($to =~ /(.*:)([^:]+):?$/) { |
325 | ($dir, $toname) = ($1, $2); |
326 | } else { |
327 | ($dir, $toname) = (":", $to); |
328 | } |
329 | |
330 | unlink($to); |
331 | Mac::MoreFiles::FSpFileCopy($from, $dir, $toname, 1); |
332 | }; |
1d84e8df |
333 | } else { |
1a04d035 |
334 | $Syscopy_is_copy = 1; |
1d84e8df |
335 | *syscopy = \© |
336 | } |
337 | } |
f716a1dd |
338 | |
339 | 1; |
340 | |
341 | __END__ |
a5f75d66 |
342 | |
f716a1dd |
343 | =head1 NAME |
344 | |
345 | File::Copy - Copy files or filehandles |
346 | |
a5f75d66 |
347 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
f716a1dd |
348 | |
5ce10329 |
349 | use File::Copy; |
f716a1dd |
350 | |
5ce10329 |
351 | copy("file1","file2") or die "Copy failed: $!"; |
352 | copy("Copy.pm",\*STDOUT); |
441496b2 |
353 | move("/dev1/fileA","/dev2/fileB"); |
f716a1dd |
354 | |
78e38bb6 |
355 | use File::Copy "cp"; |
f716a1dd |
356 | |
23f3aea0 |
357 | $n = FileHandle->new("/a/file","r"); |
c6dfe06b |
358 | cp($n,"x"); |
f716a1dd |
359 | |
360 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
361 | |
441496b2 |
362 | The File::Copy module provides two basic functions, C<copy> and |
363 | C<move>, which are useful for getting the contents of a file from |
364 | one place to another. |
365 | |
366 | =over 4 |
367 | |
0cdecedb |
368 | =item copy |
369 | X<copy> X<cp> |
441496b2 |
370 | |
371 | The C<copy> function takes two |
f716a1dd |
372 | parameters: a file to copy from and a file to copy to. Either |
373 | argument may be a string, a FileHandle reference or a FileHandle |
374 | glob. Obviously, if the first argument is a filehandle of some |
375 | sort, it will be read from, and if it is a file I<name> it will |
376 | be opened for reading. Likewise, the second argument will be |
96a91e01 |
377 | written to (and created if need be). Trying to copy a file on top |
378 | of itself is a fatal error. |
71be2cbc |
379 | |
380 | B<Note that passing in |
9b957b78 |
381 | files as handles instead of names may lead to loss of information |
382 | on some operating systems; it is recommended that you use file |
e6434134 |
383 | names whenever possible.> Files are opened in binary mode where |
8dcee03e |
384 | applicable. To get a consistent behaviour when copying from a |
e6434134 |
385 | filehandle to a file, use C<binmode> on the filehandle. |
f716a1dd |
386 | |
387 | An optional third parameter can be used to specify the buffer |
388 | size used for copying. This is the number of bytes from the |
3a964d77 |
389 | first file, that will be held in memory at any given time, before |
f716a1dd |
390 | being written to the second file. The default buffer size depends |
338de517 |
391 | upon the file, but will generally be the whole file (up to 2MB), or |
f716a1dd |
392 | 1k for filehandles that do not reference files (eg. sockets). |
393 | |
394 | You may use the syntax C<use File::Copy "cp"> to get at the |
395 | "cp" alias for this function. The syntax is I<exactly> the same. |
396 | |
0cdecedb |
397 | =item move |
398 | X<move> X<mv> X<rename> |
441496b2 |
399 | |
400 | The C<move> function also takes two parameters: the current name |
71be2cbc |
401 | and the intended name of the file to be moved. If the destination |
402 | already exists and is a directory, and the source is not a |
403 | directory, then the source file will be renamed into the directory |
404 | specified by the destination. |
405 | |
406 | If possible, move() will simply rename the file. Otherwise, it copies |
407 | the file to the new location and deletes the original. If an error occurs |
408 | during this copy-and-delete process, you may be left with a (possibly partial) |
441496b2 |
409 | copy of the file under the destination name. |
410 | |
411 | You may use the "mv" alias for this function in the same way that |
412 | you may use the "cp" alias for C<copy>. |
413 | |
0cdecedb |
414 | =item syscopy |
415 | X<syscopy> |
441496b2 |
416 | |
9b957b78 |
417 | File::Copy also provides the C<syscopy> routine, which copies the |
418 | file specified in the first parameter to the file specified in the |
419 | second parameter, preserving OS-specific attributes and file |
420 | structure. For Unix systems, this is equivalent to the simple |
f1442e8b |
421 | C<copy> routine, which doesn't preserve OS-specific attributes. For |
422 | VMS systems, this calls the C<rmscopy> routine (see below). For OS/2 |
423 | systems, this calls the C<syscopy> XSUB directly. For Win32 systems, |
424 | this calls C<Win32::CopyFile>. |
9b957b78 |
425 | |
bcdb689b |
426 | On Mac OS (Classic), C<syscopy> calls C<Mac::MoreFiles::FSpFileCopy>, |
427 | if available. |
428 | |
338de517 |
429 | B<Special behaviour if C<syscopy> is defined (OS/2, VMS and Win32)>: |
9b957b78 |
430 | |
71be2cbc |
431 | If both arguments to C<copy> are not file handles, |
432 | then C<copy> will perform a "system copy" of |
9b957b78 |
433 | the input file to a new output file, in order to preserve file |
