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1 | package Exporter; |
2 | |
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3 | require 5.001; |
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4 | |
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5 | # |
6 | # We go to a lot of trouble not to 'require Carp' at file scope, |
7 | # because Carp requires Exporter, and something has to give. |
8 | # |
9 | |
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10 | $ExportLevel = 0; |
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11 | $Verbose = 0 unless $Verbose; |
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12 | |
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13 | sub export { |
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14 | |
15 | # First make import warnings look like they're coming from the "use". |
16 | local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { |
17 | my $text = shift; |
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18 | if ($text =~ s/ at \S*Exporter.pm line \d+.*\n//) { |
19 | require Carp; |
20 | local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1; # ignore package calling us too. |
21 | Carp::carp($text); |
22 | } |
23 | else { |
24 | warn $text; |
25 | } |
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26 | }; |
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27 | local $SIG{__DIE__} = sub { |
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28 | require Carp; |
29 | local $Carp::CarpLevel = 1; # ignore package calling us too. |
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30 | Carp::croak("$_[0]Illegal null symbol in \@${1}::EXPORT") |
31 | if $_[0] =~ /^Unable to create sub named "(.*?)::"/; |
32 | }; |
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33 | |
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34 | my($pkg, $callpkg, @imports) = @_; |
35 | my($type, $sym, $oops); |
36 | *exports = *{"${pkg}::EXPORT"}; |
37 | |
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38 | if (@imports) { |
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39 | if (!%exports) { |
40 | grep(s/^&//, @exports); |
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41 | @exports{@exports} = (1) x @exports; |
42 | my $ok = \@{"${pkg}::EXPORT_OK"}; |
43 | if (@$ok) { |
44 | grep(s/^&//, @$ok); |
45 | @exports{@$ok} = (1) x @$ok; |
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46 | } |
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47 | } |
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48 | |
49 | if ($imports[0] =~ m#^[/!:]#){ |
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50 | my $tagsref = \%{"${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS"}; |
51 | my $tagdata; |
52 | my %imports; |
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53 | my($remove, $spec, @names, @allexports); |
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54 | # negated first item implies starting with default set: |
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55 | unshift @imports, ':DEFAULT' if $imports[0] =~ m/^!/; |
56 | foreach $spec (@imports){ |
57 | $remove = $spec =~ s/^!//; |
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58 | |
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59 | if ($spec =~ s/^://){ |
60 | if ($spec eq 'DEFAULT'){ |
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61 | @names = @exports; |
62 | } |
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63 | elsif ($tagdata = $tagsref->{$spec}) { |
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64 | @names = @$tagdata; |
65 | } |
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66 | else { |
67 | warn qq["$spec" is not defined in %${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS]; |
68 | ++$oops; |
69 | next; |
70 | } |
71 | } |
72 | elsif ($spec =~ m:^/(.*)/$:){ |
73 | my $patn = $1; |
74 | @allexports = keys %exports unless @allexports; # only do keys once |
75 | @names = grep(/$patn/, @allexports); # not anchored by default |
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76 | } |
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77 | else { |
78 | @names = ($spec); # is a normal symbol name |
79 | } |
80 | |
81 | warn "Import ".($remove ? "del":"add").": @names " |
82 | if $Verbose; |
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83 | |
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84 | if ($remove) { |
85 | foreach $sym (@names) { delete $imports{$sym} } |
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86 | } |
87 | else { |
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88 | @imports{@names} = (1) x @names; |
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89 | } |
90 | } |
91 | @imports = keys %imports; |
92 | } |
93 | |
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94 | foreach $sym (@imports) { |
95 | if (!$exports{$sym}) { |
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96 | if ($sym =~ m/^\d/) { |
97 | $pkg->require_version($sym); |
98 | # If the version number was the only thing specified |
99 | # then we should act as if nothing was specified: |
100 | if (@imports == 1) { |
101 | @imports = @exports; |
102 | last; |
103 | } |
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104 | # We need a way to emulate 'use Foo ()' but still |
105 | # allow an easy version check: "use Foo 1.23, ''"; |
106 | if (@imports == 2 and !$imports[1]) { |
107 | @imports = (); |
108 | last; |
109 | } |
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110 | } elsif ($sym !~ s/^&// || !$exports{$sym}) { |
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111 | require Carp; |
