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1 | package ExtUtils::MakeMaker::FAQ; |
2 | |
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3 | use vars qw($VERSION); |
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4 | $VERSION = '1.11_04'; |
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5 | |
6 | 1; |
7 | __END__ |
8 | |
9 | =head1 NAME |
10 | |
11 | ExtUtils::MakeMaker::FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions About MakeMaker |
12 | |
13 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
14 | |
15 | FAQs, tricks and tips for C<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>. |
16 | |
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17 | |
18 | =head2 Module Installation |
19 | |
20 | =over 4 |
21 | |
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22 | =item How do I install a module into my home directory? |
23 | |
24 | If you're not the Perl administrator you probably don't have |
25 | permission to install a module to its default location. Then you |
26 | should install it for your own use into your home directory like so: |
27 | |
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28 | # Non-unix folks, replace ~ with /path/to/your/home/dir |
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29 | perl Makefile.PL INSTALL_BASE=~ |
30 | |
31 | This will put modules into F<~/lib/perl5>, man pages into F<~/man> and |
32 | programs into F<~/bin>. |
33 | |
34 | To ensure your Perl programs can see these newly installed modules, |
35 | set your C<PERL5LIB> environment variable to F<~/lib/perl5> or tell |
36 | each of your programs to look in that directory with the following: |
37 | |
38 | use lib "$ENV{HOME}/lib/perl5"; |
39 | |
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40 | or if $ENV{HOME} isn't set and you don't want to set it for some |
41 | reason, do it the long way. |
42 | |
43 | use lib "/path/to/your/home/dir/lib/perl5"; |
44 | |
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45 | |
46 | =item How do I get MakeMaker and Module::Build to install to the same place? |
47 | |
48 | Module::Build, as of 0.28, supports two ways to install to the same |
49 | location as MakeMaker. |
50 | |
51 | 1) Use INSTALL_BASE / C<--install_base> |
52 | |
53 | MakeMaker (as of 6.31) and Module::Build (as of 0.28) both can install |
54 | to the same locations using the "install_base" concept. See |
55 | L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker/INSTALL_BASE> for details. To get MM and MB to |
56 | install to the same location simply set INSTALL_BASE in MM and |
57 | C<--install_base> in MB to the same location. |
58 | |
59 | perl Makefile.PL INSTALL_BASE=/whatever |
60 | perl Build.PL --install_base /whatever |
61 | |
62 | 2) Use PREFIX / C<--prefix> |
63 | |
64 | Module::Build 0.28 added support for C<--prefix> which works like |
65 | MakeMaker's PREFIX. |
66 | |
67 | perl Makefile.PL PREFIX=/whatever |
68 | perl Build.PL --prefix /whatever |
69 | |
70 | |
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71 | =item How do I keep from installing man pages? |
72 | |
73 | Recent versions of MakeMaker will only install man pages on Unix like |
74 | operating systems. |
75 | |
76 | For an individual module: |
77 | |
78 | perl Makefile.PL INSTALLMAN1DIR=none INSTALLMAN3DIR=none |
79 | |
80 | If you want to suppress man page installation for all modules you have |
81 | to reconfigure Perl and tell it 'none' when it asks where to install |
82 | man pages. |
83 | |
84 | |
85 | =item How do I use a module without installing it? |
86 | |
87 | Two ways. One is to build the module normally... |
88 | |
89 | perl Makefile.PL |
90 | make |
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91 | make test |
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92 | |
93 | ...and then set the PERL5LIB environment variable to point at the |
94 | blib/lib and blib/arch directories. |
95 | |
96 | The other is to install the module in a temporary location. |
97 | |
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98 | perl Makefile.PL INSTALL_BASE=~/tmp |
99 | make |
100 | make test |
101 | make install |
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102 | |