434 | attributes, indexed file structure, I<etc.> The buffer size |
71be2cbc |
435 | parameter is ignored. If either argument to C<copy> is a |
436 | handle to an opened file, then data is copied using Perl |
9b957b78 |
437 | operators, and no effort is made to preserve file attributes |
438 | or record structure. |
439 | |
55497cff |
440 | The system copy routine may also be called directly under VMS and OS/2 |
441 | as C<File::Copy::syscopy> (or under VMS as C<File::Copy::rmscopy>, which |
71be2cbc |
442 | is the routine that does the actual work for syscopy). |
9b957b78 |
443 | |
444 | =item rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag]) |
0cdecedb |
445 | X<rmscopy> |
9b957b78 |
446 | |
71be2cbc |
447 | The first and second arguments may be strings, typeglobs, typeglob |
448 | references, or objects inheriting from IO::Handle; |
449 | they are used in all cases to obtain the |
9b957b78 |
450 | I<filespec> of the input and output files, respectively. The |
451 | name and type of the input file are used as defaults for the |
452 | output file, if necessary. |
453 | |
454 | A new version of the output file is always created, which |
455 | inherits the structure and RMS attributes of the input file, |
456 | except for owner and protections (and possibly timestamps; |
457 | see below). All data from the input file is copied to the |
458 | output file; if either of the first two parameters to C<rmscopy> |
459 | is a file handle, its position is unchanged. (Note that this |
460 | means a file handle pointing to the output file will be |
461 | associated with an old version of that file after C<rmscopy> |
462 | returns, not the newly created version.) |
463 | |
464 | The third parameter is an integer flag, which tells C<rmscopy> |
1fef88e7 |
465 | how to handle timestamps. If it is E<lt> 0, none of the input file's |
466 | timestamps are propagated to the output file. If it is E<gt> 0, then |
9b957b78 |
467 | it is interpreted as a bitmask: if bit 0 (the LSB) is set, then |
468 | timestamps other than the revision date are propagated; if bit 1 |
469 | is set, the revision date is propagated. If the third parameter |
470 | to C<rmscopy> is 0, then it behaves much like the DCL COPY command: |
471 | if the name or type of the output file was explicitly specified, |
472 | then no timestamps are propagated, but if they were taken implicitly |
473 | from the input filespec, then all timestamps other than the |
474 | revision date are propagated. If this parameter is not supplied, |
475 | it defaults to 0. |
476 | |
477 | Like C<copy>, C<rmscopy> returns 1 on success. If an error occurs, |
478 | it sets C<$!>, deletes the output file, and returns 0. |
479 | |
55497cff |
480 | =back |
481 | |
f716a1dd |
482 | =head1 RETURN |
483 | |
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484 | All functions return 1 on success, 0 on failure. |
485 | $! will be set if an error was encountered. |
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486 | |
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487 | =head1 NOTES |
488 | |
489 | =over 4 |
490 | |
491 | =item * |
492 | |
493 | On Mac OS (Classic), the path separator is ':', not '/', and the |
494 | current directory is denoted as ':', not '.'. You should be careful |
495 | about specifying relative pathnames. While a full path always begins |
496 | with a volume name, a relative pathname should always begin with a |
497 | ':'. If specifying a volume name only, a trailing ':' is required. |
498 | |
499 | E.g. |
500 | |
501 | copy("file1", "tmp"); # creates the file 'tmp' in the current directory |
502 | copy("file1", ":tmp:"); # creates :tmp:file1 |
503 | copy("file1", ":tmp"); # same as above |
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504 | copy("file1", "tmp"); # same as above, if 'tmp' is a directory (but don't do |
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505 | # that, since it may cause confusion, see example #1) |
506 | copy("file1", "tmp:file1"); # error, since 'tmp:' is not a volume |
507 | copy("file1", ":tmp:file1"); # ok, partial path |
508 | copy("file1", "DataHD:"); # creates DataHD:file1 |
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509 | |
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510 | move("MacintoshHD:fileA", "DataHD:fileB"); # moves (doesn't copy) files from one |
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511 | # volume to another |
512 | |
513 | =back |
514 | |
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515 | =head1 AUTHOR |
516 | |
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517 | File::Copy was written by Aaron Sherman I<E<lt>ajs@ajs.comE<gt>> in 1995, |
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518 | and updated by Charles Bailey I<E<lt>bailey@newman.upenn.eduE<gt>> in 1996. |
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519 | |
520 | =cut |
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521 | |