112 | Carp::carp(qq["$sym" is not exported by the $pkg module]); |
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113 | $oops++; |
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114 | } |
115 | } |
116 | } |
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117 | if ($oops) { |
118 | require Carp; |
119 | Carp::croak("Can't continue after import errors"); |
120 | } |
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121 | } |
122 | else { |
123 | @imports = @exports; |
124 | } |
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125 | |
126 | *fail = *{"${pkg}::EXPORT_FAIL"}; |
127 | if (@fail) { |
128 | if (!%fail) { |
129 | # Build cache of symbols. Optimise the lookup by adding |
130 | # barewords twice... both with and without a leading &. |
131 | # (Technique could be applied to %exports cache at cost of memory) |
132 | my @expanded = map { /^\w/ ? ($_, '&'.$_) : $_ } @fail; |
133 | warn "${pkg}::EXPORT_FAIL cached: @expanded" if $Verbose; |
134 | @fail{@expanded} = (1) x @expanded; |
135 | } |
136 | my @failed; |
137 | foreach $sym (@imports) { push(@failed, $sym) if $fail{$sym} } |
138 | if (@failed) { |
139 | @failed = $pkg->export_fail(@failed); |
140 | foreach $sym (@failed) { |
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141 | require Carp; |
142 | Carp::carp(qq["$sym" is not implemented by the $pkg module ], |
143 | "on this architecture"); |
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144 | } |
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145 | if (@failed) { |
146 | require Carp; |
147 | Carp::croak("Can't continue after import errors"); |
148 | } |
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149 | } |
150 | } |
151 | |
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152 | warn "Importing into $callpkg from $pkg: ", |
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153 | join(", ",sort @imports) if $Verbose; |
154 | |
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155 | foreach $sym (@imports) { |
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156 | # shortcut for the common case of no type character |
157 | (*{"${callpkg}::$sym"} = \&{"${pkg}::$sym"}, next) |
158 | unless $sym =~ s/^(\W)//; |
159 | $type = $1; |
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160 | *{"${callpkg}::$sym"} = |
161 | $type eq '&' ? \&{"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
162 | $type eq '$' ? \${"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
163 | $type eq '@' ? \@{"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
164 | $type eq '%' ? \%{"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
165 | $type eq '*' ? *{"${pkg}::$sym"} : |
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166 | do { require Carp; Carp::croak("Can't export symbol: $type$sym") }; |
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167 | } |
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168 | } |
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169 | |
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170 | sub export_to_level |
171 | { |
172 | my $pkg = shift; |
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173 | my $level = shift; |
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174 | my $callpkg = caller($level); |
175 | $pkg->export($callpkg, @_); |
176 | } |
177 | |
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178 | sub import { |
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179 | my $pkg = shift; |
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180 | my $callpkg = caller($ExportLevel); |
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181 | export $pkg, $callpkg, @_; |
182 | } |
183 | |
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184 | |
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185 | |
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186 | # Utility functions |
187 | |
188 | sub _push_tags { |
189 | my($pkg, $var, $syms) = @_; |
190 | my $nontag; |
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191 | *export_tags = \%{"${pkg}::EXPORT_TAGS"}; |
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192 | push(@{"${pkg}::$var"}, |
193 | map { $export_tags{$_} ? @{$export_tags{$_}} : scalar(++$nontag,$_) } |
194 | (@$syms) ? @$syms : keys %export_tags); |
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195 | if ($nontag and $^W) { |
196 | # This may change to a die one day |
197 | require Carp; |
198 | Carp::carp("Some names are not tags"); |
199 | } |
2b5b2650 |
200 | } |
201 | |
202 | sub export_tags { _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT", \@_) } |
203 | sub export_ok_tags { _push_tags((caller)[0], "EXPORT_OK", \@_) } |
204 | |
205 | |
206 | # Default methods |
207 | |
208 | sub export_fail { |
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209 | my $self = shift; |
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210 | @_; |
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211 | } |
212 | |
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213 | sub require_version { |
214 | my($self, $wanted) = @_; |
215 | my $pkg = ref $self || $self; |
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216 | my $version = ${"${pkg}::VERSION"}; |
217 | if (!$version or $version < $wanted) { |
218 | $version ||= "(undef)"; |
219 | my $file = $INC{"$pkg.pm"}; |
220 | $file &&= " ($file)"; |
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221 | require Carp; |
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222 | Carp::croak("$pkg $wanted required--this is only version $version$file") |
223 | } |
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224 | $version; |