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103 | And then set PERL5LIB to F<~/tmp/lib/perl5>. This works well when you |
104 | have multiple modules to work with. It also ensures that the module |
105 | goes through its full installation process which may modify it. |
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106 | |
107 | =back |
108 | |
109 | |
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110 | =head2 Philosophy and History |
111 | |
112 | =over 4 |
113 | |
114 | =item Why not just use <insert other build config tool here>? |
115 | |
116 | Why did MakeMaker reinvent the build configuration wheel? Why not |
117 | just use autoconf or automake or ppm or Ant or ... |
118 | |
119 | There are many reasons, but the major one is cross-platform |
120 | compatibility. |
121 | |
122 | Perl is one of the most ported pieces of software ever. It works on |
123 | operating systems I've never even heard of (see perlport for details). |
124 | It needs a build tool that can work on all those platforms and with |
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125 | any wacky C compilers and linkers they might have. |
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126 | |
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127 | No such build tool exists. Even make itself has wildly different |
128 | dialects. So we have to build our own. |
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129 | |
130 | |
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131 | =item What is Module::Build and how does it relate to MakeMaker? |
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132 | |
133 | Module::Build is a project by Ken Williams to supplant MakeMaker. |
134 | Its primary advantages are: |
135 | |
136 | =over 8 |
137 | |
138 | =item * pure perl. no make, no shell commands |
139 | |
140 | =item * easier to customize |
141 | |
142 | =item * cleaner internals |
143 | |
144 | =item * less cruft |
145 | |
146 | =back |
147 | |
148 | Module::Build is the official heir apparent to MakeMaker and we |
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149 | encourage people to work on M::B rather than spending time adding features |
150 | to MakeMaker. |
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151 | |
152 | =back |
153 | |
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154 | |
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155 | =head2 Module Writing |
156 | |
157 | =over 4 |
158 | |
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159 | =item How do I keep my $VERSION up to date without resetting it manually? |
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160 | |
161 | Often you want to manually set the $VERSION in the main module |
162 | distribution because this is the version that everybody sees on CPAN |
163 | and maybe you want to customize it a bit. But for all the other |
164 | modules in your dist, $VERSION is really just bookkeeping and all that's |
165 | important is it goes up every time the module is changed. Doing this |
166 | by hand is a pain and you often forget. |
167 | |
168 | Simplest way to do it automatically is to use your version control |
169 | system's revision number (you are using version control, right?). |
170 | |
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171 | In CVS, RCS and SVN you use $Revision$ (see the documentation of your |
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172 | version control system for details). Every time the file is checked |
173 | in the $Revision$ will be updated, updating your $VERSION. |
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174 | |
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175 | SVN uses a simple integer for $Revision$ so you can adapt it for your |
176 | $VERSION like so: |
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177 | |
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178 | $VERSION = (q$Revision$) =~ /(\d+)/g; |
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179 | |
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180 | In CVS and RCS version 1.9 is followed by 1.10. Since CPAN compares |
181 | version numbers numerically we use a sprintf() to convert 1.9 to 1.009 |
182 | and 1.10 to 1.010 which compare properly. |
183 | |
184 | $VERSION = sprintf "%d.%03d", q$Revision$ =~ /(\d+)\.(\d+)/g; |
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185 | |
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186 | If branches are involved (ie. $Revision: 1.5.3.4$) its a little more |
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187 | complicated. |
188 | |
189 | # must be all on one line or MakeMaker will get confused. |
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190 | $VERSION = do { my @r = (q$Revision$ =~ /\d+/g); sprintf "%d."."%03d" x $#r, @r }; |
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191 | |
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192 | In SVN, $Revision$ should be the same for every file in the project so |
193 | they would all have the same $VERSION. CVS and RCS have a different |
194 | $Revision$ per file so each file will have a differnt $VERSION. |
195 | Distributed version control systems, such as SVK, may have a different |
196 | $Revision$ based on who checks out the file leading to a different $VERSION |
197 | on each machine! Finally, some distributed version control systems, such |
198 | as darcs, have no concept of revision number at all. |
199 | |
200 | |
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201 | =item What's this F<META.yml> thing and how did it get in my F<MANIFEST>?! |
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202 | |
203 | F<META.yml> is a module meta-data file pioneered by Module::Build and |
204 | automatically generated as part of the 'distdir' target (and thus |
205 | 'dist'). See L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker/"Module Meta-Data">. |
206 | |
207 | To shut off its generation, pass the C<NO_META> flag to C<WriteMakefile()>. |
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208 | |
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209 | |
210 | =item How do I delete everything not in my F<MANIFEST>? |
211 | |
212 | Some folks are surpried that C<make distclean> does not delete |
213 | everything not listed in their MANIFEST (thus making a clean |
214 | distribution) but only tells them what they need to delete. This is |
215 | done because it is considered too dangerous. While developing your |
216 | module you might write a new file, not add it to the MANIFEST, then |
217 | run a C<distclean> and be sad because your new work was deleted. |
218 | |
219 | If you really want to do this, you can use |
220 | C<ExtUtils::Manifest::manifind()> to read the MANIFEST and File::Find |
221 | to delete the files. But you have to be careful. Here's a script to |
222 | do that. Use at your own risk. Have fun blowing holes in your foot. |
223 | |
224 | #!/usr/bin/perl -w |
225 | |
226 | use strict; |
227 | |
228 | use File::Spec; |
229 | use File::Find; |
230 | use ExtUtils::Manifest qw(maniread); |
231 | |
232 | my %manifest = map {( $_ => 1 )} |
233 | grep { File::Spec->canonpath($_) } |
234 | keys %{ maniread() }; |
235 | |
236 | if( !keys %manifest ) { |
237 | print "No files found in MANIFEST. Stopping.\n"; |
238 | exit; |
239 | } |
240 | |
241 | find({ |
242 | wanted => sub { |
243 | my $path = File::Spec->canonpath($_); |
244 | |
245 | return unless -f $path; |
246 | return if exists $manifest{ $path }; |
247 | |
248 | print "unlink $path\n"; |
249 | unlink $path; |
250 | }, |
251 | no_chdir => 1 |
252 | }, |
253 | "." |
254 | ); |
255 | |
256 | |
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257 | =back |
258 | |
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259 | =head2 XS |
260 | |
261 | =over 4 |
262 | |
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263 | =item How to I prevent "object version X.XX does not match bootstrap parameter Y.YY" errors? |
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264 | |
265 | XS code is very sensitive to the module version number and will |
266 | complain if the version number in your Perl module doesn't match. If |
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267 | you change your module's version # without rerunning Makefile.PL the old |
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268 | version number will remain in the Makefile causing the XS code to be built |
269 | with the wrong number. |
270 | |
271 | To avoid this, you can force the Makefile to be rebuilt whenever you |