225 | } |
226 | |
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227 | 1; |
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228 | |
229 | # A simple self test harness. Change 'require Carp' to 'use Carp ()' for testing. |
230 | # package main; eval(join('',<DATA>)) or die $@ unless caller; |
231 | __END__ |
232 | package Test; |
233 | $INC{'Exporter.pm'} = 1; |
234 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
235 | @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5); |
236 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5); |
237 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1=>[qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2=>[qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)], T3=>[qw(X3)]); |
238 | @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(B4); |
239 | Exporter::export_ok_tags('T3', 'unknown_tag'); |
240 | sub export_fail { |
241 | map { "Test::$_" } @_ # edit symbols just as an example |
242 | } |
243 | |
244 | package main; |
245 | $Exporter::Verbose = 1; |
246 | #import Test; |
247 | #import Test qw(X3); # export ok via export_ok_tags() |
248 | #import Test qw(:T1 !A2 /5/ !/3/ B5); |
249 | import Test qw(:T2 !B4); |
250 | import Test qw(:T2); # should fail |
251 | 1; |
252 | |
253 | =head1 NAME |
254 | |
255 | Exporter - Implements default import method for modules |
256 | |
257 | =head1 SYNOPSIS |
258 | |
259 | In module ModuleName.pm: |
260 | |
261 | package ModuleName; |
262 | require Exporter; |
263 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
264 | |
265 | @EXPORT = qw(...); # symbols to export by default |
266 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(...); # symbols to export on request |
267 | %EXPORT_TAGS = tag => [...]; # define names for sets of symbols |
268 | |
269 | In other files which wish to use ModuleName: |
270 | |
271 | use ModuleName; # import default symbols into my package |
272 | |
273 | use ModuleName qw(...); # import listed symbols into my package |
274 | |
275 | use ModuleName (); # do not import any symbols |
276 | |
277 | =head1 DESCRIPTION |
278 | |
279 | The Exporter module implements a default C<import> method which |
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280 | many modules choose to inherit rather than implement their own. |
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281 | |
282 | Perl automatically calls the C<import> method when processing a |
283 | C<use> statement for a module. Modules and C<use> are documented |
284 | in L<perlfunc> and L<perlmod>. Understanding the concept of |
285 | modules and how the C<use> statement operates is important to |
286 | understanding the Exporter. |
287 | |
288 | =head2 Selecting What To Export |
289 | |
290 | Do B<not> export method names! |
291 | |
292 | Do B<not> export anything else by default without a good reason! |
293 | |
294 | Exports pollute the namespace of the module user. If you must export |
295 | try to use @EXPORT_OK in preference to @EXPORT and avoid short or |
296 | common symbol names to reduce the risk of name clashes. |
297 | |
298 | Generally anything not exported is still accessible from outside the |
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299 | module using the ModuleName::item_name (or $blessed_ref-E<gt>method) |
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300 | syntax. By convention you can use a leading underscore on names to |
301 | informally indicate that they are 'internal' and not for public use. |
302 | |
303 | (It is actually possible to get private functions by saying: |
304 | |
305 | my $subref = sub { ... }; |
306 | &$subref; |
307 | |
308 | But there's no way to call that directly as a method, since a method |
309 | must have a name in the symbol table.) |
310 | |
311 | As a general rule, if the module is trying to be object oriented |
312 | then export nothing. If it's just a collection of functions then |
313 | @EXPORT_OK anything but use @EXPORT with caution. |
314 | |
315 | Other module design guidelines can be found in L<perlmod>. |
316 | |
317 | =head2 Specialised Import Lists |
318 | |
319 | If the first entry in an import list begins with !, : or / then the |
320 | list is treated as a series of specifications which either add to or |
321 | delete from the list of names to import. They are processed left to |
322 | right. Specifications are in the form: |
323 | |
324 | [!]name This name only |
325 | [!]:DEFAULT All names in @EXPORT |
326 | [!]:tag All names in $EXPORT_TAGS{tag} anonymous list |
327 | [!]/pattern/ All names in @EXPORT and @EXPORT_OK which match |
328 | |
329 | A leading ! indicates that matching names should be deleted from the |
330 | list of names to import. If the first specification is a deletion it |
331 | is treated as though preceded by :DEFAULT. If you just want to import |
332 | extra names in addition to the default set you will still need to |
333 | include :DEFAULT explicitly. |
334 | |
335 | e.g., Module.pm defines: |
336 | |
337 | @EXPORT = qw(A1 A2 A3 A4 A5); |
338 | @EXPORT_OK = qw(B1 B2 B3 B4 B5); |
339 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (T1 => [qw(A1 A2 B1 B2)], T2 => [qw(A1 A2 B3 B4)]); |
340 | |
341 | Note that you cannot use tags in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. |
342 | Names in EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. |
343 | |
344 | An application using Module can say something like: |
345 | |
346 | use Module qw(:DEFAULT :T2 !B3 A3); |
347 | |
348 | Other examples include: |
349 | |
350 | use Socket qw(!/^[AP]F_/ !SOMAXCONN !SOL_SOCKET); |
351 | use POSIX qw(:errno_h :termios_h !TCSADRAIN !/^EXIT/); |
352 | |