272 | change the module containing the version number by adding this to your |
273 | WriteMakefile() arguments. |
274 | |
275 | depend => { '$(FIRST_MAKEFILE)' => '$(VERSION_FROM)' } |
276 | |
277 | |
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278 | =item How do I make two or more XS files coexist in the same directory? |
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279 | |
280 | Sometimes you need to have two and more XS files in the same package. |
281 | One way to go is to put them into separate directories, but sometimes |
282 | this is not the most suitable solution. The following technique allows |
283 | you to put two (and more) XS files in the same directory. |
284 | |
285 | Let's assume that we have a package C<Cool::Foo>, which includes |
286 | C<Cool::Foo> and C<Cool::Bar> modules each having a separate XS |
287 | file. First we use the following I<Makefile.PL>: |
288 | |
289 | use ExtUtils::MakeMaker; |
290 | |
291 | WriteMakefile( |
292 | NAME => 'Cool::Foo', |
293 | VERSION_FROM => 'Foo.pm', |
294 | OBJECT => q/$(O_FILES)/, |
295 | # ... other attrs ... |
296 | ); |
297 | |
298 | Notice the C<OBJECT> attribute. MakeMaker generates the following |
299 | variables in I<Makefile>: |
300 | |
301 | # Handy lists of source code files: |
302 | XS_FILES= Bar.xs \ |
303 | Foo.xs |
304 | C_FILES = Bar.c \ |
305 | Foo.c |
306 | O_FILES = Bar.o \ |
307 | Foo.o |
308 | |
309 | Therefore we can use the C<O_FILES> variable to tell MakeMaker to use |
310 | these objects into the shared library. |
311 | |
312 | That's pretty much it. Now write I<Foo.pm> and I<Foo.xs>, I<Bar.pm> |
313 | and I<Bar.xs>, where I<Foo.pm> bootstraps the shared library and |
314 | I<Bar.pm> simply loading I<Foo.pm>. |
315 | |
316 | The only issue left is to how to bootstrap I<Bar.xs>. This is done |
317 | from I<Foo.xs>: |
318 | |
319 | MODULE = Cool::Foo PACKAGE = Cool::Foo |
320 | |
321 | BOOT: |
322 | # boot the second XS file |
323 | boot_Cool__Bar(aTHX_ cv); |
324 | |
325 | If you have more than two files, this is the place where you should |
326 | boot extra XS files from. |
327 | |
328 | The following four files sum up all the details discussed so far. |
329 | |
330 | Foo.pm: |
331 | ------- |
332 | package Cool::Foo; |
333 | |
334 | require DynaLoader; |
335 | |
336 | our @ISA = qw(DynaLoader); |
337 | our $VERSION = '0.01'; |
338 | bootstrap Cool::Foo $VERSION; |
339 | |
340 | 1; |
341 | |
342 | Bar.pm: |
343 | ------- |
344 | package Cool::Bar; |
345 | |
346 | use Cool::Foo; # bootstraps Bar.xs |
347 | |
348 | 1; |
349 | |
350 | Foo.xs: |
351 | ------- |
352 | #include "EXTERN.h" |
353 | #include "perl.h" |
354 | #include "XSUB.h" |
355 | |
356 | MODULE = Cool::Foo PACKAGE = Cool::Foo |
357 | |
358 | BOOT: |
359 | # boot the second XS file |
360 | boot_Cool__Bar(aTHX_ cv); |
361 | |
362 | MODULE = Cool::Foo PACKAGE = Cool::Foo PREFIX = cool_foo_ |
363 | |
364 | void |
365 | cool_foo_perl_rules() |
366 | |
367 | CODE: |
368 | fprintf(stderr, "Cool::Foo says: Perl Rules\n"); |
369 | |
370 | Bar.xs: |
371 | ------- |
372 | #include "EXTERN.h" |
373 | #include "perl.h" |
374 | #include "XSUB.h" |
375 | |
376 | MODULE = Cool::Bar PACKAGE = Cool::Bar PREFIX = cool_bar_ |
377 | |
378 | void |
379 | cool_bar_perl_rules() |
380 | |
381 | CODE: |
382 | fprintf(stderr, "Cool::Bar says: Perl Rules\n"); |
383 | |
384 | And of course a very basic test: |
385 | |
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386 | t/cool.t: |
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387 | -------- |
388 | use Test; |
389 | BEGIN { plan tests => 1 }; |
390 | use Cool::Foo; |
391 | use Cool::Bar; |
392 | Cool::Foo::perl_rules(); |
393 | Cool::Bar::perl_rules(); |
394 | ok 1; |
395 | |
396 | This tip has been brought to you by Nick Ing-Simmons and Stas Bekman. |
397 | |
398 | =back |
399 | |
400 | =head1 PATCHING |
401 | |
402 | If you have a question you'd like to see added to the FAQ (whether or |
403 | not you have the answer) please send it to makemaker@perl.org. |
404 | |
405 | =head1 AUTHOR |
406 | |
407 | The denizens of makemaker@perl.org. |
408 | |
409 | =head1 SEE ALSO |
410 | |
411 | L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker> |
412 | |
413 | =cut |