353 | Remember that most patterns (using //) will need to be anchored |
354 | with a leading ^, e.g., C</^EXIT/> rather than C</EXIT/>. |
355 | |
356 | You can say C<BEGIN { $Exporter::Verbose=1 }> to see how the |
357 | specifications are being processed and what is actually being imported |
358 | into modules. |
359 | |
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360 | =head2 Exporting without using Export's import method |
361 | |
362 | Exporter has a special method, 'export_to_level' which is used in situations |
363 | where you can't directly call Export's import method. The export_to_level |
364 | method looks like: |
365 | |
366 | MyPackage->export_to_level($where_to_export, @what_to_export); |
367 | |
368 | where $where_to_export is an integer telling how far up the calling stack |
369 | to export your symbols, and @what_to_export is an array telling what |
370 | symbols *to* export (usually this is @_). |
371 | |
372 | For example, suppose that you have a module, A, which already has an |
373 | import function: |
374 | |
375 | package A; |
376 | |
377 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
378 | @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b); |
379 | |
380 | sub import |
381 | { |
382 | $A::b = 1; # not a very useful import method |
383 | } |
384 | |
385 | and you want to Export symbol $A::b back to the module that called |
386 | package A. Since Exporter relies on the import method to work, via |
387 | inheritance, as it stands Exporter::import() will never get called. |
388 | Instead, say the following: |
389 | |
390 | package A; |
391 | @ISA = qw(Exporter); |
392 | @EXPORT_OK = qw ($b); |
393 | |
394 | sub import |
395 | { |
396 | $A::b = 1; |
397 | A->export_to_level(1, @_); |
398 | } |
399 | |
400 | This will export the symbols one level 'above' the current package - ie: to |
401 | the program or module that used package A. |
402 | |
403 | Note: Be careful not to modify '@_' at all before you call export_to_level |
404 | - or people using your package will get very unexplained results! |
405 | |
406 | |
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407 | =head2 Module Version Checking |
408 | |
409 | The Exporter module will convert an attempt to import a number from a |
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410 | module into a call to $module_name-E<gt>require_version($value). This can |
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411 | be used to validate that the version of the module being used is |
412 | greater than or equal to the required version. |
413 | |
414 | The Exporter module supplies a default require_version method which |
415 | checks the value of $VERSION in the exporting module. |
416 | |
417 | Since the default require_version method treats the $VERSION number as |
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418 | a simple numeric value it will regard version 1.10 as lower than |
419 | 1.9. For this reason it is strongly recommended that you use numbers |
420 | with at least two decimal places, e.g., 1.09. |
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421 | |
422 | =head2 Managing Unknown Symbols |
423 | |
424 | In some situations you may want to prevent certain symbols from being |
425 | exported. Typically this applies to extensions which have functions |
426 | or constants that may not exist on some systems. |
427 | |
428 | The names of any symbols that cannot be exported should be listed |
429 | in the C<@EXPORT_FAIL> array. |
430 | |
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431 | If a module attempts to import any of these symbols the Exporter |
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432 | will give the module an opportunity to handle the situation before |
433 | generating an error. The Exporter will call an export_fail method |
434 | with a list of the failed symbols: |
435 | |
436 | @failed_symbols = $module_name->export_fail(@failed_symbols); |
437 | |
438 | If the export_fail method returns an empty list then no error is |
439 | recorded and all the requested symbols are exported. If the returned |
440 | list is not empty then an error is generated for each symbol and the |
441 | export fails. The Exporter provides a default export_fail method which |
442 | simply returns the list unchanged. |
443 | |
444 | Uses for the export_fail method include giving better error messages |
445 | for some symbols and performing lazy architectural checks (put more |
446 | symbols into @EXPORT_FAIL by default and then take them out if someone |
447 | actually tries to use them and an expensive check shows that they are |
448 | usable on that platform). |
449 | |
450 | =head2 Tag Handling Utility Functions |
451 | |
452 | Since the symbols listed within %EXPORT_TAGS must also appear in either |
453 | @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK, two utility functions are provided which allow |
454 | you to easily add tagged sets of symbols to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK: |
455 | |
456 | %EXPORT_TAGS = (foo => [qw(aa bb cc)], bar => [qw(aa cc dd)]); |
457 | |
458 | Exporter::export_tags('foo'); # add aa, bb and cc to @EXPORT |
459 | Exporter::export_ok_tags('bar'); # add aa, cc and dd to @EXPORT_OK |
460 | |
461 | Any names which are not tags are added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK |
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462 | unchanged but will trigger a warning (with C<-w>) to avoid misspelt tags |
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463 | names being silently added to @EXPORT or @EXPORT_OK. Future versions |
464 | may make this a fatal error. |
465 | |
466 | =cut |